Bibliography Writing Guide

N.B. a bibliography should be alphabetical and not numbered. In arch & anth we use
a bibliography at the end and not footnotes for citation. We use what is called the
Harvard System.

Many good student essays fall down in the way that reference material is cited. It is
important to make appropriate use of references to illustrate the work you have done
and also to help identify your own ideas. If you do not cite properly, your tutor may
never know that a brilliant idea was really all your own! The best way to learn to
reference is to pay attention to how people reference in the books and articles you use.

Beware that if you do not cite your source of information, you will be penalised
for plagiarism a serious academic offence.

What to reference: You should use references for specific information taken from
elsewhere. Things you might cite:
Direct quotations
Pictures (graphics) and maps borrowed from a source, even the internet.
Facts, figures and data tables.
Descriptive information taken from a text.
Ideas or arguments taken from a source.

Where to reference: Quotations, pictures and figures should have a reference directly
after they are used or mentioned. For example:

According to Darville (1987), cattle were the main animals consumed in the British
Neolithic.

Patterson (1991) sees Inca taxation as elite exploitation of the labouring classes.

OR

Patterson (1991, 23) argued that Inca taxation was an elite exploitation of the
labouring classes.

(and then go on to give the full bibliographic reference at the end of the essay, in a
section marked Bibliography. See below )

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT / CITATION

Please use the Harvard System (outlined below). This is the norm in archaeology.
Avoid footnotes where possible.

Within this system, the author or editors surname, the publication date and page (if
necessary) are put in brackets at the end of a sentence or phrase like this (Bahn 2001:
155). If more than one reference is used, list either alphabetically or by year but do
not mix formats.

Example of references listed by year:
The Inka linked their expanding empire through a system of well-constructed roads
and bridges (Hyslop 1984, Morris & Thompson 1985, DAltroy 1992). Freedom to
move along roads was restricted to official business and bridges were controlled
(Moore 1958: 11).

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

A list of sources cited in the text should be put at the end of your essay. These should
be in alphabetical order by author including date of publication, title, place and
publisher.

Note 1: Authors are differentiated from editors using (ed.) for a single person or (eds.)
for more than one person after the name in the bibliography but not in the text.

Note 2: Do not list sources in the bibliography that are not cited in the text and vice
versa. Do not quote sources which were simply background reading but which were
not used and quoted/referenced in the text.

Book (single author or editor)
In the text: (Fagan 1997)
In the bibliography:
Fagan, B. 1997. In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology. 9
th
Ed. Harlow:
Longman Publishing.

Book (multiple author or editor)
In the text: (Pruecel & Hodder 1996)
In the bibliography:
Pruecel, R.W. & Hodder, I. (eds). 1996. Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A
Reader. London: Blackwell.

NB: If there were 3 or more authors or editors of a single work, then you may use this
shorthand in the text only: et al. It works like this: (Cunliffe et al 1990).

Journal article (single author)
In the text: (Binford 1982)
In the bibliography:
Binford, L.R. 1962. Archaeology as anthropology. American Antiquity 28: 217-225.

Journal article (multiple author)
In the text: (Leone et al 1987)
In the bibliography:
Leone, M., Potter, P. and Shackel, P. 1987. Toward a critical archaeology (with
comments and reply). Current Anthropology 28: 283-302.

Article in a book of collected papers (an edited volume)
In the text: (Crumley and Marqardt 1990)
In the bibliography:
Crumley, C. and Marquardt, W.H. 1990 Landscape: A unifying concept in regional
analysis, pp. 73-79 in K. Allen, S. Green and E. Zubrow (eds), Interpreting Space:
GIS and Archaeology. London: Taylor and Francis.

Please note, you will see that the titles of the book or journal here are put in Italics.
You may, instead, choose to put them in bold or underline them. You may also put
quotation marks around the title of a paper. There is flexibility in this regard.
Whatever you use, be consistent.

Special Cases
Many references pose special problems and are complicated to use. Here are some
examples and suggestions for how to manage them:

Historical documents and translations
In the text: (Homer 1990)
In the bibliography:
Homer. 1990. The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer. R. Lattimore (transl). London:
Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Unpublished Dissertations
In the text: (Shanks 1993)
In the bibliography:
Shanks, M. 1993. Artefact design and pottery from Archaic Korinth (c. 720-640
B.C.): an archaeological interpretation. University of Cambridge, unpublished PhD
thesis.

Material in press
In the text: (French in press) or (French forthcoming 2004)
In the bibliography:
French, C.I.A. in press. Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in soil micromorphology
and landscape. London: Routledge.

Unpublished material
In the text: (Meddens unpub.) or (Meddens n.d.) (NB n.d. = no date)
In the bibliography:
Meddens, F. unpublished. Terrace sampling of the Chincha / Soros Valley, August
and September 1999. Manuscript in the authors possession.

Material on the internet
Be very critical of what you use from the internet. The best sources are copies of
published books and articles that have been put on the internet for reference (from e-
books or e-journals). These will have the complete reference on them, and this is
what you should use. Newspaper articles are sometimes informative and are
referenced like journals above. However, remember that journalists writing for the
paper are probably not archaeologists. You may also find good information on
museum and excavation websites. Please, please, pur-lease do not download or quote
essays that some bright spark has put online. They are not necessarily written by
someone who knows what theyre talking about (find out their academic credentials!)
and it is still plagiarism if you use their info without referencing them. By the way,
the university uses plagiarism detection software.

Please consult with your supervisor before using any unpublished materials you find
on the internet in your essays. If they approve of the source, you must still cite them
properly. Please include as much information as possible, i.e., at least the website,
title of the document and the date you looked at it. You should consider printing out
the reference as information on the web changes frequently and you may not be able
to find it again.

Suggestions for internet references:

Named author
In the text: (Conolly 1998)
In the bibliography:
Conolly, J. 1998. atalhyk 1998 Lithic Report. Unpublished material at
http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/Archive_rep98/conolly98.html. Accessed 14 October
2002.

Named project
In the text: (n.d.)
In the bibliography:
atalhyk Research Trust n.d. Mission Statement.
http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/mission.html. Accessed 10 October 2009.

Internet image
In the text: (atalhyk Research Trust. 1998)
In the bibliography:
atalhyk Research Trust. 1998. Figure 7: Recording the skeleton of a man buried
in the midden area.
http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/Newsletter5/mell98.html Accessed 14
th
October
2009.

Bibliography / citation extra hints all eventualities covered.
Give ONLY the surname and date in the text. Book titles are rarely
necessary and first initials are only necessary where there are many
authors of the same surname in your bibliography.
Where you refer to (e.g.) Smith (1986) many times in a row in the text, feel
free to put ibid in the place of Smith 1986 after the first reference. It is
Latin and simply refers to the work you have already cited. Dont forget to
still list page numbers ibid, 65. If you refer to Bloggs once in the middle
of lots of Smith 1986, or even another work by Smith, you must always
follow the new ref with the original Smith 1986 again, to make sure that the
reader is clear to whom you are referring.
It is not sufficient to put Lecture notes as a source of info in the bibliography
or the text. This is lazy. Look it up / ask. The case study should be in the
reading list.
If you read a quote by Jones (1985) in the middle of a book by Bloggs (1990),
please credit JONES in your text and bibliog, and not Bloggs. Do not say
Jones (1985) quoted in Bloggs (1990) unless Jones has written in another
language which Bloggs has kindly translated (which should also be stated), or
unless Jones wrote his book in 1650, and you have no hope of tracking down a
copy in the library to read for yourself. Jones reference will be given in the
back of Bloggs book, if Bloggs is any kind of decent scholar.