MA, PAULINE Date Performed: 10 SEPTEMBER 2014

NACIONGAYO, DANIELLE Date Submitted: 17 SEPTEMBER 2014

TEDERA, YVES

HEAT EFFECTS AND CALORIMETRY
Experiment No. 2

I. RESULTS
A. Determination of Heat Capacity
In this experiment, an improvised calorimeter was used to determine the heat
capacity. The calorimeter weighed 4.47 grams prior to the addition of water. Tap
water, 40 mL to be exact, was added to the calorimeter which increased the weight to
43.87 grams. The water was measured using a thermometer thrice (at room
temperature, boiling, and addition of boiling water to room temperature water). The
first temperature that was recorded was the constant temperature and it had a value of
28.5C. The next measurement was after 40 mL of tap water was heated in a beaker,
and. After a 3 minute observation, the temperature reading was 63.0C. The heated
tap water was immediately poured into the calorimeter and its temperature was also
observed. The water initially obtained a temperature of 44.5C and after 3 minutes,
the temperature of the water reduced to 43.5C. The calorimeter was weighed and its
mass increased to 78.85 grams. A graph of the summary of observations is shown in
Figure 1.


0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

C

Figure 1. Temperature of Water
Tap Water
Boiling Water
Mixture
During the experiment, it was observed that heat was both gained and lost. The
hot water lost 2,853.95 Joules (J) while the tap water gained 2,472.74 Joules (J). In
general, the calorimeter has a heat capacity of 25.414 J/C. All the data that was
recorded is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Determination of Heat Capacity of calorimeter
Mass of empty calorimeter 4.47 grams
Mass of calorimeter with tap water 43.87 grams
Mass of calorimeter + hot water 78.85 grams
Initial temperature of tap water in the calorimeter 28.5C
Initial temperature of hot water (in the beaker) 63.0C
Final temperature of water in the calorimeter + hot water 43.5C
T of the tap water and calorimeter 15.0C
T of the hot water -19.5C
Heat lost by the hot water -2853.95C
Heat gained by the tap water 2472.74C
Heat gained by the calorimeter 381.21 Joules
Heat capacity of the calorimeter 25.414 J/C


B. Heat of Neutralization
The same calorimeter used in Part A was used in this part of the experiment.
NaOH and HCl were measured separately and placed in the calorimeter and a beaker.
The temperatures were measured and NaOH was observed to have a temperature of
28.5C, while HCl had a temperature of 30.5C. HCl was then poured into the
calorimeter containing NaOH and the temperature was recorded. After 3 minutes, the
temperature of the solution was measured and was observed to be 34.5C. A graph of
the summary of observations is shown in Figure 2. A few drops of phenolphthalein
indicator were used to test the mixture. It was observed that the substance in excess
was a base because the mixture changed color from colorless to light pink.



The solution produced an exothermic reaction wherein both the calorimeter and
the solution gained heat. The solution gained 2,560.61 Joules and the calorimeter
gained 152.48 Joules. The total heat of the reaction was -2713.09 Joules. The heat of
neutralization per mole water formed was -67827.35 J/mol. Table 2 shows the
summary of all the results.

Table 2. Heat of Neutralization
Temperature of 1.0M HCl 28.5C
Temperature of 1.0M NaOH 30.5C
Mole limiting reagent 0.04
Temperature of the equilibrated mixture 34.5C
Heat gained by the mixed solution 2560.61 J
Heat gained by the calorimeter 152.484 J
Total heat of the reaction -2713.094 J
Heat of neutralization per mole of water formed -67827.35 J/mol

C. Exothermic Reaction
The same improvised calorimeter was still used in this experiment and was filled
with 50 mL distilled water. NaOH flakes were obtained and mixed into the water.
Prior to the addition of NaOH flakes, the temperature of the water was observed to
28.0C. After the dissolving the flakes, the temperature was also observed and
recorded. The temperature of the solution was observed to be 39.0C after solvation.
After 3 minutes of observation, the solution increased to a constant temperature of
46.0C.
The heat absorbed by the calorimeter with water was 3720.41 Joules. The addition
of NaOH produced an exothermic reaction, therefore the heat of the solution was
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

C

Figure 2. Temperature of NaOH + HCl
1.0 M NaOH
1.0 M HCl
NaOH + HCl
-4177.86 Joules. The heat of the solution per gram solid was -835.57 J/g while the
heat of solution per mole was -33422.95 J/mol. Table 3 shows a summary of all the
results.

Table 3. Heat of Solution (Exothermic)
Temperature of water 28.0C
Temperature of equilibrated solution 46.0C
Mass of calorimeter + water 53.87 grams
Mass of NaOH 5.0 grams
Heat absorbed by the calorimeter + water 3720.41 J
Heat of solution -4177.86 J
Heat of solution per gram solid -835.57 J/g
Heat of solution per mole -33422.95 J/mol

D. Endothermic Reaction
The same improvised calorimeter was still used in this experiment and was filled
with 50 mL distilled water. Na2S2O3 flakes were obtained and mixed into the water.
Prior to the addition of Na2S2O3 flakes, the temperature of the water was observed to
28.0C. After the dissolving the flakes, the temperature was also observed and
recorded. After 3 minutes of observation, the solution decreased to a constant
temperature of 23.0C.
The heat absorbed by the calorimeter with water was -653.33 Joules. The addition
of Na2S2O3 flakes produced an endothermic reaction; therefore the heat of the
solution was 780.40 Joules. The heat of the solution per gram solid was 156.08 J/g
while the heat of solution per mole was 24696.25 J/mol. Table 4 shows a summary of
all the results.

Table 4. Heat of Solution (Endothermic)
Temperature of water 28.0C
Temperature of equilibrated solution 23.0C
Mass of calorimeter + water 35.7 grams
Mass of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) 5.0 grams
Heat absorbed by the calorimeter + water -653.33 J
Heat of solution 780.40 J
Heat of solution per gram solid 156.08 J/g
Heat of solution per mole 24696.25 J/mol




II. DISCUSSION
A. Determination of Heat Capacity
The heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of an object or substance one degree. The temperature change is the difference
between the final temperature ( T
f
) and the initial temperature ( T
i
).
A calorimeter is an experimental device in which a chemical reaction or
physical process takes place. The calorimeter is well-insulated so that, ideally, no
heat enters or leaves the calorimeter from the surroundings. For this reason, any
heat liberated by the reaction or process being studied must be picked up by the
calorimeter and other substances in the calorimeter. In this experiment, a
Styrofoam cup is used as a calorimeter, because it has good insulated walls that
can prevent heat exchange with the environment.
A thermometer is typically inserted in the calorimeter to measure the
change in temperature that results from the reaction or physical process. A stirrer
is employed to keep the contents of the calorimeter well-mixed and to ensure
uniform heating.
In a calorimetric experiment, it is important to measure the heat capacity.
This is because the heat capacity of the calorimeter and the temperature change it
undergoes can be a significant part of the calorimetric calculation. If not
considered, if not computed, this heat effect could drastically influence the results
of a heat determination.

B. Heat of Neutralization
The standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change
when solutions of an acid and an alkali react together under standard conditions to
produce 1 mole of water.
Enthalpy changes of neutralization are always negative because heat is
released when an acid and an alkali react. For reactions involving strong acids and
alkalis, the values are always very closely similar, with values between -57 and -
58 kJ mol
-1
. That varies slightly depending on the acid-alkali combination.
In this experiment, the calculated value of the heat of neutralization of
NaOH and HCl was -67827.35 J/mol. When converted to Kilojoules (kJ), the
value is -67.83 kJ/mol, which is close to the theoretical value.

C. & D. Heat of Solution
Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat flow, and heat is defined as thermal
energy flowing from an object at a higher temperature to one at a lower
temperature. Ideally, the heat changes resulting from physical and chemical
phenomena can be harnessed to do work. Most physical and chemical changes are
either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release energy or heat to
increase the temperature of the surroundings; thus, the surroundings are hotter
after an exothermic change. For example, nitroglycerine exploding is an
extremely exothermic reaction. Endothermic reactions absorb energy or heat to
decrease the temperature of the surroundings; thus, the surroundings are colder
after an endothermic change. When a reaction is carried out under constant
pressure, the heat of a reaction is defined as the enthalpy change for the reaction
per mole of the reactants and products as shown in the balanced thermochemical
equation.
The enthalpy of solution depends on the intermolecular forces of the
solute and solvent. If the solution is ideal, and Hsolution = 0, then that means
H1 added to H2 is equal to H3.
In the experiment, the dissolution of NaOH flakes in water produces a
reaction that releases heat to the environment. Thus, it produces an exothermic
reaction. Both H and q are negative in this reaction. However, if sodium
thiosulfate is dissolved in water it absorbs heat from the environment. Since it is
an endothermic reaction, H and q are both positive.

III. ANSWERS
1. Plotting the temperature as a function of time ensures that the temperatures
obtained are constant, which proves that the system is in thermal equilibrium.

2. In a calorimetric experiment, it is important to measure the heat capacity. This is
because the heat capacity of the calorimeter and the temperature change it undergoes
can be a significant part of the calorimetric calculation.
3. For an isolated system, one component of a system has to absorb the heat released
by another component. The signs are just conventions used to designate release
(released) and gain (positive).
4. When using Styrofoam as a cover for the calorimeter, its possible for the material
to lose some of its parts, resulting to a change in weight and may also cause some
leaks in the set-up where heat can enter or escape. Inaccuracies in thermometer
readings cannot be ruled out and can also be a source of error.





IV. CONCLUSION
Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat flow, and heat is defined as
thermal energy flowing from an object at a higher temperature to one at a lower
temperature. Most physical and chemical changes are either exothermic or
endothermic. Exothermic reactions release energy or heat to increase the
temperature of the surroundings. Endothermic reactions absorb energy or heat to
decrease the temperature of the surroundings. When a reaction is carried out
under constant pressure, the heat of a reaction is defined as the enthalpy change
for the reaction (H). Since most reactions occur under constant atmospheric
pressure, the heat of a reaction is equal to H, which is generally reported in units
of kilojoules (kJ) per mole of the reactants and products as shown in the balanced
thermochemical equation.
In this experiment, the calorimeter used will consist of two nested
Styrofoam coffee cups with a cover and a thermometer. Ideally, the calorimeter is
so well insulated, that all of the heat gained or lost during the reaction is
completely contained within the calorimeter. In reality, the coffee-cup calorimeter
is not a perfect insulator, so it will actually absorb and lose heat.
Heat transfer does not occur instantaneously, so using a calorimeter to
determine the enthalpy change requires measuring the temperature of the
calorimeter contents as the physical or chemical change occurs and for several
minutes afterwards. The maximum temperature reached by the calorimeter
contents can rarely be measured directly because of drastic temperature
fluctuations near the probe or heat lost at the time of mixing. If the contents are
mixed uniformly while data is recorded, the contents should equilibrate at a
consistent rate. Thus, the time-temperature data can be plotted, and the resulting
regression line can be extrapolated to the time of mixing to get the maximum or
final temperature.

V. CALCULATIONS
A. Determination of Heat Capacity
q
cal
= ?
q
cal
= - ( q
hot
+ q
tap
)
q
cal
= - {[(78.85-43.87)g(4.184 J/gC)(-19.5C)] + [(43.87-4.47)g(4.184 J/gC) (15C)]}
q
cal
= - (-381.21 J)
q
cal
= 381.21 J

C
cal
= ?
C
cal
= q
tap
/ T
tap

C
cal
= 381.21 J / 15C
C
cal
= 25.414 J/C
B. Heat of Neutralization
Moles of limiting reagent = ?
HCl limiting reagent

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
i 0.04 0.06
c -0.04 -0.04 +0.04
e 0 0.02 0.04

Heat gained by mixture = ?
q
mixture
= mC
s
T
q
mixture
= [(100 ml)(1.02 g/ml)][(4.184 J/gC)(34.5 28.5)C]
q
mixture
= 2560.61 J

Heat gained by calorimeter = ?
q
cal
= C
cal
T
q
cal
= (25.414 J/gC)(6C)
q
cal
= 152.484 J

Total Heat = ?
Total Heat = - (q
cal
+ q
soln
)
Total Heat = - (152.484 + 2560.61) J
Total Heat = - 2713.094 J

Heat of Neutralization = ?
Heat of Neutralization = Total heat / moles of limiting reagent
Heat of Neutralization = -2713.094 J / 0.04 mol
Heat of Neutralization = - 67827.35 J/mol

C. Heat of Solution (Exothermic)

Heat absorbed by the calorimeter + water = ?
q
cal+water
= mC
s
T
q
cal+water
= (53.87-4.47)g(4.184 J/gC)(46-28)C
q
cal+water
= 3720.4128 J

Heat of solution = ?
q
soln
= - (q
water
+ q
cal
)
q
soln
= - [ 3720.4128 J + (25.414 J/C)(18C) ]
q
soln
= - 4177.8648 J
Heat of solution per gram solid = ?
Heat of solution per gram solid = Heat of solution/ g NaOH
Heat of solution per gram solid = -4177.8648 J / 5.0 g
Heat of solution per gram solid = -835.57296 J/g

Heat of solution per mole = ?
Heat of solution per mole = Heat of solution/ mol NaOH
Heat of solution per mole = -4177.8648 J / (5.0 g)(1 mol/ 39.99714 g)
Heat of solution per mole = -4177.8648 J / 0.125 mol
Heat of solution per mole = -33422.9472 J/mol

D. Heat of Solution (Endothermic)

Heat absorbed by the calorimeter + water = ?
q
cal+water
= mC
s
T
q
cal+water
= (35.7-4.47)g(4.184 J/gC)(23-28)C
q
cal+water
= -653.3316 J

Heat of solution = ?
q
soln
= - (q
water
+ q
cal
)
q
soln
= - [ (-653.3316) J + (25.414 J/C)(-5C) ]
q
soln
= - 780.4016 J

Heat of solution per gram solid = ?
Heat of solution per gram solid = Heat of solution/ g NaOH
Heat of solution per gram solid = 780.4016 / 5.0 g
Heat of solution per gram solid = 156.0803 J/g

Heat of solution per mole = ?
Heat of solution per mole = Heat of solution/ mol NaOH
Heat of solution per mole = 780.4016 J / (5.0 g)(1 mol/ 158.1478 g)
Heat of solution per mole = 780.4016 J / 0.0316 mol
Heat of solution per mole = 24696.25 J/mol

VI. REFERENCES

Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura. General Chemistry: Principles &
Modern Applications. (9
th
ed). Pearson Education, Inc.
McMurray, Fay. Chemistry, (3
rd
ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc.