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w â^Ò Â~Ô
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â^ÒºÔ Ñ œâ^ÒºÔ Ñ Ò ë ¼ -
Ô

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œâ^Ò Â~Ô Ñ Û ë ¼ -
Ô

Û ékÝ
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^â Ò Â~Ô Ñ Û ë ¼ -
Ô  |qrN•kh{xy`b|ƒco`{‹vfbrzxyr”`bx Û ì Ý ‹Œco`bxyrza©
!â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ Û ë ¼ -
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^â Ò Â~Ô Ñ ÒßÏ
Ÿ¼iÏ bÜ ÝRÛ Ü ¼ -
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!â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ Û ë ¼ -
Ô

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co`bxrza™!nq`{©
NâRÒ Â~Ô Ñ ¿ Ï ë  Ñ ÒßÏ
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NâRÒ Â~Ô Ñ ¿ ÏƒÏ Ü ¼ Ü
 
œâ^Ò Â~Ô Ñ ¿ Ï ë

Û ï Ý
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â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ !â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ ¿
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ae…Šx”nqp¥c„h{|q`ih{xy`|œco`k —`baerzp¥•ƒ`b|quqr’h{a¡…Š|q`b™šnvhfk} rz `bab‹vr{Þqco`bxyrza Å Ü qpsrz˜zrq‹
^â Ò Â~Ô Ñ Û Ü ¼ -
Ô `
!â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ Ò ë ¼ -
Ô

Î z˜ r{w„h ™šnq`‘uq`co`wexy…s|vh{xyrza~|qrza`›¢Œ`bxjvpsrzarzauqrzx¸ml |q…Šrza` …Šx’h{˜z`b|qauvh{a­€‚nq|Žfk} rz `bab‹kjžršuq`bxyrzahi•{h{pŠ…¤hkwi‹


ae`bx£j`›wo…s˜zrq‹q`baßc„h{a¡€‚nq|Žf{} rz `ab
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Û¥ÜbÝ · `tŽÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ  Å­‹ö`b|œcbh{ rRÂŽÒ í Ô Ñ  í ‹ ÂŽÒ ! Ô Ñ  ! `LŽÒÓÅ # - Ü Ô Ñ  Å # - Ü ‹Žjžrz…sa“Å #/- Ü ` l
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  l c„h{x0ÞÖ`bl x fbrzxónqx |qrzagco`›¢Œcerzaguq`
th{l pŠfbnqpsrRuq`|qr{c„hkw’h{ag€‚nq|Žf{} rz `bayfbrzxr ÂI©§ºCÏ Ð ¿ rz|quq`k‹
º Ñ NâRÒ Â~Ô
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Ï ë í Ñ ÂŽÒ Ü í Ô Ñ Ü í' - 
Ï é í ñ Ñ ÂŽÒßÏ Üåë é Ô Ñ Üåë é ' - 

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ê ñ î î Ñ ÂŽÒ ì é ð ê Ô Ñ ì é ð ê ' - 

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Î qj we`baeabh{ ryuvhôh{l ˜znvhhgnqxyh”jqworz€‚nq|quq…Šuvh{uq`0uq` Üåëzë â ` l  Ñ ÂŽÒ Üåëzë Ô Ñ ë Ü 1RÜåëzë - Ü Ñ ÜzÜ ' â
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Ì”Ñ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ ' Å - '  Å  - - ' 
Õ |quq` ' ¼ '  ¼ ¼ '  Ƈ¿  ' Ñ  ë  â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ ¿‹Œx’h{ah
œâRÒ Â~Ô~`‘r¡˜{wvhkl ¦vfbruq`§Â”uq`jž`b|quq`bx
`baead`b|qfb…¤h{pŠxy`b|ƒco`uqrg˜{w„h{nYuqr”jrzps…Š|rz÷ xy…sró`[uq` ' 
 §aßc„h“€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r `{l ‹Œfbpshkw„h{xy`b|ƒco`{‹šh“˜z`b|q`w„h{pŠ…sàihf{} h{ ró|vhkconŒwoh{pžuvh{aր‚nq|Žf{} rz `ba—h{|ƒco`wo…Šr{wo`bab
Örzxyr“`›¢Œ`bxjvpsrq‹
•ƒ`¹dh{xyrzah{a“€‚nq|Žf{} rz `ba©ÂŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ Å ã ÏÃÅÃ`gè~ÒÓÅÔ Ñ ì ð Å  - Ü  !â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ ¿F` œâ^ÒòèvÔ Ñ Û¥Ü ¼ -
ԛ
· `bnqawo`badjž`bfco…¥•ƒrza¡˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrza—abh{ rq©

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LJ KLK 1  Q T 6 U 7 O+ V  § O+V O D E Z \  §O+V


…‚Ô֐ x’h0€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rL `[l uq…¥c„h Ù ³  ea `{‹qj–hkw„h”ceršuqrgÅÁÆ â^Ò Â~Ô `|œcih{ rtÏÅÁÆ NâRÒ Â~Ô `{©
ŽÒßÏÅÔ Ñ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ
…s…¤Ô x’h”€‚nq|Žfk} h{ r  `[l uq…Šc„hÁ Ç ÊÄÙ ³  ae`{‹vj–hkw„h”cor!uqr”ÅÁ Æ â^Ò Â~Ô `|œcih{ r‡ÏÅÁÆ NâRÒ Â~Ô `
ŽÂ ÒÏÅÔ Ñ Ï¡ÂŽÒÓÅÔ
Ž`bpsh{auq`›¦v|q…df{} rz `bauq`”€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rtj–hkw`óuq`ó€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rRml xj–hkw¸`ól €Nh{l fb…sp•ƒ`›w[™!nq`órt˜{w–hkl ¦vfrtuq`ónqx’h’€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r
j–hkwY`0l ae…Šx`l cewo…Šfbry`bx wo`bp¤hfk} h{ r h{r’`b…¥¢Œr’uqrza Ì `0r’˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr uq`0nqx’hy€‚nq|Žfk} h{ rˆml xj–hkw‡`“l ad…sxÃ`l cdwo…sfbr’`x
wo`bpshf{} h{ r h” r{wo…s˜z`xY
×‡Ø «ÊÄÙÉ ´Ú ¶
Û¥ÜbÝ · `¹dh ÌLÑ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ Å #- Å Ü # ~fbrzxyr â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ ¿‰Ï  ë  ‹hyjqwo…Šxy`b…Šwohgj–hkweco`0uvh{a uq`¦v|q…ßf{} rz `baÁ` l
•ƒ`wo…¥¦vfih{uvh`ŽÒßÏ Å~Ô Ñ ÒßÏ Å~Ô # - ÒßÏ Ü Å~Ô # Ñ Å # - Å Ü # Ñ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ vpŠrz˜zrq‹– `l €‚nq|Žf{} h{ rj–hkwi
Û ì Ý · `¹dh Ì”Ñ ÂŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ Å  ÏyÅ ã šfbrzxr NâRÒ Â~Ô Ñ ¿ hjqwo…Šxy`b…¥w„hj–hkwece`—uvh{a uq`¦v|q…df{} rz `ay`—l •ƒ`wo…¥¦vfih{uvh
`óŽÒßÏ ÅÔ Ñ ÒßÏÅÔ  Ï ÒßÏÅ ã Ô Ñ ÏÒÓÅ  Ô -ÃÅ ã Ñ Ï¡ÂŽÒÓÅÔ –psrz˜zrq‹žÂ `l €‚nq|Žf{} h{ rˆml xj–hkwi Õ a¡wo`baßj`bfce…Š•ƒrza
˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrza—abh{ rq©
6

3
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Û ékÝ · `¹dh Ì Ñ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ Å ‹  Æ c„h{p­™!nq`  IÜ  Î €‚nq|Žf{} h{ r‰`“l j–hkw+ae` À`“l j–hkw+`R` l ml xj–hkw¡ae` =` l
lm xgj–hkwi
…‚Ôöhkw„h ÅÁÆ Ò ë ¼ Ü Ô$‹{co`bxgø ae`{©Å #  Å ã  Å   Å   Å  ‹N…sadcor¸`{l ‹œ™šnvh{|ƒcorx’h{…sr{wör•{h{pŠr{w
uq` Ž‹x`b|qr{w“rY•kh{psr{wuvhY€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rq
Örz|qae`b™!nq`b|ƒco`bxy`b|ƒco`{‹örY˜{wvhkl ¦vfbr¸uq` ÌÑ Å  ‹`adc–h¸l hkޖh{…¥¢ŒrYuqr


˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr’uq` ÌyÑ Å  ‹ž™!nq`c„h{x0ÞÖ`bl xW`adc–h’l hkޖh{…¥¢Œryuqr’˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr uq` ÌyÑ Å ã ‹`0h{aead…sxWadnqfb`baeae…¥•{h{x`b|œce`{
öhkw„h^•kh{psr{wo`a’uq`ÁÅÍjqw–rkl ¢Œ…sxyrzayuq`¸à`worq‹—h{ayjr{ci`b÷ |qf…¤h{a’xy`b|qr{we`ba’uqrzxy…s|vh{x `¸™šnvh{|ƒcor x’h{…Šr{wyr
`›¢šjrš`|œco` Ž‹qrza¡˜{w–hkl ¦vfrza¦vfih{x fih{uvhó•ƒ`bàx’h{…Ša ßjvp¤h{|qrza YÒ™šnvh{ae`+j–hkw„h{pŠ`bpsrza—h{r`b… ¢qrguqrzaÅԛ
ˆ  ¡de
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¡ 
…s…¤Ô öhkw„hLÅÃÆ3Ò Ü ¼ -
ԛ‹~co`xgøae`k©+Å #  Å ã  Å   Å   Å  ‹–rzn^ae` ¹dhtj–hkw„hL•kh{psr{we`ba
˜{w„h{|quq`ba—uq`[Å­‹–h{ajžr{cå`b÷ |qfb…sh{a¡uq`xyh{…sr{w ˜{w„h{ntuqrzxy…s|vh{x h{auq`xy`b|qr{w˜{w„h{n~


á+`bae`b|q¨qrza—j–hkw„h  Ñ ì ¼ ð ¼ ê `  Ñ Ü ¼ é ¼ í ‹Œwe`badj`fco…Š•kh{xy`b|ƒco`{©
1

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Î sp ˜znqxyh{a•ƒ`bàb`bab‹j–hkw„hL`badÞr~fb} hkwrL˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrtuq`gnqx’h’€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r `gl fbrz|ƒ•ƒ`b|q…Š`b|œce`g•ƒ`wo…¥¦vfihkw[ae`h €‚nq|Žf{} h{ r


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`ól j–hkwrznÃml xj–hkwb‹jžrz…sahtad…sxy`cdwo…¤hyjqwo`bad`b|œce`y|qrza[˜{wvhkl ¦vfbrza[uq`adc„h{a€‚nq|Žf{} rz `ba“€òh{fb…Šps…¥c„hkw–h’l r‡uq`bad`b|q¨qrq


_ r{co`™šnq``›¢q…Šadco`bx£xónq…Šcoh{a—€‚nq|Žf{} rz `a™šnq`|~h{ rabh{ r”j–hkwo`ba—`|q`bxGml xj–hkwe`bab
Žr{wŽ`›¢Œ`bxjvpŠrq‹zŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ Å #$-0Å ƒfbrzxyr â^Ò Â~Ô Ñ ¿h—jqwo…Šxy`b…¥w„h—j–hkweco`Öuvh{auq`¦v|q…df{} rz  `a0` l •ƒ`wo…Š¦vfbh{uvh 
ŽÒßÏ Å~Ô Ñ Å # ÏÅ psrz˜zrq‹ŽÒßÏÅÔ Ñ  ŽÒÓÅÔ+`yŽÒßÏ Å~Ô Ñ  ϡŽÒÓÅ~Ô `b|ƒcih{ rq‹ŽÂÃ|~h{ r `l €‚nq|Žf{} h{ rYj–hkw|q`bx
ml xgj–hkwi
 Ú  «  ³ ± ° ´ ² « Ú ¶
…‚Ô Î f„¨vhkw0rza[Å coh{…sa™!nq`’ÂŽÒÓÅÔ   `l `b™!nq…Š•kh{ps`b|ƒco`yhLuq`co`wexy…s|vhkwrza`bpŠ`bxy`b|ƒcorzauq r â^Ò Â~Ô+c„h{p
™šnq`rza—jžrz|œcerza—uqry˜{wvhkl ¦vfbruq`“‹q`badcih{ rh{fb…sx’hóuvhgwo`›c„h Ì”Ñ N
…s…¤Ô Î f„¨vhkwrza+ÅRc„h{…Ša™!nq`yŽÒòÅ~Ô  ^`ól `b™!nq…Š•kh{ps`b|ƒco`ghLuq`ce`woxy…Š|vhkw[rza+`bpŠ`bxy`b|ƒcorzauqr NâRÒ Â~Ô c„h{p
™šnq`rza—jžrz|œcerza—uqry˜{wvhkl ¦vfbruq`“‹q`badcih{ rhkޖh{…¥¢qrguvh”wo`›c„h Ì”Ñ N
×‡Ø «ÊÄÙÉ ´Ú ¶
Û¥ÜbÝ · `óŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ Å # –`b|œcbh{ rq‹~ŽÒÓÅÔ  Ü `[l `b™šnq…¥•{h{pŠ`b|œce`0huq`co`›woxy…s|vhkw¡rza¡`bpŠ`bxy`b|ƒcorza—uqr â^Ò Â~Ô c„h{p
™šnq`rza—jžrz|œcerza—uqry˜{wvhkl ¦vfbruq`“‹q`badcih{ rh{fb…sx’hóuvhgwo`›c„h Ì”Ñ Ü ‘á+`bae`b|q¨qr h” `bae™!nq`wouvhŒ
Û ì Ý ÂŽÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ Å # ÒÓÅ”Ï Ü Ô q`|œcih{ rq‹–ÂŽÒòÅ~Ô  ë `+l `b™šnq…¥•{h{pŠ`b|œce`[hóuq`co`›woxy…s|vhkw rza `bpŠ`bxy`b|ƒcorza uqr â^Ò Â~Ô
c„h{p~™!nq`rza jrz|ƒcorza¡uqrg˜{w–hkl ¦vfbruq`“‹v`badcih{ rhkޖh{…¥¢qr”uvh”we`c„h ÌgÑ ë öá+`bae`b|q¨qr h” uq…Šwo`…Šc„hŒ

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…s…Š…‚ÔŽršuq`bxyrzahk¦qwox’hkw™!nq` r0˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr0uq` nqx’h“€‚nq|Žfk} h{ r `{l ‹!`bxĘz`woh{p ‹šnqxyh“fbnŒwe•khó|qr“jvpsh{|qr0fbršr{weuq`›ø
|vh{uqr ­h wo`fzml jqwor!fih |q`bx ae`bxjqwe` `0l •ƒ`wouvh{uq`…Šw„hŒ‹…saßcor `{l ‹|q`bx coršuvh fbnŒwe•kh |qrLjvpsh{|qrtfbr!r{wouq`b|vh{uqr
ÒrznÃfbrz| ¹ßnq|œcer uqr^jvp¤h{|qrœÔR`‡l r˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrRuq`‡h{ps˜znqx’hÁ€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rq +`brzxy`cewe…sfih{xy`|œco` nqx’hˆfbnŒwe•kh^|qr
jvp¤h{|qrgfbršr{weuq`b|vh{uqrÃ`l rg˜{w–hkl ¦vfruq`nqxyh”€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rae`ceršuvh”we`c„h0j–hkw„h{ps`bpshh{r”`b…¥¢Œruqrza Ì …s|ƒco`woad`bfc„h
hfbnŒwd•{hy|qr’x‰h l ¢Œ…sxyró|œnqx jžrz|œcorˆÒòjr{w™!nq`  ԛ  Žr{w`›¢Œ`bxjvpŠrq‹žhad`b˜znq…s|ƒco`“fbnŒwd•{hy|~h{ rwe`jqwo`bae`|œc„h
nqx’hó€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rq©

‡× Ø «ÊÄÙÉ ´ ¶ Õ fbrz| ¹ßnq|œcer’º Ñ !ÒÓÅ­¼ Ì Ô§Æt¿#‘äÅ #- Ì # Ñ Ü


 |~h{ r `[l rg˜{w–hkl ¦vfbryuq`nqx’h”€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rq
á+` €òhkcerq‹ ̔Ñ  Ü ÏRÅ #  psrz˜zrq‹ij–hkw„h coršuqrÖÅÁÆ ÒßÏ Ü ¼ Ü Ôž`›¢Œ…sadco`x x’h{…sauq`önqx Ì c„h{p{™šnq`¡ÒÓÅ­¼ Ì Ô§ÆYº0
 `¹dhgr”jqw–rkl ¢q…Šxyrguq`ae`b|q¨qrq©
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· `¹dh{x ÌgÑ ÂŽÒòÅ~Ô` ÌgÑ è~ÒÓÅÔcoh{…sa™šnq`ad`bnqa˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrza—ae`…Š|œce`woae`bf›c„h{x |qrgjrz|ƒcor * `b|ƒcih{ rq‹–h{a¡frkø
r{wouq`b|vh{uvh{a¡uq` abh{ rq©  Ñ ÒÓÅ  ¼$ŽÒÓÅ  ÔeÔ Ñ ÒÓÅ  ¼dèÒòÅ  Ôeԛ‹qpsrz˜zryŽÒÓÅ  Ô Ñ è~ÒÓÅ  ԛ‹v`b™!nq…Š•kh{ps`b|ƒco`bxy`|œco`k‹
Å  `l aerzpsnŽf{} h{ ruqrae…Šadco`bx’hŒ©
ÌgÑ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ

ÌgÑ èÒòÅ~Ô
×‡Ø «ÊÄÙÉ ´Ú ¶
Û¥ÜbÝ Î f„¨vhkw¡rzajžrz|œcorza—uq`…Š|œco`›woae`Œf{} h{ ruqrza—˜{w–hkl ¦vfrza¡uq`0ŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ ÅÁ` èÒÓÅÔ Ñ Å #N
# ˆ  ¡de
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¡`aerzpŠ•ƒ`bxrza—rgae…sadce`bx’hŒ©

Ì Ñ Å

Ì Ñ Å#¼
uq`rz|quq`[Å # Ï^Å Ñ Å”ÒÓÅgÏ Ü Ô›‹qpŠrz˜zr”ÅóÒÓÅÏ Ü Ô Ñ ë ‹–`|œcih{ róÅ Ñ ë rzn Å Ñ Ü  Õ a jrz|ƒcorzaabh{ r¸Ò ë ¼ ë Ô
`Ò Ü ¼ ë ԛ

Û ì Ý Î f„¨vhkw¡rzajžrz|œcorza—uq`…Š|œco`›woae`Œf{} h{ ruqrza—˜{w–hkl ¦vfrza¡uq`0ŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ Å ã ÏRÅÁ`+èÒòÅ~Ô Ñ Å  - Š㠏


¡`aerzpŠ•ƒ`bxrza—rgae…sadce`bx’hŒ©

Ì Ñ Å ã Ï^Å

Ì Ñ Å - Åã¼
uq` rz|quq`Å  -ˆÅ ã Ñ Å ã χŭ‹špsrz˜zr“Å  -ˆÅ Ñ Å”ÒÓÅ ã - Ü Ô Ñ ë ‹Œ`b|ƒcih{ r0Å Ñ ë rznyÅ Ñ Ï Ü  Õ aÖjrz|ƒcorza
abh{ rYÒ ë ¼ ë Ô`yÒßÏ Ü ¼ ë ԛ

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è

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Î |ƒco`ba¡uq`hkjqwo`bae`|œc„hkw¡`›¢q`xjvpsrzauq`badc„h{a—uq`¦v|q…dfk} rz `bab‹–uq`co`wox…s|q`bxyrza rzawo`badjž`bfco…¥•ƒrza¡uqrzx¸ml |q…srzab

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uq`¸Â `’è co`bxY‹ `bx fih{uvhˆjžrz|œcer^nqx’hÁr{wouq`b|vh{uvh^™!nq`‰` l wo`baßj`bfce…Š•kh{xy`b|ƒco`{‹Öhˆaerzx’hŒ‹‘uq…s€‚`wo`|Žfi} hŒ‹
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×‡Ø «ÊÄÙÉ ´Ú ¶
Û¥ÜbÝ Î h{uq…df{} h{ rg`“h”aenŒÞqcew„hf{} h{ rguq`€‚nq|Žf{} rz `a hk¦v|qa¡abh{ rg€‚nq|Žf{} rz `ba hk¦v|qa
á+`€òhkcorq‹qad`0ŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ â  Å -   ` èÒÓÅÔ Ñ â # Å -  # v`b|œcbh{ rq©
Ò Â  èvԍÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ ÒÓâ   â # ԚŠ- Ò     # Ô
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Ñ Ï ê Ï é ŏ +wvhkl ¦vfbrza—`xWh{àbnqp‹q•ƒ`wouq``+•ƒ`wox`bps¨qrq‹qwo`baßj`bfce…Š•kh{xy`b|ƒco`{©
10 10

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Û ì Ý Î h{uq…ßf{} h{ r `ˆh da nŒÞqcew„hf{} h{ r uq`Á€‚nq|Žf{} rz `batjžrzps…Š|qrzxy…¤h{…Ša™šnvh{uŒwvhkl co…sfih{a’ah{ rÀ‚nq|Žf{} rz `aLjžrzps…s|qrzx…¤h{…sa
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Û ékÝ · ` ¹dh{x ŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ  Å # Ï Ü `+è~ÒÓÅÔ Ñ Å ã - Ü 


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uqrzx¸ml |q…srza abh{ r NâRÒ Â  èqÔ Ñ ÒßÏ
Ÿ¼iÏ ÜbÝRÛ Ü ¼ -
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Ÿ¼iÏ Ü Ô ^Û¥Ü ¼ -
Ô
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…‚Ô œâRÒ Â~Ô Ñ Û ë ¼ -
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â^Òòè Â~Ô Ñ ÒßÏ


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â^Ò Â §èqÔ Ñ ÒßÏ
Ÿ¼iÏ ì Ý ^Û ë ¼ -
Ô

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NâRÒ Â Â~Ô Ñ ÒßÏ
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Ñ !ñ æNç   î ! é Å  ¼
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Û ékÝ Õ xyr啌…Šxy`b|ƒcory¨vhkwoxˆrz÷ |q…sfbr’ae…Šxjvps`auq`baefwe`•ƒ`”h’jžrzae…dfk} h{ rLuvh{a rzadfb…spshf{} rz `bawo`b˜znqpshkwo`ba `bx cor{wo|qr
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×‡Ø «ÊÄÙÉ ´Ú ¶
Û¥ÜbÝ
h{pŠfbnqps` '    kæ!ÒßÏ Ü Ô›—á`›•ƒ`bxyrza¡wo`aerzpŠ•ƒ`why`™šnvhf{} h{ r Ì Ñ '    {æœÒßÏ Ü Ô›‹ž™!nq`R`“l `b™!nq…Š•kh{ps`b|ƒco`óh
fih{pŠfbnqp¤hkw  kæ!Ò Ì Ô Ñ Ï Ü  Î aerzpŠnŽf{} h{ ruq`adc„h`b™!nvhf{} h{ r ` l ̔Ñ"! qpsrz˜zr '    {æœÒßÏ Ü Ô Ñ"! 
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Å Ü `+Å Ï éÜ vpsrz˜zrq‹ â^Ò Â~Ô  Ñ  Ï éÜ ¼ Ü  
Û ð Ý  `wo…¥¦v™šnq`[™šnq` '   æNç ‘ÒÓÅÔ - '    {æœÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ ! ì 

Örzxyr  {æ 
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h{psfnqps` '    è~Ò Ü Ô›
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uq`badcoh`b™šnvhfk} h{ r ` l Ì”Ñ ð  '    è~Ò Ü Ô Ñ ì Ï '   èÒ Ü Ô Ñ ì Ï ð Ñ ð 
Û ì Ý
h{psfnqps` '   æNç  Ò ì ԛ

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hƒÔ ŽÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ è ÒòÅ~Ô Ñ çç [ -Ï çç   Þ Ô ÂŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ  è ÒòÅ~Ô Ñ çç / -ôÏ çç  

fåÔ ÂŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ æåç  ~ÒÓÅÔ Ñ ç  -ôì ç   u–Ô ŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ  {æåç  ~ÒÓÅÔ Ñ ç  Ï ì ç  


â^Ò è vÔ Ñ â^Ò æåç  vÔ Ñ ¿‹ NâRÒ  è vÔ Ñ â^Ò  kæNç  vÔ Ñ !â^Ò  kæNç  vÔ Ñ ¿ Ï ë ‹
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Ÿ¼iÏ Ü Ô Ò Ü ¼
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Û é í Ý   adÞr!fb`rza˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrza—uq`{©
' Ô ÂŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ ÛŠÛ Å ÝsÝ Ï ÛŠÛ Ï Å ÝŠÝ Ô ŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ ÛsÛ Å - ÜbÝsÝ  Ô ÂŽÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ ÛŠÛ ÅyÏ Üb݊Ý
 

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Û ézêkÝ   aefwo`›•{huq`[€‚r{wox’hóx’h{…sa ae…Šxjvps`a¡h{aae`b˜znq…Š|œco`a€‚nq|Žf{} rz `bab©
' Ô ÂŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ æåç  Ò ‘ÒÓÅÔeԛ¼ŒÅ ‰ë Ô ŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ è ~Ò ì Å~Ô  Ô ÂŽÒÓÅ~Ô Ñ æåç  ÒÓÅÔ -  kæ ~ÒÓÅÔ
Û éƒï Ý á+`ce`woxy…Š|q`[rza • `l wdco…sfb`a¡uvh{aae`b˜znq…s|ƒco`ba—j–hkw–hkl Þrzpsh{ab©
hƒÔ Ì”Ñ Ï Å # - ð ÅyÏ é Þ Ô Ì”Ñ Å # Ï î Å - Ü ì fåÔ Ì”Ñ ì Å # ÏRÅ’Ï Ü
Û ézîkÝ á+`co`wexy…s|q`hy€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r hk¦vx c„h{p™šnq`0ÂŽÒ Ü Ô Ñ ì `óÂŽÒ ì Ô Ñ Ï ð `0h€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r ™šnvh{uŒwvhkl co…sfih”c„h{p­™!nq`
è~Ò Ü Ô Ñ Ï Ü ‹Œè~Ò ì Ô Ñ Ï ì `0ÂŽÒ é Ô Ñ Ü 
Û é ñ Ý  `wo…¥¦v™šnq`™šnq`“æNç ‘Ò '    {æœÒÓÅÔeÔ Ñ  Ü ÏRÅ # ‹  Å  Ü 
Û ð ëkÝ  `wo…¥¦v™šnq`™šnq` '    kæ!ÒßÏ ÅÔ " Ñ ! Ï '    {æœÒÓÅ~Ô$
Û ð ÜbÝ á+`ce`woxy…Š|q`[rguqrzx¸ml |q…Šrguvh”€‚nq|Žf{} h{ rLŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ '   æNç ‘Ò é Å - Ü Ô$
Û ð ì Ý · ` ¹dh’ÂŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ  åè  Ò  iè  ÒÓÅ - Ü ÔeÔ$‘á+`co`wexy…s|q` â^Ò Â~ÔÖ`fih{pŠfbnqps`“ÂŽÒ ñ ԛ


Û ð ékÝ · `  iè Ò '  bÔ Ñ ð `  iè !Ò bÔ Ñ  ‹–uq`›co`woxy…Š|q`  


Û ðzð Ý  `wo…¥¦v™šnq`™šnq`hg€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r ŽÒòÅ~Ô Ñ Å’Ï ÛŠÛ Å ÝsÝ `+l j`wo…brzl uq…sfih”uq`[jž`wåml r!uqr Ü 
Û ð í Ý  `wo…¥¦v™šnq`™šnq`ad`0 `[l nqx’hg€‚nq|Žfk} h{ rj`we…irzl uq…sfbhuq`[jž`wo…irzl uqr ›‹v`b|ƒcih{ rcoh{xóÞ`l x `l j`we…irzl uq…sfbhguq`
j`›wåml r!uqr  ›‹ Æ 
Û ð êkÝ Î €‚nq|Žf{} h{ r ŽÒÓÅÔ Ñ  Ï ÜÜ aeae`` ÅŸÆÆä  ‹ `l jž`wo…brzl uq…sfihój–hkw„hh{pŠ˜znqx£jž`wåml ršuqr 
Û ð ï Ý ‘wor啃`[™!nq`“hg€‚nq|Žfk} h{ r’hk¦vx co`bx fbrzxyr”˜{w–hkl ¦vfbrnqxyh”wo`cohg|~h{ rg•ƒ`›weco…sfbh{p 
Û ð îkÝ ‘wor啃`”™!nq`hL€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r‡jžrzps…s|qrzx…¤h{puq` ì ˜{w„h{nco`x fbrzxyrL˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr‡nqxyh j–hkw–hkl ޞrzp¤h fbrzx `b…¥¢Œr
j–hkw„h{pŠ`bpsrh{rg`b… ¢qrguqrza Ì 
Û ð ñ Ý ‘wor啃`[™!nq`ae`“Â3`[l nqx’h”€‚nq|Žfk} h{ rj`we…irzl uq…sfbhuq`jž`wo…brzl uqr $‹–`|œcih{ rq©
hƒÔŽÒÓÅ - ' Ôy`+l j`we…irzl uq…sfbhguq`[jž`wo…brzl uqr $‹qj–hkw„h”cor!uqr ' Ƈ¿
Þ ÔÂŽÒ ' Å~Ôg`+l j`we…irzl uq…sfbhguq`[jž`wo…brzl uqr '  ‹vj–hkwoh”cor!uqr ' Ƈ¿  Ï  ë  
Û í ëkÝ öhkwoh”j`™šnq`b|vh{a•{hkwo…shf{} rz `bauq`[co`xj`wohkconŒw„hŒ‹qrxršuq`bpŠr”j–hkw„hghguq…Šp¤hkc„hf{} h{ r”uq`nqxyhóޖhkwewohguq`
xy`coh{p¨qrzxyrz˜q`b÷ |q`ih0aenŒÞvx`co…suvh hó x”nquvh{|Žfb} h{a—uq`+co`bxjž`w„hkconŒwohR` l ˆÏ   Ñ '   Ò Ï   ԛ‹qrz|quq` 
`+l rgfrzxjqwo…sx`b|œcer”uvh0ޖhkwew„hó™šnvh{|quqrgh0co`bxjž`w„hkconŒw„h^` l $‹   `+l rgfrzxjqwo…sx`b|œcer”…Š|q…sfb…sh{puvh0ޖhkwew„h
|vh”ce`bxj`›w„hkconŒw„h   ` ' `l nqx’hgfrz|qadc„h{|ƒco`™!nq`[uq`jž`b|quq`0uqrgce…Šjrguq`[x`c„h{p 
hƒÔ §`we…Š¦v™šnq`ae`  `l €‚nq|Žf{} h{ rypŠ…s|q`ihkw—uq` $
Þ Ô · nŒjrz|quqr0™šnq`¡hÞ–hkwewohŒ‹!…Š|q…sfb…sh{psxy`b|ƒco` xy`buq` Üåëzë  â£hnqx’h co`bxgj`w„hkcenŒw„h[uq` êzë 
`™šnq`j–hkw„h
róxy`c„h{p fbrzx ™šnq` €‚rz…~€‚`…Šc„h ' Ñ Üåë  ‹q`badÞr!fb`+ró˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr”™šnq` `›¢šjqwo`baeae`rófbrzxjqwo…Šxy`b|ƒcor0uvh0ޖhkwew„h
`bx €‚nq|Žf{} h{ ryuvhóco`bxjž`w„hkconŒw„hŒ
Û í ÜbÝ Õ fbnqadcer’`bx % â Ònq|q…suvh{uq`ba¡xyrz|q`c–hkl wo…sh{a„Ôj–hkw„hgwo`bxrN•ƒ`wÅ  uqrza—uq`cewo…¥corza—c–rkl ¢Œ…sfbrzauq`badjž`›ø
¹dh{uqrza¡|œnqx hkco`wewor `[l uvh{uqrgjr{w—ÒÓÅÔ Ñ Üåëzë ë î Ï^Å Å ‹qj–hkw„h ë ôÅ Üåëzë 
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hƒÔ­á+`co`›woxy…s|q`§rfnqadcor wo`b€‚`we`b|œce` h¡ we`bxyr~f{} h{ r uq` ð ë  ‹ êzë  ` ñ ë  uqrzaŽuq`cewo…¥corzabŽ §aßÞršf`Ör ˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr
uq`  Ñ ÒÓÅԛ
Þ Ô +nq`jžr{wofb`b|ƒconvh{puq`uq`›cewo…Šcerzajžršuq`ad`w¡wo`xyrN•š…suqrójr{w Üåë ëzëzë % â 
Û ízì Ý öhkw„h’fih{psfbnqpshkw[h uqrzaeh{˜z`bx uq`”x`buq…sfih{x`b|œcerza ™šnq`0jr!uq`”ad`w+jqwo`baefwe…Šc„h j–hkw„h’fwo…¤h{|Žfb} h{a[uq` Ü
h Ü ð h{|qrza `[l nŒco…Šps…Šàih{uvhghó€‚nq|Žf{} h{ r8ÒdÔ Ñ  - ç  Ü ð ‹vrz|quq`[ç^`l hguqrzae`+j–hkw„hh{uqnqp¥corza `bx£â èL` g`[l h
…suvh{uq``bx h{|qrzab—á+`co`wox…s|q`“hyuqrzad`0™šnq`jžršuq`“ae`›w …s|quq…Šfih{uvhj–hkw„hynqx’hf›wo…¤h{|Žfi} hyuq` ê h{|qrza¡ae`0h
uqrzae`h{uqnqpŠc„h `[l uq` ð ëzë â’è
Û í ékÝ _ nqxFabml co…Šr0hkwo™šnq`rzpirzl ˜z…sfr“€‚r{w„h{xF`|qfbrz|œcdw„h{uqrzaÖrzaeaerza֙!nq`fbrz|ƒco`bx ì ë  uvh“™šnvh{|ƒco…suvh{uq` r{we…s˜z…¥ø
|vh{puq`
   õ hfb} hgnqx’h”`badco…Šx’hkco…Š•kh0uvhg…Šuvh{uq`uqrza¡rzadaerzab
Û í ð Ý Î xy`b…sh ø •Œ…ŠuvhLuqr‡€Nrzl ae€‚r{workø é ì `gl uq` Ü ð  ì uq…¤h{ab · hkÞ`b|quqrY™!nq` Üåëzë è¸uq`baßc„h‡aenŒÞvadc h{÷ |qfb…¤h‡`adcih{ r
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™šnvh{|ƒco…Šuvh{uq`uq`€Nrzl ad€‚r{workø é ì wo`badc„hkwvhl hkj—rzl a ï uq…¤h{a 
Û ízí Ý  §x fb… `b÷ |qfb…¤h{a§|vhkconŒw„h{…sa‹Œxy`b…sh ø •Œ…ŠuvhÁ`l r[co`bxjžr“|q`bfb`badavhkl wo…sr0j–hkw„h[™šnq`nqx’h[™šnvh{|ƒco…suvh{uq` hkce…s| ¹dh
h^xy`›c„h{uq`tuq`‡ae`bnô•kh{psr{wy…Š|q…sfb…sh{p  Õ jqwor!fb`baeadr uq`Y`bps…Šxy…s|vhfk} h{ ruq`YnqxyhaenŒÞvadc h{÷ |qfb…¤h^jž`bpsrRr{we˜ƒh ø
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uq`bfwe`baefb…Šxy`b|ƒcoró`›¢Œjžrz|q`b|qfb…¤h{p · ` ézë  uq` nqx’huŒwerz˜ƒh0hkjvps…sfbh{uvh“|!nqxFj–h{f…s`b|ƒco`¸`l `bpŠ…sxy…Š|vh{uvh“hkj—rzl a
Ü ì ¨qr{woh{ab‹v™šnvh{p `l h”xy`b…sh ø •Œ…Šuvh”uvh”uŒworz˜ƒh 
Û í êkÝ · hkÞ`b|quqr[™šnq`—h+jžr{jvnqp¤hf{} h{ ruq`—nqx=f`wecor+j–hqml a‘€‚rz…q`badco…Šx’h{uvh `bx ì é xy…spŠ¨~rz `baŽ`bx Ü ñzñ ë `—uq` ì ï
xy…Šps¨~rz `baÖ`bx Ü ñzñƒí ‹q`+aenŒjžrz|quqry™šnq`h0jr{jvnqp¤hfk} h{ rgco`bx nqx£fwe`baefb…Šxy`b|ƒcor`›¢šjrz|q`b|qf…¤h{p ‹quq`›co`woxy…Š|q`
™šnvh{|quqrh”jžr{jvnqp¤hf{} h{ r’hkce…s|q˜z…Šwvh l ð ê xy…spŠ¨~rz `bab
Û í ï Ý · nŒjrz|q¨vhó™šnq` Üåëzëzëzë % â abh{ ró…Š|œ•ƒ`baßco…suqrzahónqx’h“c„h ¢vh“uq`¹ßnŒworza fbrzxjžrzadcorzaÖuq` ñ  h{r”h{|qrq
á+`co`wexy…s|q`r¡xyrz|œcoh{|œco`h{fbnqxónqp¤h{uqr+hkj—rzl a í h{|qrzaŽad`rza–¹ßnŒworzaŽ€‚r{wo`xIfihkjv…¥c„h{ps…Šàih{uqrzaxy`b|qaeh{psxy`b|ƒco`{‹
ae`bx`badcew„h{pŠxy`b|ƒco``[xy`|qaoh{psxy`|œco`k
Û í îkÝ _ nqx’h`›jv…suq`bxy…shuq`0˜{wo…¥j`{‹ r’| qln xy`wor’uq`jž`baeaerƒh{a |œnqxWޖh{…¥wewor’™šnq`[j`b˜ƒhkw„h{x ˜{wo…Šjž`0hkj—rzl a 
uq…¤h{aL`[l uvh{uqr”jr{w  ÒdÔ Ñ Ü - Ü ñ ñzëzñ ëzë ëzçë     
hƒÔ +nvh{|ƒc„h{a—jž`baeaerƒh{a—€‚r{w„h{x£…s|q€‚`bf›c„h{uvh{a hkj—rzl a Ü uq…¤hŒ‹–hkj—rzl a Üåë uq…sh{a 
Þ ÔÖ §x£™šnvh{|ƒcorza¡uq…sh{a í ëzëzëzë j`aeaerƒh{a—¦vfbhkw„h{x frzx ˜{we…Šj` 
Û í{ñ Ý co…spŠ…sàih{|quqr `›¢Œ`bxjvpŠrza’uq`co`wox…s|q`Ár fbrzxjr{wdc„h{xy`b|ƒcor uqr ˜{w–hkl ¦vfbr uvh €‚nq|Žfk} h{ rpsrz˜qml adco…ŠfihRae`
•khkwo…¤h{xyrza º0‹v½F`

Û êzëkÝ Î xyh{˜z|q…Šconquq`0uq`ónqx co`wdwo`bxyr{cor |vh `baefih{psh ¡…sf„¨ƒco`wˆ`ól uvh{uvh jžr{wÄÒ”Ô Ñ éì  iè      ‹
rz|quq`  `§l h`b|q`wo˜z…sh¡ps…¥Þ`woh{uvh—j`bpŠrco`wewe`bxyr{cor—`bx znqpŠ`baŽ`   Ñ Üåë    _ r{co`‘™šnq` ë  ‰î ñ ‹
rz|quq` î ñ `+l j–hkw„hgrgx’h{…sr{w co`›wewo`bxyr{cer”wo`˜z…sadcewoh{uqrq
hƒÔ Õ co`›wewo`bxyr{cer¡uq` · h{ r õ w„h{|qfb…Šaefbr|qrza­ §   uq` Ü ñ ëzê ps…ŠÞž`worzn0hkjqwer墌…sx’h{uvh{xy`|œco` í ñƒí 1+Üåë   
nvh{p­€‚rz…aenvh”x’h{˜z|q…Šconquq` 


Þ Ô · ` r“co`›wewo`bxyr{cer“uq `
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