MISCELLANEA IRANICA

by MARTIN SCHWARTZ
I
Among the countless interesting lexical items which the late Professor
Henning, founder and undisputed master of Khwarezmian studies, brought
to light is Khwar. 'ro'w, which (once) renders Arab. yul (a demon which
leads its victims to a remote place and destroys them).! A root "'dral}-
Proto-Indo-European "'dhrel}-) 'to lead astray, deceive' has been pro-
posed as the source of various Old and ~ i d d l e Iranian words, among them
'ro'w and Khwar. 'rowe 'far'.2 At the same time I mentioned the possibility
that Persian '(,)rd'd, listed in the Fm'hang-i Su'uri, may be a copyist's
error for ""(,)rd'w, a borrowing from Khwar. 'ro'w. Other material support-
ing the foregoing views will now be offered.
The Khwar. metathesis implicit in the derivation of 'ro'w and 'rowe
from V dral} requires independent confirmation, especially since Renning
showed that OIr. dr remained as Khwar. or in oryd' h 'she reaped it' and orwk
'sick? the latter from "'adrul}aka-. One example for the metathesis is
Khwar. ""ronb- 'to peel, skin, husk' (Nluq. 86.8 mronbd'h; 230.6 mronbyd;
395.7 mronbd'n only the last is fully pointed).4 In these examples ""ronb-
translates Arab. qasara and laJ;ii (the former referring to the decortication
of bark and sesame pods, the latter to that of bark), all = Pers. pust biiz
kard. The passive of this verb is ""rof3s- (Muq. 453.8, 466.2 mrof3st) =
Arab. inqasara, taqaHara resp., both Pers. pust biiz karde sud.
Now, ""ronb- and 'rof3s- may be taken from OIr. stems "'drumba- and
1 'Mitteliranisch', I 18, n. I. The yii/ is usually a female creature; e.g. yiilathu l-yiilu
in the Afuq. passage (225.4) cited by Henning, from which it is not clear, however,
whether 'ro'w is also fern. For yiil, div, pari, jiidii and similar terms, see A. Christensen,
Essai sur la dbnonologie iranienne, 1941,64-86.
2 M. Schwartz, JRAS, Oct. 1966, 119-22, esp. p. 119. It is possible that Oss.
ardauyn 'to provoke, stir up slander' and MPers. driiy- 'talk nonsense, lies; scream'
(for which words cf. E. Benveniste, BSL 1956,58, and now G. Lazard, Les premiers
poetes persans, 1,1964,75, n. I) are related to the words discussed in my article. In view
of Sogd. ziiw 'rumour, reputation' Khot. drro 'roared' (?) one may consider l\ con-
tamination of two Iranian roots "'dral!-: I) 'seduce' 2) 'make noise, shout', the latter
from PIE "'dhrev-; for the latter, cf. J. Pokorny, Indoge, manisches etymologisches W6rter-
buch, 1959,255 S. V . 3. dher-, dhereu-. For Sogd. ziiy-, see n. 10 below.
8 Zeki Velidi Togan'a Armagan, Istanbul, 1955, 432.
4 I am very grateful to Dr. D . N. l\1acKenzie, both for first calling my attention
t o the Khwar. words relating to 'peeling, skinning' , and for a lively and learned corre-
spondence on kindred matters. I t ake sole responsibil ity for the p resent exposit ion.
3
8
5
III 1111 MOlel A!. \'() II ' ME
*dmb-sa- rcspectivcl y, both fr om D root draub-. Such a rout is att ested in
Sogd . iufJa (B. ;71'fJ' hh; hr . *:!lI'b', ohl. zwhy) ' outer layer, peel, husk' />
all d perhaps also \\'akhi driip-: drup t ' to scrat e ,6 and Oss. Tfdll V)'ll ' t o t ear
off, scratch', passi\'e Tfd)jsyn, and rfr/yvst ' il scratch, an excori ation' (if
Ta!d- < *ra!rd- < *fra-dr-). 7 l\1oreo\'er draub-, if deri ved from PIE
drcubh-, would find a neat cognate in the Greek root Bpvcp- in BpU777'W
't o t ear, strip (fl esh)" Horn. arroBpucp o, opt. 'tear off the skin, lacerate' and
'lacerat ed on both sides (of the face)" Hesych. 'laceration',
and BpU.pAOV 'bark of a tree'. 8
For internal -dr- > Khwar. -r B-, one may cite tsrBwk (111uq, .17.
6
)
'carpenter' (Arab. naJjar, Pers. durudgar) < etasat-dru- 'wood-hewer'.9 It is
now safe to assume two Khwar. reflexes of OIr. dr: Br and rB, probably
5 Thi s etymology of the Sogd. word (inspired by MacKenzie) is far more satis-
factory than the connexion with Russ. drob' 'a fragment' proposed by O. Hansen,
AbPAW, 1941, No. 10, p. 22; drob' is from PIE dhrebh-, Pokorny, p. 272. Further on
Sogd. zi5{3a, Henning apud Gershevitch, JRAS, 1946, 182.
6 For this word Shaw has driip- : dropt, Klimcickij di/rUp- : di/ropt, and Lorimer
(The Wakhi Language, n, 1958, 48) d,'YP- : dr9pt; for fj : a, Y see Lorimer, I, 13.
Morgenstierne, llFL, n, 520, suggested that driip- is related to Serb. drapati etc., but
the existence of Ir. dr(a)ub- provides a preferable candidate, which I shall now attempt
to justify phonol ogically.
At least in nouns and adjectives, V,>akhi ii does not seem to be the usual reflex of
OIr. u, cl lVlorgenstierne, n, 480. But the verb mus- : most (Lorimer 71/.as-, myf- :
m9St) 'to steal, conceal' is surely from the OIr. root mus-, which allows driip- < .druP-;
if miis- indeed shows umlaut < musya- (see Morg., p. 482), then driip- r epresents
druP(a)ya- . The p (instead of of driip- is probabl y secondary, either 'expressive' or
'contaminated'.
Rhyming with di/riip- : di/ ri5pt there is ci1riip- : oropt 'to pinch' in Klimcickij's
material. For 'pinch, tweak, sting' L orimer recorded tSEr<m- tSErEV-: tSrwd tSErmd-
, "
and remarked that tSfrro- : tsO'wld are probably due to confusion of present and past
stems (ll, p. 270) and are 'probably incorrect' (I, 338, no. 217). For tSEnm- : tSE7'wdone
should compare Ishkashmi cb7'bmb- : Cb"bVd (T. N. Paxalina, Is1<asimskij Jazyk, 1959,
19
0
) and Shugni ni.-yciramb- : (I. I. Zarubin, Sugnanskie teksty i slovar', 19
60
,
188) 'pinch' etc. Thus tS<7m- is < tS<7Wl.b-, with the usual simplification ofthe cluster.
A form the nasal infix may be attested in Khwar. 'he pinched him'
Afuq. 933, If = mncr{3dy c or mncrfdy c < '71cr{3Jf- (fl < OIr. b, or, less likely, f < OIr.
f < pre-Ir. py).
? Differently Benveniste, Etudes sur la langue ossete, 1959,41.
8 P. Persson, Beitriige zur indogermanischen Fflortjorsc!zung, H, 1912, 85
8
, first
suggested that ", in opurp- is perhaps a secondary development from 71, because of the
plant name OPlJ'TT!, and Lett. drupt 'to crumble' (nowadays derived from .dhreup-).
'Vhat was repeated by Boisacq as a possibility became a postulate for subsequent
etymologist s (Walde, Hofmann, Pokorny, Frisk).
9 For this example I have utili zed a work-note of Henning. I had also considered
Muq. 58 ...s::,,;,;., ' earnest money' (Arab. '''rbun) t o be pcrong, the cognate of Sogd.
palzang (pt i 71 q Hansen BST, ii, 90S, ) 0 = Syr. rhbwn' ; Mughptz'"kh?) < . pati-dranga-;
Dr. M ne I< cnzic has since call ed my attenti on to !lfug. 502? , where bcryd renders Pers.
wadi'at , suggesting pcr),d - pcrdy k 58. Henning' s notes have call ed my attention t o
another possible instance of dr-> 'r o-: ...s:,1..lj l , !lfug. 30) ' 3 ca rpet or covering'
pnhaps - 'ro'jyk drdj,'n- , rf. , kt. drnpi- et c.
SCl I\\,AHTZ
owing to dialectal \'ariati on; a parall el situation exi sts in Sogdian, where
dr (Br) under went metathesis in some words, but became z in most in-
stances.
IO
A digression 011 Khwar. 'l' Byyk
From Wetzstein's translation of Arab. JumB (and its Pers. gloss), p. 76,
one might assume that the corresponding Khwar. 'r8yyk 54.5 is a 'male
agrestial (small) mouse', and accordingly propose a derivation from OIr.
driyu- 'small, feeble'. ButJura8 is a '(large male field-)rat' (see e.g. Lane),
and both 'rat' and 'mouse' are expressed in Persian by mii. In Ormuri 'rat'
is gilak, gaiak, prob. < egrd(y)aka- (,greedy'?) according to G. l\lorgen-
stierne, IIFL, I, 1929, 395. I would therefore derive Khwar. 'rBy- < "'grd-
by metathesis.
In discussing Orm. gilak Morgenstierne menti oned as problematic
Bakhtiyari gil'za 'rat' (note now gerza, defined in l:I. Izadpanah, Farhang-e
Lori, 1343 A.H.S., 121 as miisha-ye bozorg-e Apart from Luri
there is also Gilaki garze, garza 'mu' (M. Sotoodeh, Fa7'hal1g-e Cllaki,
1954, 212), known for Gilan (dal'u l-marz) already in the Farlzang-i
Jahangiri (completed 1608). The existence of this word in literary Persian
of the tenth century is now attested by one MS. of Asadi's Luyat-i Furs
(Ed. 'Abbas Eqbal, 1319 A.H.S., 509), where garze is glossed mar buvad u
miis, and a verse of Rudaki is cited:
ahii az dam andarun a'vaz dad pasux-i gal' ze bidanis baz dad.
That garze here means 'rat' (and not 'snake', as assumed in the recent
editions of Rlidaki by 'A. Mirzayef and 1. S. Braginskij) is clear from the
fact that this verse refers to the conversation of the trapped gazelle and the
rat (jura B) in Kalilalz wa-Dimnah, Babu wa-l-mu!az::waqah (as
Prof. E. Yar-Shater pointed out to me).
The vocalisms of Luri gerz-, girz- : Pers., Gil. garz- probably point to
egrz-, which must somehow be reconciled with Orm., Khwar. egrd-. There
is a chance that the difference in consonantism is due to ancient borrowing
from a non-Indo-European source. In this connexion we may mention the
similarity of Arab. juraB, pI. Ji1'8an---JirBau,n, pI. JaraBin, which appears to
lack Semitic cognates. If not coincidence but borrowing lies behind the
resemblance, the identity of the lending language is not clear.
I prefer to explain grz- as due to the existence of a base garz- 'to bite,
sting, prick'. This base appears in Gilaki garzane = Pers. gazane 'nettle',
10 Yagnobi continues a Sogdian dialect in which dr remains. The apparent ex-
ception is zoy- 'read, recite', from Sogd. zay- 'speak', which has been compared with
Iranian words with dr- (see n. 2). But dr- is impossible here, as is clear from
Munji zay- 'say', 'Wakhi ]oy- 'read'. Nor can zay- : zat- come from a root in -!!-. I
would suggest that zay- is from PIE geECi)-, of which Skt. ga(y)- 'sings, calls'
represents the a-grade. Sogd. zau' is either < drawa- or (see n .2) -]a-wa-.
III 1\=" 1:-1 1111 1I1 0 HIAI. VOLl l ll1E
alld gar::. all = Pers. zalllllllr (Sotoodeh) . 1r. Amnon !'\ct Zl"r , ;\ nat ive of
Hahht in illln, t ell s me tl1 :1I in hi s mother dialect ' nettle' is gorze (Mr.
!'\ctzer not reca ll hear ing garz e 'rat '), and t ha arzak is a kind of
::.a ll/bUr wi th a long body, st riped black and yell ow, and colourl ess v"ings.
Here t oo would belong l'\Pc rs. garzin, said in the Farhang-i J ahangiri to
mean ' arrow', whi ch the Burhall -i Qati' expands t o 'point ed arrow' (iir-i
paikall -drjr) . l'\Pers. (mar-i) garze is therefore "' a biting snake'.
The meanings of" garz- are thus the same as those of Pers. gaz-. That
the Olr. root of the latt er is "gaz-, and not "gaz-, is shown by Man.
Parth. gz- 't o bite' (of dogs) in an u npubl. t ext, l\ 1 92, 12b (acc. to a note-
book-entry of Henning), and further by i\Pers. mar-gaJte 'bitten by a
snake' and gastan (also Kashani), see ClP 1,134' Here we have at hand the
root of El r. .. gas/ra- 'tooth , mouth' (see 1\1 orgenstierne, Jl F L, 1I, 524;
Henning has added Khwar. ys 'tooth' to the examples): "gaJtra- is to
gaz- as Av. as/ra- ' goa d' is t o az- 't o drive'. NPers. gazdum 'scorpion' is
perh. a cross of" gaz dum and coll oq. kazdum ' crooked-tail'. [grd/z- 'rat' <
grdh(- s)-, to lE "gu'el- 'pi erce, prick', Pokorny 470? (1. Gershevitch)].
II
Let us return t o the questi on of a Persian borrowing of 'rS'w. In the
Persian translati on of the Ilfuqaddimatu I-Adab, Arab. yul is defined as
foll ows (Wetzst ein 32.7):
J';) " <.5.J.) l:- " .) 4 .J':'
'Desert demon; peri-sorcerer; 'rdaw '. Here the translator apparently con-
sidered ardaw ("ardav )ll t o be a Persian word.
Now on whose entries 'rd'd, "rd'd I had based a conjectural
Persian "'(')rd'w, attributes the meaning of this word to a work called the
Vasilatu 1-1I1aqard. It was comforting to discover that who was not
above inyenting hi s words and authorities,12 was in this case quite honest.
His source is a Persian-Turki sh di cti onary full y entitled Vasilatu 1-111aqti#d
ila a!lsani l-maraJid, compl et ed by Rust am-i Maulavi in April, 1498.13 Dr.
Ilya Gershevitch very kindly consult ed for me the Trinity College, Cam-
bridge MS. of thi s work, and reports that on the 29th opening of the second
part, ) I:.) (ardtir!) is glossed as Jy. ' sorcerer and desert
y iil'. [l\1r. Amnon Net zer very court eously ascert ained for me that the
11 The vowel morks a rc probably t o avoid confu sion with Turco-Persian ordu
I camp'.
12 See H enning ap/ld M. Boyce, BSOAS, XV, 2, 1953 , 284.
18 Scc G . F1 0gel, arabischr" , prrsischrn ,,,,d /IIrhischcl1 Hss. der K .K. Hof-
bi"hothr)' : /1 n 'ir", I , 197, No. 2 16; , ,.,, . Pt'rl se h, " rrzeichl1is drr ptrs. Hss . der Kg/.
HiM. : 11 lIrrh" , '74, !'i o . 1 02, 1 ; E. H . Pn\ me r , A Descriptiv e Cat. of A rob. Pers. arid
Tu,h,h !l I SS. i" th r Li/"II1Y 'if 1',.,",'t)" Coli . , lfllll/Jridnr, 4 0 .
MAHT I :-> J J \\"MITZ
\ ' irn ll;! \ )S. of the Vasi!ah (Bib!. Pa!' ' "ind. Cod. A. F. 394, fo. 47V, 1.7)
--
-
Jy.-, I].
- -
It happens that another Persian-Turki sh dictionary, the Luyat-i
.\ 'i'matu/lJh,14 has a very int eresting entry for tirdtid. Again I am grateful to
Dr. l'I1acKenzie, who in response to my query reports that on fo. 25a of
the British l\1useum MS., under Babu l-alifi l-mamdiidati min al-asmti', the
1- _ .., "'_
entry runs:):. JY l:- .r. ...,1:.) 1 )..,..:.l.J1 ," ! I...,) 4 Jy....,.J) l:- ..., <.5.;; :.1:.), i.e.
'.4rdad: "peri; sorcerer; desert yiil"; it is related that ardtiw [sic] is a monster.'
From this it is clear that Ni'matullah thought that tirdtid, which he eyidently
got from the Vasilah,15 is in actuality the same word as tirdtiw, which he
knew from elsewhere. Ni'matullah's sources are not accessible to me; it is
possible that an examination of the early Turkish dictionaries of Persian,
and perhaps even of the vast Persian lexicographical and literary corpus
itself, will yield further information on our word.
The existence of Pers . (i.e . is eyidenced on one hand by
-
-,I:.) (with lengthened initial vowel) in the Turkish dictionaries cited, and
on the other hand by 1 (with 'popular' shortening of the second vowel) in
the Persian 1I1uqaddimah. One can hardly view this word, obviously
identical with Khwar. 'rS'w, as the source of the latter. A Wanderwort
may be expected to leave a substantial literary record of its indigenous
currency. Moreover, the word defies any attempt at a Persic etymology.
It is, however, readily derived by a uniquely East Iranian metathesis,
from OIr. drti!fa- 'seducer, deceiver'. Medieval Khwarezm, which was
surrounded by great deserts, no doubt had an extensive folklore about
treacherous monsters from the sandy wastes; out of those traditions did
Khwarezmian contribute a word to the New Persian literary language.
16
III
Having examined a Chorasmo-Persian word having 'sorcerer' among its
attributed definitions, we may pass on to an Avestan item having just this
meaning. It is exactly a century since P. A. de Lagarde compared Av.
kaxwaraSa- with the well-attested Armenian kaxard 'y6T)s, cf>apf-LaK";s', a loan-
word from Iranian}7
In Yasna 61.2 kaxwaraSa- (and fern. kaxwaraiSi) is at the head of a
list of various practisers of witchcraft and heresy (kayaSa-, ktiiSya-, zanda-,
ytitumant-) and other evildoers, against whom the pious employ their three
most efficacious prayers. In Yast 3.9, 12, 16 (bis) the adj. kaxwaraSainya-
is linked with ytitumant- 'practising witchcraft'.
14 C. Rieu, A Catalogue of Persian lIfanuscripts in the British Museum, II, S I sa.
H The Vasilah is among the works listed by Rieu, loc. at ., as Ni'matullah's sources.
such a noun exist ed in Sogd. (cf. Chr. 'rdyw-), it would have given Pers. 'rl'w.
17 Britrtigr : ur baktrischl'7l LeJ.:uogTOphie, 1868,40.
III " I N !l MOltlAI. \'(11 I ' MI'
Thl' meaning ce rer' ih flirt her I> orll(, 011 1 hy Bll ddhist SkI. IUikhorda
(ele.) 'wi z3 rd, nil spirit', and Kror;,in klllll-horda now H. W.
Bailey, JRAS, ' 955, '4)' Tht Arml'ni:m and I nd borrowings at test the
vit alit y of kax"'arda- in both and Eastern :!'I1idd lc Iranian. Note
that the l ndic forms are fr om an J r. di al ect in whi ch old -rd- (-ro-)
remain unchanged.
The etymology remains to be settl ed. J. Darmesteter's early attempt to
connect kaxUlaraoa- with a dubi ous Pers. kax (kux)18 may safely be dis-
mi ssed. Far bett er was C. Bartholomae' s compari son with Goth. swarts etc.
'black', by which he explained ka-xUlaraoa- as 'was fur ein (abscheulicher)
schwarzer (Kerl)" comparing Ita!' negraccio, 'eine Bezeichnung fUr fremd-
Hindisches fahrendes Volk' and the German peasant's braune Teufel for
'gypsies'.19 But the European terms have come about merely from the
swarthiness of the foreigners engaging in witchcraft, whereas kaxwaraoa-
referred to indigenous sorcerers whose complexion did not, in all likelihood,
differ from that of the orthodox Zoroastrians. Still (it may be argued) the
latter may have conceived of the kaxUlaraoa- as a blackguard engaging in
black arts.
The fact is that there are no known Indo-Iranian cognates of the
Germanic word for 'black', which is itself unattested elsewhere in Indo-
European; Lat. sordes is possibly related, but means merely 'filth'. It is
within Iranian that the etymology of kaxwarJoa- must be sought.
One Iranian base "'xWaro- is attested in Khwarezmian "'xuro-, impf.
xwaro- 'to flee', caus. "'xurziy-, impf. xwarziy- 'to drive out, expel'. In a
footnote to his discussion of these forms Henning remarked, 'moglicher-
weise zu dem in aw. kaxwaraoa vorliegenden Stamm' .20 'Ve may therefore
have in this word an allusion to the wizard's expulsion of evil spirits or (less
likely) to whatever running about he may have done. Here, as in Bartholo-
mae's suggestion, or any other conceivable analysis, ka- is the pejorative
prefix.
An alternative explanation of our word may be proposed. In the frag-
ment of the Sogdian martyrology of St. Tarbo published by O. Hansen,21
there occurs the sentence 't )"wn.y pr w(y),q syxwrdnt mw[yyft] etc., which
Hansen translates, 'und sogleich auf der SteUe schrien (?) die Magier. .. .'
The Sogdian is a literal rendering of the Syriac, and there can be hardly any
doubt that s)'xwrdnt = Syr. raj3 'they shouted'. One must thereby assume a
pres. stem "'swxrd-
22
< aIr. "'us-xwaro-, gi\'ing a root "'xwaro- (fxward-f). The
18 Ormazd et A hrimall, 1877, 120 and cf. Geldner, KZ XXVIII, 1885, 104.
19 AirTFb. , 462 .
20 'Minclirani sch' , I I 3, n. 5.
21 Texle I I , 1955,873- 6.
:2 I .e. _ ommon SOJ,(d. (')sywro-. I n the "a rious t exts compri sing Hansen' s C 2,
whi ch reflc, t thrc,' differcn t st UgCN of onc' hri st iHn ' d ialcct, Cxu!/- > Cu'xll-.
MAHT I N S HWARTZ 391
b tt er may very well be an otherwise unatt ested Iranian cognate of Skt.
'make a sound, be loud', with an enlargement "'-d- or "'_dh_.
23
Thus kaxwaraoa- may be pej . 'shouter, howler' or the like, from the
sorcerer's most obviously derisible trait; one may compare Gr. y67J,
'sorcerer', from yoav 'to wail', y60, 'a wailing'. This brings to mind the
AYestan term for a heterodox priest, karapan-, which Henning connected
with Khwar. karb- 'to moan, mumble, talk nonsense', Skt. krp- 'to mourn' .24
IV
Hansen's edition of the Tarbo fragment gives ample opportunity for
additional observations. P. 873, L. I2: nyfty is 'ordered, suggested, an-
nounced', cj. Syr. fIb 1-. Note Hansen, p. 880, 13 nystynd (untranslated) =
Ct)'mrw in the Syr. parallel texts (to be discussed elsewhere). Cj. I. Ger-
shevitch, GM S, 561. L. IS: Restore not ptr[yw]f (acceptable only for a
text in Sogd. script), but ptr[ wx]f 'shut up!' This imperative gives the pres.
stem of the verb whose past stem is known from B. ptrwyfty, 'ptr'ywftk
'obstructed' (used in ref. to body apertures). This verb may now be com-
pared with Chr. 'rwxf 'a gag'. Gershevitch had derived the B. past partici-
ples from B. ptrw' z 'to intercept'; 25 this may be rather < "'pati-wrJza-, cj.
Skt. vraj- 'to go forth', Av. urvag- 'to stride (toward),. L. 16: pr bz'w means
'increasingly, further'. L. 18: 'wfwx renders Syr. nkpt' 'modest, chaste'; we
surely have here a compound in -ux 'mind, spirit', but what is 'wf-?
P. 875, L. 3: Read sfry(nn)y 'creator' for sfryzy. L. 6: Read c'(p),r
(postpos.) for c'l'r. L. 14: Restore [nmy], q wnt' 'reviled'. L. IS:
'rwytqy' is not 'Narrheit', but rather 'fury, ferocity', Syr. snywt' 'madness,
frantic rage'. T}le older meaning of aruydakya is 'greed' ;26 it now appears
that Pers . ...li) 'greedy, ferocious', a loan-word from Sogdian,27 inherited
both its meanings from that language.
V
Our debt to Hansen's Tarbo fragment, which has supplied much
interesting lexical data, may now be satisfied by reuniting the fragment with
its long-lost companion, a fragment which appears on a photograph
bearing the signatures T IT B 66 and C 28. This new fragment represents
the lower part of the page which preceded Hansen's C 2/7, so that the recto
side of the latter immediately continues the text of the verso of the former.
23 Note also SJ!.flTd- ')achen'? Pokorny, 1040.
24 ZOToaster-Politician OT Witch-doctor?, 1951,45. Perhaps Sogd. 'nkr'yp- (V.J
1000) belongs with these words.
2S .JRAS, April, 1942,99; GMS, 257.
2ft Henning, BBB, p . 71.
27 Henning, BSOS, X, I, 1939, 103.
I 11 I I. ' 11 '11 1111 .... 1 \(111 \ 11
I ;1111 lllllCh inJdJtnl to th( 1)( \It I h(' \h,ldl'llli(' d('1 \\ h.lftl'lI zu
Ilnlill fOl th('ir hind l't'rIlli ' ''"11 tll I'\lhl"h it
I' al t of the IO\\CT lIlargin and (If ;I ,"k margin (' I,l' fra gmc llt arc pre-
perhaps well oyer t \\t'll t} (judging from th l' lines of C 2/7)
arc lost fr om each line, du e t o a break in the page at ahout a right
angle to th e lines of \\Titing,
He. t orati on :lIl d translation are sen :rely hampered by the fact that the
Sogdi,l1 n-rs ion differs in many parti culars from the Syriac t ext printed by
Bedj an and translat ed by O. Braun my interpretations are therefore very
.
u ncert al n,
Recto (I) [y'I,:qy' qB]'ml pr ,\}'[pB ? (2) ](:11)1 0 e'm.!.' pl),y(u;)[s
X'i.l'syml)' (3) [, , . ](d) ),'111 sm'w[l1Y :>.ypB xn'I1 0 Brbw] (4) ['t ay'] Xu;'I'
1lIgd.f(B') ['I iq' (5) [s]('I) sz:g(b'r'n)st s[ (6) [lIIsylz]' )''Lcq 0 ny(d')yty [fn
syqml qw ?syqll s'r] (7) cY111yd ptyr(ny) pyd'r 0 (.)[ (8) dw' (11));1 p(, ,)t(,t?)
s'(r) [ (9) pdyb'rey' (?d')ryllt (0) [ (10) mgb'r)'ft )r)'(<<')[1I (ll) (Brb)w
swgb'r'ne (0) [(12) 'I qSII';-.cslr CI/ (s)['t 'ynst
Translation: '[The sisters of Simon] (I) have [bewitched you] by
their (?) , .. (2) When [the King] heard, [there were arrested (?) ... (3)
those [si sters of] Simon [: Tarbo (4) and her] sister [and her
maid,](5) all nuns, [educated in the good](6) teaching [of Chris]t. Thereupon
[they brought them to the court (?)] (7) for the *trial. [And it was appointed]
unto [the :\10bad and] (8) two other leaders [to sit over them and] (9) hold
judgment ... (10) monks bless [ed them (?) ... and when they saw the
brave] (II) nun Tarbo, [she seemed more excellent] (12) and fairer than all
[women ... '
Cf. Braun, p. 89: ' "Die Schwestern Si mons haben dich verzaubert,
weil ihr Bruder getotet wurde." Als der Konig erfuhr, wurde Tarbo, eine
Bundestochter, ihre Schwester, eine Geheiligte, und ihre l\1agd, eine
Bundestochter, die in der guten Lehre Christi wandelte, ergriffen und man
brachte sie zur Befragung an den Hof der Konigin. Der Grossmopet und
zwei Vornehme wurden abgeordnet, liber sie zu Gericht zu sitzen. Als sic
vor ihnen erschienen, sahen sic, dass die tapfere, heilige Tarbo vor alIen
Frauen schon war yon Ansehen und herrlich yon Erscheinung .. .'
Verso ??? Sp']S d'r 0 '1[ ... ] (2) pr sm'n 'tpr f]empd pemr [ ... ] (3)
l1PXStU'] st), 0 qt y't wq [qy] (4) [byrt but myr't en ? '-')'l1Y] mrt.-.:my rmty'
2R I am also ,"cry grateful t o Dr. G. Hazai, head of the Turfan section of the
I nstituI fUr Oricntforschung, Berlin, and t o Dr. Vi . Sundermann for their kind co-
operati on in thi s matter. The fra gmcnl itse lf appears to be missing. The of
the v'crso pagc' reproduced here ,,"as suppl ied by the In. titut, that of the recl o is fr om a
phol (ll(raph in tht coll ecti on of Professor Hc nning,
The I.,tlt'r , n .1I1.1"(;,,j"'I( AI<I(, II prni<chcr .U ,jrlyrer ( = Ilibliolhrk dc, Kirchrn-
' fl lrr, Bel 22), 1<)' 5,8<)- 92. I b ,en t hroughoul refn, t o \\ (,rk '" ' !lr,'lIn' .
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393
(dll.lty'] (5) [mty y'tU'qy' 1CII)'1I1 m](')x 0 p' 'i.I.,) 'SP7C xW(lI)[Y] (6) ] C11 by' 0 't
pr),(111)y(d) (?du')['] (7) ]1I1S' 0 C'lIW plyuf111 (8) [y'nt ynt'qt d'tbrt ? ywtr
... ]( . )y'sq 'r.amly (9) ] ('t)pr pd'ty 0 )"l1t (10) [?uyd's'znt pr wy' zpr] cyq
qIII 0 'tpr U'Y' (I I) [mz)'x yrb' qy' 0 ),wtr] sm'r'z qt z (w)
Translation : ( I) " .. " Serve [one God alone], and [do (2) not con-
sider any image] in heaven or in the w[orld equal to him." (3) . . . Further]
it is [writt en ( ?) for us, ] " A sorcerer [who (4) is found must die by the]
h [ands] of that man' s people. " (5) [How then can] we [engage in sorcery,] for
all thi s (6) [is tantamount to the denial] of God, and for these (?two) alike,
(7) [death has been fixed (as punishment)] (?) here (? = in this case). As
they were listening, (8) [those evil judges (?) each] silently regarded (?)
(9) ... and in iniquity. Those (10) [? (judges) marvelled at her excell]ent
appearance and at her (I I) [great wisdom; they each] thought, "I shall. 0 . ".'
Cf. Braun, p. 90: ' . .. "Denn unsere Schrift sagt, dass wir bloss einem
Gott dienen und mit ihm kein Bild im Himmel und auf Erden zahlen
sollen. Ferner [add here, ist es fUr uns geschrieben] : 'Ein Zauberer, der
gefunden wird, sterbe durch die Hand seines Volkes.' Wie sollten also wir
Zau berei treiben, da dieses der Verleugnung Gottes gleichsteht und auf
beides der Tod gesetzt ist?" Freundlich, aber heimtiickisch horten sie
jene bosen Richter, indem sie schweigend ihre herrliche Schonheit und
grosse Weisheit bev,runderten. Und da sie in ihrem bosen Sinne eitle
Hoffung iiber sie hegten, dachte jeder: " Ich rette sie vom Tode", damit sie
sein '" eib werde.'
Notes on the Sogdian text
Recto, L. 2: (?n)t : The letter before t is uncertain, but is connected
to the t, which excludes'; one cannot therefore restore br] (')t or ptwxsty
m](,)t. L. 4: On 1I1Jqaddaftii 'sanctificata' being interpreted wrongl y as a
proper noun, cf. Braun. p. 89, n. 1. L. 5: swgb'r'nIt pI. of swgb'r'nc (L. 1I),
fern. of swgb'r, of which the pI. appears in L. 10 su:gb' ryIt, contrasting with
swqb'rt Hansen 883, 20. The spelling with g occurs in various unpubI. texts
in Syr. script; retrogressive assimilation, or Persian influence? Cf. Ger-
shevitch, G1I1S, 1130 on Man. and for the meaning 'monk, ' see
E. Benveniste, BSL, 1955, 3 11. [Khwar. has 'grieving', lIluq .
461.8, bis.]
L. 7, pt)'r(lIY): The last two letters are uncertain, but lIy seems the best
reading. Cf. the vexing Man. ptyrn, Plyrnyy for which Henning vacillated
between the meanings 'Sinn, Bedeutung' and '\\'iderstrebend, contrarius',
giving the latter more weight.
30
'Contrariness, opposition' could easily give
'accusation', close enough to 'examination, investigation' Befragung' (Syr .
30 BBB, p. 64.
394 HENNINC M MORIAL VOLUME
fw'l'). On the other hand, since ptyrn glosses MPer!' . cym 'cause, reason,
,
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motivation', which would fit the context of p!y rnyy , one may posit 'trial', "
cf. Lat. causa, Gr. air:a (if ptyrn is 'motivation', perh. < pati-arana- from :.1
'j
vi a, 'to move'). Note also the gloss cym 0 ywxng 'discernment.
31
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Verso, L. 8: (.)y'sqprob. has -'sq< -az-sk, cf. Gershevitch, GMS 645. ;;
.. '
Possibly pr(m)'y'sq 'was thinking' or '(p),y'sq 'was observing', but
\,
first' seems unconnected to the preceding letter, which looks rather like
dotof,.
L. 11, end: The Sogdian contains a sentence more than the Syriac, since
it is toward the end of C 2/7 R. L. I that sw zryncnq' cn mrcy '1 shall rescue
her from death' occurs.

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