Physics of ultrasound

&
Ultrasound applications in
2009/2010
pp
medicine
1
st
year study of medicine
A fruit bat
A bat
The lecture contents
What the ultrasound is?
Ultrasound in matter media.
Ultrasound generation Ultrasound generation.
Application in medicine.
Ultrasound flow-meters.
Safe use in medicine
Literature recommended
Fish P.: Physics and Instrumentation of Diagnostic medical
Ultrasound. John Wiley + sons, Chichester, 1992,
ISBN 0-471-92651-5
Webster J.G.: Medical Instrumentation. John Wiley + sons,
Chichester 1998 ISBN 0-471-15368-0 Chichester, 1998, ISBN 0-471-15368-0
Zagzebski, J. A.: Essentials of Ultrasound Physics. Mosby-
Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, 1996, ISBN 0-8151-
9852-3
Hrazdira I.: Biophysical principles of medical technology.
Textbook, Masaryk Univ. Brno, 2000, ISBN 80-210-2414-3
(available in UP textbooks shop in the Armory.)
What the
ULTRASOUND
is?
Mechanical vibrations of media Mechanical vibrations of media
frequency >20kHz
Frequency
Zvuk
20Hz 20 kHz
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
-1
10
0
Hz kHz MHz
f [Hz]
Infrasound Ultrasound
.Molecules are vibrating in balanced positions
ACOUSTIC
PRESSURE
p
Acoustic pressure acting.
Pressure propagates , intermolecular forces acting.
Negative presure - rarefaction,
molecules dehiscent.
e

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
.
A
r
e
a

o
f
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
Periodical repeating of the action.
Harmonic vibrations - waves
Mechanical
Water surface
waves
Elektromagnetic
Radio waves
Li h
waves
Seismic waves
Sound waves
Light
X - rays
- radiation
Sin (et)
Harmonic vibrations
Ultrasound waves
transversal
longitudinal
Direction of propagation
Generator
Living tissues longitudinal waves mostly!!- liquids
Harmonic vibrations -
longitudinal waves
generation generation
acoustic pressure
acoustic velocity
Harmonic vibrations -
parameters
i
Particles
position
generation
acoustic pressure p
acoustic velocity v
Displacement
Acoustic
velocity
Acoustic
preasure
v
p
Media properties
Density
Modulus of elasticity E
Acoustic impedance Z
Velocity of propagation c
| |
s
m
E
c

=
(
(

=
kg
c Z
y p p g
(
(

=
s m
kg
c Z
2

v
P
c
E
E Z = = =
Elasticity is not a plasticity
SOURCE
SOURCE
IN REST
VIBRATING
I
U
Z =
Electrical similarity:
P U
V I
Harmonic vibrations
longitudinal
frequency
wavelength
Acoustic pressure p
Source
g
TIME
T = period
T
f
1
=
Wavelength
Propagation velocity
- wavelength
(
(

= = m T c
f
c

c = constant
Time
Compression Rarefaction
Wavelength
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
US propagation velocity c
in different media
Media velocity
m/s
Air 330
Water 1480
Aluminium 6400
Plumbum 2400


Propagation velocity in living tissues
Tissue velocity
m/s
Lung 600
Fat 1460
Li 1510 Liver 1510
Kidney 1550
Muscle 1600
Eye lens 1620
Skull bone 4080
Propagation velocity in soft tissue is cca 1550 m/s
of 1MHz frequency is 1,55 mm
Ultrasound energy
Intensity of US energy
Wave energy W, which
passes unit area
perpendicular to the
For harmonic signal:
| |
2
/
2
2
m W
c
p
I

=
perpendicular to the
direction of its
propagation per unit of
time.
| |
2
/
1
m W
t dS
dW
I =
c = Z
Accoustic pressure
Time
Intensity
Acoustic
pressure
Atenuation
Media property
dispersion
interferency
Decreases intesity with depth increased.
absorption
x
x
e I I
o
=
0
| |
1
A
A
= m
x I
I
o
Atenuation - units
dB = decibel
0
I
I
log 10 dB =
0
P
P
log 20 dB =
R f
2
12
0
m
W
10 1 I

= Pa 10 2
5
0

= P
References
in acoustics
0
0,1 1 10 100 1000
-1 0 1 2 3
1 1 , 0 log = 3 1000 log =
Linear scale
Log scale
0 1 log = 1 10 log = 2 100 log =
Atenuation vs frequency
d d Frequency dependant
Incidency on boundary
reflexion - coefficient
2
1 2
1 2
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
+

= = =
Z Z
Z Z
P
P
I
I
r
r r
I
incident
transmitted
Tissue 1
Ultrasound Intensity
transmition - coefficient
1 2 . \
+ Z Z
P I
i i
( )
( )
2
1 2
2 1
2
2
4
1
Z Z
Z Z
r
P
P
I
I
t
I
i
t
i
t
I
+
= = = =
reflected
Tissue 2
Angle of incidency u
Refraction :
Snells law
Z
1
c
1
Z
2
2 , 1
2
1
sin
sin
n
c
c
t
i
= =
u
u
c
2
Refractive index n
1,2
Piezoelectric effect
1880 brothers Curie
Material
Natural (Segnets salt)
Arteficial - PZT ceramics
lead zirconate titanate
Piezoelectric effect
direct
reverse
Piezoelectric effect
Sla
Direct
Reverse
Sla
Synthetic piezoelectric materials
More senzitive
Could be produced in
different shapes
Must be polarized
Curies temperature
High voltage
Polarized
NonPolarized
Ultrasound transducer design
Different kinds of transducers
Cardiotocograph Doppler
system
Scanner electronic
transducer
Magnetostrict US cleaning Scanner mechanical
transducer
Transducer Radiation Characteristics
Charakteristic parameters
freqvency (wavelength)
Transducer diameter 2a
Focal length
Near field
Far field
Transducer Radiation Characteristcs
Intenzity distribution in polar coordinates
Beam
axis
Mean lobe
Side lobes
Center
of the
transducer
US Application in Medicine
Therapy
physiatry, surgery, stomatology, litotrypsy
Diagnostics Diagnostics
imaging, distance measuremnt (caliper)
Velocity measurement, movements detection
Tissue differenciation - future
Cleaning
Laboratory utilization - tissue dezintegtion
Impact on Living Tissue
Mechanical
vibrations
microcirculations microcirculations
Thermal
Chemical
Cavitations
US in Diagnostics
Imaging (ultrasonography)
Flowmeters
Foetal heart action detectors
Callipers
Detectors of fluids
The Maximum Intensity used - <720mW/cm
2
ALARA principles of use
Ultrasonic imaging
Patients name
Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography - range of use
Brain - neurology
Brain - neonatology
Eye
Paranasal cavity
Mamma
Thyroid
Carotis
Shoulder
Heart
Newborn Hipp
Cardiovascular system
Prostate
Ovaries
Uterus
Abdominal organs
Peroperative examination
Testicles
Bioptic examination
Tendons
Articular capsule
Scanner basic elements
Monitor
Transducer
Gel
Control
knobs
Keyboard
Imaging Modes
A scan (Amplitude)
B scan (Brightness)
static ( compaund-scan )
d i 2D 3D 4D dynamic: 2D, 3D, 4D
TM scan (Time-Motion)
Combined (A+B, B+TM)
Elastography: static, transient
Flow velocity: Doppler, B-flow, CFM, PD
RTG and US 2D imaging - comparison
Phantom
RTG
US
Transmitted Signal Timing
A - scan Generation
Interface
Reflector distance
Time
Echo
signal
Transmitted puls
visualisation
Structures Imaging - A scan
A-scan in Opthalmology
Distance
Transmitted
puls
Received echoes
Amplitude Brightness Conversion
B-scan - Gray Scale
Brightness
Amplitude
Depth
White
Black
Amplitude
B
r
i
g
h
t
n
e
s
s
A, B and TM scan
EKG
LK
LS
End systola LK
2D Dynamic B-scan Generation
Gray Scale B-scan 2D Scan Generation - Transducers Type
Image
Compound Sector
Linear
Convex
Mechanical trcds Elektronical trcds
Mechanical Transducer 2D Elektronical Transducers 2D
Transezofageal Transducer Ultrasoud Flowmeters
Doppler Effect
Noninvasive blood flow measuring method
Combined with Ultrasonography Combined with Ultrasonography
Duplex Sonography
Color Flow Mapping (CFM) -
blood flow topography
Doppler Effect
Angle O of Vessel Insonation
affects the measured value
90 = no Doppler Shift
0 = maximal DS
cos
cos 0=1
cos90= 0
Doppler Frequency Shift
f O 2
f f f
p
A + =
0
c
v f
f
O
= A
cos 2
0
f
0
transmitted
f
P
received
v reflector velocity
c velocity of US propagation
Velocity Spectrum
Laminary and Turbulent Flow Modes of Measurement
CW (continual wave) Doppler
2 transducers
No depth of flow differentiation No depth of flow differentiation
PW (puls wave) Doppler
1 transducer switched from TX to RX mode
Exact sample volume definition - spatial
differentiation
Samples of Flow Imaging
Velocity Spectrum
Duplex Imaging
Triplex Imaging
US in Therapeutical applications
Physiotherapy
Heating
Vibrations - massage
Surgery Surgery
Lithotripsy
Thrombolysis
Stomatology
Sonoliposucction
The Intensity used - > 0.5W/cm
2
HITU High Intensity Therapeutical Ultrasound
US Physioterapy Generator
Applicator
US Physioterapy Generator
US Lithotrypter principles
Lithotrypter with spark generator
Ultrasound Removal of Supragingival Calculus.
The ultrasonic scaler
URL: http://www.parkell.com/lburnettno1.pdf
Safety
Thermal index TI < 4
Mechanical index MI < 1,9
ALARA
E.g. Do not practice foetal souvenir photo!
Regulations
IEC 601-1 General requirements and reccommendations
IEC 1157 Maximum acoustic power declaration
- kind of tissue dependent level <20 till <720 mWcm
-2
Europe - Watching dogs ECMUS http://www.efsumb.org/ecmus/ecmus-off01.asp
USA FDA http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/ultrasound032408.html