TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA

(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)

SEMESTER 1 2012/2013
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/Mid-term Examination, October 25, 2012 (120 minutes)


Problems

1. (20 points) With your words, explain the following:
(a) The zero
th
law of thermodynamics. What the law says and why it is considered to be so
important and fundamental. Give an example of its application.
(b) A system of stretched string with its parameters of length, tension, and temperature. Explain
why this system can be considered as a simple thermodynamic system. Explain also, which
parameter is considered to be an intensive coordinate and which parameter is extensive
coordinate.
(c) What is entropy in thermodynamics?

Solution:
(a) Let say that there are three objects, A, B, and C with respective temperatures T
A
, T
B
and T
C
,
The zero
th
law of thermodynamics says that if T
A
= T
B
and T
B
= T
C
then T
A
= T
C
. This law is
fundamental as it relates temperatures of different objects. The use of thermometer is one of
its applications.

(b) The system of stretched string with its parameters of length, tension, and temperature could
be considered as a simple thermodynamic system as it satisfies the requirement for
mechanical, chemical, and thermal equilibriums. The system could be described by
macroscopic coordinates that exclude time. In the stretched string system length of string is
extensive coordinate, while tension is intensive coordinate. Cutting the string in half would
reduce the length but it will not change the tension.

(c) Entropy could be expressed in different forms. One of them is as a state function of a
thermodynamic system: that is, a property depending only on the current state of the system,
independent of how that state came to be achieved. The other is a measure of irreversibility.
In irreversible process, entropy increases but it remain constant for reversible process.
Entropy is often referred to as a measure of disorder. Every isolated system becomes more
disordered with time. Entropy is often regarded to be derived from the second law of
thermodynamics


TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA
(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/

2. (20 points) The following thermodynamic potential functions
function), G (Gibbs function)
Maxwells relations. Explain what Maxwells relations are. If
pressure, V is volume,
transformation to show that
the importance of these functions
Solution:
Maxwells relations relates thermodynamic potential functions (
A, G, and U) with the state functions or thermodynamic coordinates
(P, V, T, and S). It is often described in the following diagram
Each potential function is basically a function of two coordinates
(represented by its neighboring coordinates
V), U (V, S), and H (S, P).
Legendre differential transformation






Thus, if dU = T dS P dV = df =
then we could define g (u, y) = f
This function A (T, V) would then satisfy
The potential functions A and U
1. A or Helmholtz function relates to isothermal and isochoric processes. In a reversible
isothermal process (dT = 0), the decrease in the Helmholtz function is the maximum amount
of work done by the system.
then A is constant (dA = 0).
unchanged then the Helmholtz function is also unchanged.
2. U or internal energy is derived as a result of the first law of thermodynamics. If the process is
adiabatic (no change in heat), then the change of internal energy is simply the work on or by
the system. If the process is not adiabatic then change of internal energy is the resultant of
work and transfer of heat.

dy v du x dg
dy v dx u df
+ =
+ =
function new is there
Legendre gh then throu
satisfies which
system a of state the If
TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA
(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
SEMESTER 1 2012/2013
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/Mid-term Examination, October 25, 201
The following thermodynamic potential functions H (enthalpy
function) and U (internal energy) are inter-related by what are termed as
Maxwells relations. Explain what Maxwells relations are. If dU =
, S is entropy, and T is temperature), use Legendre differential
transformation to show that dA = P dV S dT. With your own words, expla
of these functions A and U.
Maxwells relations relates thermodynamic potential functions (H,
the state functions or thermodynamic coordinates
). It is often described in the following diagram.
Each potential function is basically a function of two coordinates
(represented by its neighboring coordinates, such as G (P, T), A (T,
Legendre differential transformation
= u dx + v dy , where u = T, v = P, x = S, and y
) = f ux or A (T, V) U TS.
) would then satisfy dg = x du + v dy or dA = S dT P dV
U signify the following:
or Helmholtz function relates to isothermal and isochoric processes. In a reversible
= 0), the decrease in the Helmholtz function is the maximum amount
of work done by the system. If the process is both isothermal (dT = 0) and isoc
= 0). Thus if the initial and final temperature and volume are
unchanged then the Helmholtz function is also unchanged.
or internal energy is derived as a result of the first law of thermodynamics. If the process is
adiabatic (no change in heat), then the change of internal energy is simply the work on or by
the system. If the process is not adiabatic then change of internal energy is the resultant of
transfer of heat.

g g(u, y)
ux f g g(u, y)
f(x,y)

equation the satisfies where , function
as defined , for transform Legendre
, variables two of function a by described is system
, 2012 (120 minutes)
enthalpy), A (Helmholtz
related by what are termed as
P dV + T dS (P is
use Legendre differential
With your own words, explain the roles and
= V
P dV (q.e.d.)
or Helmholtz function relates to isothermal and isochoric processes. In a reversible
= 0), the decrease in the Helmholtz function is the maximum amount
= 0) and isochoric (dV = 0)
Thus if the initial and final temperature and volume are
or internal energy is derived as a result of the first law of thermodynamics. If the process is
adiabatic (no change in heat), then the change of internal energy is simply the work on or by
the system. If the process is not adiabatic then change of internal energy is the resultant of
TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA
(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
SEMESTER 1 2012/2013
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/Mid-term Examination, October 25, 2012 (120 minutes)

3. (30 points) Corundum [Al
2
O
3
(s)] reacts with water and forms gibbsite, according to the
following reaction Al
2
O
3
(s) + 3 H
2
O (l) = Al
2
O
3
.3 H
2
O (s). The following table shows the
standard thermodynamic properties for corundum, water and gibbsite.
(a) Calculate the standard heat of reaction in the above process.
(b) Calculate the work in the process and then determine its change of internal energy
(c) Determine
f
G in this reaction. What is represented by this parameter? What it is
important?

Substance Mol weight
(g/mol)

f
H
(kJ/mol)

f
G
(kJ/mol)
S
(J/mol. K)
Cp
(J/mol. K)
V
(cm
3
/mol)
Corundum 101.9612 -1675.7 -1582.3 50.92 79.04 25.575
Water (l) 18.0154 -285.830 -237.129 69.91 75.291 18.068
Gibbsite 156.0074 -2586.67 -2310.21 136.90 183.47 63.912

Solution:
(a) Standard heat of reaction






(b) Work in the process







where V is determined from




Thus, change in the internal energy is







J 53480
kJ 48 . 53
) 83 . 285 ( 3 ) 7 . 1675 ( 67 . 2586
3
=
=
=
= water
f
corrondum
f
gibbsite
f r
H H H H

J 608 . 1
) cm 867 . 15 ( ) cm J 10 . 0 )( 01325 . 1 (
) cm 867 . 15 ( ) bar 01325 . 1 (
) cm 867 . 15 ( ) atm 1 (
work
3 3
3
3
=
=
=
=
=

V P w
mol / cm 867 . 15
) 068 . 18 ( 3 575 . 25 912 . 63
3
3
=
=
= water corrondum gibbsite
r
V V V V

kJ 4816 . 53 J 6 . 53481
608 . 1 53480
constant at
= =
=
=
= + =
+ + =
w H U
dV P H U thus dV P dU dH
P
dP V dV P dU dH
r r
P P

TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA

(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
SEMESTER 1 2012/2013
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/Mid-term Examination, October 25, 2012 (120 minutes)

(c) The value of
f
G for the reaction is



kJ 523 . 16
J 16523
) 129 . 237 ( 3 ) 3 . 1582 ( 21 . 2310
3
=
=
=
= water
f
corrondum
f
gibbsite
f r
G G G G

TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA
(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/

4. (30 points) An imaginary mineral system has three solid phases termed
Gatotkaca. The above table shows the standard thermodynamics properties of these three
phases.
(a) In systematic ways, sketch the phase diagram of this system (in
(b) Determine which phase is stable in standard temperature and pressure. Mark the standard
temperature and pressure in your phase diagram.
(c) Determine the slopes of the phase

Substance Mol weight
(g/mol)
Arjuna (A) 161.0320
Bima (B) 161.0320
Gatotkaca (G) 161.0320

(a) Le Chateliers principles
volume and that increase in temperature will be responded by increase in both enthalpy and
entropy.

Based on the above table, we learn that
V
B
. Thus increasing the pressure on
likely to produce Arjuna (

The enthalpy and entropy of
those of Arjuna. Thus lowering the temperature of
Bima would likely to produce

The enthalpy and entropy of
those of Gatotkaca. Thus increasing the temperature
of Bima would likely to produce

Thus the sketch of the phase diagram is








(b) Which phase is stable at sta
pressure?

From the table,
f
G
A
<
Arjuna is the stable form of the mineral at standard
temperature and pressure.



TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA
(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
SEMESTER 1 2012/2013
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/Mid-term Examination, October 25, 201
An imaginary mineral system has three solid phases termed
Gatotkaca. The above table shows the standard thermodynamics properties of these three
In systematic ways, sketch the phase diagram of this system (in P and
Determine which phase is stable in standard temperature and pressure. Mark the standard
temperature and pressure in your phase diagram.
Determine the slopes of the phase-boundaries in your phase diagram.

f
H
(kJ/mol)

f
G
(kJ/mol)
S
(J/mol. K)
Cp
(J/mol. K)
0 -2596.29 -2445.88 85.81 120
0 -2590.27 -2442.66 95.22 124
0 -2585.76 -2439.90 100.11 125
e Chateliers principles describe that increase in pressure will be responded by decrease in
ncrease in temperature will be responded by increase in both enthalpy and
Based on the above table, we learn that V
A
< V
G
<
. Thus increasing the pressure on Bima (B) is
Arjuna (A) and Gatotkaca (G).
The enthalpy and entropy of Bima are greater than
. Thus lowering the temperature of
would likely to produce Arjuna.
The enthalpy and entropy of Bima are lower than
. Thus increasing the temperature
would likely to produce Gatotkaca.
Thus the sketch of the phase diagram is
Which phase is stable at standard temperature and
<
f
G
B
<
f
G
G
. Thus,
Arjuna is the stable form of the mineral at standard
temperature and pressure.
, 2012 (120 minutes)
An imaginary mineral system has three solid phases termed Arjuna, Bima, and
Gatotkaca. The above table shows the standard thermodynamics properties of these three
and T diagram).
Determine which phase is stable in standard temperature and pressure. Mark the standard

Cp
(J/mol. K)
V
(cm
3
/mol)
0.71 42.09
4.72 49.53
5.52 47.90
increase in pressure will be responded by decrease in
ncrease in temperature will be responded by increase in both enthalpy and
TG 3108 TERMODINAMIKA KERAK BUMI DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA
(CRUSTAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS)
SEMESTER 1 2012/2013
Ujian Tengah Semester, 25 Oktober 2012 (120 menit)/Mid-term Examination, October 25, 2012 (120 minutes)


(c) The slope of phase boundaries could be determined by the following formula



Thus for the slope of Arjuna and Bima









Thus for the slope of Arjuna and Gatotkaca










Thus for the slope of Gatotkaca and Bima















V
S
dT
dP
r
r

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
K bar
bar J
K J
cm
K J
cm
K J
V V
S S
V
S
dT
dP
Arjuna Bima
Arjuna Bima
r
r
/ 65 . 12
/ 744 . 0
/ 41 . 9
44 . 7
/ 41 . 9
09 . 42 53 . 49
/ 81 . 85 22 . 95
3 3
= =
=

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
K bar
bar J
K J
cm
K J
cm
K J
V V
S S
V
S
dT
dP
Arjuna Gatotkaca
Arjuna Gatotkaca
r
r
/ 61 . 24
/ 581 . 0
/ 30 . 14
81 . 5
/ 30 . 14
09 . 42 90 . 47
/ 81 . 85 11 . 100
3 3
= =
=

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
K bar
bar J
K J
cm
K J
cm
K J
V V
S S
V
S
dT
dP
Gatotkaca Bima
Gatotkaca Bima
r
r
/ 0 . 30
/ 163 . 0
/ 89 . 4
63 . 1
/ 89 . 4
90 . 47 53 . 49
/ 11 . 100 22 . 95
3 3
=