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The international community is mainly concerned about the safety and security of
navigation through the South China Sea. These states do not want to be drawn in
into taking sides over conflicting territorial claims. The international community
would like to see all countries refrain from force or the threat of force in solving this
matter. In addition, the international community would like to see a peaceful
settlement of this dispute. This means the international community is concerned
about the deterioration of the security situation in the South China Sea over the past
two years. Some states see Chinese assertiveness as a sign that China will be more
dominant in coming years. This group of states would like to see the United States
remain engaged in the region.
3. The Vietnamese government has placed an emphasis on peaceful diplomacy
to settle the South China Sea disputes. How is the latest purchase of military
equipment from Russia in line with those ideals?
ANSWER: There is the view that weak states invite trouble, so Vietnam’s defence
self‐strengthening is seen as a positive step in developing a deterrent against any
country with a hostile intent. Vietnam’s acquisition of up to six Kilo‐class submarines
and possibly an additional twelve more Su‐30MK2 fighters enhances Vietnam’s
ability to defend its territorial sovereignty in the East Sea. These purchases are only a
part of a larger defence posture that includes an air‐naval command in the north, a
special naval command in the south and the creation of a maritime militia. Taken
together these initiatives will enhance Vietnam’s ability to enter into discussions
with China over the peaceful resolution of disputes in the South China Sea.
4. At an international conference last month in Hanoi, experts urged ASEAN to
take a leading role in solving the South China Sea disputes. Would this be a
feasible solution and what sort of “larger role” can ASEAN play in this regard?
What is the role of other international peace‐keeping bodies like the UN?
ANSWER: In the early 1990s China refused to discuss the South China Sea in a
multilateral setting. When the issue was raised at the first meeting of the ASEAN
Regional Forum and at the first meeting of ASEAN‐China senior officials in 1995,
China changed its policy. It declared that the settlement of territorial disputes in the
South China Sea would be on the basis of the UN Convention on Law of the Sea and
international law. This led to protracted negotiations on a Declaration on Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea in 2002. This was seen as the first step towards a more
legally binding Code of Conduct.
ASEAN has let this issue drift. Now that Vietnam will chair ASEAN it would be useful
to revive this initiative and engage China on discussions on a Code of Conduct. China
prefers to deal with this issue on a bilateral level; but China will also respond to
ASEAN if it can present a united front. A coordinated ASEAN approach would
increase pressure on China to act less assertively. But Vietnam should not
overestimate the ability of ASEAN to influence China. ASEAN has many powerful and
influential dialogue partners and their cooperation should be enlisted.
There is no real role for other international peacekeeping bodies such as the United
Nations. There must be a threat to peace and security before the Security Council
can act. Clearly there is no direct threat of this nature. Any attempt to discuss the
South China Sea in the Security Council would fail because China would threaten to
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use its veto. The UN Charter makes provision for regional bodies to deal with
regional security issues.
5. What role does Vietnam’s non‐permanent membership of the United Nations
Security Council play in settling the South China Sea disputes?
ANSWER: There is no scope for Vietnam as a non‐permanent member of the UN
Security Council to involve that body in South China Sea issues. There is no armed
conflict in the South China Sea that threatens international peace and security. China
would oppose discussion and members know this would mean a Chinese veto.
However, Vietnam has gained much international prestige for the manner in which it
has acquitted itself both as a non‐permanent member and as a rotating president of
the Security Council. Vietnam can use its good image to quietly lobby friendly states
on this issue with a view to increasing diplomatic pressure on China to be more
restrained in its actions.
6. What is your view about China’s claim to over 80 percent of the South China
Sea?
ANSWER: For many years China has advanced its claim to the South China Sea with a
map of at first eleven and now nine dotted lines. In May 2009 it presented this map
to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. This appears to be the
first time this map has been officially presented to an international body. Chinese
academics at the recent international workshop on the South China Sea in Hanoi
stated this represents China’s maximum historical claims. Chinese scholars admitted
that are now discussing what this means. International legal scholars point out that
historical discovery of a feature in the South China Sea does not confer sovereignty.
China’s map has no basis as a claim in international law. Claims to territory must be
based from land. China must therefore clarify what the maps means. How are the
dotted lines connected, and what is being claimed?
7. Any additional comments would be very much appreciated.
ANSWER: In the 1990s security analysts described the South China Sea as a flash
point or hot spot. Gradually the South China Sea receded in importance as a security
issue. But since 2007 the South China Sea is once again attracting the attention of
security analysts. At the recent Hanoi workshop the consensus view was that the
situation on the South China Sea had deteriorated or had the potential to
deteriorate and therefore action was required. Many years ago when Indonesia first
hosted the informal conference on the South China Sea, scholars advanced many
proposal for cooperation. At the recent Hanoi workshop there was a general
agreement that some of these proposals, such as joint development, might be
revived and discussed again. In sum, Vietnam has succeeded in raising international
awareness of this issue. It is important that Vietnam continue to pursue a resolution
through multilateral means otherwise many states will view the South China Sea as a
dispute between China and Vietnam only. Vietnam and the Philippines must reach
common accord on the way forward and now allow China to divide and conquer.
In 2009 there were two incidents in the South China Sea involving US naval ships and
Chinese vessels. As China expands its submarine force and puts more submarines at
its base on Hainan Island, more incidents with the United States can be expected.
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