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Neuroanatomy- Chapter 7:

*main functions are underlined


Diagrams to study: 208, 211, 212- 215 for sure
maybe the ones that are sections of the brain (like the ones on 218 & 219)
Self Quiz Diagrams: pages 236, the top of 237, all of 238 and 239, the top of 240, and potentially all of 241.

1. CNS
Consists of the parts of the system that are encased in bone
i. Brain
ii. Spinal Cord
2. PNS
a. Peripheral Nervous System
i. has 2 parts
1. Somatic
a. all spinal nerves that innervate the skin, the joints, and muscles under voluntary control
b. dorsal root ganglia contain sensory neurons
c. motor neurons - soma in spinal cord, axons primarily in PNS
2. Visceral
a. involuntary control
b. internal organs, blood vessels
b. Meninges (p.173)
i. Greek for covering
1. Dura mater- Hard mother
a. leatherlike, though bag that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
2. Arachnoid membrane
a. under the dura
b. looks like a spider web
c. typically no space between it and the dura
3. Pia
a. thin membrane that sticks to cerebrum
b. like plastic wrap
c. separated from the Arachnoid by fluid filled space (fluid=CSF)
i. CSF= clear salty liquid that brain kinda floats in
3. Brain
a. cerebrum
i. rostral-most (beak)
ii. largest
iii. 2 hemispheres
1. left- sensations and movements on the right side of the body
2. right- receives sensation and controls movement on the left
b. cerebellum
i. means Little Brain in Latin
ii. contains as many neurons as both hemisphere of the cerebrum combined
iii. primarily concerned with movement
1. left works with left and right works with right
c. brain stem
i. stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum sprout
ii. complex nexus of fibers and cells
iii. serves to relay information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa
iv. also controls vital functions
1. ex. breathing, consciousness, body temp
v. damage to brain stem = rapid death

4. Spinal Cord
a. encased in bony vertebral column attached to brain stem
b. exchanges information from skin, joints, and muscles to the brain and vice versa
c. transection of the spinal cord results in everything caudal to the cut losing the ability to communicate with the brain
i. communicates via spinal nerves (part of the PNS)
1. attach to the spinal cord by means of the dorsal and ventral root
d. dorsal roots: (into the cord = sensory)
e. ventral roots: (from cord = motor)
f. Parts of the spinal cord
i. cervical (8)
ii. thorasic (12)
iii. lumbar (5)-lower back
iv. sacral(5)
5. Cerebrum
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital- visual
d. temporal- hearing
6. Cerebellum -
a. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech.
b. Ipsilateral control
7. Brain Stem
a. basically all of these are relay stations
b. midbrain
c. pons
i. From the latin word for bridge
ii. Relay station
1. Connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
d. medulla
e. has 2 primary functions
i. relay station
ii. regulation of vital functions (ex. heart beat, breathing, etc.)
8. Thalamus
a. located under the fornix
9. Hypothalamus
a. controls the pineal gland
10. Corpus Callosum
11. Fornix
a. connects the hippocampus on each side with the hypothalamus
b. emotional circuits
12. Pineal Gland
a. controls the endocrine system
b. is controlled by the hypothalamus
13. Hippocampus
a. memory
14. Amygdala
a. emotion

THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN
1. Lateral Ventricles
a. contains CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
2. Third Ventricle
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
3. Fourth Ventricle
a. Cerebellum
b. Pons
c. Medulla
4. Cerebral Aqueduct
a. connects the third and fourth ventricle

HEMISPHERES
a. Dorsal vs. Ventral
i. back: belly
b. Superior vs. Inferior
i. Superior: above
ii. Inferior: below
1. always has to refer to a point
c. Rostral vs. Caudal
i. Rostral: beak (to brain and mouth)
ii. Caudal: tail (to the back or butt)
d. Anterior vs. Posterior
i. Anterior: beak
ii. Posterior: tail
e. Medial vs. Lateral
i. Medial: towards midline
ii. Lateral: away from midline

2. Ipsilateral: controls same side of the body
3. Contralateral: controls opposite side of the body

GYRI, SULCI, INSULA
1. Precentral Gyrus
a. voluntary movement
2. Postcentral Gyrus
a. somatic sensation (touch)
3. Superior Frontal Gyrus
4. Middle Frontal Gyrus
5. Inferior Frontal Gyrus
6. Superior Temporal Gyrus
7. Middle Temporal Gyrus
8. Inferior Temporal Gyrus
9. Parahippocampus Gyrus
a. Covers the hippocampus
10. Cingulate Gyrus
a. above the corpus callosom
11. Insula
a. Borders and separates the temporal and frontal lobes
b. emotion

VENTRICLE SYSTEM CONTINUED
1. Choroid Plexus
a. makes CSF
b. found in the lateral ventricle
2. CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
a. made by choroid plexus
b. located in the lateral ventricles
c. absorbed into blood in subarachnoid space by arachnoid villi

TYPES OF CUTS:
1. Coronal
a. separates front from back
2. Sagittal
a. separates right from left
3. Horizontal
a. separates top from bottom


1. Interhemispheric fissure
a. separates the right hemisphere from the left
b. Sagital fissure
2. Central Sulcus
a. divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
3. Lateral Sulcus
a. separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

WHITE v. GRAY MATTER
1. White Matter
a. white because of the mylin
b. collection of CNS axons
2. Gray Matter
a. collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

1. Olfactory Bulb (oh)
2. Olfactory Tract (oh)
3. Optic Nerve (oh)
4. Optic Chiasm

12 CRANIAL NERVES
1. *Olfactory
a. Smelling
2. *Optic
a. Visual
3. *Oculomotor
a. Eye and eyelid movement, pupils
4. Trochlear (to)
5. Trigeminal (touch)
6. Abducens (and)
7. *Facial (feel)
a. Facial muscles, taste ()
8. Auditory-Vestibular (A)
9. Glossopharyngeal (guys)
10. *Vagus (vag*na)
a. visceral organs (ex. heart, lungs, abdomen pain, etc.)
11. Spinal Accessory (so)
12. Hypoglossal (homo)


What you should see with what view: (goes with page 204)
1. Dorsal
a. interhemispheric fissure
b. central sulcus
i. pre and post
c. superior frontal gyrus
d. middle frontal gyrus
e. inferior frontal gyrus
2. Lateral
a. Temporal lobe
i. superior temporal gyrus
ii. middle temporal gyrus
iii. inferior temporal gyrus
b. Frontal lobe
c. Parietal lobe
d. Occipital lobe
e. Olfactory bulb
f. Brain stem
g. Cerebellum
h. lateral sulcci
3. Ventral
a. Frontal
b. temporal
c. olfactory bulb
d. optic chiasm
e. hypothalamus
f. optic nerve
g. cranial nerve
h. midbrain
i. pons
j. medulla
k. 12 cranial nerves
l. parahippocampal
4. Medial
a. Corpus callosum
b. pons
c. medulla
d. midbrain
e. cerebellum
f. cingulate gyrus
g. pineal gland
h. thalamus
i. hypothalamus
j. optic chiasm

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