Tir A9 XX - d4 - 9 13 13 - Clean

Task Group Approval Product Group Approval
Out for Ballot (#631-13) Out for Ballot (674-13)

PUBLICATION NO.
TIR A9-XX
Draft #4
Dated 9/13/13

Design Guide for Metal Cladding
Fasteners

This voluntary specification was developed by
representative members of AAMA as advisory
information and published as a public service.
AAMA disclaims all liability for the use,
application or adaptation of materials published
herein.
Copyright 2013
American Architectural Manufacturers Association
1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173
Phone: 847/303-5664 Fax: 847/303-5774
E-Mail: webmaster@aamanet.org
Web Site: www.aamanet.org
AAMA TIR A9-XX, Draft #4, Dated 9/13/13 Page i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................3
2.0 SYMBOLS .............................................................................................................................................................3
3.0 QUALITY CONTROL ...........................................................................................................................................6
4.0 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION AND HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT ......................................7
5.0 PREVENTION OF FASTENER LOOSENING ............................................................................................... 11
6.0 SAFETY FACTORS ........................................................................................................................................... 12
7.0 FASTENER LOAD TABLES COMMENTARY ............................................................................................... 13
8.0 ALLOWABLE BEARING AT BOLT AND SCREW HOLES, AND SCREW TILTING ............................... 17
9.0 STANDARD AND SLOTTED BOLT HOLES .................................................................................................. 22
10.0 PULL-OUT STRENGTH .................................................................................................................................. 24
11.0 PULL-OVER OF SCREW HEAD IN CONTACT WITH ALUMINUM AND COLD-FORMED STEEL.. 30
12.0 SCREW SLOTS (a.k.a. SPLINES, RACEWAY, RACES, BOSS) ............................................................. 32
13.0 SLIDING FRICTION IN SCREW CHASE ..................................................................................................... 33
14.0 SCREW ENGAGEMENT IN SCREW CHASE ............................................................................................. 36
15.0 FASTENER SPECIFICATION CHECK LIST ............................................................................................... 37
16.0 FASTENER AVAILABILITY ............................................................................................................................ 38
17.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR LOAD TABLES ....................................................................................... 39
18.0 CARBON STEEL FASTENER MATERIALS ................................................................................................ 47
19.0 STAINLESS STEEL FASTENER MATERIALS ........................................................................................... 48
20.0 FASTENER LOAD TABLES ........................................................................................................................... 49
21.0 HOLE AND DRILL SIZE FOR SPACED THREADS TAPPING SCREWS .............................................. 62
22.0 PULL-OUT STRENGTH IN ALUMINUM SUBSTRATES ........................................................................... 68
23.0 FASTENER SELECTION EXAMPLES ......................................................................................................... 87
24.0 APPENDIX (Screw Engagement in Screw Chase; Sliding Friction in Screw Chase; Thread Root Area) 94
25.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 104

AAMA TIR A9-XX, Draft #4, Dated 9/13/13 Page 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this Technical Information Report is to provide metal curtain wall designers with the data necessary to
select fasteners for curtain wall framing members and components, and for anchoring the curtain wall to the building
structure.

Technical information and data assembled in this report were drawn from a number of organizations. The relevant
publications of these organizations are listed under Section 25.0, 'Applicable Documents.'

Uniform coarse machine threaded fasteners and spaced threaded fasteners are covered in this report. The Unified
Thread Series are generally used in either clear holes with mating nuts or in tapped holes. Thread cutting screws with
machine threads are used to cut their own threads in pre-drilled holes. Spaced threaded fasteners, on the other hand,
are generally used only as tapping screws. This subject is covered in detail in Section 7, 'Fastener Load Tables
Commentary.'

Metric fasteners are not addressed in this document, but the design parameters included apply equally well to metric
fasteners. If the user wishes to develop metric fastener load tables, the appropriate loads can be developed using the
formulas provided for each table with appropriate IP to Metric conversions.

Metals used in fasteners, on which the data in this report is based, include various types of carbon steel and stainless
steel alloys. The use of aluminum fasteners is not recommended for curtain wall anchoring systems and no data on
aluminum fasteners is included. Carbon steel fasteners shall be plated or coated in accordance with the specifications
in Section 4, 'Protection Against Corrosion.'

Tables giving allowable tension, shear and bearing loads for a range of different fastener sizes, for carbon steel and
stainless steel alloys, are included in this report. The four sizes at the small end of the size range, in ascending order,
are designated #6-32, #8-32, #10-24 and #12-24. For fasteners designated in this manner the number preceding the
hyphen is related to the fastener diameter. For larger size fasteners the number preceding the hyphen is the nominal
diameter in inches and/or a fraction thereof. The larger size fasteners range from 1/4-20 through 1-8. In both
designation systems the number following the hyphen is the number of threads per inch. Equations needed to
calculate the allowable loads are included with the tables.

Section 22.0 of this document addresses the pullout strength of fasteners in aluminum substrates. The data in
fastener load Tables 22.1 to 22.12 was developed empirically using the formulas provided and verified through limited
testing.

2.0 SYMBOLS

a = Angle defining limits of screw engagement in screw chase, (degrees)
A
e
= Total area of screw thread engagement in screw chase, (sq. in)
A(R) or
= Thread root area of fastener, (sq. in)

A(S) or
= Tensile stress area of fastener, (sq. in)

= Projected thread area of fastener =
,
A
TSE
or

TSA (E) = Thread stripping area per thread, external, sq. in.
A
TSI
or TSA (I) = Thread stripping area per thread, internal, sq. in
b = Half length of engagement of screw thread in screw chase, (in)
c = Half the angle between the faces of a thread, (degrees)
C = Equation constant. Reference Section 8.0
C
1
to C
3
= Equation constants. Reference Section 10.0
C
POV
= Equation constant. Reference Section 11.0
CSR = Combined Stress Ratio
C
V
= coefficient of variation
D or d = nominal thread diameter of fastener, (in)
D
H
= nominal diameter of the hole in the material under the screw head, (in)
D
HD
= diameter of round head or integral washer (hex washer-head); width across diametrically
opposite points of a hex head (no integral washer, (in)
DSMIN = Minimum major diameter of external threads, (in)
D
W
= diameter of steel washer. (in)
D
WS
= larger of the nominal washer diameter and the screw head diameter, (in). The washer may
be integral to the screw head.
D
W
= Effective pull-over diameter, (in)
e = Edge distance, (in)
e
M
= Minimum Edge distance (in)
e
A
= Edge distance from the bolt's center to the edge of the connected part. (in)
ENMAX = Maximum pitch diameter of internal threads, (in)
ESMIN = Minimum pitch diameter of external threads, (in)
F = Tensile force exerted by tightening screw in screw chase, (lbs)
f = Coefficient of friction
F
SU
= Minimum ultimate shear stress, aluminum, (psi)
F
T
= Allowable tensile stress, (psi)
F
TU
or F
U
or F
U1
= Minimum ultimate tensile strength, (psi)
F
TU1
= ultimate tensile strength of part in contact with head or washer, (psi)
F
TY
= Minimum yield tensile strength, (psi)
F
TY1
= tensile yield strength of the part in contact with head or washer, (psi)
F
V
= Allowable shear stress, steel, (psi)
F
y
= Minimum tensile yield strength, (psi)
H = theoretical height of a thread. (in)
K = Basic minor diameter, external threads, (in)
K = statistical factor that accounts for size (y) of a sample
K
M
= factor for pull-out
KNMAX = Maximum minor diameter of internal threads, (in)
L
C
= clear distance in direction of the force, (in)
L
E
= Length of engagement of fastener in threaded part, (in.)
M = load factor (for LRFD design method)
m
F
= Load factor
N or n = Number of threads per inch
P = pitch of screw thread, (in)
P
A
= Allowable pull-out strength; allowable pull-out tension for a threaded fastener, (lbs)
P
AB
= Allowable force for bolt bearing, (lbs)
P
ABE
= Allowable force for bolt bearing limited by edge distance, (lbs)
P
AS
= Allowable force for screw bearing, (lbs)
P
ASE
= Allowable force for screw bearing limited by edge distance, (lbs)
P
ASH
= the lesser of the screw's basic allowable shear strength and its allowable bearing strength,
(lbs)
P
AST
= Allowable force for screw tilting, (lbs)
P
AT
= the least of three allowable values: basic tension strength of the screw, pull-out and pull-
over, (lbs)
P
D
= design dead load (mullion reaction) for connection example, (lbs)
Pdl = Dead load, (lbs)
P
E
P
F
P
J
P
K
P
L
P
M
P
N
P
NOT
= Nominal pull-out strength, (lbs)
P
R
P
S
P
NST
= Nominal shear strength, (lbs). Reference Section 8.0
P
OVA
= Allowable pull-over force, (lbs)
P
W
= Design wind load (mullion reaction) for connection example, (lbs)
Pwl = Wind load (lbs)
r = Minor radius of screw threads, (in)
R = Major radius of screw threads, (in)
R
e
= Ratio of engaged thread area to total thread area in screw chase
r
m
= Mean radius of screw threads, (in)
s = Sample standard deviation
S
F
= Safety factor
t = Thickness, (in)
t = Actual tensile load, (lbs)
t
1
= the thickness of the component in contact with the fastener head, (in)
t
2
= the thickness of the component not in contact with the fastener head, (in)
t
M
= minimum thickness (t = t
M
) of tapped material, (in)
T = Torque on screw or bolt, (lb-in)
T = required tension force; total calculated tension force, (lbs)
T
A
= Allowable tension load (strength), (lbs)
T
APOV
= Allowable pull-over strength, (lbs)
t
W
= thickness of steel washer, (in)
v = calculated shear load per fastener, (lbs)
V = required shear force; total calculated shear force, (lbs)
V
A
= Allowable shear load, (lbs)
V
R
= total resultant shear (vector sum of wind plus dead) for connection example, (lbs)
V
rh
= frictional resistance for V-thread fasteners in threaded round holes, (lbs)
= Ultimate lateral frictional resistance to sliding of a screw in a screw chase parallel to walls
(length) of chase, (lbs)
X
A
= statistical "lower bound", within limits
X
M
= average (mean) value
y = number of samples
= Length of screw engagement, (in); (see Fig 14.1, 24.1)
= Nominal Safety Factor for ASD
= Resistance Factor for LFRD
g = A factor which approximates the increase of stresses in the fastener due to deformations
(elastic and/or plastic) in attached materials.

3.0 QUALITY CONTROL

The selection and use of proper fasteners is critically important to the safe and satisfactory performance of curtain
wall systems. This report provides the information necessary to select the proper fasteners and to specify them.
Beyond this point, however, it is essential that the manufacturers of fasteners maintain excellent quality control
procedures in their plants to ensure that their products meet the specifications for which they are designed. The
purchasers, too, must have means for determining that they are, in fact, getting fasteners that meet their
specifications. Unfortunately, there has been a plague of inferior bolts being sold in this country which have been
fraudulently identified as bolts having quality which they do not possess. Inadvertent use of such inferior bolts could
have disastrous results.

The problem with inferior fasteners on the market has been serious during the past few years. Many fasteners may be
found to be substandard mechanically and dimensionally when checked even though marked as high performance
grades. Protective coatings on fasteners may also be a problem. As a result of more stringent environmental
requirements and tightening economic pressures, fewer manufacturers are applying adequate coatings. The quality
and thickness of protective coatings in today's market, particularly on low price fasteners, is somewhat unreliable. In
order to be certain that the fastener needed to meet design criteria is provided, the designer must not only specify
fastener size and type, he must also specify material, minimum mechanical properties, thickness and type of
protective coating required. See the suggested Fastener Specification Checklist, Section 13.0, for items to be included
in fastener specifications.

This concern became so serious in the 1980s that the United States Congress passed the Fastener Quality Act
(FQA) in 1990 and amended the FQA in 1999 to address fastener quality. This Federal law was enacted to protect the
public safety where citizens were at risk due to faulty fasteners. However, the FQA covers only bolts, nuts, screws,
studs and load indicating washers of diameter or greater or those requiring a grade mark. Products exempt from
this act are those which are produced under a recognized Quality Assurance Program such as ISO 9000. The user
should consider adding this requirement to all fastener specifications.

ASTM standards give the chemical and mechanical requirements for the steels used in fasteners. In addition, they set
forth requirements which the purchaser of fasteners may specify for the quality control procedures to be followed in
connection with his order. These include shipment lot testing, source inspection, alloy control, heat control,
permeability, manufacturer's identification and material identification. ASTM F 606 sets forth in detail the test methods
for determining the mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners. Appropriate reference to
these standards can provide the basis for reliable quality assurance programs.

4.0 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION AND HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

It is essential that fasteners have adequate protection against corrosion. If such protection is not provided, failures in
connections may ultimately occur. Curtain wall framing systems may contain and channel considerable amounts of
water both from rain and condensation of water vapor. This would tend to accelerate corrosive action where
satisfactory protection did not exist and this would be the case with unprotected carbon steel fasteners. In addition to
corrosion resulting from atmospheric conditions and moisture, protection shall also be provided against galvanic
corrosion which occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of moisture. To protect against both
types of corrosive action carbon steel fasteners plated in accordance with the specifications listed in this standard or
stainless steel fasteners are recommended for use with aluminum curtain wall systems.

Stainless steel fasteners come in a variety of alloy types. All stainless steel alloys referenced in this report have good
resistance to corrosion. However, some of these alloys have better resistance than others. Type 316, for example,
has a higher resistance than Type 304. Specifying the higher resistance and types of stainless steel for all fasteners
does not address all concerns with corrosion. Some fastener designs are not manufactured in all types of stainless
steel because of the need for hardening heads or points, or because of the capacities of the screw machines used to
manufacture fasteners. The higher resistance types of stainless steel generally cannot have the finishes applied which
match anodized framing without resorting to painting. Painting of screw heads is expensive and of dubious durability.
Many types of fasteners are only available in stainless steels having lower resistance to corrosion. Small order
quantities, less than 100,000 fasteners per run, may also limit the availability of the fastener desired or greatly
increase its cost. The specifier and purchaser must be aware of these matters and make the best compromise
possible, all factors considered, in the selection of the fasteners.

Carbon steel fasteners may be plated with zinc, cadmium, nickel or chrome to provide adequate resistance to
corrosion. The severity of the service conditions, to which the fasteners will be exposed, must be considered in the
specification. For zinc and cadmium coatings the following specifications are recommended: (The specifier should
select one or more requirements as appropriate.)

Zinc plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 633 for Class FE/ZN 5, 5m coating thickness, service
condition SC 1 (mild), with Type III finish meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 12-hour salt spray test.

Zinc plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 633 for Class FE/ZN 8, 8m coating thickness, service
condition SC 2 (moderate), with Type II finish meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 96-hour salt spray
test.

Mechanically deposited zinc coated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 695 for Class 5 coating, 5 m
thick with Type II finish, or Class 8 coating, 8 m thick with Type II finish. Both Class 5 and Class 8 coatings shall
meet the corrosion resistance requirements after a 72-hour salt spray test. (Thicker coatings meeting this ASTM
standard are available if required.)

Cadmium plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 766 for Class 5, 5 m thick, Type III coating
meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 12-hour salt spray test.

Cadmium plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 766 for Class 8, 8 m thick, Type II coating
meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 96-hour salt spray test.

Mechanically deposited cadmium coated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 696 for Class 5 coating, 5
m thick with Type II finish, or Class 8 coating, 8 m thick with Type II finish. Class 5 coatings with Type II finish shall
meet the corrosion resistance requirements after a 72-hour salt spray test. Class 8 coatings with Type II finish shall
meet the corrosion resistance requirements after a 96-hour salt spray test. (12 coatings meeting this ASTM
standard are available if required.)

An advantage of mechanical deposition is that it does not produce hydrogen embrittlement in hardened steel during
the coating process.

Type II and Type III finishes for zinc and cadmium receive supplementary colored chromate treatments. These
supplementary treatments produce a bright or semi-bright continuous, protective conversion coating of uniform color
which retards the formation of white corrosion products caused by exposure to stagnant water, moist atmosphere or
stagnant environments containing organic vapors. Colors produced can range from yellow through bronze and olive-
drab to brown and black. The salt spray test used to evaluate these treatments shall be conducted in accordance with
ASTM B 201.

The performance of both zinc and cadmium coatings depends largely on their coating thickness and the kind of
environment to which they are exposed. Without proof of satisfactory correlation, accelerated tests such as the salt
spray test, cannot be relied upon to predict performance in other environments, nor will the tests serve as comparative
measures of the corrosion protection afforded by the two different metals. Thus the superiority shown by cadmium
coatings over zinc coatings of equal thickness in the standard salt spray test cannot be construed as proof that this
will hold true in all atmospheric environments.

The following specification is recommended for nickel or chrome plated fasteners: Nickel or chromium plated
fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 456.

Zinc coatings may also be applied by the hot-dip process (Galvanizing). For such coatings the following specifications
are recommended:

Zinc coating applied by the hot-dip process shall meet the requirements of ASTM A153. For Class C hardware, which
includes threaded fasteners over 9 mm (3/8 in) in diameter, minimum weight of coating on surface, 40 mg/cm
2
(1.25
oz/ft
2
) For Class D hardware, which includes threaded fasteners 9 mm (3/8 in) and under in diameter, minimum
weight of coating on surface, 30 mg/cm
2
(1.00 oz/ft
2
).

Based on mathematical calculations, 30 mg/cm
2
(1.00 oz/ft
2
) corresponds to an average thickness of 0.04 mm (1.7
mil).

Hydrogen Embrittlement is a condition of low ductility in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen, which may
be absorbed during the manufacturing process. Bolts and screws, with a hardness of C35 or greater on the Rockwell
C scale, are particularly subject to embrittlement if hydrogen is permitted to remain in the steel and the steel is
subjected to sufficient tensile stress. This hardness range is typically associated with a tensile strength of 150 ksi or
greater. The hazard caused by hydrogen embrittlement is the unpredictable failure, which may occur, of a fastener
under tensile load. Results of such failure could be disastrous. A sufficiently high tensile load can result when headed
fasteners are tightened, especially if a drill or power wrench is used in the tightening process.

Acid pickling and alkaline cleaning prior to the application of protective metallic coatings generate hydrogen which can
be absorbed in the fasteners and if not removed can be trapped by the coatings. Also, hydrogen as a by-product of
electroplating can be generated and trapped in the plating.

The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement failure is believed to be due to the migration of hydrogen into microscopic
cracks when a sufficient load is applied to a fastener. This causes internal pressures and microscopic ruptures in the
stressed areas. This action continues under repeated or constant high tension loads and eventually leads to a failure
of the fastener. Hydrogen embrittlement is non-corrosion related and is often mistaken as the cause of failure when a
corrosion process is active and the true cause of failure is hydrogen-assisted stress-corrosion cracking.

For hot-dip galvanized steel fasteners, hydrogen can be absorbed during the pickling process. Heating to 150C
(300F) after pickling and before galvanizing, in most cases, results in expulsion of the hydrogen absorbed during
pickling. Reference may be made to ASTM A 143 for more information on the subject of embrittlement of hot dip
galvanized structural steel products. In practice, hydrogen embrittlement of galvanized steel is usually of concern only
if the steel exceeds approximately 150 ksi in ultimate tensile strength. ASTM provides specifications for galvanizing A
325 bolts but galvanizing of A 490 bolts is not permitted.

Stress Corrosion is the effect of corrosion on a metal which is under stress. When metals are under stress the effect
of corrosion can be much more severe than when metals are not stressed. This is true for metals subjected to
constant high tension stresses as well as for metals subjected to cycling stresses which cause fatigue. Stress
corrosion failures can occur shortly after the load is applied but may not occur for months or years later. Such failures
occur without warning. It is believed that when corrosion occurs microscopic cracks develop in the high stress areas.
The combined effects of stress and corrosion cause the crack to grow inwardly which reduces the cross-sectional
area. Eventually, when the cross-sectional area can no longer support the load, the fastener breaks. The rate of
failure depends on the level of stress, the corrosive conditions and the metallurgical properties of the fasteners.

Hydrogen-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking (HASCC) is similar to stress-corrosion cracking. HASCC takes place
when stress-corrosion cracking is accelerated by the presence of hydrogen which is generated in a service
application. Hydrogen generation may be due to a galvanic couple, for example, between aluminum and iron in the
presence of water. Even fasteners which might resist stress-corrosion cracking alone can fail if service-generated
hydrogen is diffused into the surface of the fastener. Sufficient tension stress for HASCC may be caused by normal
tightening of the fastener during installation.

The Specification for Aluminum Structures (2005 and 2010 editions) requires that bolt and tapping screw materials, for
coated carbon steel, have hardness less than Rockwell C35. Only certain types of stainless steel (e.g., 300 series
and at least one particular type, which meets a chromium content criterion, in the 400 series) are permitted for
fasteners that are to be installed in aluminum. These provisions are intended to avoid the occurrence of HASCC.

Stress Embrittlement is similar to hydrogen embrittlement and, like hydrogen embrittlement, it is non-corrosion related.
Hydrogen generated through the service environment, not in manufacture, causes stress embrittlement. For example,
hydrogen can be absorbed into the surface of an uncoated fastener when caustic substances, such as soap and
detergents, come in contact with nitrates and silicates. Metals most susceptible to stress embrittlement are steels
heat-treated to high strength levels and with high carbon content. In carbon steel fasteners, the higher the hardness,
the greater the chance of stress corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement and stress embrittlement. Hydrogen-assisted
stress-corrosion cracking (HASCC) may occur if an installed (tightened) fastener's hardness equals or exceeds
Rockwell C35 and the fastener is in contact with aluminum in the presence of moisture.

This review of hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion, hydrogen-assisted stress-corrosion cracking and stress
embrittlement has been presented to point out how dangerous failures may occur in high strength steel fasteners.
Hardened, high strength fasteners with a Rockwell hardness of C35 and greater are most susceptible. This hardness
range is often associated with tensile strengths of 150 ksi and greater. Reliable fasteners depend on carefully
controlled manufacturing processes which reduce to a minimum the chance of hydrogen embrittlement. Designs for
curtain wall anchoring systems must take into account the stresses for which fasteners must be selected and the
coatings to be employed in order to eliminate problems due to galvanic action and stress corrosion. ASTM standards
and technical literature of reputable manufacturers provide valuable information on these subjects.

Other significant factors, described in the following paragraphs, must be taken into consideration when galvanized
high-strength bolts and nuts are to be used.

Reduction of Mechanical Properties. The heat treatment temperatures for certain types of high-strength bolts, Type 2
A 325 for example, is in the range of the molten zinc temperatures for hot-dip galvanizing, and, therefore, there is a
potential for diminishing the heat treated mechanical properties by the galvanizing process. For this reason, AISC
Specifications require that such fasteners be tension tested after galvanizing to check the mechanical properties.

Nut Stripping Strength. Hot-dip galvanizing affects the stripping strength of the nut/bolt assembly because to
accommodate the relatively thick zinc coating on bolt threads it is usual practice to tap the nut oversize. This
overtapping results in a reduction in the amount of engagement between the steel portions of the male and female
threads with a consequent approximate 25% reduction in stripping strength. Only the stronger hardened nuts have
adequate strength to meet specification requirements with the reduction due to overtapping.

Torque Involved in Tightening. Hot-dip galvanizing both increases the friction between the bolt and nut threads and
also makes the torque induced tension much more variable. Lower torque and more consistent results are provided if
the nuts are lubricated. Refer to ASTM A 325 for specifications and ASTM A 563 for testing requirements.

Shipping Requirements. Galvanized bolts and nuts are to be treated as assemblies and shipped together. Purchase
of galvanized bolts and galvanized nuts from separate sources is not recommended because the amount of over-
tapping appropriate for the bolt and the testing and application of lubricant would cease to be under the control of a
single supplier. In that case the responsibility for proper performance of the nut/bolt assembly would become obscure.

5.0 PREVENTION OF FASTENER LOOSENING

There are many devices designed to keep the fasteners commonly used in curtain wall framing from loosening or
turning out due to thermal movements, building movements, wind forces or vibration. Those commonly used are the
various types of lock washers including pyramidal, internal tooth, external tooth, helical spring, serrated flanges and
SEMS assemblies. Also used, to a lesser degree, are locking devices or methods such as nylon patches, plastic
screw inserts, nylon insert lock nuts, thread locking compound, distorted threads, and dissimilar numbers of threads
per inch for fasteners and their nuts or tapped holes. These devices can effectively prevent loosening of fasteners due
to building movements and vibration induced by wind or other causes. Appropriate devices should be selected for the
specific applications in which they will be used.

Another important criterion for choosing a locking device is its torque limiting ability. Where fasteners are used in
extruded aluminum screw chases there is a tendency for the threads in the aluminum to strip if too much torque is
applied to the steel fastener. However, if a lock washer is used, especially a toothed lock washer, the friction between
the steel washer teeth and the softer aluminum surface is usually great enough to cause the fastener to tighten before
stripping of the aluminum chase occurs. If a torque specification is given for a particular fastener application, it is
important that the specification be followed to prevent stripping.

Not all fasteners in a framing system require locking devices to resist vibration or torque limiting devices. Generally
those fasteners which would be considered main structural fasteners or anchors in curtain wall applications, and those
which attach moving parts to the framing require the consideration of these types of devices. Fasteners which hold
shear blocks in place, perimeter fasteners for windows and storefronts and those which hold light trim in place do not
require locking or torque limiting devices.

The sources of fastener vibration are basically two: wind and machinery. Vibrations induced by changes in wind
pressure tend to be of low amplitude and rather long cycle times. Vibrations induced by machinery will tend to be of
greater amplitude and of much higher frequency. Most curtain wall framing applications do not encounter vibration
sources other than those induced by the wind. Machinery induced vibrations, though of infrequent occurrence, are
serious in nature and should be carefully analyzed. It will be assumed that only wind induced vibrations occur in the
framing connections described herein.

6.0 SAFETY FACTORS
The safety factors used in this document have been determined after a study of several industry standards. A working
definition of safety factor () is the ratio of an installed fasteners nominal strength to its allowable value, for a given
failure mode. Nominal strength is based on the specified value of minimum ultimate stress for the fastener or the
joined material, as applicable.
A safety factor is used in the Allowable Strength Design (ASD) method. This method was used to determine the
allowable values presented in this document. There is also another design method, termed the Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) method. In LRFD, the combined use of a load factor m (greater than 1) and a resistance factor
(less than 1) is the equivalent of using a safety factor. That is,
= m/. Load factors are given in the governing

building code. Resistance factors, also termed strength-reduction or capacity factors, are given in the specification for
the structural material/components being connected. Currently, some specifications present design rules using both
methods, but other specifications use only one of the methods.
For fasteners of 1/4" or less in diameter,
equal to 3.0 has been used in this TIR to generate allowable values. This
value is used in both the North American Specification for Cold-formed Steel Structures (2007 and 2001) and the
Specification for Aluminum Structures Allowable Stress Design (2010) for this size range of tapping screws. This
value exceeds the largest implicit value (2.20) for at least some fasteners, in this size range, that are addressed by
the Specification for Cold-formed Stainless Steel Structural Members (ASCE 8-02). Both annealed and cold-worked
conditions were evaluated. The value of 2.20 occurs for the annealed condition and assumes a load factor of 1.6.
It is noted that design provisions for tapping screws (1/4" maximum diameter) first appeared in editions of the first two
of the above standards that were published after the first (1991) edition of TIR A9, which used
equal to 2.5. Hence

the allowable values in the present TIR, for this size range, are less than in the 1991 edition.
For fastener diameters that exceed 1/4", but are less than or equal to 1", the present TIR uses a
equal to 2.5. This

equals or exceeds safety factors associated with the standards that were studied. For the range from 0.25" to less
than 0.5", there is limited guidance available in the reviewed standards. The largest value (2.40) determined is based
on the stainless-steel specification. It is for the annealed condition and a load factor of 1.6.
For diameters from 0.5" to 1", the aluminum specification uses
= 2.34 for aluminum bolts. For implicit safety factors,

the cold-formed steel specification and the stainless-steel specification use maximum values of 2.31 and 2.42,
respectively. The AISC steel specification (Specification for Structural Steel Buildings; 2010) uses a nominal safety
factor, designated as , equal to 2.0. This is a nominal value because the fasteners' nominal strength values are
based on gross cross-section area rather than tensile or root area, for tension and shear respectively. Note that the
cold-formed steel specification also uses gross areas. Because of this design simplification, the "true" value of the
safety factor varies with the fastener diameter and type of load (tension or shear).
To determine more accurate values of safety factor for each bolt diameter, the minimum-ultimate tension strengths for
each of several bolt types (A307, A325, A449 and A490) were calculated using tensile areas and AISC material
properties. These values were then divided by the corresponding allowable values based on the AISC procedure.
Shear values were also computed. The ultimate-to-allowable ratios (S
F
) constitute more accurate values of the safety
factors. For most diameters, the ratios did not equal 2.0. The values of
range from 1.92 for 0.5" diameter (A490,

tension) in the 2005 edition to 2.48 for 1" diameter (A307, shear) in the 1989 edition. Although the 1989 edition did not
use , it did use gross areas and allowable stresses.
For shear, in addition to use of root areas, the ultimate shear stress for each material (fasteners and tapped materials)
was approximated by
. This is equal to about 0.577
, where
is the minimum tensile strength of the

given material. The ratio of root area to tensile area varies from 0.911 to 0.929 for UNC fasteners with diameters of
0.5" to 1". Using 0.75" diameter as an example, 0.577 (0.924) equals 0.533. This is the ratio of the fastener's shear
strength to its tensile strength. This value agrees with the ratio of shear to tension strengths (nominal stresses), for
threads in the shear plane, for values in the AISC specification (2005).
For fasteners with diameters from 0.5" to 1", given the range of "true"
values for the bolts in the AISC specification

and in other specifications, it was decided to select one value of
that would equal or exceed all of the "true" values.

This is a conservative approach for this TIR that simplified the calculation procedure and permitted the use of a
consistent method (using tensile and root areas) of determining allowable values for a broad range of fastener
diameters and material types, and several types of connected materials.
7.0 FASTENER LOAD TABLES COMMENTARY

Fastener Load Tables provide numerical values for evaluating the loaded performance of threaded fasteners of
various metals and range of sizes. The performance (e.g., structural design) of the metal components being
connected must be determined separately, except for items (e.g. bearing) included in the tables and other sections of
the TIR. The values given are for quality fasteners in round clearance holes or tapped holes as noted. When
specifying fasteners, the designer, in addition to specifying loaded performance, must specify fastener quality,
corrosion resistance and minimum mechanical properties. Specification of these items is usually done by appropriate
reference to ASTM or other recognized standards. It is the responsibility of the designer/engineer/architect to
determine the availability of fasteners.

The two general types of fasteners described in this report have either machine threads or spaced threads. The
thread angle of both types of threads is 60 degrees. Machine threaded fasteners have threads which are closely
spaced in accordance with the diameter/pitch combinations of the Unified Coarse Thread Series (UNC), as shown in
Figures 7.1 (external threads), 13.2 (external threads) and 13.3 (internal threads). The form of Unified Threads is
specified in ANSI/ASME B1.1, Unified Inch Screws Threads (UN and UNR Forms). Fasteners with spaced threads, as
shown in Figure 7.2, have an expanded thread pitch which results in the spaced threaded fastener having fewer
threads per inch than a fastener with machine threads of the same diameter.

Unified Coarse Machine Threaded Fasteners (UNC) are generally used in either clear holes with mating nuts or in
tapped holes. Thread cutting screws with machine threads are used to cut their own threads in pre-drilled holes.
These screws carry tensile and/or shear loads. Spaced threaded fasteners are generally used only as tapping screws.
Most thread forming screws and some thread cutting screws have spaced threads. Like fasteners with machined
threads, these fasteners carry tensile and/or shear loads. However, due to the smaller number of threads per inch,
spaced threaded fasteners have smaller effective tensile and shear areas than machine threaded fasteners of the
same nominal diameter. Also, for a given length of external and internal thread engagement, fewer threads will resist
fastener tension. This in turn means that a spaced threaded fastener will, in many cases, have lower pullout
resistance than a comparable fastener with machine threads. However, this is not always true for thin materials. To
provide conservative values, the allowable tensile and shear strengths for fasteners with spaced threads are based on
a minimum cross-sectional area. This area is found by using the minimum minor diameter (root diameter) and
neglects any additional strength provided by the threads.

The following equations are used to determine the values shown within Tables 20.1 through 20.13.

Nominal Thread Diameter (D) values, for major diameter, are based on IFI Fastener Standards tables for both UNC
and spaced thread fasteners.

Tensile Stress Area A(S) for UNC Threads is based on a diameter approximately midway between the pitch diameter
and minor diameter.

(7.1)

Thread Root Area A(R) for UNC Threads is equal to the area of a circle with a diameter equal to the basic minor
diameter of the external thread.

(7.2)

Thread Root Area A(R) and the Tensile Stress Area A(S) for Spaced Thread use the basic minor diameter (K) in both
equations.

(7.3)

Allowable Tensile stress values for UNC and Spaced Thread fasteners are based on the lesser of: 1) the tensile
ultimate value of the fastener material divided by the appropriate safety factor or 2) 0.75 of the tensile yield value.
The allowable tension load equals the tensile stress area (A(S)) x the allowable tension stress.

(7.4)

Allowable Shear values for UNC and Spaced Thread fasteners are based on the lesser of the 1) shear ultimate values
of the fastener material divided by the appropriate safety factor or 2) 0.75 of the shear yield values. Allowable shear
loads equal the shear stress area (Thread Root Area A(R)) x the allowable shear stress.

(7.5)

Allowable Bearing values for UNC and Spaced Thread fasteners are based in part on the steel or aluminum bearing
ultimate values of the connection or base material divided by the appropriate safety factor. Reference Section 8.0 for
bearing equations for both steel and aluminum.

The tapped material thickness needed to develop the allowable tensile capacity of UNC and spaced thread fasteners,
as shown in Tables 20.1 through 20.13 is based on the largest thickness as governed by equations for the internal
thread strength of the tapped material or external thread strength of the fastener. Internal thread strength is
determined by the lesser of: 1) pull-out values (for thin, medium (transition) or thick material, as applicable) or 2) 0.75
shear yield of internal threads. External thread strength for the fastener is the lesser of: 1) the threads shear ultimate
(thread stripping strength) divided by the safety factor or 2) 0.75 shear yield of external threads. Equations use
TSA(I), TSA(E), and N. By solving the equations (see Section 10.0) for thickness (t) and setting
equal to the
fastener's basic allowable tension
, the equations, in Section 10.0, provide the minimum thickness
) of
tapped material that is needed to develop

,

based on internal and external-thread strength. Note that, typically, the
length of thread engagement
must equal or exceed
. The greater value of

,
based on internal and external
thread strengths, governs. Reference Section 10.0 for a more detailed explanation of pullout and of thin, medium
(transition) and thick material.

Maximum Tensile Load values, for Available Plate Thickness, for both steel (A36) and aluminum (6063-T5 and
6063-T6), are based on the least of: 1) the basic allowable tension for each fastener, 2) the allowable pull-out value of
the internal thread tapped material, and 3) the allowable value for the external fastener thread. Reference Section
10.0 and Section 21.0 for additional information.

Fasteners subjected to combined tensile and shear loads are limited by the below interaction equation, which applies
to all fasteners regardless of size. Reference the Col-dFormed Steel Specification for additional interaction
considerations for fasteners installed in thin steel.

(7.6)


FIGURE 7.1: Unified Coarse Threads, External

FIGURE 7.2: Spaced Threads, External

8.0 ALLOWABLE BEARING AT BOLT AND SCREW HOLES, AND SCREW TILTING

Allowable Bearing at Bolt and Tapping-Screw Holes for Steel (thickness 3/16")

BOLTS
Per the cold-formed steel specification, the allowable force
for bolt bearing

is:

(8.1)

This is for cases where bolt-hole deformation is not a consideration. For allowable stress design, for bolts.
For the case of
. This applies to all of the fastener sizes in the tables, for t =. For no
washer, or only one washer, in a single shear connection (or outer plies of double shear connections),

.
Thus:

(8.2)


This equation was used to generate the table values for bearing on steel. It applies when the edge distance (e), in the
load direction, is at least 1.8 d. For the above values of C and

, it produces a somewhat lower value (about 5%
lower) than the equation for bolt-hole deformation considered. If
, the value of C is less than 3, and can be as

low as 1.8 for large
. For some conditions, such as a washer at both the head and nut, and/or the inside sheet of a
double shear connection, an

value larger than 0.75 is permitted. Refer to the cold-formed steel specification for
details.

For 1.8 , the allowable bolt bearing (
) is limited by edge distance (e) from center of a standard hole

to the nearest edge of the connected part, in the load direction. The factor equals 2.0. The equation is:

(8.3)

Note that if e equals 1.8 d, then
equals
in Eq. 8.2.

Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance
For bolts, the minimum spacing (between centers of standard holes) is 3d, and the minimum edge distance (center of
standard hole to edge of part) is 1.5d. For oversize and slotted holes, provide a minimum of 2d clear between edges
of adjacent holes and a minimum of 1.0d between the hole edge and the member edge.

SCREWS
For tapping screws, for which equals 3.0 and the edge distance (center of screw to edge of part, in load direction) is
at least 2.7d, the allowable bearing
is given by:

(8.4)

This is the same equation as allowable bearing for bolts. Thus the table values for bearing on 1/8" thick steel apply to
both bolts (with nuts) that are installed in clear holes and to screws that are installed into tapped holes (no nuts) in a
connected component.

For screws with edge distance e (in the direction of load) less than 2.7 d, but d, the allowable bearing is:

(8.5)

If e = 2.7 d, then
equals
in Eq. 8.4.

For shear-loaded screws in tapped holes, another possible failure mode is screw tilting. This limit state is to be
considered if

, where
is the thickness of the component not in contact with the head. The tilting equation
is:

(8.6)


If

, then allowable shear is the least of the values based on fastener strength, tilting and bearing (for each
of the connected thicknesses). If

, allowable shear is based on linear interpolation between the tilting
and bearing allowable values. Based on calculations, tilting does not govern for the case of d 0.25" and
1/8".
For
= 1/8" and d 0.3125", the equations indicate that allowable shear is governed by screw tilting rather than
bearing. For and
", tilting may govern (calculation is needed), but the specification addresses
only .

Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance

Screw spacing is to be a minimum of 3d between screw centers. The edge distance is to be at least 1.5d, from screw
center to the edge of a connected part.

If conditions differ from those described in the foregoing paragraphs, reference should be made to Sections E3 (bolts)
and E4 (screws), and the Appendix, of the 2007 edition of the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI) for the procedures to be followed in determining the allowable bearing
strength, minimum spacing and minimum edge distances. Refer also to Supplement No. 2 (2010).

Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes for Steel (thickness > 3/16")

BOLTS

Per the AISC specification, the following equations provide the allowable bearing load
based on the projected

area of bolts in shear connections with the clear distance
(in the force direction, between edge of hole and edge of

part or of adjacent hole) not less than 2.0d, unless noted otherwise. The value of is 2.0.

The following equation, for connections where deformation at service load is a design consideration, applies to
standard, oversized or short-slotted holes (independent of loading direction), and to long-slotted holes (in a slip-critical
connection; see AISC specification) with load parallel to slot length:

(8.7)

In long-slotted holes with the slot's length perpendicular to the direction of the load:

(8.8)

The above equations apply only if
, in the load direction, is at least equal to 2.0d. Note that allowable bearing
values are less for
than for connections where
. If clear distance
, but
is greater than
the minimum, then the following equations apply.

For bolts (in standard, oversized or short-slotted holes) for which
:

(8.9)

For a bolt in a long-slot, for which load is perpendicular to slot length and
:

(8.10)

Based on the AISC equations, if 1.2 F
U
is the allowable bearing stress, then
must not be less than 2.0d. If

but edge distance e (center of hole to nearest edge of part or adjacent hole, in the load direction) is at least equal to
the minimum (
) in the table below, then the applicable equation (Eq. 8.9 or 8.10) which includes
is to be used.

Minimum Spacing for Steel ( )
The distance between centers of standard holes shall be not less than 2.67d. A distance of 3d is preferred. Note
that, for the nominal value of
to be at least 2d between adjacent holes, a bolt spacing of at least ( ) is

needed for standard holes.

Minimum Edge Distance for Steel ( )
The distance e, from the center of a standard hole to the nearest edge of the connected part, shall be not less than
the applicable value of
in the following table.

TABLE 8.1

If deformation around a hole is not a design consideration, oversized and slotted holes are involved, edge distances
smaller than tabulated minimums are proposed and/or conditions differ from those described in the foregoing
paragraphs, reference should be made to Section J3 (bolts) of the 2010 edition of the Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings (AISC) for washer requirements and/or the procedures to be followed in determining the allowable bearing
strength, minimum spacing and minimum edge distances.

Allowable Bearing at Bolt and Screw Holes for Aluminum

BOLTS
Bolt Diameter d
(in)
Min. Edge Distance

(in)

For bolts connecting aluminum components, the allowable bolt-bearing load
for standard round holes is given in

the following equation. This value shall be used for an edge distance (
) of 2d or greater, where
is the distance
from the bolt's center to the edge of the connected part. The value of is 1.95.

(8.11)

For edge distances (
) less than 2d, but , the allowable bearing load is:

(8.12)

For bolts in slotted holes:

(8.13)

This allowable load is equal to 2/3 of the allowable bearing for bolts in standard round holes. The clear distance

(edge of part to the near edge of slot; perpendicular to the slot length) and the slot length are both to be sized so as to
avoid over-stressing the aluminum between the slot and the part's edge.

SCREWS
For bearing of tapping screws joining aluminum components, for which equals 3.0, the allowable bearing
is:

(8.14)

For the above equation, which was used to generate aluminum-bearing values in the load tables, the edge distance

(screw center to edge of connected part) is greater than or equal to 2d. Note that this equation, for screws in tapped
holes, produces a lower value than the equation for allowable bolt bearing, for bolts with nuts.

If the edge distance (
) is less than 2d, but then the allowable bearing is:

(8.15)

Screw tilting is also a potential failure mode for shear-loaded screws in tapped holes, where
and
is the
thickness of the part not in contact with the screw head. The allowable load
for tilting is:

(8.16)

If
, then allowable shear is the least of the values based on fastener strength, tilting and bearing (for each
of the connected thicknesses). Based on calculations, tilting does not govern for the case of d and
.
For
and d , the equations indicate that allowable shear is governed by screw tilting rather than
bearing. For and
, tilting may govern (calculation is needed), but the specification addresses

only .

BOLTS & SCREWS
Minimum Fastener Spacing for Aluminum
For both bolts and screws, the minimum distance between fastener centers shall be 2.5 times the nominal fastener
diameter (d).

Minimum Fastener Edge Distance for Aluminum
For both bolts and screws, the distance
from the center of the fastener to the edge of the connected part, in any
direction, shall not be less than 1.5 times the nominal fastener diameter (d). Note that
equals the sum of 0.5d and

the clear distance
.

For further information on allowable bearing strengths, spacing and edge distances, refer to Sections J3 (bolts) and J5
(screws) in the 2010 edition of Specification for Aluminum Structures (AA). Minimum tensile strengths for a number of
aluminum alloy-tempers can be found in Tables 32 to 43. For fasteners located within 1" of a weld, refer to the ADM
for reduced values of
for the welded aluminum part.

9.0 STANDARD AND SLOTTED BOLT HOLES

Steel

It is recommended that holes for bolts not exceed the sizes specified in Table 9.1 (Table 1 in reference) for friction
connections. Slots longer than these dimensions may be used for expansion or anchor alignment purposes with
appropriate engineering analysis or testing.

MAXIMUM SIZE OF BOLT HOLES, INCHES
Nominal
Bolt
Diameter,
d in.
Standard Hole
Diameter, d in.
Oversized
Hole
Diameter, d
in.
Short-Slotted Hole
Dimensions in.
Long-Slotted Hole Dimensions in.

TABLE 9.1 (Table 1 in reference)

Standard holes shall be used in bolted connections, except that oversized and slotted holes may be used as
approved by the designer. The length of slotted holes shall be normal to the direction of the shear load. Washers or
back-up plates shall be installed over oversized or short-slotted holes in an outer ply unless suitable performance is
demonstrated by load tests in accordance with Section F of AISI S100-2007 specification entitled, "North American
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members," 2007 Edition.

Steel ; from AISC Specification (2010)

Table 9.2 (Table J3.3 in reference)


Aluminum

The aluminum specification does not provide a table of hole diameters and slot dimensions, but there are some
provisions.

Nominal diameter of bolt holes is to be no more than 1/16 larger than the nominal bolt diameter, unless slip-critical
connections are used. Nominal slot width for bolts is to be no more than 1/16 greater than nominal bolt diameter. If
the nominal slot length exceeds 2.5d and/or the edge distance (bolt center to part edge) is less than 2d, then the edge
distance (perpendicular to slot length) and the slot length are to be sized so as to avoid over stress in the aluminum
along the slot. Slot length is to be perpendicular to the force, unless slip-critical connections are desired.

For screws, the nominal diameter of clear holes is to be no more than 1/16 larger than nominal screw diameter. For
threaded (pilot) holes, see Tables 21.1 to 21.7. For screw pull-over meeting Eqn. 11.2, smaller (tighter) clear holes
are required. Refer to Table 11.1.

10.0 PULL-OUT STRENGTH

The allowable pull-out strength (
), for a threaded fastener (screw) installed in a tapped hole, must equal or exceed
the design tension force for each fastener used in a tension connection. Allowable pull-out strength depends on the
mechanical properties of the fastener metal and the tapped-component metal including the allowable shear stress for
each metal (considering alloy and, where applicable, the temper), the fastener diameter (d) and number of threads per
inch (n), the internal and external thread-stripping areas (
and
respectively), the length of engagement (
) of
the external thread with the internal thread, and the safety factor (
). Refer to Table 20.1 for dimensional information

on Unified Coarse Threads.

Although the internal-thread strength (yield or ultimate), for the steel and aluminum materials considered in this TIR,
governs in more cases than the fastener's external-thread strength, both need to be evaluated. The design value of
stripping area, for both UNC and spaced external-threads, is typically significantly less than that of the corresponding
internal threads. For external and internal thread-stripping areas for UNC threads, see Table 20.1. Thus internal-
thread strength controls (i.e., is less than external-thread strength) only if the fastener material's yield and ultimate
stresses are sufficiently high, compared to the internal-thread material, to compensate for the external threads'
smaller stripping area.

If the engagement length is equal to the thickness, then
For
equals 3.0. For ,

equals 2.5.

is the shear ultimate strength for aluminum. Values of
for various alloy-tempers are given in Table A.3.4 of

Part 1 of The Aluminum Associations Aluminum Design Manual". For the purposes of this TIR, values for
, for
both aluminum and steel, are conservatively based on
, where
is the tensile ultimate.

Both ultimate-strength and yield-strength criteria have been considered in determining each fastener's basic allowable
tension and allowable external-thread strengths, as well as the tapped material's allowable internal-thread strength.
The following equations relate the yield-based and ultimate-based allowable stress values, for shear (thread stripping
and fastener cross-section) and tension, respectively:

(10.1)

(10.2)

Solving each of the above equations, for the ratio of yield to ultimate, results in the same equation:

(10.3)

Thus, for
equal to 3.0, if the yield-to-ultimate ratio is greater than 0.4444, then the allowable stress value is
generally governed by ultimate strength. Similarly, for
equal to 2.5, ultimate strength generally governs the

allowable stress value if
exceeds 0.5333. However, for pull-out from "thin" aluminum, the allowable value
based on the tapped aluminum depends on yield, regardless of the
ratio of the aluminum alloy-temper.

The basic allowable tension strength (
) for a UNC fastener, where
is the tensile stress area, is given by the

lesser of the following two equations:

(10.4)

(10.5)

For a spaced-thread fastener, where
is the root area, the basic allowable tension strength (
) is given by the
lesser of the following two equations:

(10.6)


(10.7)

The allowable pull-out force
, based on the UNC or spaced-thread fastener's external-thread stripping strength (for

ultimate and yield), is given by the lesser of the following two equations:

(10.8)

(10.9)

By solving the above equations for thickness (t) and setting
equal to the fastener's basic allowable tension
, the
following equations provide the minimum thickness (
) of tapped material that is needed to develop

,

based on
the fastener's external-thread strength. Note that, typically, the length of thread engagement
must equal or exceed
. The greater value of
governs for external-thread strength.

(10.10)

(10.11)

For aluminum components (for a variety of aluminum alloy-tempers) with tapped holes, the equations for allowable
pull-out, based on internal threads only, are given in Section 22.0. These equations are mathematically equivalent
(within rounding accuracy) to the pull-out equations in the specification in the Aluminum Design Manual. There are
three behavior regions, based on thickness: thin (yield controls), thick (shear strength of internal threads governs) and
a transition region between these two.

The aluminum pull-out equations were solved for thickness t, in order to determine the minimum thickness (
) of
aluminum needed to develop a UNC fastener's basic allowable tension (
). In the following equations,
and

are for the alloy-temper used for the tapped aluminum component. The overall range of thickness considered
is . See below for the specific thickness range for a particular equation, and for definitions of the
quantities
and
, and
through
. The equations are:

0.080"

(10.12)

0.125"

(10.13)


0.25"

(10.14)

0.25"

(10.15)

The quantities
and
, and
through
, are given below:

Similarly, the pull-out equations were solved to find the minimum thickness (
) of aluminum needed to develop a

spaced-thread fastener's basic allowable tension (
). For spaced-thread fasteners, the set of equations is considered to

apply in the thickness range from 0.038" to 0.375", inclusive. As noted, however, individual equations apply to smaller
ranges of thickness. See below for the quantities
,

and
. See UNC equations for
, and

to
. The resulting
equations are:

t 0.080

(10.16)

(10.17)

(10.18)


(10.19)

The quantities
, and
and
, are given below. See UNC equations for
, and
to

For A36 steel components with tapped holes, there are also three behavior regions (thin, thick and transition). For
both UNC and spaced threads, the thin region is conservatively considered to apply to , and the thick region
applies to . For spaced threads, however, the strength of the internal threads for the thick region
and the transition region is conservatively taken to be the same as for UNC threads.

The pull-out equations used for UNC-thread fasteners, installed in tapped holes in A36 steel, follow. F
TU
applies to
the tapped steel component. Note that the thin-region equation also applies to spaced-thread fasteners. For the
transition and thick regions for spaced-thread fasteners, n and
are the same as the UNC fastener of the same

diameter. For spaced-thread fasteners, the thin region is considered to begin at 0.038".

Thin (
):

(10.20)

Thick (
):

(10.21)

Transition
:

(10.22)

=

The preceding equations were solved for thickness t, in order to determine the minimum thickness (
) of steel
needed to develop a UNC fastener's basic allowable tension (

). See below for definitions of
and
. For spaced
thread fasteners, use the fastener's basic allowable tension for
, and use n and
for the UNC fastener of the same

diameter. Also, for spaced-thread fasteners, the thin region is considered to begin at 0.038". The resulting equations are:

0.25

):

(10.23)

0.35"

(10.24)

0.35

:

(10.25)

where:

The minimum thickness (
), required to develop a fastener's basic allowable tension strength
, is given in the
preceding equations based on internal-thread strength. The minimum thickness is based on the greater of the
thickness values based on internal threads and external threads. The length of thread engagement must also equal
or exceed
in order to develop the basic allowable tension
. Determination of
is based on solving the pull-out

equations for a required thickness (t =
) for a given value of allowable tension (

=
) for the screw. For fasteners

with UNC and spaced threads installed in a particular tapped material, the table values of
were determined by
comparing the basic
for each fastener with the maximum value of
for the thin region (denoted by
for steel)
and the minimum value for the thick region (denoted by
for steel). The equation for the appropriate region was

then used to calculate the required
value. A similar approach was used for tapped aluminum.

The values given for minimum thickness
in the load tables (Tables 20.1 to 20.13), for both Unified Coarse Threads
and spaced threads, are calculated using the greatest value of
(considering pull-out based on internal threads and

external threads) from the applicable preceding equations. Values of
that are less than those shown in the tables

should not be used without adequate testing which demonstrates their acceptability. However, for pull-out from steel
with thickness less than 0.038" (spaced thread), the reader may refer to the cold-formed steel specification for design
guidance.

Tables 20.1 to 20.13 also list the allowable pull-out values for screws installed in tapped 3/8" thick components, both
steel (A36) and aluminum (6063-T5 and 6063-T6). Full engagement of the screw and tapped threads is presumed.
For these tables, three strength items were considered and the least of the three was listed in the table as the
allowable value: basic allowable tension strength of fastener, pull-out allowable based on internal-thread strength,
and pull-out allowable based on external-thread strength.

In addition, Tables 22.1-22.12 in Section 22.0, for a variety of aluminum alloy-tempers, present allowable pull-out
values for a range of fastener diameters (UNC and spaced thread) installed in aluminum of various thicknesses. The
tables in Section 22.0 are based only on internal-thread strength. In using the tables in Section 22.0, the designer
must also consider the fastener's basic allowable tension strength and its external-thread strength.

There is a limit to the benefit of increasing the length of engagement. In many but not all cases, little, if any, added
allowable strength is gained by exceeding a length equal to twice the nominal thread diameter. For spaced threads,
the effective length of fasteners with tapered points begins at the point of full diameter threads.
11.0 PULL-OVER OF SCREW HEAD IN CONTACT WITH ALUMINUM AND COLD-FORMED STEEL

For the case of the screw head in contact with aluminum, per the Aluminum Associations ADM 2010 (Section J.5),
there are three equations to determine allowable pull-over force (
): one for non-countersunk screws, one for non-

countersunk screws with all-metal washers and another for countersunk screws with an 82 nominal head angle.

Non-countersunk screws (*):

(11.1 )

Non-countersunk screws with all-metal washers (integral or non-integral with head;

0.00"; if

/
>
0.5, use

/
= 0.5; see ** for hole sizes):

(11.2 )

Countersunk screws (0.060"

< 0.190"; if

/ d > 1.1, use

/ d = 1.1):
(11.3 )

where:
= 1.0 for valley fastening and 0.7 for crown fastening, for corrugated roofing and siding; equals
1.0 for two joined components in contact at the screw

= nominal thickness of the part in contact with the screw head or washer
= tensile ultimate stress of part in contact with head or washer
= tensile yield strength of the part in contact with head or washer

= larger of the nominal washer diameter and the screw head diameter, but no greater than 5/8 in.
(16mm). The washer may be integral to the screw head.
= nominal diameter of the hole in the material under the screw head
= nominal diameter of screw
= safety factor (
equals 3.0 for ;
equals 2.5 for

For * (Eq. 11.1), the allowable pull-over for non-countersunk screws need not be less than the value based on Eq.
11.3 for countersunk screws. The holes may be as much as 0.062" oversize (i.e., hole diameter .

For ** (Eq. 11.2), the following nominal hole sizes (average of 0.013" oversize) apply:

Screw size d = screw diam. (nom.)
= hole size (nom.) Drill bit size

#8 0.164" 0.177" 16
#10 0.190" 0.201" 7
#12 0.216" 0.228" 1
1/4 0.250" 0.266" H
TABLE 11.1

For the case of the screw head in contact with a cold-formed steel member ( ), per the AISI specification
(Section E4), the allowable pull-over force is given by:
(11.4 )

where:

= thickness of connected member in contact with screw head or washer
= tensile ultimate stress of steel member in contact with head or washer
= safety factor (
equals 3.0 for ;
equals 2.5 for d )
= [see definition of
' ]: diameter of round head or integral washer (hex washer-head); width

across diametrically-opposite points of a hex head (no integral washer)
= effective pull-over diameter based on item (1) or (2) below, as applicable:

1) for no independent washer used beneath a round head, hex washer-head, or hex head:

2) for independent (non-integral; solid) steel washer beneath a round head, hex washer-head,
or hex head:

where:

= thickness of steel washer (0.050" minimum for

)

= diameter of steel washer

For requirements for domed (non-solid) washers, refer to the AISI specification.
For a bolt or screw head in contact with a steel member (t > 3/16"), there are no specific design rules for pull-over in
the AISC specification (2010 or 2005 editions).

Combined Shear and Pull-over: Interaction Equation for Steel (

)

In Supplement #2 (issued 2010; Section E4.5.1) to the cold-formed steel specification, there is an interaction equation
for combined shear and pull-over. This applies to certain screw diameters (#12 and #14 screws) and to a particular
thickness range (

). Also, it applies to /

, where

is the sheet in contact with
the head,
ksi, and
Here,
is the larger of the head or washer diameter. The supplement's

equation has been written in an equivalent ASD format using allowable shear and pull-over:

(11.5)

where:
= required shear force (not factored)
= required tension force (not factored)
= allowable shear strength =

= allowable bearing
= allowable pull-over strength =

In addition, V
and T
must also be satisfied. Here,
is the lesser of the screw's basic allowable shear

strength and its allowable bearing strength on each of components 1 and 2 (

and

).
is the least of three

allowable values: basic tension strength of the screw, pull-out and pull-over. For eccentrically-loaded connections that
produce a non-uniform pull-over force on the screw, a reduced allowable pull-over value (equal to 50% of the normal
allowable value) is to be used in the above equation.

Note that Eq. 11.5 applies only to particular screw diameters used to connect components in a limited thickness
range. The basic interaction equation (see Section 7.0) must also be considered. The basic interaction equation is a
function of the square of two ratios (tension to basic allowable tension, and shear to basic allowable shear) and
pertains to all screws and bolts.

12.0 SCREW SLOTS (a.k.a. SPLINES, RACEWAY, RACES, BOSS)


(The Aluminum Association, Aluminum Design Manual 2010)
TABLE 12.1 (Table J.5.3 in reference)

13.0 SLIDING FRICTION IN SCREW CHASE


FIGURE 13.1

EQUATION 13.1

c = 1/2 the angle between the faces of a thread, (degrees)
F = Nominal tensile force exerted by tightening screw, in screw chase, (lb.)
f = Coefficient of friction. For mild steel on aluminum, f = 0.47.
P = Pitch of screw, 1/N = Pitch, (in.)
R = Major radius of screw thread, (in.) = D/2
r = Minor radius of screw thread, (in.)
= Ratio of area of screw thread engagement (per thread) in screw chase from Equation 14.1.
= Mean radius of screw thread, (in.)
= Ultimate lateral frictional resistance to sliding of a screw in a screw chase parallel to walls (length) of chase, (lb.)
Shear factor for determining resistance of screw in screw chase parallel to walls (length) of chase, (lb.)
T = Torque on screw or bolt =
, (lb-in.)

Equation 13.1 is based on external threads as shown in Figure 13.2. The ultimate lateral frictional resistance to sliding
as given by this equation is used to determine the shear strength of a screw in a screw chase when loaded parallel to
the walls (length) of the screw chase. Equation 13.1 is expressed in terms of the torque; the major, mean and minor
radii of the screw; the pitch of the screw; and the coefficient of friction between the fastener metal and the aluminum
extrusion. Note that the number of engaged threads is not in this equation, but must be determined separately. To
determine an allowable value, divide
by a suitable safety factor. For derivation of Equation 13.1, see the Appendix.
Figure 13.2 conforms to ANSI/ASME B1.1

FIGURE 13.2: External Threads FIGURE 13.3: Internal Threads

Sample Calculation for 1/4-20 Screw:

R = 0.125 in
r = 0.0944 in

= 0.110 in
P = 0.05 in
T = 50 lb-in
f = 0.47

Pf = (0.05) (0.47) = 0.0235
24 (R r) = 24 (0.125 0.0944) = 0.734
[24 (R r)]
2
=

(0.734)
2
=

0.539

(8.5P)
2
= [(8.5) (0.05)]
2
= 0.181

= 0.325 from sample calculation for Equation 14.

Substituting foregoing values in Equation 13.1 to find the ultimate lateral frictional resistance, parallel to length of
chase:

To determine the allowable value, divide
by the recommended safety factor.

14.0 SCREW ENGAGEMENT IN SCREW CHASE

Note: Reference Figure 13.1 for example of a screw in screw chase when addressing Section 14.0

Figure 14.1 Figure 14.2

a = Angle defining limits of screw engagement in screw chase, (degrees)
=

A
e
= Total area of screw thread engagement, for one thread, in screw chase, (sq. in.)
A
th
= Projected thread area of fastener per thread = (R
2
r
2
)(sq. in.)
R = Major radius of screw thread, (in.) = D/2
r = Minor radius of screw thread or of screw chase dimension (whichever is greater), (in.)
R
e
= Ratio of engaged thread area to total thread area, for one thread, in screw chase =

2b = Length of engagement, (in.)

EQUATION 14.1

See the Appendix 24.0 for derivation of Equation 14.1

Sample calculation for 1/4 - 20 screw:

R = 0.125 in, r = 0.0944 in

or 32.5% thread engagement, per thread

15.0 FASTENER SPECIFICATION CHECK LIST

A. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1. Description (including drawing)
a. Size (nominal diameter)
b. Length
c. Head Style
d. Thread Type
e. Point Type
f. Special Features ( e.g., undercut head)
g. Other
2. Metal
3. Minimum Yield Strength
4. Minimum Tensile Strength
5. Hardness (Contact with aluminum)
6. Other (i.e. Manufacturer proprietary coating or plating)

B. FINISH

1. Clear or Natural
2. Colored
a. Painted
b. Burned
3. Other

C. CORROSION PROTECTION

1. As Fabricated
2. Plated
(Refer to appropriate ASTM Standards)
a. Zinc
b. Cadmium
c. Nickel
d. Chromium
3. Black Oxide
4. Waxed
5. Other

D. Fastener Exposure

1. Outside Face of Building
2. Inside Exterior Cover But High Exposure
3. Inside Glazing Pocket
4. Behind Inner Seal Line
5. Visible Inside Building

16.0 FASTENER AVAILABILITY

This report contains load tables for 21 different sizes/types of fasteners manufactured from a number of different
carbon steel and stainless steel alloys. Types of fasteners included are Unified Coarse thread machine screws and
bolts, and spaced thread tapping screws. Metric fasteners are not included in this standard. Recommended
specifications for protective metallic coatings for carbon steel fasteners cover zinc, cadmium, nickel and chromium.
The stainless steel alloys included have a range of corrosion resistant properties.

Obviously, it is economically impractical for a fastener manufacturer or supplier to make available in stock all of the
fastener types and sizes in all of the different alloys with all of the different protective coatings available. As pointed
out in the "Protection Against Corrosion" section of this report, many types of stainless steel fasteners are readily
available only in alloys having lower resistance to corrosion than Type 316. SAE Grade 2 and Grade 5 carbon steel
fasteners, while generally available in 6 mm (1/4 in) diameter and larger sizes, may not be readily available in screws
less than 6 mm (1/4 in) diameter. On the other hand, structurally equivalent fasteners for the smaller screws made
from commercial grades of steel wire are readily available. Such items as the type of threads, heads, points and lot
size will further influence availability.

Commonly used fasteners are generally available from stock and can be reasonably purchased in small quantity
orders. Fasteners are also available on a custom order basis but will usually require a large quantity of fasteners if a
reasonable price is to be obtained. Often the cost of fasteners in small quantity, custom orders could be so great as to
economically rule out their use.

The designer of curtain wall (fenestration) systems must recognize these limitations in availability and make
acceptable compromises in the selection of fasteners which will assure structural adequacy, effective resistance to
corrosive actions, satisfactory over-all performance, and a cost which will not adversely affect the economic viability of
the wall system.

17.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR LOAD TABLES

Stainless-Steel Fastener: Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3; Condition A; 1/4-20 Screw
Nominal Thread Diameter
Threads Per Inch
D = 0.250 in
N = 20
Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength
Minimum Tensile Yield Strength
F
U
= 75,000 psi F
U
/ 3.0 = 25,000 psi
F
Y
= 30,000 psi 0.75 F
Y
= 22,500 psi
TABLE 17.1
0.75 F
Y
is the smaller allowable tensile stress, and thus is used to calculate allowable loads in Load Table 10.
Also, yield controls because:

A(S) = A
T
= Tensile Stress Area =

A(R) = A
R
= Thread Root Area =

0

Allowable Tension =

=
=

Allowable Shear (Single) =

=
=

Allowable Shear (Double) = 2 (363.08) = 726.16 lbs ; rounds to 726 lbs

Allowable Bearing for A36 Steel =
; for t = 1/8" and
= 58,000 psi
=
=

Allowable Bearing for 6063-T5 Aluminum =
; for t = 1/8" and
= 22,000 psi
=
=

Allowable Bearing for 6063-T6 Aluminum =
; for t = 1/8" and
= 30,000 psi
=
=
NOTE: Limitations on minimum spacing and minimum edge distance in Section 8.0
External-Thread Stripping Area (square inches per thread) =

=
=

where: KNMAX = Maximum minor diameter of internal thread (see Table 20.1)
ESMIN = Minimum pitch diameter of external thread (see Table 20.1)

Find minimum thickness (
) of tapped material, based on the fastener's external threads, to develop the fastener's
basic allowable tension. Refer to Section 10.0 (Pull-Out). The larger of the following equations governs.

; controls
Note that the yield-to-ultimate ratio (0.40), which is less than the limit of 0.444 calculated previously, also indicates
that the second equation, based on yield, governs.

Internal-Thread Stripping Area (square inches per thread) =

=
=

where: DSMIN = Minimum major diameter of external thread (see Table 20.1)
ENMAX = Maximum pitch diameter of internal thread (see Table 20.1)

Find minimum thickness (
) of tapped material, based on internal threads, to develop the basic allowable tension of
fastener. See also Figures 17.1, 17.2, 17.3.
A36 steel:
; for "thin" region

Since in for external threads, internal thread strength governs.
6063-T5 aluminum:

; lower limit for "thick" region

6063-T6 aluminum:

; lower limit for "thick" region

; thus check next limit

; thus use transition equation

where:


Find allowable tension (least of allowable tension values based on tensile area [
], internal thread and external

thread) for tapped in plates:
A36 steel:

Since in for external threads to develop
, the plate can develop
.
Thus maximum allowable tension equals 716 lbs.
6063-T5 aluminum:

= 865 lbs; based on internal thread

, the plate can develop
.
6063-T6 aluminum:

, the plate can develop T

A
.
*NOTE: For 6063-T5 aluminum,, of thickness less than or equal to 0.500" (12.50 mm), the tensile ultimate strength
is 22,000 psi (150 MPa) and the tensile yield is 16,000 psi (110 MPa). For thicknesses from 0.501" (12.51
mm) to 1.000" (25.00 mm), use 21,000 psi (145 MPa) for tensile ultimate and 13,000 psi ( (105 MPa) for
tensile yield.
For all thicknesses of 6063-T6 aluminum, the tensile ultimate strength is 30,000 psi (205 MPa) and the
tensile yield is 25,000 psi (170 MPa). SI values, in parentheses, are per the Aluminum Specification (2010
ed.)

FIGURE 17.1

0.06"
0.25"
A36 steel
0.375"
716
0.1743"
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,400
2,800
3,200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

T
e
n
s
i
o
n

(
p
o
u
n
d
s
)

Thickness (inches)
Allowable Tension vs. Thickness; A36 steel, 1/4-20 (st. stl.; cond. A )
(Reference Table 10)
Exterior thrd
interior thrd
int
basic allow
min thick

FIGURE 17.2
0.06"
0.08"
0.125"
0.25"
6063-T5 aluminum
716
0.3105"
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

T
e
n
s
i
o
n

(
p
o
u
n
d
s
)

Thickness (inches)
Allowable Tension vs. Thickness; 6063-T5 aluminum, 1/4-20 (st. stl.; cond. A )

FIGURE 17.3
0.06"
0.08"
0.125"
0.25
6063-T6 aluminum
716
0.2314"
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

T
e
n
s
i
o
n

(
p
o
u
n
d
s
)

Thickness (inches)
Allowable Tension vs. Thickness; 6063-T6 aluminum, 1/4-20 (st. stl.; cond. A )
18.0 CARBON STEEL FASTENER MATERIALS

TABLE 18.1 (Table 2 in reference, 8
th
Edition IFI Fastener Handbook)

19.0 STAINLESS STEEL FASTENER MATERIALS

TABLE 19.1 (Table 1 in reference, 8
th
Edition IFI Fastener Handbook)

20.0 FASTENER LOAD TABLES

TABLE 20.1 Fastener Stress Areas and Tap Drill Sizes Unified Coarse Threads (UNC)

TSA(E) TSA(I)
External Internal Max. Min. Max. Min. Min. Max. Min. Max. No./Size
Dec.
Equivalent
#6-32 0.1380 0.0091 0.0078 0.0060 0.0090 0.1370 0.1310 0.1170 0.1140 0.1040 0.1140 0.1180 0.1210 0.0997 36 0.1065
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 0.0070 0.0100 0.1630 0.1570 0.1430 0.1400 0.1300 0.1390 0.1440 0.1480 0.1257 29 0.1360
#10-24 0.1900 0.0175 0.0152 0.0110 0.0170 0.1890 0.1820 0.1620 0.1590 0.1450 0.1560 0.1630 0.1670 0.1389 25 0.1495
#12-24 0.2160 0.0242 0.0214 0.0130 0.0190 0.2150 0.2080 0.1880 0.1850 0.1710 0.1810 0.1890 0.1930 0.1649 16 0.1770
1/4-20 0.2500 0.0318 0.0280 0.0180 0.0270 0.2490 0.2410 0.2160 0.2130 0.1960 0.2070 0.2180 0.2220 0.1887 7 0.2010
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 0.0260 0.0380 0.3110 0.3030 0.2750 0.2710 0.2520 0.2650 0.2760 0.2820 0.2443 F 0.2570
3/8-16 0.3750 0.0775 0.0699 0.0360 0.0520 0.3740 0.3640 0.3330 0.3290 0.3070 0.3210 0.3340 0.3400 0.2983 5/16 0.3125
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 0.0480 0.0700 0.4360 0.4260 0.3900 0.3850 0.3600 0.3760 0.3910 0.3970 0.3499 U 0.3680
1/2-13 0.5000 0.1419 0.1292 0.0600 0.0860 0.4990 0.4880 0.4490 0.4440 0.4170 0.4340 0.4500 0.4570 0.4056 27/64 0.4219
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 0.0740 0.1060 0.5610 0.5500 0.5070 0.5020 0.4720 0.4900 0.5080 0.5150 0.4603 31/64 0.4844
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 0.0910 0.1300 0.6230 0.6110 0.5640 0.5590 0.5270 0.5460 0.5660 0.5730 0.5135 17/32 0.5312
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 0.1210 0.1720 0.7480 0.7350 0.6830 0.6770 0.6420 0.6630 0.6850 0.6930 0.6273 21/32 0.6562
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4286 0.1590 0.2250 0.8730 0.8590 0.8010 0.7950 0.7550 0.7780 0.8030 0.8110 0.7387 49/64 0.7656
1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 0.2070 0.2920 0.9980 0.9830 0.9170 0.9100 0.8650 0.8900 0.9190 0.9280 0.8466 7/8 0.8750
Nominal
Thread
Diameter &
Thread Per
Inch
D Nominal
Thread
Diameter
Inch
A(S) Tensile
Stress Area
Sq. In.
A(R) Thread
Root Area
Sq. In.
External Threads Class 2A Internal Threads Class 2B
K Basic
Minor
Diameter
Inch
Tap Drills
Thread Stripping Area Sq.
In./Thread Major Diameter Pitch Diameter Minor Diameter Pitch Diameter Commercial Drills
A(S) = [D-(0.93/N)]
2
/4 UNC Fasteners All Diameters
A(R) = [D-(1.2269/N)]
2
/4 UNC Fasteners All Diameters
Formulae Used in Calculating Table Values Applicable Material
A(S) = K
2
/4 All Spaced Thread Fasteners
A(R) = K
2
/4 All Spaced Thread Fasteners
TSA(I) = ()(DSMIN){(1/(2N)+[(3)
1/2
](DSMIN-ENMAX)} All UNC Fasteners
TSA(E) = ()(KNMAX){(1/(2N)+[(3)
1/2
](ESMIN-KNMAX)} All UNC Fasteners
TAS(I) = TSA(I) for UNC Fasteners All Spaced Thread Fasteners
TAS(E) = TSA(E) for UNC Fasteners All Spaced Thread Fasteners
Allowable Tension = {(FU)[A(S)]}/SF UNC Fasteners All Diameters
Allowable Tension = {(FU)[A(R)]}/SF All Spaced Thread Fasteners
Allowable Single Shear = (FV)[A(R)] = Fu / ( SF x sq rt (3)) All Fasteners
Allowable Double Shear = (2)(FV)[A(R)] = (2)Fu / ( SF x sq rt (3)) All Fasteners
Allowable Bearing A36 = (0.9)(FUA36)(D)(tB) All Fasteners
Allowable Bearing 6063-T5 = (FBT5)(D)(tB) All Fasteners
Allowable Bearing 6063-T6 = (FBT6)(D)(tB) All Fasteners
Pitch - P= 1/N
K = [D- (1.2269/N)]
TABLE 20.2 Fastener Capacity

Note:
1. Values are taken from AISC, ASTM, IFI, SAE and AA documents. K values for spaced threads are taken as
the minimum values in IFI Fastener Handbook, 8th Ed.
2. Safety Factor used for fasteners with diameters 1/4" or less is 3.0, Safety Factor used for fasteners with
diameters 5/16" or greater is 2.5.
5
SAEGrade 2 Steel (Spaced Threads)
0.1191 190
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4")
#12-24 0.2160
0.1900 0.0175
0.0242
3/8-16 0.3750 0.0775
110 219
261 151 301
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
#6-20 0.1380 0.0990 0.0077 190
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
17,090
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4")
SAEGrade 2 ( 9/16")
353 204
1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269
1,295 748
0.1570 0.0194
1,240 #10-16 0.1900 0.1350 0.0143 0.1516
478 478 478 396 540 0.1820 0.2166
353 353 353 348 475 0.1401 0.1852
0.1820 #12-14 0.2160
FU (Min. Ultimate Tensile Strength)
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress, D1/4")
psi
24,667
14,241
psi 74,000
psi
0.0078 222 224 111
#10-24
253 345
1/8"
Steel
A36
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
Allowable Bearing (lbs) A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
1,070
MaximumTensile Load (lbs) f or
Available 3/8" Plate Thickness
224 224 224
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
900 0.0988
0.1900 0.2487 301 410 0.1282
0.2005 0.1522
6063-T6
MinimumMaterial Thickness (lbs)
to Equal Tensile Capacity of
Fastener (in)
A36 6063-T5
432 348 475 0.1385 0.2524 0.1951 432
SAEGrade 2 Steel f or Diameters up thru 9/16" (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 346 177 353 346 346 346
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
608 1,409 396 540 596
0.0151 432 216 431 1,240 432
596
1/4-20 0.2500 0.0318 0.0280 785 398 796 1,631 0.2497 785 785 785 458 625 0.1911 0.3404
0.0214 596 304 0.1679 0.3044 0.2274 596
1,552 801 1,603 2,039 5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 0.3276
2,144 688 938 0.2742 > 3/8"
1,552 1,303 1,552 573 781 0.2507 > 3/8"
0.0699 > 3/8" 2,294 1,572 2,294 1,194 2,389 2,447
3,147 1,873 3,147 1,643 3,286 2,855 7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 > 3/8"
2,918 917 1,250 0.3183 > 3/8"
2,554 802 1,094 0.2945 > 3/8"
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 > 3/8"
0.1292 > 3/8" 4,200 2,140 4,200 2,208 4,417 3,263 1/2-13 0.5000 0.1419
5,386 2,444 3,333 1,031 1,406 0.3511 > 3/8" 5,386 2,843 5,687 3,670
Fastener (in)
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
Allowable Shear Allowable Bearing (lbs)
190 190 253 345 0.1191 0.1418
1,070 #8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106 0.1437 261 261 261 301 410 0.1437 0.1611
900
478 276 551 1,409
408
458 625 0.1797 0.2418
2,078 2,017 2,078 688 938 0.2811
FT = FU / SF
Allowable Tension = FT[A(S)]
FV = Fu / ( SF x sq rt (3)) Allowable Single Shear
=FV[A(R)]
A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
For All Diameters Ef f ective Area (UNC Threads)
A(S) = K/4
> 3/8" 2,078 1,200 2,447 3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702
psi
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress; D > 1/4") 29,600 psi
663 663 663
2,039
663 383 766 1,631
A(R) = K/4
0.2969
1,495
2,400
0.1967
1234567890
Ef f ective Area (Spaced
Threads)
5/16-12 0.3125 0.2360 0.0437 0.2453 1,295 1,295 1,295 573 781 0.2428 0.3026


Note:
3. Fasteners with diameters of 5/8" or greater are fabricated from carbon steel complying with ASTM A449 Type
13
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 27,713 psi 27,713
0.3125 0.2360 0.0437
psi
FT = FU/SF
=FV[A(R)]
120,000
psi
psi
2,100 1,212 2,425 2,039
3,892 2,447
573 781
1,631 458 625 0.2617 0.3593 0.2696
0.3407 > 3/8" 0.3430
Threads)
A(R) = K/4 A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
psi
23,094 FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4") psi N/A
psi
120,000
N/A
48,000
0.2380 774
2,017 2,751 688 938 > 3/8" > 3/8"
1,681 2,100
1,075 1,075
> 3/8"
1,075
2,773
2,100
1,240
301
396
573 573
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 774 447 894 1,409
348 475 0.1834 0.2517 0.2028 573
774 774 540 0.2182 0.2995
Allowable Bearing (lbs)
Fastener (in)
423 423 410 0.1569 0.2175 0.1758 423
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
1,070
253 900
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
308 345 0.1358 0.1907 0.1543 308
11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 22,163 23,753 5,709
1,375
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 29,076 15,601 31,203 6,525
1,604 2,188
3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 16,054 8,565 17,130 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8"
3,853
> 3/8" > 3/8" 6,444
> 3/8" > 3/8" 8,612
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 10,848 5,738 11,477 4,078 2,711
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 10,158 11,876
3,263
802
1,031
2,140 2,918
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 8,733 4,611 9,222 3,670
917 1,250 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,642
2,444 3,333 1,406 > 3/8"
3,581
2,144
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 5,103 2,664 5,328 2,855
688 938 0.3518 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,719
1,873 2,554 1,094 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,937
3/8-16 0.3750 2,447
573
865 0.0318 0.0280 1,273 646 1,291 1,631
1,572
1,179
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 2,517 1,299 2,599 2,039
458 625 0.2745 > 3/8" > 3/8" 1,273
1,303 1,776 781 0.3144 > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,517
1/4-20 0.2500
0.3001
396
701 643 701
0.0242 0.0214 967 493 986 1,409
700 1,240 348 475 0.2246 > 3/8"
734 967 540 0.2594 > 3/8" 0.3619 967
SAEGrade 5 Steel f or Diameters up thru 9/16" (UNC Threads)
ASTMA 449 Steel f or Diameters 5/8" and Over (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 560 286 573 1,070
363 363 363
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
522 560
0.2268 0.1602
560
345
0.2953 > 3/8" 301 410 0.2079
0.3046 360
6063-T6
900 253
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress, D > 1/4")
SAEGrade 5 ( 9/16") ASTMA449 ( 5/8")
psi
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
#10-16 0.1900
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106
363
0.1900 0.0175 0.0151 701 350
0.0775 0.0699 3,719 1,937 3,874
1/2-13 0.5000
#12-24 0.2160
40,000
48,000
0.1419 0.1292 6,811
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
SAEGrade 5 Steel (Spaced Threads)
5,254
4,437 6,050
308
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 3,370
5/16-12
1,946
#10-24
0.0078 180
0.0990 0.0077 308 178
423 244
Single
(lbs)
621 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 1,075
7,162
0.1350 0.0143 573 331
Double
(lbs)
488
356
661
1,242

Note:
Allowable Single Shear =FV[A(R)]
FV(Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 13,856 psi
FV(Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4") 11,547 psi
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress,D1/4") 20,000 psi Allowable Tension = FT[A(S)] A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress, D > 1/4") 24,000 psi FV = Fu / ( SF x sq rt (3))
FU (Min. Ultimate Tensile Strength) 60,000 psi
1234567890
ASTMA307 For All Diameters Ef f ective Area (UNCThreads)
FT = FU / SF A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
> 3/8" > 3/8" 8,606 4,437 6,050 7,801 15,601 6,525 1,833 2,500 > 3/8" 1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 14,538
> 3/8" > 3/8" 6,286 3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8"
> 3/8" > 3/8" 7,472 3,853 5,254 2,188 > 3/8" 7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 11,082
4,283 8,565 4,894 1,375 3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 8,027
5,938 11,876 5,709 1,604
> 3/8" > 3/8" 4,367 2,444 3,333 1,406 0.3511
> 3/8" > 3/8" 5,192 2,711 3,697 1,563 > 3/8" 5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 5,424
2,305 4,611 3,670 1,031 9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 4,367
2,869 5,738 4,078 1,146
> 3/8" 0.3747 2,551 1,873 2,551 1,094 0.2722
> 3/8" > 3/8" 3,406 2,140 2,918 1,250 0.3135
0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 2,551
1,791 3,581 3,263 917 1/2-13
1,258 1,258 781 0.2042
> 3/8" 0.3253 1,860 1,572 1,860 938 0.2506
1,258
636 636 625 0.1549
3/8-16 0.3750 0.0775 0.0699 1,860
650 1,299 2,039 573 5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 1,258
969 1,937 2,447 688
0.3623 0.2657
Grade A Carbon Steel 60 KSI
ASTMA 307 Steel (UNCThreads)
Fastener (in)
MaximumTensile Load (lbs) f or Available
3/8" Plate Thickness
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8" Aluminum
6063-T6
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress
Area
(in2)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Tension
(lbs)
3/8"
Steel
A36
1/4-20 0.2500 0.0318 0.0280 636 323 646 1,631 458 0.2760 0.2103 636
0.5000 0.1419 0.1292 3,406
1,332 2,664 2,855 802 7/16-14

Note:
2. Safety Factor used for fasteners with diameters 1/2" or greater is 2.5.
11 11
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") psi 27,713
A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
FT = FU / SF
FV = Fu / ( SF x sq rt (3))
Allowable Single Shear =FV[A(R)]
6,050 11,696 1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8"
3,853 5,254
1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 29,076 15,601
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 10,158
4,437
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 22,163 11,876 23,753 5,709
1,375
2,711 3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 16,054 8,565 17,130 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 8,612
2,444 3,333 1,406 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 6,444
1/2-13
1,031
2,140 2,918 917 1,250 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,642 7,162 3,263
ASTMA 325 (UNC Threads)
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile Stress
Area
(in2)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Shear
6063-T6
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 10,848 5,738 11,477 4,078
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 8,733 4,611 9,222 3,670
31,203 6,525
1,604 2,188
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
0.5000 0.1419 0.1292 6,811 3,581
ASTMA325 ( 1/2")
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4") N/A
psi
120,000
N/A
48,000
psi

Note:
2. Safety Factor used for fasteners with diameters 1/2" or greater is 2.5.
3. The Aluminum Design Manual states A490 bolts shall not be used where it may contact aluminum.
14 14
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4") N/A
psi FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 34,641
Allowable Single Shear
=FV[A(R)]
A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
FV = Fu / ( SF x sq rt (3))
> 3/8" 7,148
> 3/8"
1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 36,345 19,502 39,004 6,525
> 3/8" 10,158
11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 27,704
> 3/8"
14,845 29,691 5,709
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 20,068 10,706 21,413 4,894
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 13,560 7,173 14,346 4,078
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 10,917 5,763 11,527 3,670
1/2-13 0.5000 0.1419 0.1292 8,514 4,476 8,953 3,263
ASTMA 490 (UNC Threads)
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2) 6063-T6
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Shear
ASTMA490( 1/2")
psi FT = FU / SF
5,642
6,444
> 3/8"
> 3/8"
8,612
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress,D1/4")
psi
150,000
N/A
60,000

Note:
15
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 17,321 psi
0.3125 0.2360 0.0437
FT = FU / SF
=FV[A(R)]
75,000
psi
psi
984 568 1,136 2,039
1,824 2,447
573 781
698 1,631 458 625 0.1797 0.2285 0.1864
0.2428 0.2553 0.2428
1234567890 Ef f ective Area (Spaced
Threads)
A(R) = K/4 A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
14,434 FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4") psi
0.2055 0.1820 436
1,580 1,580 688 938 0.2802 0.3059
984 984
605 605
0.2802
605
1,580
984
372 1,240
301
396
322 322
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 436 251 503 1,409
348 475 0.1401 0.1759 0.1444 322
436 436 540 0.1820
275 1,070
253 0.0990 0.0077 173 100 200 900
Fastener (in)
238 238 410 0.1437 0.1531 0.1437 238
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
173 345 0.1191 0.1349 0.1191 173
8,068
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 10,389 11,134 5,709
1,375
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 13,629 7,313 14,626 6,525
1,604 2,188
3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 7,525 4,015 8,030 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,868
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8"
3,853
> 3/8" > 3/8" 4,094
> 3/8" > 3/8" 5,893
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 5,085 2,690 5,380 4,078 2,711
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,005
3,357 3,263
802
1,031
2,140 2,918
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 4,094 2,161 4,323 3,670
917 1,250 0.3135 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,193
2,444 3,333 1,406 0.3511
1,744
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 2,392 1,249 2,498 2,855
688 938 0.2358 > 3/8" 0.3049 1,744
1,873 2,392 1,094 0.2722 > 3/8" 0.3513 2,392
3/8-16 0.3750 2,447
573
716 0.0318 0.0280 716 363 726 1,631
1,572
716
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 1,180 609 1,218 2,039
458 625 0.1743 0.3105 0.2314 716
1,180 1,180 781 0.1940 0.3396 0.2492 1,180
1/4-20 0.2500
0.1814
396
394 394 394
0.0242 0.0214 544 277 555 1,409
394 1,240 348 475 0.1263 0.2346
544 544 540 0.1532 0.2776 0.2109 544
101
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition A
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 315 161 322 1,070
204 204 204
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
315 315
0.1416 0.0901
315
345
0.1759 0.2311 301 410 0.1170
0.1874 203
6063-T6
900 253
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
Cond. A
psi
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
#10-16 0.1900
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106
204
0.1900 0.0175 0.0151 394 197
0.0775 0.0699 1,744 908 1,816
1/2-13 0.5000
#10-24
0.0078
#12-24 0.2160
25,000
30,000
0.1419 0.1292 3,193
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition A (Spaced Threads)
5,254
4,437 6,050
173
1,679
5,567
0.1350 0.0143 322 186
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 1,580
5/16-12
238 137
912
Single
(lbs)
349 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 605
Note:
16
2,537
8,412
0.1350 0.0143 406 234
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 2,387
5/16-12
299 173
1,378
Single
(lbs)
440 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 762
#10-24
0.0078
#12-24 0.2160
28,333
34,000
0.1419 0.1292 4,825
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress
Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition AF (Spaced Threads)
5,254
4,437 6,050
218
257
0.1900 0.0175 0.0151 497 248
0.0775 0.0699 2,635 1,372 2,744
1/2-13 0.5000
FT (Allow. Tensile St ress, SF=2.5,D >
1/ 4" )
Cond. AF
psi
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic
Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
#10-16 0.1900
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
345
0.2139 0.2853 301 410 0.1473
0.2227 255
6063-T6
900 253 128
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition AF
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 397 203 406 1,070
257 257 257
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
397 397
0.1700 0.1135
397
0.2184
396
497 497 497
0.0242 0.0214 685 349 699 1,409
496 1,240 348 475 0.1591 0.2899
685 685 540 0.1929 0.3496 0.2564 685
902
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 1,783 920 1,841 2,039
458 625 0.2195 > 3/8" 0.2867 902
1,303 1,776 781 0.2660 > 3/8" > 3/8" 1,783
1/4-20 0.2500
2,447
573
865 0.0318 0.0280 902 457 915 1,631
1,572 2,144
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 3,614 1,887 3,774 2,855
688 938 0.2928 > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,635
1,873 2,554 1,094 0.3155 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,614
3/8-16 0.3750
5,073 3,263
802
1,031
2,140 2,918
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 6,186 3,266 6,532 3,670
917 1,250 0.3428 > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,825
2,444 3,333 1,406 0.3662
3,853
> 3/8" > 3/8" 6,186
> 3/8" > 3/8" 8,612
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 7,684 4,065 8,129 4,078 2,711
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 10,158
3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 11,372 6,067 12,134 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8"
11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 15,699 16,825 5,709
1,375
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 20,595 11,051 22,102 6,525
1,604 2,188
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
218 345 0.1191 0.1535 0.1255 218
Fastener (in)
299 299 410 0.1437 0.1746 0.1437 299
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
346 1,070
253 0.0990 0.0077 218 126 252 900
468 1,240
301
396
406 406
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 549 317 633 1,409
348 475 0.1401 0.2010 0.1639 406
549 549 540 0.1820 0.2354 0.1917 549
2,017 2,387 688 938 0.3228 > 3/8"
1,487 1,487
762 762
0.3273
762
2,387
1,487
Threads)
A(R) = K/4 A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
16,358 FV (Allowable Shear St rass; SF=3.0,
D<1/ 4" )
psi
FU (Min. Ultimate Tensile
Strength) FT (Allow. Tensile St ress,
SF=3.0,D1/ 4" )
879 1,631 458 625 0.1854 0.2644 0.2141
0.2428 0.3319 0.2680
FV (Allowable Shear St rass; SF=2.5, 19,630 psi
0.3125 0.2360 0.0437
FT = FU / SF
=FV[A(R)]
85,000
psi
psi
1,487 859 1,717 2,039
2,757 2,447
573 781
TABLE 20.9 Fastener Capacity (UNC Threads)

Note:
the minimum values in IFI Fastener Handbook, 6th Ed. 2. Safety Factor used for fasteners with diameters 1/4" or
less is 3.0, Safety Factor used for fasteners with diameters 5/16" or greater is 2.5.
3. Fasteners with diameters of 3/4" and greater are fabricated from different material than fasteners less than
3/4" in diameter.
19,630 psi FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 23,094 psi
=FV[A(R)]
2,773
2,039
19,245
psi
psi
33,333
40,000
1,622 3,243 2,447
573 1,010 2,020
85,000 psi
28,333 psi
34,000 psi
16,358 psi
2,017 2,751 688 938 > 3/8" > 3/8"
Threads)
A(R) = K/4
> 3/8"
A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
3/4" Dia.
100,000
FT = FU/SF
1,681 1,750
896
5/16-12 0.3125 0.2360 0.0437
896
0.1820 0.2610 0.2115 645
896 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 896
781 0.2839 > 3/8" 0.2990 1,750
517 1,035 1,631
275 551 1,240
301
396
477
352
458 625 0.2181 0.2994 0.2379
477
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 645 373 745 1,409
348 475 0.1528 0.2225 0.1805 477
645 645 540
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106 352 203 407
0.0990 0.0077 257 148 296
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
352 410 0.1437 0.1930 0.1567 352 1,070
253 900 257
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
257 345 0.1191 0.1695 0.1378 257
4,437 6,050 11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 15,583
Fastener (in)
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 10,970 21,940 6,525
1,604 2,188 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8"
4,078
1,375
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266
10,158
4,454 1,875 > 3/8" > 3/8" 8,612
2,711 3,697 1,563
3,853 5,254
2,140 2,918 1,250 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,642
2,444 3,333 1,406 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 6,444
2,144 938 0.3181 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,100
1,873 2,554 1,094 0.3442 > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,252
1,572
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 4,252 2,220 4,440 2,855
688 3/8-16 0.3750 1,614 3,228 2,447
802
1/4-20 0.2500 865 0.0318 0.0280 1,061 538 1,076 1,631 0.2534 > 3/8" 0.3373 1,061 458 625
1,303 1,776 781 0.2867 > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,097 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 2,097 1,083 2,166 2,039 573
584 584 584
0.0242 0.0214 805 411 822 1,409
583 1,240 348 475 0.1872 0.3410
734 805 540 0.2269 > 3/8" 0.3016 805
292 0.2501
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition CW (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 467 239 477 1,070
303 303 303
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 6063-T6
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
467 467
0.1943 0.1335
467
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Shear
900 253 345
0.2466 0.3356 301 410 0.1733
0.2538 300 0.0078
5,968
8,351 16,701
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
0.2160
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 7,278 3,842 7,685
0.5000
3/4-10 0.7500
4,035 8,070
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition CW (Spaced Threads)
396
1,061
5/16-18
3,263
1,031
> 3/8"
5,709
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
0.0699 3,100
3,670
917
0.3345 0.3091 11,288 6,022 12,045 4,894
1,146 0.2260 0.2071 7,628
5,676 2,984
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
303 150
Group 1,2,3-Cond. CW
5/8-11 0.6250
1-8 1.0000 0.6057
#10-16 0.1900
0.1900 0.0175
0.0775
1/2-13
#10-24
5/8" Dia.
psi
psi
0.0151 584
0.5630 20,444
0.1350 0.0143 477
1,750
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 2,809
#12-24
0.1419 0.1292

Note:
3. Fasteners with diameters of 3/4" and greater are fabricated from different material than fasteners less than
3/4" in diameter.
4. Rockwell hardness is limited to C34 maximum.
110,000
36,667 psi
44,000 psi
21,170 psi
1,681
FT = FU/SF
=FV[A(R)]
2,100 1,212 2,425 2,039
psi
2,017
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 27,713 psi 25,403 psi
23,094
48,000
2,100
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 3,370
1,075
5/16-12 0.3125 0.2360 0.0437
> 3/8" 1,946 3,892 2,447
573 781 0.3407 > 3/8" 0.3430 2,100
1,075
2,773
458
396
2,751 688 938 > 3/8" > 3/8"
Threads)
A(R) = K/4 A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
psi
3/4" Dia.
120,000
psi
psi
40,000
625 0.2617 0.3593 0.2696 1,075 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 1,075 621 1,242 1,631
573 573
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 774 447 894 1,409
348 475 0.1834 0.2517 0.2028 573
774 774 540 0.2182 0.2995 0.2380 774
0.1900
253 0.0990 0.0077 308 178 356 900
0.1350 0.0143 573 331 661 1,240
301 1,070
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106 423 244 488
A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
423 410 0.1569 0.2175 0.1758 423 423
Fastener (in)
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8"
308
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
308 345 0.1358 0.1907 0.1543 308
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition SH (Spaced Threads)
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
3,853 5,254
1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 26,653 14,301 28,603 6,525
1,604 2,188 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 10,158
4,437 6,050 11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 20,316
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8" > 3/8" 8,612
2,711 3,697 1,563
15,703 4,894
1,146 5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 9,944 5,260 10,520 4,078
1,375
2,140 2,918 1,250 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,642
2,444 3,333 1,406 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 6,444
2,144 938 0.3518 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,719
1,873 2,554 1,094 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,937
1,572
1,179
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 2,517 1,299 2,599 2,039
458 625 0.2745 > 3/8" > 3/8" 1,273
1,303 1,776 781 0.3144 > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,517
1/4-20 0.2500
701
0.0242 0.0214 967 493 986 1,409
700 1,240 348 475 0.2246 > 3/8"
734 967 540 0.2594 > 3/8" 0.3619 967
350 0.3001
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Groups 1, 2 and 3, Condition SH (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 560 286 573 1,070
363 363 363
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 6063-T6
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
560
0.2268 0.1602
560
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Shear
900 253 345
0.2953 > 3/8" 301 410 0.2079
0.3046 360 180 0.0078
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
4,611 9,222
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091
522
701 643
865 0.0318 0.0280 1,273 646 1,291 1,631
396
2,855
688 3/8-16 0.3750 1,937
0.2160
0.0151 701
0.0699 3,719
7/16-14 0.4375
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 8,733
#12-24
5,103 0.1063 0.0961
0.5000
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
363
573
3,263
1,031
> 3/8"
5,709
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
0.1419 0.1292 6,811
2,664 5,328
3,581 7,162
10,887 21,773
3,874 2,447
802
3,670
917
7,851
Group 1,2,3-Cond. SH
0.1900 0.0175
0.0775
1/2-13
#10-24
5/8" Dia.
psi
14,716
#10-16

Note:
21
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 16,166 psi
0.3125 0.2360 0.0437
FT = FU/SF
=FV[A(R)]
70,000
psi
psi
1,148 663 1,326 2,039
2,128 2,447
573 781
724 1,631 458 625 0.1797 0.2337 0.1903
0.2428 0.2803 0.2428
Threads)
A(R) = K/4 A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
0.2098 0.1820 452
1,843 1,843 688 938 0.2802 0.3421
1,148 1,148
627 627
0.2802
627
1,843
1,148
386 1,240
301
396
334 334
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 452 261 522 1,409
348 475 0.1401 0.1795 0.1472 334
452 452 540 0.1820
285 1,070
253 0.0990 0.0077 180 104 207 900
Fastener (in)
247 247 410 0.1437 0.1562 0.1437 247
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
180 345 0.1191 0.1376 0.1191 180
10,041
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 12,929 13,856 5,709
1,375
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 16,961 9,101 18,202 6,525
1,604 2,188
3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 9,365 4,996 9,993 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 6,058
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8"
3,853
> 3/8" > 3/8" 4,776
> 3/8" > 3/8" 7,334
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 6,328 3,347 6,695 4,078 2,711
> 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 8,717
3,917 3,263
802
1,031
2,140 2,918
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 4,776 2,522 5,043 3,670
917 1,250 0.3135 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,725
2,444 3,333 1,406 0.3511
2,034
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 2,791 1,457 2,914 2,855
688 938 0.2601 > 3/8" 0.3557 2,034
1,873 2,554 1,094 0.2785 > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,791
3/8-16 0.3750 2,447
573
742 0.0318 0.0280 742 377 753 1,631
1,572
742
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 1,376 711 1,421 2,039
458 625 0.1807 0.3220 0.2384 742
1,303 1,376 781 0.2233 > 3/8" 0.2906 1,376
1/4-20 0.2500
0.1866
396
409 409 409
0.0242 0.0214 564 288 575 1,409
408 1,240 348 475 0.1310 0.2412
564 564 540 0.1588 0.2879 0.2173 564
105
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Group 4, Condition A (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 327 167 334 1,070
212 212 212
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
327 327
0.1457 0.0935
327
345
0.1813 0.2379 301 410 0.1213
0.1924 210
6063-T6
900 253
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
FT (Allow. Tensile Stress,D > 1/4")
Group 4-Cond. A
psi
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
#10-16 0.1900
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106
212
0.1900 0.0175 0.0151 409 204
0.0775 0.0699 2,034 1,059 2,119
1/2-13 0.5000
#10-24
0.0078
#12-24 0.2160
23,333
28,000
0.1419 0.1292 3,725
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Group 4, Condition A (Spaced Threads)
5,254
4,437 6,050
180
1,958
6,928
0.1350 0.0143 334 193
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 1,843
5/16-12
247 142
1,064
Single
(lbs)
362 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 627

Note:
3. Minimum 16% Cr (chromium) content required.
22
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4") 25,403
3,567 2,447
573 781 0.3123 > 3/8" 0.3197 1,925
986
1,681
FT = FU/SF
=FV[A(R)]
2,773 2,017 2,751 688 938 > 3/8" > 3/8"
Threads)
A(R) = K/4
> 3/8"
A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
1,784
1,925
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 3,089
986
5/16-12 0.3125 0.2360 0.0437 1,925 1,111 2,222 2,039
458 625 0.2399 0.3293 0.2538 986 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 986 569 1,138 1,631
396
525 525 475 0.1681 0.2368 0.1916 525
710 710 540 0.2000 0.2781 0.2247 710 #12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 710 410 820 1,409
348 #10-16 0.1900 0.1350 0.0143 525 303 606 1,240
301 388 388 410 0.1438 0.2052 0.1663 388
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106 388 224 447 1,070
253 0.0990 0.0077 282 163 326 900 282
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
282 345 0.1245 0.1801 0.1460 282
Fastener (in)
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Group 5, Condition H (Spaced Threads)
3,853 5,254
1-8 1.0000 0.6057 0.5630 26,653 14,301 28,603 6,525
1,604 2,188 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 10,158
4,437 6,050 11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 20,316 10,887 21,773 5,709
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8"
1,375
2,711 3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 14,716 7,851 15,703 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8"
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 8,006 4,227 8,453 3,670
917 0.1419 0.1292 6,244 3,283 6,565
8,612
4,078
2,918 1,250 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,642
2,444 1,406 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 6,444 3,333 1,031
2,140 3,263
1,873 1,094 0.3633 > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,678
2,144
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 4,678 2,442 4,884 2,855
688 938 3/8-16 0.3750 2,447
802 2,554
573
865 0.0318 0.0280 1,167 592 1,183 1,631
1,572 0.3349 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,410
1,167
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 2,307 1,191 2,382 2,039
458 625 0.2639 > 3/8" 0.3710 1,167
1,303 1,776 781 0.3006 > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,307
1/4-20 0.2500
1,409
641 1,240 348 475 0.2059 > 3/8"
734 886 540 0.2496 > 3/8" 0.3318 886
0.2751
514 514
0.2106 0.1469
396
643 643 643
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Group 5, Condition H (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 514 263 525 1,070
333 333 333
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
514
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Shear
900 253 345
0.2707 0.3692 301 410 0.1906
0.2792 330
6063-T6
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs) 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
0.1900
333 165
#10-24 321
0.0242 0.0214 886 452
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 9,944 5,260 10,520
Group 5-Cond. H
psi
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Allowable Shear
psi
110,000
psi
psi
0.0078
#12-24 0.2160
36,667
44,000
0.0175 0.0151
904
643
0.0775 0.0699 3,410 1,776 3,551
1/2-13 0.5000

Note:
3. Rockwell hardness is limited to C34 maximum.
23
36,950 psi FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D>1/4")
Threads)
A(R) = K/4
> 3/8"
A(R) = (D-1.2269/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = (D-0.93/N)
2
/ 4
A(S) = K/4
2,594 5,189 2,447
573 781 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 2,311
1,121
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Group 5, Condition HT (Spaced Threads)
FT = FU / SF
=FV[A(R)]
2,773 2,017 2,751 688 938 > 3/8" > 3/8"
1,681 2,292
3/8-12 0.3750 0.2990 0.0702 4,494
1,434
5/16-12 0.3125 0.2360 0.0437 2,800 1,616 3,233 2,039
458 625 0.3490 > 3/8" 0.3513 1,434 1/4-14 0.2500 0.1850 0.0269 1,434 828 1,655 1,631
396
763 763
#12-14 0.2160 0.1570 0.0194 1,032 596 1,192 1,409
348 475 0.2445 0.3356 0.2472 763
968 1,032 540 0.2909 > 3/8" 0.2928 1,032
#10-16 0.1900 0.1350 0.0143 763 441 882 1,240
301 564 564 410 0.2091 0.2871 0.2138 564
#6-20 0.1380
#8-18 0.1640 0.1160 0.0106 564 325 651 1,070
253 0.0990 0.0077 411 237 474 900 411
Single
(lbs)
Double
(lbs)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 A36 6063-T5 6063-T6
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
411 345 0.1810 0.2485 0.1872 411
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
K
Basic Minor
Diameter
(in)
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
Fastener (in)
1,833 2,500 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8"
10,158
4,437 6,050 11,696
7/8-9 0.8750 0.4617 0.4285 29,551
38,768 20,802 41,604 6,525
1,604 2,188 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,709 3,853 5,254
0.5630
2,711 3,697
3/4-10 0.7500 0.3345 0.3091 21,405 11,420 22,840 4,894
1,146 1,563 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 7,148
3,266 4,454 1,875 > 3/8"
> 3/8" 6,444
> 3/8" > 3/8" 8,612
5/8-11 0.6250 0.2260 0.2071 14,464 7,651 15,302 4,078
1,375
3,263
802
1,031
2,140 2,918
9/16-12 0.5625 0.1819 0.1664 11,644 6,148 12,295 3,670
917 1,250 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 5,642
2,444 3,333 1,406 > 3/8" > 3/8"
3/8-16 0.3750 2,144 688 938 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,145 2,583 5,165 2,447
573
1,873 2,554 1,094 > 3/8" > 3/8" > 3/8" 4,937
865 0.0318 0.0280 1,697 861 1,721 1,631
1,572
1,179 625 0.3169 > 3/8" > 3/8" 1,697
1,303 1,776 781 0.3698 > 3/8" > 3/8" 3,356
0.0775 0.0699 4,959
5/16-18 0.3125 0.0524 0.0469 3,356 1,733 3,465 2,039
458 1/4-20 0.2500
0.0242 0.0214 1,289 657 1,315 1,409
933 1,240 348 0.0151 > 3/8"
522 712
0.2978
396
935 643 876 475 0.2711 > 3/8"
734 1,001 540 0.2978 > 3/8" > 3/8" 1,289
6063-T6
Fastener (in)
1/8"
Steel
A36
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
935 466
STAINLESS STEEL - Alloy Group 5, Condition HT (UNC Threads)
#8-32 0.1640 0.0140 0.0124 747 382 764 1,070
485 447 485
3/8"
Steel
A36
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T5
3/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6 6063-T5
Single
(lbs)
0.2137
747
Nominal
Fastener
Diameter
& Threads
per Inch
#6-32 0.1380
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(in)
A(S)
Tensile
Stress Area
(in2)
0.0091
A(R)
Thread
Root
Area
(in2)
Allowable Shear
900 253 345
> 3/8" > 3/8" 301 410 0.2631
> 3/8" 480
0.1900 #10-24 0.0175
1/8"
Aluminum
6063-T6
A36
Double
(lbs)
Allowable
Tension
(lbs)
7/16-14 0.4375 0.1063 0.0961 6,804 3,552 7,105 2,855
1/2-13 0.5000 0.1419 0.1292 9,082 4,775 9,550
0.0078
#12-24 0.2160
485 240
15,835 31,670
1-8 1.0000 0.6057
30,792
Group 5-Cond HT
psi
FV (Allowable Shear Strass; D<1/4") psi
160,000
psi
psi
53,333
64,000
21.0 HOLE AND DRILL SIZE FOR SPACED THREADS TAPPING SCREWS
TABLE 21.1

APPROXIMATE HOLE SIZES FOR TYPE A STEEL THREAD FORMING SCREWS
In Steel, Stainless Steel, Monel Metal, Brass and Aluminum Sheet Metal
Hole Required
Screw Size
Metal
Thickness
Pierced or Extruded
Drilled or Clean
Punched
Drill Size
6
0.015
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
- - -
- - -
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.104
0.104
0.104
0.104
0.106
37
37
37
37
36
7
0.015
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
- - -
- - -
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.120
32
32
32
32
32
31
8
0.013
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
- - -
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.128
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
30
10
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
- - -
0.157
0.157
0.157
0.157
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.149
29
29
29
29
25
12
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
- - -
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.161
0.161
0.161
0.161
20
20
20
20
14
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
- - -
0.209
0.209
0.209
0.185
0.189
0.191
0.196
13
12
11
9
In Plywood (Resin Impregnated)
Screw Size
Hole
Required
Drill Size
Minimum Material
Thickness
Penetration
in Blind
Holes
Min. Max.
4
6
7
8
10
12
14
0.098
0.110
0.128
0.140
0.169
0.189
0.228
40
35
30
28
18
12
1
3/16
3/16
1/4
1/4
5/16
5/16
7/16
1/4
1/4
5/16
5/16
3/8
3/8
1/2
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
I
I
I
TABLE 21.2

APPROXIMATE HOLE SIZES FOR TYPE C STEEL THREAD FORMING SCREWS*
In Sheet Steel
Screw Size
Metal
Thickness
Hole
Required
Drill
Size
6-32
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.113
0.116
0.116
0.122
0.125
0.125
33
32
32
3.1 mm
1/8
1/8
8-32
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.136
0.144
0.144
0.147
0.1495
0.1495
29
27
27
26
25
25
10-24
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.154
0.161
0.166
0.1695
0.173
0.177
23
20
19
18
17
16
10-32
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.1695
0.1695
0.1695
0.173
0.177
0.177
18
18
18
17
16
16
12-24
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.189
0.1935
0.1935
0.199
0.199
0.199
12
10
10
8
8
8
1/4-20
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.221
0.221
0.228
0.234
0.234
0.236
2
2
I
A
A
6 mm
1/4-28
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.224
0.228
0.232
0.234
0.238
0.238
5.7 mm
I
5.9 mm
A
B
B
5/16-18
0.037
0.048
0.062
0.075
0.105
0.134
0.290
0.290
0.290
0.295
0.295
0.295
L
L
L
M
M
M
Note: All dimensions in inches except drill sizes.
* Since conditions differ widely, it may be necessary to vary the hole size to suit a particular application.
TABLE 21.3

Approximate Pierced or Extruded Hole Sizes for Types AB, B and BP Steel Thread Forming
Screws*
Screw
Size
Metal
Thickness
Pierced or Extruded
Hole Required

Screw
Size
Metal
Thickne
ss
Pierced or
Extruded Hole
Required
In Steel, Stainless Steel, Monel Metal and Brass Sheet
Metal
In Aluminum Alloy Sheet Metal
6
0.015
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111
6
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111
7
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
7
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
8
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
8
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.136
0.136
0.136
0.136
10
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.157
0.157
0.157
0.157
0.157
10
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.157
0.157
0.157
0.157
12
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185

1/4
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.209
0.209
0.209

TABLE 21.4

Appropriate Drilled Hole Sizes for Types AB, B and BP Steel Thread Forming Screws*
Screw
Size
Hole
Required
Drill Size
Minimum
Material
Thickness
Penetration In Blind Holes
Min. Max.
In Plywood (Resign Impregnated)
6
7
8
10
12
1/4
0.125
0.136
0.144
0.173
0.193
0.228
1/8
29
27
17
10
1
3/16
3/16
3/16
1/4
5/16
5/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
5/16
3/8
3/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
1
1
1
In Aluminum, Magnesium, Zinc, Brass and Bronze Castings
6
7
8
10
12
1/4
0.128
0.144
0.152
0.177
0.199
0.234
30
27
24
16
8
15/64
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
9/32
5/16
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -

Note: All dimensions are given in inches except whole number screw and drill sizes.
*Since conditions differ widely, it may be necessary to vary the hole size to suit a particular application.
Daa applies o Types B ad BP oly.

TABLE 21.5

Approximate Drilled or Clean Punched Hole Sizes for Types AB, B and BP Steel Thread Forming
Screws*
Screw
Size
Metal
Thickne
ss
Hole
Require
d
Drill Size

Screw
Size
Metal
Thickness
Hole
Required
Drill Size
In Steel, Stainless Steel, Monel Metal and Brass
Sheet Metal
In Aluminum Alloy Sheet Metal
6
0.015
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.104
0.104
0.106
0.106
0.110
0.111
0.116
0.120
0.128
37
37
36
36
35
34
32
31
30
6
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.128 to
0.250
0.104
0.104
0.104
0.106
0.110
0.111
0.120
37
37
37
36
35
34
31
7
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.116
0.120
0.128
0.136
0.140
32
32
32
32
31
39
29
28
7
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.128 to
0.250
0.113
0.113
0.116
0.120
0.128
0.136
0.136
33
33
32
31
30
29
29
8
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.128
0.136
0.140
0.149
0.149
0.152
1/8
1/8
1/8
30
29
28
25
25
24
8
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.162 to
0.375
0.116
0.120
0.128
0.136
0.140
0.147
0.147
0.149
0.152
32
31
30
29
28
26
26
25
24
10
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.164
0.144
0.144
0.147
0.152
0.152
0.157
0.161
0.169
0.169
0.173
27
27
26
24
24
22
20
18
18
17
10
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.164
0.200 to
0.375
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.147
0.147
0.154
0.154
0.159
0.166
27
27
27
26
26
23
23
21
19
12
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.164
0.166
0.166
0.166
0.169
0.177
0.182
0.185
0.196
0.196
0.201
19
19
19
18
16
14
13
9
9
7
12
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.164
0.200 to
0.375
0.161
0.166
0.173
0.180
0.182
0.182
0.189
0.196
20
19
17
15
14
14
12
9
1/4
0.030
0.036
0.048
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.164
0.187
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.199
0.204
0.209
0.228
0.228
0.234
0.234
0.234
10
10
10
8
6
4
1
1
15/64
15/64
15/64
1/4

0.060
0.075
0.105
0.125
0.135
0.164
0.187
0.194
0.200 to
0.375
0.199
0.201
0.204
0.209
0.209
0.213
0.213
0.221
0.228
8
7
6
4
4
3
3
2
1

Hole sizes for metal thicknesses above .075 inch are for Types B and BP only.
TABLE 21.6

Approximate Hole Sizes for Types D, F, C and T Steel Thread Cutting Screws*
Screw
Size
Stock Thickness
0.050 0.060 0.083 0.109 0.125 0.140 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2
Hole Sizes in Steel
6-32
8-32
10-24
10-32
12-24
1/4-20
1/4-28
5/16-18
5/16-24
3/8-16
3/8-24
0.1100
0.1360
0.1520
0.1590
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1130
0.1405
0.1540
0.1660
0.1800
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1160
0.1405
0.1610
0.1660
0.1820
0.2130
0.2210
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1160
0.1440
0.1610
0.1695
0.1875
0.2188
0.2280
0.2770
0.2900
- - -
- - -
0.1160
0.1440
0.1660
0.1695
0.1910
0.2210
0.2280
0.2770
0.2900
0.3390
0.3480
0.1200
0.1470
0.1695
0.1695
0.1910
0.2210
0.2340
0.2813
0.2900
0.3390
0.3480
0.1250
0.1495
0.1730
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580
0.1250
0.1495
0.1730
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3580
0.3580
- - -
0.1495
0.1730
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3580
0.3580
- - -
- - -
0.1730
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3580
0.3580
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3580
0.3580
Hole Sizes in Aluminum
6-32
8-32
10-24
10-32
12-24
1/4-20
1/4-28
5/16-18
5/16-24
3/8-16
3/8-24
0.1094
0.1360
0.1495
0.1610
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1094
0.1360
0.1520
0.1610
0.1770
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1110
0.1360
0.1540
0.1610
0.1800
0.2055
0.2188
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1130
0.1405
0.1570
0.1660
0.1820
0.2090
0.2210
0.2660
0.2810
- - -
- - -
0.1160
0.1405
0.1590
0.1660
0.1850
0.2130
0.2210
0.2720
0.2812
0.3281
0.3438
0.1160
0.1440
0.1610
0.1660
0.1875
0.2130
0.2210
0.2720
0.2812
0.3320
0.3438
0.1200
0.1470
0.1660
0.1719
0.1910
0.2210
0.2280
0.2810
0.2900
0.3390
0.3480
0.1250
0.1495
0.1719
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580
- - -
0.1495
0.1730
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580
- - -
- - -
0.1730
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580
Hole Sizes in Zinc and Aluminum Die Castings
6-32
8-32
10-24
10-32
12-24
1/4-20
1/4-28
5/16-18
5/16-24
3/8-16
3/8-24
0.1160
0.1440
0.1610
0.1695
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1200
0.1440
0.1660
0.1695
0.1800
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1200
0.1440
0.1660
0.1719
0.1910
0.2188
0.2280
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1200
0.1440
0.1660
0.1719
0.1910
0.2188
0.2280
0.2770
0.2900
- - -
- - -
0.1200
0.1470
0.1660
0.1719
0.1910
0.2210
0.2280
0.2810
0.2900
0.3390
0.3480
0.1200
0.1470
0.1660
0.1719
0.1935
0.2210
0.2280
0.2810
0.2900
0.3390
0.3480
0.1200
0.1470
0.1695
0.1719
0.1935
0.2210
0.2280
0.2812
0.2900
0.3390
0.3480
0.1200
0.1495
0.1695
0.1730
0.1960
0.2280
0.2340
0.2812
0.2900
0.3438
0.3580
- - -
0.1495
0.1719
0.1730
0.1960
0.2280
0.2340
0.2900
0.2950
0.3438
0.3580
- - -
- - -
0.1719
0.1770
0.1990
0.2280
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1990
0.2230
0.2344
0.2900
0.2950
0.3480
0.3580

TABLE 21.7

Approximate Hole Sizes for Types BF and BT Steel Thread Cutting Screws*
Stock
Thickness
Screw Size
6-20 8-18 10-16 12-14 1/4-14 5/16-12 3/8-12
Hole Sizes* in Zinc and Aluminum Die Castings
0.060
0.083
0.109
0.125
0.140
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1200
0.1200
0.1200
0.1250
0.1250
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1490
0.1490
0.1490
0.1520
0.1520
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1660
0.1660
0.1660
0.1695
0.1719
0.1719
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.1910
0.1910
0.1910
0.1960
0.1960
0.1960
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.2210
0.2210
0.2210
0.2280
0.2280
0.2280
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.2810
0.2810
0.2810
0.2810
0.2900
0.2900
- - -
- - -
- - -
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.348
0.348

Hole sizes for metal thicknesses above 0.075 inch are for Types B and BP only.
Hole sizes lised are sadard drill sizes.

22.0 PULL-OUT STRENGTH IN ALUMINUM SUBSTRATES

Screw Pull-out Research

Pull-out research (testing and analysis), which was conducted in the 1990s by several AAMA member
companies, formed the basis for the pull-out equations in this TIR and in the Specification for Aluminum
Structures. The results of this research ("Pull-out Capacities of Screws from Aluminum") were presented
at the Aluminum Association's 2
nd
International Workshop at Cornell University in October 1999.

Predicted Pull-out

Most of the actual (as opposed to allowable) pull-out values, from available testing, can be characterized
by two types of equations for the nominal pull-out strength (
): one based on tensile yield strength F

TY

(to account for the stretching and bending of the hole's circumference in "thin" aluminum) and one based
on tensile ultimate strength
(to account for shearing of internal threads in "thick" aluminum).

The test data, for tapped-aluminum thicknesses (t) of 1/8", 3/16" and 1/4", indicate a transition in pull-out
behavior from yielding (of thin aluminum) to shearing of the internal threads (thread stripping, in thick
aluminum).

For spaced-thread fasteners, it is helpful to also consider the number of threads engaged (t n) in order to
separate the three behavior regions: thin (yield), thick (thread stripping), and transition.

Equations for nominal pull-out strength (no safety factor included) consist of equations 22.1 to 22.6. Each
equation applies to a behavior zone. Behavior zones for UNC (a, b, c) and spaced-thread (d, e, f)
fasteners, are identified as follows:

UNC threads:
a) (thin; yield)
b) (thick; thread stripping)
c) (transition)

Spaced threads:
d) (thin; yield)
e) (thick; thread stripping)
f) (transition)

For representative plots, refer to Fig. 22.1(UNC, Unified National Coarse threads) and Fig. 22.2 (spaced
threads).

The following equations are applicable for screws (nominal diameter d), in tapped holes, where
for UNC threads and for spaced threads.

1) The equations for UNC threads (screw-point types C, D, F, G and T; see chart) are:
a) Thin (for ):

(22.1)

where:
(for ):

(for ):

b) Thick (for ):


(22.2)

c) Transition (for ):

(22.3)

2) The equations for spaced threads (screw-point types AB, B, BP, BF and BT; see chart) are:
a) Thin (for ), for spaced threads:

(22.4)

where:
(for 0.080):

(for
):

b) Thick (for
), for spaced threads:

(22.5)

c) Transition (for
), for spaced threads:

(22.6

Allowable Values for Design

Predicted (nominal) values for fastener pull-out (
), from the preceding equations, are divided by a

safety factor (
) in order to determine allowable values (P

A
). As discussed in Section 6.0,
equals 3.0
for fasteners that are in diameter, and
equals 2.5 for fasteners with diameters .

Specified or expected minimum values of tensile yield and of ultimate tensile strength are used to
determine allowable values for design. Since minimum values of yield and ultimate strength are less than

the average values, the resulting allowable (pull-out) strengths will typically be less than
times the
test values of pull-out loads.

(22.7)

Discussion of Test Results and Statistical Aspects

Using statistics to study the test results, some statements may be made about the expected variation in
pull-out values of a large number of fasteners (of a given size and type) from aluminum of given
thickness, alloy and temper. Given the mean (
), sample standard deviation (s) and number of samples

(y), an approximate "lower bound" value (
) can be determined by the equation:

(22.8)
is the value which, with 95% confidence, is expected to be exceeded by 99% of the population. Refer
to reference [3] for the above formula for
and a table of values for K as a function of y. See also

references [1,2] for additional information on statistical aspects.
If the coefficient of variation

is considered, in lieu of sample standard deviation, then

the equation for
can be written:

(22.9)

Review of coefficients of variation
for the pull-out tests indicates that the largest apparent value is
11.82% (series h97, UNC, 5/16-18, 0.184" thickness). However, further review of this set of 10 individual
tests results indicates that two of the individual pull-out values were an anomaly (very low, relative to the
rest of this set's data). A likely explanation is that a plate consisting of a different alloy-temper was
inadvertently mixed in with the other test plates for that set. With the remaining eight tests, the value of
is 7.50%. For this reduced set of tests, y = 8, and therefore K = 4.353. Thus, for
:

(22.10)

Given the preceding comments, the largest
is then 11.44% (series h97, Spaced Threads, #8-18,

0.0605" thickness). This set has a more uniform distribution of values. It is also more common for

values to be larger for thicknesses less than about 1/8". For this set of tests: y = 10, K = 3.981 and X
A
=
0.5446 X
M
.

Allowable Pull-out Values Based on Measured Mechanical Properties

Next consider a safety factor (
) applied to the predicted (nominal) value of pull-out (
) to determine
an allowable value P
A
where:
. If the safety factor (
) is considered equal to a load factor

(m) divided by a resistance factor (), then
. In other words,

, where T is the
design tension per fastener and
. A safety-factor value of 3.0 is required, for screws

with diameters of 1/4" and smaller, by both the cold-formed steel specification (AISI) and the aluminum
specification (AA). For screws that are 5/16" diameter and larger, this TIR uses
= 2.5, which equals or

exceeds values used in the various material specifications that were reviewed. Refer to Section 6.0 for
discussion.

As given in ASCE 7, consider m = 1.6 for live load. Thus, for
.
Note that 0.533 is less than 0.5446, which equals
, for the largest
(#8 ST screws, ,
series h97). For
, . Note that 0.640 is less than 0.6735, which is the value

of
for 5/16" diameter screws (UNC, , series h97).

Therefore, if the "lower bound" variable
for
of 3.0 (and
for
of
2.5), and if the nominal value
, then 99% or more of the population of fasteners are expected to

be capable of resisting a factored tension force equal to 1.6 times the allowable tension force. This
performance level is based on a particular fastener type and diameter, a given base thickness, and a
range of local mechanical properties (tensile yield and tensile ultimate) similar to that in the corresponding
set of tests.

The few cases which had predicted values (
) greater than average tests values (
) were at most
4.00% more than the corresponding
. For those tests, the maximum
was 8.14% (series k89, Spaced

Threads, #8-18, 0.088" thick). The resulting values of
are at least 0.6759, which substantially

exceeds ( = 0.533), which is the minimum desired value of
for fasteners less than or equal to

1/4" diameter. In this case,
is large enough to compensate for
because
, which exceeds 0.533.

Design Values Based on Minimum Mechanical Properties

Note that to establish design values of allowable pull-out, the specified (or expected) minimum values of
yield and tensile strength would be used. These values are generally significantly less than the
corresponding average values. This means that about 99% of the local (aluminum near the fastener)
yield and tensile strengths, with a 95% confidence level, are expected to equal or exceed the minimum
values. Thus, the use of a design safety factor (
) is expected to result in an actual safety factor (for

pull-out) which is significantly greater than
, for the average piece of aluminum with a screw that is

installed in a tapped hole and loaded in tension.
References

1. ASTM volume 02.02, Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, in the article "Statistical Aspects of
Mechanical Property Assurance" by W.P. Goepfert. Values for K are taken from Juran's Quality
Control Handbook, edited by Juran, J.M., 4
th
ed., published by McGraw-Hill, and are one-sided
factors for 99% exceeding with a confidence of 95%. (See also Aluminum Design Manual, Part II
[Commentary], Section A.3.2 for a discussion).

2. Miller and Freund's Probability and Statistics for Engineers, 5
th
ed., R. A. Johnson, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994

3. Specification for Aluminum Structures, (Appendix 1: Testing), The Aluminum Association, 2010

4. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-10, American Society of Civil
Engineers
FIGURE 22.1


Notes:
* Force units: Based on

equal to ten, for relative scale, for yield region 1.
For strength region 3, assumed (Fu/Fy) = 22/16 = 1.375, TSA(I) = 0.017 in2/thread. and
N = 24thread/in. to get ratio of thread shr. values to base yield values.

Plot pertains to aluminum bases and steel fasteners.

RELATIVE PLOT OF PULLOUT vs. BASE THICKNESS FOR SPACED THREADED FASTENERS

FIGURE. 22.2

Notes:
* Force units: Based on

equal to ten, for relative scale, for yield region 1.
For strength region 3, assumed (Fu/Fy) = 22/16 = 1.375 for this plot.

Plot pertains to aluminum bases, and steel fasteners.

TABLE 22.1 (UNC)

NOTES:
1. Each table lists allowable pull-out (internal threads) values.
= 3.0 for D 0.25";
= 2.5 for D 0.3125". Faseer allowable sregh

(basic tension and external threads) needs to be checked separately.
2. For pilot pilot hole sizes refer to tables 21.1 to 21.7
3. Fastener pullout not shown for aluminum thickness less than approximately 2 threads, unless tested at a lesser thickness.
4. Multiple fastener connections and embrittlement need to be checked separately.
#8-32 0.1640 0.010270 57 68 90 105 140 184 229 316 395 474
#10-24 0.1900 0.016864 66 79 104 122 162 219 277 389 486 584
#12-24 0.2160 0.019273 75 90 118 139 185 249 316 445 555 668
1/4-20 0.2500 0.027234 86 104 137 161 214 291 370 524 654 786
5/16-18 0.3125 0.037983 -- -- -- 241 320 437 557 789 985 1184
3/8-16 0.3750 0.051581 -- -- -- -- 384 525 671 953 1189 1429
7/16-14 0.4375 0.070205 -- -- -- -- -- 619 794 1135 1416 1702
1/2-13 0.5000 0.086405 -- -- -- -- -- 707 908 1297 1619 1946
3003-H14
20000 psi Shading indicates transition region.
17000 psi
0.375
3003-H14
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
TSA(I)
Internal
Thread
Stripping
Area Sq.
In./Threa
d
Aluminum Thickness (Inches)
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312
Allowable Pullout (Pounds)
F
U
(Tensile Ultimate Strength)
F
Y
(Tensile Yield Strength)

TABLE 22.2 (UNC)

NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

2. For pilot hole sizes refer to tables 21.1 to 21.7

#8-32 0.1640 0.010270 50 60 79 93 124 171 221 316 395 474
#10-24 0.1900 0.016864 58 69 92 108 143 204 267 389 486 584
#12-24 0.2160 0.019273 66 79 104 122 163 233 305 445 555 668
1/4-20 0.2500 0.027234 76 91 121 142 188 272 358 524 654 786
5/16-18 0.3125 0.037983 -- -- -- 213 283 408 538 789 985 1184
3/8-16 0.3750 0.051581 -- -- -- -- 339 491 649 953 1189 1429
7/16-14 0.4375 0.070205 -- -- -- -- -- 579 768 1135 1416 1702
1/2-13 0.5000 0.086405 -- -- -- -- -- 662 878 1297 1619 1946
5005-H34
15000 psi
0.375
5005-H34
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
TSA(I)
Internal
Thread
Stripping
Area Sq.
In./Threa
d
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312
F
U
F
Y

TABLE 22.3 (UNC)

NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";


#8-32 0.1640 0.010270 117 140 185 217 288 366 446 601 750 901
#10-24 0.1900 0.016864 135 162 214 251 334 435 539 740 923 1110
#12-24 0.2160 0.019273 154 184 243 286 380 495 615 846 1055 1268
1/4-20 0.2500 0.027234 178 213 281 331 440 578 720 996 1243 1494
5/16-18 0.3125 0.037983 -- -- -- 496 660 868 1083 1500 1872 2250
3/8-16 0.3750 0.051581 -- -- -- -- 792 1044 1305 1811 2260 2716
7/16-14 0.4375 0.070205 -- -- -- -- -- 1229 1545 2156 2691 3235
1/2-13 0.5000 0.086405 -- -- -- -- -- 1405 1766 2464 3076 3697
6061-T6
35000 psi
F
U
F
Y
0.375
6061-T6
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
TSA(I)
Internal
Thread
Stripping
Area Sq.
In./Threa
d
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312

TABLE 22.4 (UNC)

NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

#8-32 0.1640 0.010270 53 64 84 99 132 185 241 348 434 522
#10-24 0.1900 0.016864 62 74 98 115 153 221 292 428 535 643
#12-24 0.2160 0.019273 70 84 111 131 174 252 333 490 611 734
1/4-20 0.2500 0.027234 81 98 129 151 201 294 390 577 719 865
5/16-18 0.3125 0.037983 -- -- -- 227 302 442 587 868 1084 1303
3/8-16 0.3750 0.051581 -- -- -- -- 362 532 708 1048 1308 1572
7/16-14 0.4375 0.070205 -- -- -- -- -- 627 839 1248 1558 1873
1/2-13 0.5000 0.086405 -- -- -- -- -- 717 958 1427 1781 2140
6063-T5
16000 psi
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
F
U
F
Y
TSA(I)
Internal
Thread
Stripping
Area Sq.
In./Thread
0.375
6063-T5
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch

TABLE 22.5 (UNC)

NOTES:
1. Each table lists allowable pull-ou (ieral hreads) values. SF = 3.0 for D 0.25"; SF = 2.5 for D 0.3125". Faseer allowable sregh
#8-32 0.1640 0.010270 83 100 132 155 206 273 341 474 592 712
#10-24 0.1900 0.016864 96 116 153 180 239 324 413 584 729 876
#12-24 0.2160 0.019273 110 132 174 204 271 370 471 668 833 1001
1/4-20 0.2500 0.027234 127 152 201 236 314 431 552 786 981 1179
5/16-18 0.3125 0.037983 -- -- -- 354 471 648 831 1184 1478 1776
3/8-16 0.3750 0.051581 -- -- -- -- 565 780 1001 1429 1784 2144
7/16-14 0.4375 0.070205 -- -- -- -- -- 918 1185 1702 2125 2554
1/2-13 0.5000 0.086405 -- -- -- -- -- 1049 1354 1946 2428 2918
6063-T6
25000 psi
F
U
F
Y
0.375
6063-T6
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
TSA(I)
Internal
Thread
Stripping
Area Sq.
In./Thread
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312

TABLE 22.6 (UNC)

NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

#8-32 0.1640 0.010270 117 140 185 217 288 366 446 601 750 901
#10-24 0.1900 0.016864 135 162 214 251 334 435 539 740 923 1110
#12-24 0.2160 0.019273 154 184 243 286 380 495 615 846 1055 1268
1/4-20 0.2500 0.027234 178 213 281 331 440 578 720 996 1243 1494
5/16-18 0.3125 0.037983 -- -- -- 496 660 868 1083 1500 1872 2250
3/8-16 0.3750 0.051581 -- -- -- -- 792 1044 1305 1811 2260 2716
7/16-14 0.4375 0.070205 -- -- -- -- -- 1229 1545 2156 2691 3235
1/2-13 0.5000 0.086405 -- -- -- -- -- 1405 1766 2464 3076 3697
35000 psi
F
U
F
Y
6105-T5, 6005-T5
0.375
6105-T6, 6005-T5
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
TSA(I)
Internal
Thread
Stripping
Area Sq.
In./Threa
d
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312

TABLE 22.7 (Spaced Threads)

NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

#8-18 0.1640 36 57 68 90 105 159 234 313 446 557 669
#10-16 0.1900 42 66 79 104 122 162 250 341 517 645 775
#12-14 0.2160 -- 75 90 118 139 185 253 356 556 733 882
1/4-14 0.2500 -- 86 104 137 161 214 293 413 644 849 1020
5/16-12 0.3125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 547 894 1241 1530
3/8-12 0.3750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 656 1073 1489 1836
3003-H14
17000 psi
F
U
F
Y
3003-H14
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094
0.038 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375

NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

#8-18 0.1640 32 50 60 79 93 146 226 308 446 557 669
#10-16 0.1900 37 58 69 92 108 143 236 332 517 645 775
#12-14 0.2160 -- 66 79 104 122 163 231 340 550 733 882
1/4-14 0.2500 -- 76 91 121 142 188 267 393 637 849 1020
5/16-12 0.3125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 503 869 1234 1530
3/8-12 0.3750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 603 1042 1481 1836
5005-H34
15000 psi
F
U
F
Y
0.375
5005-H34
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
0.038 0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312


NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";


#8-18 0.1640 74 117 140 185 217 319 457 600 848 1058 1272
#10-16 0.1900 86 135 162 214 251 334 495 661 982 1226 1473
#12-14 0.2160 -- 154 184 243 286 380 512 700 1066 1393 1675
1/4-14 0.2500 -- 178 213 281 331 440 592 810 1233 1613 1938
5/16-12 0.3125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1098 1732 2366 2908
3/8-12 0.3750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1317 2079 2840 3489
6061-T6
35000 psi
F
U
F
Y
0.375
6061-T6
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
0.038 0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312


NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

#8-18 0.1640 34 53 64 84 99 157 246 338 491 613 736
#10-16 0.1900 39 62 74 98 115 153 256 362 569 710 853
#12-14 0.2160 -- 70 84 111 131 174 248 369 604 807 970
1/4-14 0.2500 -- 81 98 129 151 201 287 427 699 934 1122
5/16-12 0.3125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 542 949 1356 1683
3/8-12 0.3750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 651 1139 1628 2020
6063-T5
16000 psi
F
U
F
Y
0.375
6063-T5
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
0.038 0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312


NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";


#8-18 0.1640 53 83 100 132 155 235 350 468 669 835 1004
#10-16 0.1900 61 96 116 153 180 239 372 509 775 968 1163
#12-14 0.2160 -- 110 132 174 204 271 374 530 833 1100 1322
1/4-14 0.2500 -- 127 152 201 236 314 433 614 964 1273 1530
5/16-12 0.3125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 809 1334 1860 2296
3/8-12 0.3750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 971 1601 2232 2755
6063-T6
25000 psi
F
U
F
Y
0.375
6063-T6
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
0.038 0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312


NOTES:
= 3.0 for D 0.25";

#8-18 0.1640 74 117 140 185 217 319 457 600 848 1058 1272
#10-16 0.1900 86 135 162 214 251 334 495 661 982 1226 1473
#12-14 0.2160 -- 154 184 243 286 380 512 700 1066 1393 1675
1/4-14 0.2500 -- 178 213 281 331 440 592 810 1233 1613 1938
5/16-12 0.3125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1098 1732 2366 2908
3/8-12 0.3750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1317 2079 2840 3489
35000 psi
6105-T5, 6005-T5
F
U
F
Y
0.375
6105-T5, 6005-T5
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
& Thread
Per Inch
D
Nominal
Thread
Diameter
(Inch)
0.038 0.060 0.072 0.080 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312

23.0 FASTENER SELECTION EXAMPLES

Note: Examples are provided in IP units only since Tables do not include metric fasteners.

EXAMPLE 1

Anchorage components shown in the figure below must resist 600 lbs wind load, acting inwardly or
outwardly, applied horizontally along the edge of the 6 in long, 1/4 in thick extruded 6063-T6 aluminum Z-
shape. Using two bolts spaced 2 in apart, 2 in from the ends of the shape, select a suitable fastener of
SAE Grade 2 carbon steel from Table 20.2, which covers loads for this grade of steel.

1/4" A36 STEEL
PLAN VIEW
Pwl = 600 lbs.
1/4" x 1 - 1/8" x 1 - 1/8" x 1 - 1/8"
ALUMINUM "Z". 6063-T6. 6" LONG
Figure 7: Fastener Selection - Example 1
1.125"
0.625"
1.125"
0.5"

FIGURE 23.1: Fastener Selection Example 1

Referring to Table 20.2, as a first try, select a fastener which can meet one-half of the actual 600 lb shear
load (V). A
fastener provides a 398 lb allowable single shear load
and a 785 lb allowable

tension load (
). The single shear load is adequate. Now check the actual tension load (T).

= 1.0 in this example. is a factor which approximates the increase of stresses in the fastener due to
deformations (elastic and/or plastic) in attached materials. Commonly, the range is used
based on the engineer's judgment.

COMMENT: If in this example the attachment was made to wood, then = 0.67 might be more
appropriate and such analysis would require reassessment of fastener size.

The tension load is adequate, but it is now necessary to check the adequacy of the fastener to resist the
combined tension and shear loads. The Combined Stress Ratio (CSR) is calculated using the interaction
equation 7.6 on from Section 7.0.

This is greater than 1.0 and, therefore, not adequate. Try the next larger size bolt, 5/16 - 18. From Table
20.2 we find allowable tension, T
A
= 1,552, allowable shear V
A
= 801 lbs., and nominal diameter, d =
0.3125".

This is less than 1.0 and is, therefore, adequate. Note, however, that there is minimal clearance between
the bolt head (or washer) and web of Z.

Inasmuch as this connection is made with two bolts, washers and nuts, there is no need to check the pull-
out resistance.

Minimum distance between bolt centers is 2.5 times the nominal diameter, d for aluminum; 3 times the
nominal diameter is preferred for steel. For the 5/16-18 bolt, 2.5d = 2.5(.3125) = 0.781 in; 3d = .938 in.
Bolts in this example are spaced 2 in apart, which is satisfactory. Refer to Section 8 for information on
minimum spacing and minimum edge distance for both steel and aluminum.

Minimum edge distance for aluminum; 1.5d = 1.5(0.3125) = 0.69 in. For hole 1/32 larger than bolt,
actual distance is 0.484 in , which is adequate. Note that an edge distance of 2d is
needed for full allowable bearing.

Finally, the bearing loads (Section 8.0) on both the steel and aluminum components must be checked.

Based on Table 20.2:
Allowable bearing for 5/16 fastener in A36 steel:

Allowable bearing for 5/16 Fastener in 6063-T6 aluminum:

More accurately:

The allowable bearing for both the steel and aluminum components is much greater than the required 600
pounds.

SUMMARY FOR (2) SAE GRADE 2, 5/16-18 BOLTS
DESCRIPTION ALLOWABLE lbs ACTUAL lbs REMARKS
Tension Load
Single Shear Load
Allowable Bearing, Steel
Allowable Bearing, Aluminum
Pullout Resistance (t
M
)
3,104
1,602
8,156
2,343
---
1,350
600
600
600
---
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Not Applicable
Combined Stress Ratio (CSR)
Distance Between Bolts, Aluminum
Edge Distance
1.0
0.781 in min.
0.469 in min.
0.329
2.000 in
0.484 in
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Table 23.1

Alternates:

Try -20 (Gr. 5):
and
,
, OK

Try #12-24 (Gr. 5):
and
,
, OK
The #12 fastener is the most efficient choice and provides the most clearance.

EXAMPLE 2

Anchorage components shown in the figure below must resist a horizontal wind load (
) of 2,400 lbs,
acting either inward or outward, and a dead load (
) of 1,200 lbs. To resist these loads, select suitable

bolts from Table 20.9 that are made of stainless steel (alloy groups 1, 2 and 3; condition CW). Check the
mullion through-bolts for shear and the mullion for bolt bearing. Bending in the through bolts will be
neglected in this example because the 1/32" thickness of the spacers is less than half of the bolts'
effective diameter at the threads. The anchor-to-structure bolts (used as screws installed in tapped
holes) will be evaluated for shear, tension and bearing loads.


FIGURE 23.2: Fastener Selection Example 2

1) CHECK THE BOLTS CONNECTING THE MULLION TO THE ANCHOR

A) Find the resultant shear at each shear plane of the through bolts.

Total resultant shear load:

Number of Shear Planes =
At Each Shear Plane:
lbs per shear plane

B) Choose diameter of the bolts.

From Table 20.9, the 1/8" thick wall of the 6063-T5 aluminum mullion has an allowable bearing load of
688 lbs at a 3/8-16 bolt. This exceeds the design load of 671 lbs. For shear, the bolt has an allowable
single-shear load equal to 1,614 lbs, which exceeds the 671 lbs design shear load.

From the same table, the allowable bearing for 1/8" A36 steel is 2,447 lbs. For the 1/4" thick A36 steel
plates, the allowable bearing load is thus per shear plane. This is
conservative (see Section ).

C) Check the edge distance (center to edge) and spacing (center to center).

Referring to Section 8.0 (comments after Eq. 8.2), pertaining to the allowable bearing values in the tables,
the edge distance (e) in the wind load direction for a bolt bearing on steel ( ) must not be less
than 1.8 d, which is . This is less than 1" provided and so is satisfactory. In the
dead load direction, the minimum edge distance is also , which is less than 1" provided
(okay). From Section 8.0 (comments preceding Table 8.1), the preferred minimum bolt spacing for steel
( ) is 3 d, which is provided, which is adequate.

Referring to Section 8.0, the minimum bolt spacing for aluminum is 2.5 d, which equals
. This is less than the 2" spacing provided and thus is satisfactory.

SUMMARY: (2) 3/8-16 BOLTS [STAINLESS STEEL: ALLOY GROUPS 1, 2 & 3; CONDITION CW]
Description Allowable Actual Remark
Tension Load
Single Shear Load
Bearing on Steel
Bearing on Aluminum
Pull-out
---

---
---
2,683 lbs
2,683 lbs
2,683 lbs
---
Not Applicable
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Not Applicable
Combined Stress Ratio
Bolt Spacing (c/c): Steel
Bolt Spacing (c/c): Aluminum
Edge Distance: Vertical
Edge Distance: Horizontal
---
1.125" min.
0.938" min.
0.675" min.
0.675" min.
---
2"
2"
1"
1"
Not Applicable
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Table 23.2

2) CHECK THE BOLTS CONNECTING THE ANCHOR TO THE STRUCTURE


A) Determine the forces in each bolt, due to dead load and wind load. Refer to Figure 23.2 for this
example.

; (Shear due to dead load)

; (Tension due to outward wind load)

Use a factor () to account for the centroid location of the compression reaction, due to eccentricity of the
dead load, below the bolts. Assume a rectangular strip for the compression zone whose bottom edge is
approximately flush with the anchor's bottom edge. To limit the contact stress and allow for flatness
tolerances, use . Depending on the connected materials and engineering judgment, may
range from 0.67 (e.g., a triangular stress distribution) to slightly less than 1. Thus the tension due to the
eccentric dead load can be determined as follows:

The total tension force in each bolt is:

The total tension force for two bolts is:

NOTE: In this example, due to the bending strength of the 3/4" thick anchor plate, there is no prying to
cause added tension in the bolts. See the calculation procedure in the AISC Manual (14th ed., pages 9-
10 and 9-11), for angle-like connecting elements.

B) Select the diameter of the bolts.

Referring to Table 20.9, a 1/2-13 bolt has an allowable single shear of 2,984 lbs (exceeds 600 lbs per bolt
and so is satisfactory) and an allowable tension of 5,676 lbs (greater than 2,779 lbs per bolt and thus
okay). Because shear and tension act on each bolt simultaneously, it is necessary to check the
combined stress ratio (CSR). This interaction may be calculated using Eq. 7.6 (last equation in Section
7.0)

This is less than 1.0 and is thus adequate. Using Table 20.9, the bearing and pull-out allowable values
can also be checked. For 1/8" thick A36 steel, this bolt (1/2-13) has an allowable bearing load of 3,263
lbs. For 1/2" thick A36 steel, the allowable bearing is . This exceeds

600 lbs per bolt and is acceptable. The allowable value is conservative (see Section 8.0 for ).
Table 20.9 also lists allowable tension values for fasteners installed in tapped holes in 3/8" thick steel,
which is less than the 1/2" thickness provided. For this bolt, the allowable pull-out is 5,642 lbs, which
exceeds 2,779 lbs and is adequate.

C) Check the edge distance (center to edge) and spacing (center to center)

Referring to Section 8.0 (comments after Eq. 8.2), the edge distance (e) in the dead load direction for a
bolt must not be less than 1.8 d: provided, which is satisfactory. Based on Table
8.1, the minimum edge distance (e
M
), from the hole center to the edge that is parallel to the load, must be
at least 3/4". This is less than the 1" dimension provided and is adequate.

Referring to the comments prior to Table 8.1, the preferred minimum bolt spacing for steel is 3 d:
. This is less than 6.0625" provided, which is adequate.

SUMMARY: (2) 1/2-13 BOLTS [STAINLESS STEEL: ALLOY GROUPS 1, 2 & 3; CONDITION CW]
Description Allowable Actual Remark
Tension Load
Single Shear Load
Bearing on Steel
Bearing on Aluminum
Pull-out

---

5,558 lbs
1,200 lbs
1,200 lbs
---
5,558
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Not Applicable
Adequate
Combined Stress Ratio
Bolt Spacing (c/c): Steel
Edge Distance: Vertical
Edge Distance: Horizontal

1.50" min.
0.90" min.
0.75" min.
0.280
2"
2"
1"
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Table 23.3

Clearly, the 1/2-13 bolts are conservative for this example. An additional iteration of design would find
that certain smaller fasteners (i.e., 7/16-14 and 3/8-16) are also adequate, but loaded much closer to their
allowable values.

24.0 APPENDIX (Screw Engagement in Screw Chase; Sliding Friction in Screw Chase; Thread Root
Area)

DERIVATION OF EQUATION FOR DETERMINING SCREW ENGAGEMENT IN SCREW CHASE (per
thread)


FIGURE 24.1 FIGURE 24.2
= Angle defining limits of screw engagement, in screw chase, (degrees)
= Total area of screw thread engagement in screw chase for one thread, (sq in.)
= Projected thread area of fastener =
,
= Major radius of screw thread/in, =
, (in.)
= Minor radius of screw thread/in, (in.)
= Ratio of engaged thread area to total thread area in screw chase =

= Length of engagement, (in.)

Referring to Figure 24.1 we find the area of the screw thread engagement, (
) to be:
(24.1)

But,
(24.2, 24.3)

Substituting these into the first equation:

(24.4)

Then, by trigonometric identity,

(24.5)

Thus,
(24.6, 24.7)

Again, referring to Figure 1, fastener thread area A
th
is

(24.8)


Ratio of engaged thread area to total thread area then becomes:

(24.9, 24.10)

But,

(24.11)

So that,

(24.12)

Then:

(24.13)

DERIVATION OF EQUATION FOR DETERMINING SLIDING FRICTION IN SCREW CHASE

Equation (24.14) below, considering friction for screws with V-threads in threaded round holes, is taken
from Chapter 3 of Mark's Mechanical Engineers' Handbook.

(24.14)

From (24.14) we can derive the equation for lateral resistance to sliding of a screw in a screw chase
where:


FIGURE 24.2

= the angle between the faces of a thread, (degrees)
= Tensile force exerted by tightening screw, in screw chase (lb.)
= Coefficient of friction. For mild steel on aluminum, .
= Pitch of screw, = Pitch, (in.)
= Major radius of screw thread, (in.)
= Minor radius of screw thread, (in.)
= Ratio of area of screw thread engagement in screw chase from Equation 24.13.
= mean radius of screw thread, (in.) =

= Ultimate lateral frictional resistance to sliding of a screw in a screw chase parallel to

walls (length) of chase, (lb.). Shear factor for determining resistance of screw in screw chase
parallel to walls (length) of chase, (lb.).

Referring to Figure 24.2 we find:

(24.14)

But,

(24.15)

So that,

(24.16)

Thus,

(24.17)

Also,
(24.18)

Substituting (24.17) and (24.18) into (24.14) we get:

(24.19)

(24.20)

(24.21)


FIGURE 24.3 FIGURE 24.4

The ultimate lateral frictional resistance as given by Equation 24.21 is used to determine the shear
strength of a screw in a screw chase when loaded parallel to the walls (length) of the screw chase.
Equation 24.21 is expressed in terms of the torque; the major, mean and minor radii of the screw; the
pitch of the screw; and the coefficient of friction between the fastener metal and the aluminum extrusion.
To determine an allowable design value, divide
by a suitable safety factor. A safety factor of 2.34 is

recommended.

DERIVATION OF EQUATION FOR THREAD ROOT AREA, A(R)

25.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION (AA)

"Aluminum Design Manual, Part 1, Chapter J - Specification for Aluminum Structures", 2010


AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC)

"Steel Construction Manual," Fourteenth Edition

AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE (AISI)

North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, 2007

Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual - 2008

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

ANSI/ASME B1.1-2003, Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Forms)

ANSI/ASME B18.2.6-2006, Fasteners for Use in Structural Applications

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM A143/A143M-07, Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized
Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement

ASTM A153/A153M-09 Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware

ASTM A 307-12, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60000 PSI
Tensile Strength

ASTM A325-10e1 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum
Tensile Strength

ASTM A449-10 Standard Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated,
120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength, General Use

ASTM A490-12 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum
Tensile Strength

ASTM A563-07a Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts


ASTM B201-80(2009)e1 Standard Practice for Testing Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium
Surfaces

ASTM B456-11e1 Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus
Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium

ASTM B633-13 Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel

ASTM B695-04(2009) Standard Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and
Steel

ASTM B696-00(2009) Standard Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically Deposited

ASTM B766-86(2008) Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium

ASTM F 1941-10, Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on Threaded Fasteners (Unified
Inch Screw Threads (UN/UNR))

ASTM F593-13 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs

ASTM F594-09e1 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Nuts

ASTM F606-11a Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and
Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE)

ASCE/SEI 7-10, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures", 2010

ASCE/SEI 8-02, "Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members", 2002

INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS INSTITUTE (IFI)

"Inch Fastener Standards," Eighth Edition

Metric Fastener Standards, Third Edition


INDUSTRIAL PRESS, INC.

"Machinery's Handbook", 27
th
Edition

MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY

"Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers" Eleventh Edition

SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE)

J429-201304, Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners.

J2295-200605, Fastener Part Standard Cap Screws, Hex Bolts and Hex Nuts (Inch Dimensioned)

J78-201304, Steel Self-Drilling Tapping Screws.

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Task Group Approval Product Group Approval

Out for Ballot (#631-13) Out for Ballot (674-13)

= Thread root area of fastener, (sq. in)

= Tensile stress area of fastener, (sq. in)

= Projected thread area of fastener =

= m/. Load factors are given in the governing

equal to 2.5. Hence

equal to 2.5. This

= 2.34 for aluminum bolts. For implicit safety factors,

range from 1.92 for 0.5" diameter (A490,

. This is equal to about 0.577

is the minimum tensile strength of the

values for the bolts in the AISC specification

that would equal or exceed all of the "true" values.

, the equations, in Section 10.0, provide the minimum thickness

must equal or exceed

. The greater value of

for bolt bearing

, the value of C is less than 3, and can be as

) is limited by edge distance (e) from center of a standard hole

based on the projected

(in the force direction, between edge of hole and edge of

than for connections where

must not be less than 2.0d. If

to be at least 2d between adjacent holes, a bolt spacing of at least ( ) is

in the following table.

for standard round holes is given in

) less than 2d, but , the allowable bearing load is:

) is less than 2d, but then the allowable bearing is:

for tilting is:

, tilting may govern (calculation is needed), but the specification addresses

equals the sum of 0.5d and

for the welded aluminum part.

respectively), the length of engagement (

). Refer to Table 20.1 for dimensional information

equals 3.0. For ,

is the shear ultimate strength for aluminum. Values of

for various alloy-tempers are given in Table A.3.4 of

is the tensile ultimate.

equal to 2.5, ultimate strength generally governs the

ratio of the aluminum alloy-temper.

) for a UNC fastener, where

is the tensile stress area, is given by the

is the root area, the basic allowable tension strength (

, based on the UNC or spaced-thread fastener's external-thread stripping strength (for

equal to the fastener's basic allowable tension

) of tapped material that is needed to develop

must equal or exceed

. The greater value of

governs for external-thread strength.

). In the following equations,

. The equations are:

, are given below:

) of aluminum needed to develop a

). For spaced-thread fasteners, the set of equations is considered to

. See UNC equations for

, are given below. See UNC equations for

are the same as the UNC fastener of the same

, and use n and

for the UNC fastener of the same

), required to develop a fastener's basic allowable tension strength

in order to develop the basic allowable tension

is based on solving the pull-out