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Science lnaestigatory Proiect Suraiaal Guide

Science Investigatory Prolect Survival Guide

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: lntroduction to lnvestlgatory Proiects

What is a Science lP?


Objectives of the tP
The lP Culture in the Philippines

Elements of an lP
You and Your Research Adviser
Why Should I Do this, Anyway?

Chapter 2: Coming Up With an lP Topic


What is an lP Topic?
What are my interests?
What are my skills?
Can I finish it on time?
Can I afford the materials for it?
Will my findings be beneficial?
Any ldeas?
A Sunnmary of the Topic Proposal Process
Just a Reminder
Chapter 3: The lP Research Paper
General Formatting
Pagination and Paragraphing
Units of Measurement
Tone of Writing

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Parts of the IPRP

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Auxiliary Pages
Sample Title Page
Sample Table of Contents
Chapter l: lntroduction
Formatting Your RRL and ln-Text Citation

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RRL and lnternet Sources


Chapter ll: Methodology
Chapter lll: Results and Discussion
Chapter lV: Conclusion and Recommendations
Plagiarism lssues ;
Bibliography
Appendices

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Onpter 4: Experimentation
The lnquiry Cycle or the Scientific Method
The Hypothesis and the Nature of Experiments

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Table of Contents

Establishing Experimental Validity and Reliability


Setups in an Experiment
Engineering Projects and the Like
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

Documentation
Chapter 5: Data Gathering Analysis and Conclusion
Measuring Devices and Units
Organizing Collected Data by
Pictures
Tables

Graphs
Relationship between Variables
Using Tables to Determine the Relationship between Variables
Manually Drawing the Best-Fit Line
Graphing Using the Computer
Using a Computer to Draw the Best-Fit Line
Direct Proportion Graphs and Linear Equations
"Linearizing" other Graphs
The lmportance of the Slope
Measures of Central Tendency
Percent Error
Conclusions which End
Chapter 6: Presentation of Results
Pointers for the Oral Defense
Preparing Slide Shows
Criteria for Grading
Project Displays
General Guidelines
Free-standing Poster
Table-top Project Display Board

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Appendices
Proposed lP Topic for Our Group
Request for Borrowing Laboratory Equipment
Sample lP

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Sciate Inoatigatory Prciect Suwioal Guidc

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chapter 1

Introduction to Investigatory Projects


Abert Einstein, a physicist, once said,'lmaginotlon

is

noreimwtuntdron knwledga'But

how do you confirm whether what you have thought is correct or not? The progress of humans in

terms of acquisition of qrqw knonledge and technology is brorght about by the inrrcstigation of
Now is vour turn to deal with vour personal ounknowns" with resard.to the

ililH;"

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Chaptq

1.:

Introiluction to Intnstigatory Projects

What is a Science Investigatory Proiect?


A science investigatory project (some call it rnvestigotive projectl, or lP, is like any other
research work. Research deals with trying to discover new information, validate previous findings or

eltend them, or find a link between or among different phenomena. Simply put, research can be
taken as "searching again." You can think of many instances in your life where you have done
research, although not as technical as an lP.

An lP is basically for high school students. Research works in advanced or specialized studies

are called differently. Your teacher might ask you to come up with a research for English, or for
Math, and this will be referred to with a different name. Aside from that, the lP is also different from

other research works in terms of its objectives. Advanced research works could deal with abstract
scientific concepts. The lP, however, cannot. As much as possible, an lP should:

apply scientific principles that were learned, or will be learned in the classroom or in
consultation;
original and not a copy of any previous study;
be a result of an on-going study or a parallel scientific research;

have social (commu nity) a nd economic (liveli hood) signifi cance;

contribute to the advancement of science and technology; and,


provide new knowledge (optional).

Thus, an lP should be scientific (uses the seientific method), original (extends previous
studies or presents new ideas) and beneficial

to the community. Think of these when you start

planning your lP.

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There are lPs that inform or demonstrate science principles. These lPs, in so far as research

is concerned, should be .avoided. lPs that are rich in data followed by analysis are the more
preferred ones.

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Science Inaestigatory Proiect Surviaal Guide

Obiectives of the IP
The lP is integrated in the science curriculum,rto complementthe latter, not supplement it.
Aside from th.at, the lP aims to:

provide an avenue for you to apply science concepts that you learned in the classroom

to solve research questions that you formulate. Several science concepts that are taught
or will be taught to you in the classroom or in consultation periods are necessary for you

to successfully complete an lP;

assist your sociological knowledge construction and social skills development by


allowing you to work with a specific group for the entire school year. The grouping could
be set by the teacher, but

it

is suggested that you determine your groupmates. ln the

second option, the teacher just sets the minimum and maximum number of students in
a group;

serve as an alternative method of assessing student performance. Your teacher will


require you to submit an lP paper that shall be used to grade you; and,

initiate a culture cf research and science by allowing you, at the very least, practice
science-related skills like hypothesizing, data gathering, experimenting, analyzing and

concluding based on gathered information. Your teacher will not require you to come

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topic and approved by your science teacher or research adviser, as long as you propose

up with a highly-technical or advanced-level lF. Your group may come up with any

lP

it and it is attainable glven your capacities and the time allotted.

The IP Culture in the Philippines


Many private and public high schools in the Philippines encourage their students,o

.o*"

uO

with an lP. Every year, vbrious science fairs around the country showcase the best lPs.

The most prestigious science fair in the country is the lntel Philippine Science Fair
organized by the Department of Science and Technology

(IPSF),

Science Education lnstitute {DOST-SEI}

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Chupter L: lntroduction to Inaestigatary Proiects

and the Department

of Education. This science fair is sponsored by lntei Philippines Manufacturing,

lnc., a company which specializes on integrated circuits that are used in computers. IPSF stems from

division competitions, and advances to regional, up to national level. Winners in the national level
are sent to the lntel lnternational Science and Engineering Fair {lntel ISEF} which is held abroad. lntel
ISEF winners

take home cash prizes and college scholarships, among others. Since 2003, the

Philippines has sent 31 entries, in which some won awards as well. lt is your chance to join the rest

of Filipino students in cultivating this lP culture.

Elements of an IP
An lP has the following elements:

1)

Guard Book. This is similar to your Laboratory Log Book. Others call this as Project Data
Book. This could be any notebook where you can

jot down experimental data or just

random thoughts about the project. You can also write here the minutes of your group
meetings. Anything that is related

to your lP, even sketches and receipts of bought

materials, should be placed here, However, your Guard Book should be kept clean and
neat. lt will help you a lot in organizint your experiment and even help you identifu the
reasons your project is successful or what could have caused errors.

2l Research Paper. Just like any scientist, you should completely

document your lP from

start to finish. This is the purpose of your group's research paper. Aside from that,
future researches might conduct a study involving your group's work. ln your absence,

'the

research paper will explain everything

research adviser's basis

to them. The research paper is also your

for your progress and giving of grade. The format of your

research paper is almost similar to other research work. Thus, the lP research paper will
indeed prepare you for future research like college thesis.

3)

Oral Defense. Science is also defined as a field of study where a collective set of experls

critically determines the veracity of the discovered knowledge (peer review). The oral
defense is an example of this. ln the oral defense, you present your work to a panel of

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Sciene lnuestigatory Proiect

Surciul Guidc

judges and defend your findings when applicable. The oral defense is a graded task and
a preparation for college thesis defense.
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4)

Erfiibit. Now that your lP has passed careful evaluation, it is worthy to be shown to the
public for dissemination. There is no other greater form of reward for a researcher than

to see other people reading and even using his/her work.

You and Your Research Adviser


Since the lP aims

to develop genuine learning in your part, the entire lP should be designed

by you alone. You research adviser only evaluates whether the design you created is efficient,
effective, and scientifically correct and suggests alternative methods when appropriate. Your lP
topic should also be approved by your research adviser. Topic approval, therefore, is the only direct

involvement of your research adviser. Frorn that point onwards, you should take everything as
suggestions because your research adviser is only there
apprentice

to give advice. lt

is your duty as an

to report oll proceedings of your lP to your research adviser may it be in the class or in

consultation sessions.

As

the proponent of your lP, it is still your call to whether you should consider or take aside

the proposals of your research adviser. Your research advisels intervention should be kept minimal

at all times (else, your adviser's name should appear as one of the authorsl. You always take the
credit, both for a flawed lP or for a successful one.

Why Should I Do This, Anyrway?


ln the first pf".", ,ou should not wonder why. Some of your classmates, or even you,,might
consider this lP as another academic burden. Well, it is

you are not interested in your topic. There

is no guarantee that you will enjoy completing your lF tasks. However, careful planning

eases

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Orytcl

1:

Inffiaction tolnnestigatory Prolects

unwen things out. Conducting an lP which tackles a topic that you are interested in provides you
with internat motivation that willtake you through. lt is quite hard but at the same time, rewarding.
i

Again, as.Einstein said, "lmagination is more important than knowledge." But there is no

dtrer way by which you can test what your imagination

is telling you about

the physical world than

to investigate. The lP gives you a chance to do this.

Just like what you have read, it all starts with a topic that you are interested in. But you have

lots of interests. How will you know which one to choose? Read along; you are about to start
proposing an lP topic.

*iew

hwesfrgtury

Sun1oal Guiile

Chapter 2

Coming up with an IP Topic


Your lP work starts with a topic. Many students experience difficulty in proposing an lP topic

simply because theylhave confined themselves of books and the lPs of other students. Try using'
your imagination instead; start thinking of "Whot

ifs.P

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Chapter 2: Coming up with an IP Topie

What is an IF Topic?
What would you like to research about? This is'your topic. At first, your topic is broad and
encompasses a lot of things. As a researcher, one of the skills that you should develop is narrowing

the topic. Choosing the right topic

is already a way

of ensuring a successful reseaich.

lf your group will start with careful planning, starting with your topic, your group has a very

good foundation for genuine learning, cooperation and social skills development and critical
thinking.

ln the coming pages, you will answer five questions that serve as tips for coming up with an
lP topic. These questions act like funnels which filter out

the rnany options that you have in mind.

This process is particularly irnportant to a group research work. Since there are many of you in a
group, there will be many suggested lP topics as well. Which one will your group choose? Take note

that these tips (questions) are arranged as such because they rnust be answered in this particular
order.

# 1: What are my interests?


An lP is a scientific research but that does not mean that you have to dwell firstly on
concepts found on science books or those that are presented on the internet.

lfyou do so, you are

impeding not only your creativity but also your curiosity. When thinking about a possible topic, you
start on what you have

your interests. Considering your interest is a major factor for motivation.

Along the way, you will encounter many difficulties !n pursuing your research, but

if you are

interested about it, you will finish it no rnatter what.

Now your interests can serve you some problems that you might want to solve. Ttrese
problems are now yourgqses for the lP topic.

Take

for exarnple, the group of

Espee Pagtalunan, Bena Palaganas, Gracel Romero and

Aprille San Miguel (Miriam College High School, 2008). Their lP topic was about ice shapes entitled

"Determining Which lce Shape has the Longest Melting Time." These students enjoyed cold drinks;

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Science Inaestigatory Project Suruiaal Guide

they wanted to find out the ice shape that could last longer due to the fact that ice melts over time.

Although the origin of their research was a day-to-day experience, the research followed

profoundly controlled experiment. This also allowed. them to apply their knowledge of volume,
surface area, thermodynamics, and of course, the scientific.method.

From here, try listing down a maximum of five interests and the problem that they pose.

# 2: What are my skills?


We start from your interests and then you identify problems that these interests create.
From these problems, you create an lP topic, probably more or less the

title of your research.

This

time, you need to identify the necessary skills that you need to solve the problem at hand.

Recognizing your own strengths and weaknesses ltelps a

lot in cufting the cost and time

requirements of your research. lf you fail to see from the start that you cannot perforrn a skill that is
needed

to complete a task in your lP, then you might be pushed to change your lP topic even

though you are already halfway through, thus, wasting your resources altogether.

Let us see how the group of Pauline Lourdes Bueno, Beatriz Christine Clemente, Jana Azalea
David and Constanza lnez de Dios (Miriam College High School, 2008) identified their skills for their

lP entitled "Cheop Soundproofing: Development of a Noise-Reducing, Sound-AbsorbinE Block.'

Because all of the researchers were interested in sound, this research involved

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acoustic physics and wave properties. ln their group, there were some who knew math so they

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the knowledge of

could analyze the wave and there were some who could design so they could construct the modular
block.

Now, it is time for you to assess your skills to solve the problem. Do I know math? Oo t knot

circuit construction? Am l.knowledgeable of heat processes? Can I construct a miniature prototype?


List all the required skills for each problem you have identified and put a check mark on what you
can do. lf one skill is left unchecked, maybe the topic is not for you pursue (although some skills can
be acquired during the execution of the research).

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Chapter 2: Coming up with an lP Topic

# 3: Can I finish it on time?


Time management is a virtue that one should haVe to successfully complete an lP. Sad to
say, most students learn this after the lP is finished, when they have cramrned and come up with a

hastily done experiment and an incomplete set of conclusions.

How much time do you have? Did your teacher allot one entire school year? Do you have
weeks

or months before the

sr.rbmission

of the final paper? Can you execute the experiment,

construct the prototype and/or gather and analyze survey forms given that amount of time?

ln Miriam College High School, an entire school year is allotted for the lP. lt took three
quarters for the group of Erika Castillo, Precious Galicia, Michele Magtoto and Caiel Pajarillo t20o8l

to construct an amplifier enclosed in a guitar body. From second to third quarter, they r'uere busy
soldering parts of the circuits and procuring materials. By the fourth quarter, their product was
ready.

Now, answer the question: how much time do you


need? ldentify time requirements
determine whether these

for each problem and

fit that of the actual time allotted

by your teacher. You might need a separate sheet of paper

create a schedule for your research.

lf it

does not

fit,

to

cross

out that topic. You will not be able to finish it anyway.

# 4: Can I affiord the materials for it?


Among the many resources that an lP requires is, at the msst, money. Some lps do not
actually need a significant amount of money. lf your lF includes experimentation, then you can just
borrow materials from the laboratory. !f it involves plants, you could just ask for seedlings. However,

if it

requires samples

to be sent to a professional laboratory for

analysis or you need

construction materials to make a prototype, the topic should be reconsidered.

1_A

to

buy

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Science Inaestigatory Project Suraiaal Guide

Try alternative sources of materials if you can. lf you can make an improvised tool which
could still serve the purpose of your experiment, then you can cut on costs. Could you use recycled
materials instead?

The group

of

Venica .lose, Krisel Mariano, Daniella

Poblador and Michaela Tanjangco {Miriam College High School,


?008) wanted to find out whether a certain water purification

technique is better over the other techniques. This required


sending sarnples of water to a professional chemistry laboratory

for microbial

analysis {specifically,

to find out the presence of

fecal coliforms). Since they were a group, each of them shared an

amount so that the water samples could be sent to laboratory; the arnount of which might be
impossible to shoulder if the lP is an individual work,

By this time, you should have an idea

of what your lP topic should be. Compute the

potential cost of production of your experiment for

eae

h topic

that you have. Unless you can seek

additional help, do not pursue the lP if it is beyond the amount of what your pocket can shell out.

# 5: Will my findings be beneficial?


What then are the fruits of your research? Will they do something good? Will you gain
anything from it? lf you have recognized that your research is beneficialfor you, identify what these
gains are. These achievements might be useful for mankind as well. ln fact, some lPs are well made

that the results can be patented.

On the next page is a sample matrix which can help you decide on what your lP topic should

be. You may use the blank rnatrix provided for you at the back of your rnanual for your group's
brai nstorming of topics.

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Chryter 2: Cowing up with an

Elecuonics:
Cheaper
fire sensor

organic
enclosures

with

Teaching:

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1..

2.

Circuit construction
Electronic devices

tor Our 6roup

2 months

1800 pesos

A cheaper fire
sensor which
could be
produced

commercially

Topic

Proposed lP Topics

Sound:
Speakers

tp

internet-based
resources

Mirrors:

Construction of
a solar oven

1.
2.
3.

Circuitconstruction
Acoustics
Acoustic laboratory

L. A little of

3 months

5000+ pesos

Reduction of
nonbiodegradable
wastes

Shared
I-ITML

programming

month

500 pesos

quality

resources with

other

teachers

andlar students

1. Optics
2. Thermodynamics
3. Concave mirror

5 months

5@tlr pesos

lf you were a member of this group, which topic would you

Higher

energy

savings

choose? Again, think

of the

questions we have just discussed. You might be interested in electronics, but do you know how to

onstruct a circuit? Maybe you have the rnoney to spend for speaker enclosures, but do you know
anything about acoustics?

However, there is still a question which can send you back

to the starting line. lt is a

question frorn your adviser: "ls this original?" Your teacher knows a lot of things about previous lPs,
so never attempt to just copy the work of others. The question of originality is not included in the
questions because it might preempt your enthusiasm. Just keep yaur lP topies going and seek advice

from your teacher. Hopefully, your teacher and your group can rnake small adjustments to make
your lP unique on its own.

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Scimce Inaestigatory Proiect Suraiaal Guiile

lnterests Funnel

Always

remember
that there are five things that

Skills Funnel

you should consider

when
determining your topic. These

factors act like funnel which


filter the bad topics from good
ones. Without kidding, the last

funnel

is your research

adviser. Without your


teache/s approval, you

Time Funnel

cannot pursue your lP, no


matter how good your topic is.

Five-funnel Model

lor

Research Topics

casts Funnel

-i2=-=\
\\
\'--.-----/./
(

/
Benefits Funnel

IP Topic

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Chapter 2: Comtng up zoith an IP Topic

Any ldeas?
To better help students determine their lP topic, pcience fairs around the world came up

with different categories which classify lP topics based on their subject of study. The two broad
areas of study are:

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Basic Sciences. These deal with any research regarding pure science concepts which

bring forth immediate benefits to the community. Examples of these are:

Botony: study of plant life, e.g. algae, plant genetics, agriculture, forestry,
plant pathology and taxonomy. Studies about plant propagation, hybrid rice

ffops, or the discovery of new plant specimen fall under this Gtegory.

Zoology: study of animal life, .g. animal physiology, animal ecology, animal

genetics and cellular physiology. Studies which fall under this category

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include habitats for anirnals, animal care and animal tissues.

Microbiology: study of the life of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses,


protozoa, fungi and yeast. An example of this would be a study about the
factors which minimize the growth of mold on bread.

Eiochemistry: study

of how chemical

reactions affect life processes, e.g.

photosynthesis, protein and food chemistry enzymes, and molecular


biology. Determining the chemical eomposition of an unknown enzyme is an

example of a biochemical study.

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Chemistry: study

of the nature and composition of matter and the

laws

which govern this. Studies about plastics, metals, fuels and pesticides
belong to this category.

Physicsz

study of the relationship between matter and energy like optics,

acoustics, particles and waves, thermodynamics, magnetism, fluids and


nuclear energy. A study on the behavior of light as

it

passes through

. u"i

dense liquid falts under this category.

Mdthemotics: any study which applies the principles of calculus, geometry

abstract algebra, nurnber theory, probability and complex analysls to


develop formal logical systems o. uaiious numeric algebraic computations.

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Science lnaestigatory Project Suraiual Guide

Applied Sciences. Studies in this area use data and results from the basic sciences.

Bernoulli's Principle from physics,

for example, is being used in

aeronautical

engineering, which is an applied science.

Camputer Science: studies about or the development of computer hardware

or software, internet networking and communications,

computational

science like encryption and encoding and graphics, including human


interface. lf you wish to design a blind-friendly keyboard, then that study

willfall under computer science.

Engineering: studies which apply scientific principles

to manufacturing

and

practical uses, or technology. lPs which fall under this category are those
which involve refrigeration, photography, acoustics, transportation and the

common engineering fields of study: mechanical, aeronautical, chemical,


electrical and electronics.

Medicine and Health: deals with the health and diseases

of humans and

anirnals. Medicine and health inclined researches tackle sanitation,


pediatrics, dermatology, dentistry, pharmacology and nutrition. A study
about allergic reactions of humans to certain brands of lotion is under this
category.

Earth and Space Sciences; geology, mineralogy, oceanography, meteorology,

astronomy and seismology are studies that are related to Earth and space
sciences. Determining the effect of polar ice cap melting to coastal areas in

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the Philippines is a sample study which falls under this category.

Environmental Science: studies which determine the sources and effects of

air, water or land pollution are environmental science researehes. Ecology


also falls under this category. Present weather conditions and their relation

to

global warming makes this area

of

study exceptionally relevant

nowadays.

Biotechnology: studies which are concerned with problems involving the


inieraction of man and machine.

To get a feel of what other students have researched on, you may want to visit the online database

of DOST-SEI for abstracts of winning lPs in the national |evel at http://stednet.sei.dost.gov.ph/ijrajs.htm.

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Chapter 2: Caming up with an lP Topic

A Summary of the Topic Proposal Process


For your convenience, here is quick reference to thp topic proposal process. Do not forget

the five questions presented before in determining your possible topics for investigation (Step 2),

De$ning what an lP is

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What are the objectives of an lP?


What are the types of tP?
What should I do to complete an lP?

Comirq up wlth possible topia for investigation

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Clnosing your topic for research

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Examine your interests vis-i-vis science topics/concepts.


Convene with your groupmates.
Propose to your grouprnates.
Agree on four to fiye topics that your group wishes to be approved by the
project adviser. Know as much as you can about these topics.
List down the topics on a sheet of paper according to preference (1 as the
most preferred) and submit it to your adviser,

Examine the approved topics by your project adviser on the returned paper.

Further brainstorm with your groupmates.


Choose just one topic this time.
State the problem and your research hypothesis (read on Chapter 3) for this
topic and then seek approval from your research adviser.

Jumpstarting your lnvestigatary

.
r

Proiect

V'

lf your topic has been approved by your adviser, start reading about it. Do
nol waste time and opportunities to learn more about the topic.
lf your topics are not approved, be patient. Meet with your groupmates and
repeat the steps.

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Scienu lnvretigatory Proiect Suraiaal Guidc

When you propose a certain topig make sure that you have read something about

it (step

2). You may do library research {which is the best), surf the internet {which is the most accessible} or

talk to professionals in the field of study where your research falls under.

Now you are ready to move on to the next phase of your lP - the research paper. The
research paper should develop simultaneous with your lP. Most students cram their research paper
at the end of each stage, when the deadline is near. Just a tip: always bring a laptop with you. Every

time your group convenes, complete a part of the lP research paper. You can simultaneously enter
data to your research paper while you are conducting experiments (but of course, never forget to
put any information on your Guard Book).

But what exactly is this lP research paper? How do you complete this? What parts does

it

have? ln the next chapter, you will learn everything about this research paper from its basic format

to its essential parts.

fust a Reminder
You might be tempted to submit a work done by other researchers. Your research adviser

might not be able to notice this. With or without word from your research adviser, you are
committing ocodemic dishonesty or academic fraud. Never attempt to do this. Once caught, you
automatically get a failing mark in your subject and conduct grade, as stipulated in the student
handbook.

Be motivated

to complete an lP. lt is indeed painstaking, however, the fruits are rewarding.

Progress Check!'

'

Do ! have on approved lP topic atreody? Whot is

it

abaut?

Does

it deot ahout basic scince or

applied science?

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Chryter 3: The lP Re*ar& Pryer

IPRP is essential because

a unique characteristic of science. The IPRP is somehow similar to advanced research papers, in
terms of formatting and tone, with a few missing parts. Nonetheless, the

IPRP

will surely give you a

headstart on college research writing.

General Formatting
To achieve a uniform and formal look, the IPRP should be formatted this way:

r
o
o
o
o
o
.
o
o

Paper size:8.5" x 11", commonly known as letter


Page

orientation: portrait

Margin: 1'along all sides, with a %" gutterfrom the left edge
Font face: Times New Roman
Font size: 12
Line spacing: double

Text Color: black

Alignment: justified
Citation format Chicago Manual of Style {CMS}

Chapter headings {including Abstract, Table of Contents and Acknowledgement} should be


in boldface, all-caps, center-aligned, like this:

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it serves as a venue for check and balance, or peer review, which is

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Science Inaestigatary Project Suraiaal Guide

Sub-chapters should be in boldface, sentence caps, and left-aligned, like this:

Materials and Equipment

Each chapter should start on a fresh page. For example:

although the data show that the bacteria!


population in Searp C (lead-free) is less
than that of Searp B (acid-free).

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS AND


RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

From the experimental data it can


be concluded that lead-free environment
can decrpase bacterial growth. x x x x x x x
xx xx xx xx x xxxxxxxxx x x...

2A

2l

Notice that in the example above, although there is space left on page 20, the next chapter
started on page 21.

Pagination and Paragraphing


Page numbers should also be in Times New Roman,

right hand corner ofthe p"g",

.,

font size 12, and placed on the lower

shown above.

Avoid "orphans" and "widows". An orpharr is defined as an end part (less than three lines) of
a paragraph which appears on the prwious page.

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Clupter 3: The lP Research Paper

Here is an example of an orphan sentence:

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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xx xx xxxx'x x xx

xx

xxxxx x xxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
The energy requirement to propel this

' enerry effrcientthis design is.


Scope and

Limitations

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx...

prototype car is 400 kJ. It only shows how


9

The phrase oenergy efftcient this design is" is a part of the paragraph on page 8.

lf your

paragraph will spill to the next page, make sure the "spillage" will occupy at least three lines. Less
than three lines will be considered orphans and they make the layout look unappealing.

Widows are the opposite of orphans. Widows are the beginning part (less than three lines)
of a paragraph which appears on a separate page. For example:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

this car is just

4 kJ which proves how

enerry effrcientthis design is.


Scope and

Limitatfuns

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx...

The urerry requirerirent to propel


8

Orphans and widows can be avoided by re-phrasing your sentences.


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Science lnaestigatary Proiect Suraiaal Guide

Units of Measurement
All measurements of physical quantities, may it'be in your actual experiment or as written
on your IPRP, should be expressed in units prescribed by the lnternational System (Sl).

Tone of Writing
Since

the lP is a scientific work, your writing style in

IPRP should communicate a technical

tone. Follow these simple tips on how to do this:

1.

Use jargons when necessary and define them for your

2.

Avoid using your opinions as support to scientific principles, commonly held beliefs or

reade/s sake.

convey the purpose or significance of your study.

Cut the drama. Most students inject a lot of drama in the introductory parts. For
example, on an lP about alternative pesticides, a group of researchers stated that their
lP is significant because "...it will help olleviate poverty

cheaper pesticide." The purpose is good but

in the Philippines by providing a

it is better stated

as "This lP is significant

because it is cheaper than any commerciolly avoiloble pesticides."


4.

Sweeping statements like "all," "everyone" and "some" should never be used.

5.

Refer to reputable sources like published reference books and research journals. Do not
rely much on websites.

The sentences should be in third person. Avoid stating "We gothered 20 dilferent
specimens..." Try "Twenty different srycimens were gothered
7.

for

this experiment.'

When referring to yourselves as the conductors of the lP, state it as "The proponents

of

this IP..." or "The reseorchers.,."

8. The IPRP is a scientific paper. Avoid using smileys as bullets. Use classic bullets like I and r.
Nowadays, it you woula like to learn the American accent, you learn it by listening to native

American English speakers. This is true with technical writing.


reading scientific journals.

lt is highly

suggested that you start

lt is by example where you can learn the right tone of writing scientific

research work.

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Chapter 3: The IP Research Paper

Parts of the IPRP


To properly document your entire lP work, the FRP is composed of different parts, each
discusses important details about your research:

Aurdliary Pages

o
r
o
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Title page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents

Chapter l: lntroduction

o
o
o
o
e

Background

ofthe Study

Statement of the Problem/Objectives and Hypothesis


Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations

Review of Related Literature

Chapter lt: Methodology

r
o

Materials and Equipment


Treatment/GeneralProcedure

Chapter

r
o

lll: Results and Discussion

Findings
Analysis of Data

Chapter lV: Conclusion and Recommendations

o
o

Conclusion
Recommendations

F. Bibllography
G.
24

Appendices

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Scienu lnaestigatory Proiect Suraioal Guide

Auxiliary Pages
These pages supplement your IPRP. Although they are not as important as the other parts

your

IPRP,

of

these pages will help your reader in accessing your research paper.

Tltle Page: this contains the name of the researchers, the name of the school/institution
where the lP was completed, the title of the lP, the name of the research adviser, the
academic subject (integrated science, biology, chemistry or physics), and the date when

the IPRP is submitted. A sample title page appears on the following page.

Abstract: this is a summary of the entire lP. lt contains the objectives of your project,
the methodology utilized, data gathered and derived conclusions. Possible applications
of the lP and some atffibution to previous'studies can also be stated in the abstract in

no more than 250 words. lt should be contained in a single page and written

in

paragraph form {not in bullets}. Since this is a summary it is quite obvious that you will
do this the lost.

Acknowledgement: this includes any persond thonk-you you wish to say. This is the
only page in your

IPRP

that may sound a little less formal. Usually, this is center-aligned.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank the following
for their unwavering support which lead to the successful completion of this IP:

Table of Cqntents: this provides a quick glance to what your IPRP has in it. lt does not
include the abstract and the acknowledgement. Font face and font size stillTimes New
Roman, 12. A sample appears on page 27.

25

C]trytcr 3: The IP Resemch Paper

Here is a sample

title page. Font

face and size is still Times New

Roman, 12. Everything should


be center-aligned,

Line spacing: eleven

Construction of an Amplifier

in a Guitar Box
The lP title should be in boldface

Set the line spacing to single and

just press the "Ente/' key to

Line spacing: eleven

achieve the spaces indicated.

Line spacing: four

The name of the group leader


should appear first, followed by
the remaining group members.
Be consistent. lf middle initials
will not be included, everyone in
the group should not have her
middle initials i ndicated.

Erika Castillo
Precious Galicia
Michele Magtoto
Caiel Pajarillo

IV-6
Line spacing:

Mr. Resty

four

Research

Your research adviser is your.


science teacher plus any science

Line spacing: four

teacher who has helped your

group complete the


successfully.

26

lP

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Science Investigatory Proiect Suraival Guide

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Notice thbt the title "Table of


Contents" is in boldfacg allcaps

I wu"
Chapter I:

spacing,

rour.

l-l

Introduction

Background of the

\-

and center-aligned.

Study

...........5

Statement of the Problem/Objectives and Hypothesis

Significance of the

Chapter

........7

......qr...

F
Literaturd...

The line spacing is double.


JO

.rottc../

Ik Methodolog5r

MaterialsandEquipment............
r nearmenuuenerar Procedure.Treatment/General
rroceaurel. .
.

Chapter

.......6

Study..

Scope and Limitations

Review of Related

......

III:

Results and

,.....15
.,...

..

...,,

,...17

The wider line spacing is four (set your line spacing

to double then just press the "Enter' key.)

Discu"s#

Chapter IV: Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion
Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendices

..........27

.........,....ig

You need not indicate the page number


Eibliography and the Appendices.

of the

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Chapter 3: The IP Research Paper

Chapter I: Introduction
The first chapter of your IPRP sets the mood of your research and provides your readers

with sufficient starting information about the study.

BackEround of the Study: in this part, you will state how you have come to reach your

lP topic.

lt

might be a personal experience, a recent study, an observation or an

established scientific principle. By personal experience, do NOT cite how your research

adviser got rid

of all your proposed topics in every topic proposal session; instead,

narrate personal experiences that reflect the topic at hand. Clearly state the reasons
you become interested in this particular topic and what you hope to accomplish with
your lP.

Statement of the Problem/Obiectives and Hypothesis: some lPs call this as Engineering
Goals. lf your project falls under the category of engineering, then rename this part as

such. ln this portion, clearly state the purpose of your project. Objectives should be

preceded by a sentence (the stem), and could be stated in bullets. What do you aim to

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accomplish? An example would be:

'The problem has


been stated here.

A milk solution has a shorter shelf life when left outside the
refrigerator and exposed to unfiltered, room temperanre aiq this

solution spoils within 45 minutes. This poses

a challenge to

travelling mothers who have milk solutions in bottles. To nrovide a


This is the stem of

the objectives
need

to

underline

in your
paper).

(no

actual

increase the shelf

life of milk soh.dions that are exposed

to unfiltered, room temperature air; and,


measure the shelf

life cf milk in terms of. its bacterial

content and compare it to the bacterial content of spoiled

food

28

as determined by

toxicologists.

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Science Inaestigatary Project Suruival Guiile

Particularly,

Here is the
hypothesis.

if

am, or the boiled water in which rice is

allowed to cook, is mixed with the milk solution, then the shelf life
of the milk solution will prolong.

Tips

in writing objectives. Make sure that your objectives are clearly stated.

These objectives will guide you as work on your lP. Unclear objectives result in

wrong methodology and incomplete conclusion. Make sure that your obiectives
are S.M.A.R.T. This acronym stands for:

Specific. Your objective should clearly show


accomplish.

lt

what you want to

should not be broad like 'This study aims

to deoease

food poisoning." Since there are many types of food poisoning, you may

state at this way

- "This study aims to decrease food poisoning from

uncooked Asian green mussel lPerna Viridisl." This objective is specific

but as you will see later, some revisions can still be made to make this
better.

ta quontitotively measure your


of your lP is to improve your classmate's

Meosureable. ls there a way for you

objective?

lf the

purpose

memory retention, are there ways which can clearly measure this? Are

there methods which actually take into account your experiment and
not some other factors?

Attoinable. lf you wish to determine the DNA structure of the influenza


A

HlNl

virus, think twice. Can you do this? Do you have the materials?

Do you have the skills?


Realistic. This voids too much drama in your objectives. Let us say your

lP is about developing a keyboard that is friendly to visually-impaired


people. Then one of your objectives goes "This study aims to decrease

.discrimination against visually-impaired people." This

is

somehow

unrealistic. Although your keyboard could help visually-impaired people

get decent jobs, it does not guarantee that people will


discriminating visually-impaired individuals.

stop

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Chapter 3: The lP Research Paper

finish the objective? Maybe your objective needs more time. Say for
example, you wish to measure the effects of music to the growth of an

..

avocado tree. lt takes years for an avocado plant to fully develop into an
avocado tree. lf you only have a school year to complete your lP, then

this one is definitely not for you.

Hypothesis.The hypothesis is not just an intelligent guess. lt actually is as simple as an

"lf...then..." statement. You should have a clear hypothesis because it will allq,v yotr to
setup a good experiment. lt takes some reading to develop a good hypothesis.

Signiftcance of the Study: what benefits does the community get from your research?
Still, avoid too much drama in stating the significance of your study. Although alleviating

poverty and improving world peace are the most sought-after significance of any study
(because these surely

will improve human living conditions), they are rather vaguely

attributable to your study. ln determining the significance your research, make sure that it
is a direct outcome of your study and there is no or very minimal external intervention.

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Scope and Limitations: here, you set the boundaries of your research. This part saves

you from questions which are actually beyond the concern of your study. lf you will
construct a speaker enclosure that will propagate sound in all directions, your scope
would be acoustics, speed of sound, wave property and the type of material used. lf you

think that a price comparison of your prototype to commercially available speakers is


related to your study but you will not do such comparison, state

it

as the study's

limitation. The lPs llmitation can be restated as recommendations in Chapter lV. By


setting the scope and limitation, your readers can focus on what to expect from your

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Time-bound. Given the time allotted for you by your school, can you

study and other researcherc can easily determine how to expand your research.
Review of Related Literature (RRL[ the most important published sources and theories

should be included in literature review. The

RRL

provides the readers with background

information regarding your research like previous studies where your current study
originated from, or theories which shall guide your research. Some students just patches
sentences which describe the related literature altogether. This is wrong. ln RRL, aside

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Science lnaestigatory Project Suraiaal Guiilc

from describing the related literature, you should also indicate how this related
literature will be used in your research or how different it is from your current study.
The RRL also follows some citation format.

Formatting Your Review of Related Literature


and In-Text Citation
Citing your sources

of information

is very important

in research writing. This somehow

rewards successful researchers with recognition which they deserve. Citation also ensures that
background information is well grounded on data or previous research and not on opinion. When
you present the works of others as yours, or even if you cite the authors of your sources but do not
completely cite where you find these, you are actually committing plagiarism. Plagiarism happens

when then authorship of an article is attributed to the wrong person. There are many types of
plagiarism one can commit. For further reading, you may wish to refer to www.plogiarism.org.

There are many styles in citing your reference. Citation styles differ from one field of study to

the other, For the physical sciences, however, the Chicogo Manuol of Sfyre {CMS)

ln

RRL,

is commonly used,

prwious studies related to your research should be described. ln doing this, you

need to cite where this study came from. Since the RRL is in paragraph format, the citation is called

as in-text citotion. Using CMS, the in-text citation format is that of Authar-Yeor of Publicotion, Page
Number system. Consider the example below:

This project utilizes a metallic sound reflector. Metal is a solid substance, and
solids in geneml have molecules that are tightly packed. They have strong forces
between their molecules. Sound waves are not absorbed by the metal because the
particles are so compact that no space for porous surfacEs is left, and as a result, sound
waves are completely reflected by the rnetallic surface.,. However, the particles thai

make up wood are different from that which makes up metals.... They are either
absorbed or they.are transmitted through the wood. As a resulg the reflected waves are
not of maximum quantity causing poor sound quality (Young

& Freedman 2002,56).'

Notice how the author and the year of publication (both enclosed in
pa!'entheses) are cited after the sentence that needs data support so as to
be considered factual and not opinionated.

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Cheptr 3:

The lP Research Paper

Some researchers cite

the author of the reference materaal then, enclose the year of

publication in parentheses, then describe what this

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about, as follows:

Gross (1998, 49) and Alten (1981, 78) explain other concepts related

to this project, such as reverberation and diffusion. Reverberation is the occurrence

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&

is

when reflections keep bouncing off at least two surfaces (one surface for echo) before

getting to the receiver or listener, then decaying. Decay is the rate at which a sound
changes from loudness

to a

sustained level

or one that can't be apparently

heard

anymore. Diffirsion, on which smooth decay depends, is...

Notice how the author and the year of publication (enclosed


in parentheses) are used as part of the sentence. lf there
are more than two authors, use the surname of the first
author, followed by et, ol. (Ex: Collado, et. al, 2010).

Still, do not forget that aside from in-text citation, you still have to mention the source
complete with other details in the bibliography. While searching for related literature, have your
Guard Book with you. There, write the complete citation of your sources, following the CMS format.
CMS in-text citation and full-bibliography citation have different arrangements

for published books,

journals and other references. Familiarize yourself with CMS citation format as provided for you in

'the coming pages of this manual.

Some research books suggest having index cards (called as note cards| where you can write

the full bibliography of your sources. However, you can easily misplace such index cards, especially
when they are small.

lt

is much convenient

to have one ultimate writing companion which is your

Guard Book.

Never forget that in-text citation does not save you from plagiarism. lt is important that you

include additional informaiion which originally belongs to you. ln this way, knowledge expands and
develops. Also, references should still be fully cited in the bibliography.

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Science Inoestigatory Project Suraival Gaide

ln case you would like to direaly use a paragraph from another source (say a definition of a

jargon! and put it in your

IPRP,

you may want to do this:

famous study conducted by Hake (1997) showed a striking difference

between students who were taught with interactive engagement (IE) teaching styles

ve6us students who were taught with traditional teaching methods in their
respective post-test performance in the standardized test Mechanics Baseline Test

(MBT). Hake rsed a total of 6542 student answer sheets and analyzed the results.
Hake defined IE methods as:

"...those designed at least in part to pramote coneeptual


understanding through interactive engsgement of students in
heads-on (always) and honds-on (usually) activities which yield
immediate feedback through discussion with peers and/or
instructors. " (Hake I 997)
The borrowed definition is enclosed in quotation
marks and is italicized. The entire paragraph is

indented. The reference is cited after the


paragraph using the Author-Year of Publication
system prescribed by CMS.

The page number is omitted

if the source is not printed {electronic journals,

websites,

presentations in conferences, including newspapers). The above example from Hake is a journal in
an online database, while the first example authored by Young and Freedman comes from a printed
physics book, and as such, the page number should be cited as well.

ln case you will use pictures, tabulated data or graphs in any part of your IPRP, donot forget

to cite sources as well. You do this by first labeling the irnage (whether it is a picture, an equation,

table or a graph), followed by writing a brief caption and citing the reference enclosed in
parentheses. Follow the Author-Year of publication format of CMS. As what you have read before,

you still have

to mention the reference with its complete details in the bibliography part of your

IPRP. Examples of in-text referencing

for irnages are presented on the next page.

Chapter 3: The lP Research Paper

Captions should still be

in Tirnes New Roman,


size 10, and italicized.

Notice that the caption


should be placed very

near the image, not


following the usual line
spacing of two.

l: A plesma ball and electric


(Hrydenberg 2009, 5)

Photo

field

small space betrreen the


image and the caption

lines.

AnSlsoJ
o)
Incidcnce (Q'

Refrection (0.,, o)

l0

7.5

6.5

Refnetion (O-'. ol

2A

l4

t3

30

20
26

2A

40
50

26

r.5
36
39

60
70
80

3l-s
36

4t.5

39.5
42

Table 3: The angles af incidence (0), as prqiectedfton difercnt si&s of tle


normal, gives rise to two sets of angles of refrrction @il ard 0,r)- (fristan
2008, 8)

The picture, table or graph should

center-aligned with the


caption as wide as the image

be

itself.

lf the equation is common,


there is no need to cite the
reference. However, if the
equation was derived 'by a
previous study, the source
should be cited, still in the
format outlined by CMS.

flr=-

'

Equation

nlsinOi
sin0r2

l:

Snell's Law.

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Sciene lnactigatory Proiect Suwioal Guiilc

sln 0,1 {o)

Grryh 5: Tlp graph of the sines of the angleg of incidence and refraction yields a lineu
graph with constant slope. In this case, lhe angle of incidence cane from tlv W si& of tlv
normal relative to the liglX sottrce. (Castro 2008, 85)

Avoid borrowing pictures as much as possible. lf you can shoot a picture of an actual obiect,
you can use it in your IPRP. For example, instead of downloading form the internt, take a picture

of

one of the graduated cylinders in the laboratory if you want a picture of such in your IPRP,

RRL and

Internet Sources

Cite as many relevant bases as possible. Because the internet is easily accessible, most
students resort to online sources only. lt is highly discouraged that you rely on these alone. pieces of

information on the internet are highly volatile. What you have retrieved today might not be the
same tomorrow, Also, some internet sources do not cite

their reference, making their online

information very unreliabie.

Do more library research for published works. Printed references are more reliable because

these underwent tedious review processes. However, some published works can also be found on

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CIrapter 3: The lP Resear&

reputable online sources like SCOPUS and ERIC {Education Resources lnformation Center}, though

most online databases charge

certain fee. You may also refer

to

Google Scholar

lwww.scholar.google.com) for published works that are available in portable formats. These soft
copies indicate whether the work has already been printed

or not. Be sure to choose just the

published ones.

You rnay also research the libraries of other schools, libraries of laboratories and institutet

or even special libraries like the Senate Library. All you have to do is check the visiting hours of the
library you wish to visit, and then ask for a letter from your schosl librarian. You need this letter to
visit other libraries. Also, do not forget to inform your research adviser about this.

Chapter II; Methodolory


The chapter on Methodology is composed of two parts: Materials and Equipment and
Treatment/General Procedure. The chapter on Methodology should be in post tense. Here, do NOT
describe what you will

dq but what you have done.

Therefore, you cannot write Chapter ll if you

have not yet conducted the experiment as required by your study.

Materlals and Equipment You may want to list down in separate tables all the
materials and equipment that you use in conducting your experiment. Specify the

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Pap*

quantity (in correct and appropriate units) of each material used. lf your study is about
cost efficiency, include the price as well, then indicate at the end of the table when the
items are purchased.

36

Materiel

Quantity

Prtce (PhP)

Resistors

50 pieces

500

Soldering Lead

4m

20

Copper Sulfate

25mL

50

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Science lnaestigatory Project Suraiaal

Guifu

Treatment/General Procedure: ln this part, you are to describe in full detail the actual
experiment procedures which you have executed, step-by-step, as if you are narrating

to another person over the phone who would like to conduct the same experiment
exactly as you have performed it. You do the same thing in case your lP involves building

a prototype like an engineering project. You might have encountered recipe books or
laboratory manuals in your science classes. Those are good examples of how you should

write this part. Add as many details as possible. By the way, unlike laboratory manuals
and recipe books, you write this part in paragraph form, not as a numbered list.

ln

narrating your method,

do not use the phrase "The

proponents,..," 'The

experimenters...," or "The researchers..," too much. lnstead, just cite the steps minus

the experimenters in sight. For example:

lncorrect: First, the proponents colibrated the meosuring instruments.


Correct: The colibrotion

of

the meosuring instruments was performed before the

. experiment began.

lncorrect: The reseorchers conducted on interuiew of the respondents...


Correct: The respondents were interuiewed...

Chapter III; Results and Discussion

T
Findings: this part shows all gathered data from your experiment which is relevant to

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your study. This is done better by presenting tables, pictures and graphs. These should
be properly labeled and described also in detail like when the picture was taken, what
the table contains, or what the graph is about.
Analysis of Data: you will try discovering patters or behavior from the gathered data
using some tools from mathematics or general research practice. Different researches

callfor diffeieht analyticattools. Do not worry; you can easily perform any mathematical
tool for your lP. Advanced research calls for higher math, which you shall not do yet.

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Chapter 3: The IP Research Paper

Chapter IV: Conclusion and Recommendations


C.onclusion:

this is the part where you will, determine whether your hypothesis

is

acceptable or not. You also evaluate whether you have achieved your objectives or
failed to do so. Be reminded that you should only conclude based on the data that you
have plus any scientific principle that could support your conclusion. Be logical; most
students commit illogical conclusions simply because they do not know what their lP is

allabout.
Recommendations: refer to your Guard Book. Hopefully, you have listed down several
factors that have affected your experiment and have caused more errors. Or maybe,

you have new ideas to make the research better, but these ideas have come after the
experiment is done. These are the things that you should write in this part of your

IPRP.

Plagiarism Issues
You might have thought of copying a text from the internet the citing the reference in-text
or via footnoting to go around plagiarism. Citing the reference NEVER gives you the right to copy and

paste the text on your research paper, especially when the borrowed, specifically

lifed, text

was

pasted on the body text of your work. Follow the format for direct quotation on page 33.

'

However,

the direct quotation format does not give you the right to copy and

paste

everything, thereby making a huge chunk of your work a patchwork of lifted texts. You may only
copy certain texts which might be misinterpreted when paraphrased; for example, definitions of
jargons.

Bibliography
As suggested before, you should

write the complete details of your references in your Guard

Book. Although the biblioiraphy can be found at the end of your IPRP, it does not mean that you will

do it the last! The bibliography should be completed simultaneous with RRL.

38

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Sciene Inaestigatory Proiect Suraiual Guide

Citing sources in the bibliography comes in various formats: APA, MLA and CMS. Your
English teacher might require you

APA style. As mentioned before, CMS is

preferred for physical sciences. You may want to visitwww.chicagamanualafstyle.org for updates.

General formatting:

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to cite references using

Font Face and Size: Times New Roman, 12


Line Spacing: Single

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Alignment: Justified
Notice that the first line of bibliographic entry is not indented, while the succeeding
lines should be indented, as shown in examples below.

ln using the guide below, words and punctuation marks outside the brackets il are
part of the format. ltems inside the brackets are pieces of information about your
reference that you have to input.

o
7.

AL stands for Author's Last Name; AF stands for

Autho/s First Name.

For books with ane author:

[AL], [AFl. [Book title, itolicizedJ. [Place of Publication]: [Publisher], [Year of Publicationl.

2.

For bpoks with manv authors:

ln general, if the reference has more than four authors, just indicate the first and last name of
the first author indicated on the reference, followed by an "et. al."

[ALll, IAFU., lAL21, [AFz]., [Alj]|,

. [Book title, italicizedJ. [Place of

[AF3l

IPublisher],

[Year of Publication].

3.

When

g! editor-or tran4lotor replaces the outhor/s or o campiler reploces manv authors:

[Edltor's Surname], lEditor's First Narnel, trans. [Book title, itolicizedJ. [Place of Publication]:
[Publisherl, [Year of Publication].

4. An editor. translator ar comoiler

plus the outhar:

[ALJ, [AF]. fBook title"'italicizedl. Edited by [Edito/s First Name and Surname]. [Place of Publigation:
Publisherl, [Year of Publication!.

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Chnpter 3: The IP Resench Paper

5.

[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Eook Chapter, enclosed in quotation marksl." ln [BookTitle, italicizedJ, edited by
[Editot/s First Name and Surname], [page nurnbersl. [Place of Publicationl: [Publisherl, [Year

of Publicationl,

6,

A chaoter of on edited volume

orioinalv oublished elsewhere bs in orimarv sourced

[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Book Chapter, enclosed in quotation marks]." ln [&ook Title, itolicized], ed,ted bV
[Editor's First Name and Last Namel. Vol. [Volume Numberl of [Volume Title, italicizedJ,

edited by [Editor's First Name and Last Namel, [Page Numbersl. lPlace of Publication]:
[Publisher], [Year of Publicationl. Originally published in ftranslator's First Name and Last
Namel, trans., [Title of the Originol Publicatian, itolicized], Vol. [Volume Numberl {[Place of

Publicationl: IPublisherl, [Year of Publication]).

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Achopterorother portsofa book:

7.

Prefoce foreword, introduction or similar oarts of a book

[ALl, tAR. Preface/Foreword/lntroduction

to

fBook Title, italicized];

or ffitle of

the

Prefoce/Forewordflntroduction, italicizedJ, by [First Name and Last Name of the Author of


the Preface/Foreword/lntroductionl, [Page Numbersl. [Place of Publicationl: [Publisherl,
[Year of Publicationl.

8-

For eledronicollv published

book:

lf the reference is also available in other formats, cite these formats as well, followed by the
date when you accessed the source {enclosed in parentheses}.
IALL IAF], ed. lTitle ol the Electronic BooN itolicized]. [Place of Publication]: [Publisherl, fYear of
Publicationl. IURLI. Also available in [state other formatsl. {accessed [Date of Accessl].

9.

For articles in a arinted iournal

[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation mark]". fJaurnol Title, italicized] [Volume
Numberl ([Year of Publication, enclosed in parenthesesl): [Page Numbers]
7O. Fgr orticles

in on online ioumal

[AL], [AF]. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation marks]". fJournol Title, ttolicizedJ [Volume
Numberl, flssue Numberl ([Year of Publication, enclosed in parenthesesl]: ([Date bf
Publication, enclosed in parenthesesl), IURLI (accessed [Date of Access]).

77. For orticles in

oooular moqozines

[Atl, [AFl. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation marks]". [Magazine Titte, italicizedl, lDate of
Publication.

40

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Science lnoestigatory Proiect Suraiusl Guide

12. FoI newspapeLutdes

that newspaper articles could be mentioned as part of a sentence, not following


the usual in-text citation of Author-Year of Fublication system. For example, *ln his column in
the Philippine Doily lnquirer last November 20, 2008, Conrodo de Quiros said thot..." Also,
current practice omits newspaper articles in the bibliography.
CMS suggests

[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation marks]". [Newspoper Title, italicizedl, lDate of
Publicationl, [Newspaper Section where the Article was Found], IEditionl.

73. For baok.fevklus

[ALl, [AFl. '[Title of the Book Review, enclosed in quotation marks]". Review of [Title of the Book
being Reviewed, italicizedl, by [First Name and Last Name of the Author of the Book being
Reviewedl. fTitle of the Book Review Journal, itolicized], {Date of Publicationl.

74. Fortheses ond

disseft

s-LSpdEd

to refer to previous lPs done by other students. Since the lP is also a research
endeavor, the author of this manual suggests that you follow the same CMS citation format for
theses and dissertations in citing lPs.
You may want

For research level, use acronyms:

Doctorate dissertations: PhD diss.


Master's Degree theses: thesis
Science investigatory project: sci. lP.

[ALl, [AF]. "[Title of Theses/Dissertation/lP, enclosed in quotation rnarks]". lResearch Levell, [School
of Publicationl, [Year of Publication]
75. Far paeetEJtlesentetl !0 a meetina

ets

xonference

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[ALl, [AFl, "[Title of Presentation, enclosed in quotation marks]". Paper presented at the [Title of
Eventl, [Place Where Event Was Held], [Country Where Event Was Heldl, [Date of the

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Like newspaper articles, CMS suggests that websites could also be mentioned as part of a
sentence, not following the usual in-text citation of Author-Year of Publication systern. For
example, "On its ivebsite, Yohoo, Inc. announced that it shall close a! Yahoa! Briefcose
occounts..." Common practice also omits web sites in the bibliography.

Eventl.

76. For websites

[Website Owner]. "[Title of Web Article, enclosed in quotation marks]'. [Title of Website]. [URL]
([Date ofAccess, enclosed in parentheses]].

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Cln?ter 3: The IP Rewmch Paper

77. Forwebloo/bloa entries and commenb


Blog entries and comments could also be cited in a sentence, like this "ln a comment doted
August 5, 2@7 posted to the MyClassroomlsWired blog entry regording student dbsences,
Triston Hoydenherg noted...'Citation of these in the bibliography may also be omitted.

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lBlog Titlet. [URL] iaccessed [Date of Accessl].

Appendices

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The last part of our IPRP is the Appendix/Appendices. This part contains 'attachments' to
your research work. They might not be very useful in the discussion of your study {as in the various
chapters), but are deemed relevant in case a reader wishes to know more. Examples of these are

documentary pictures (although some pictures are needed


laboratory

reprts,

in the discussion part),

survey forms and correspondences. lf you have just one attachment, name this

part as Appendix. lf more than one, rename it as Appendices.

Progress Check!
Chopter I should be passed to your teocher soon. ts it nearing its comfletion?

42

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