Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1/2013
Abstract
Abstract
The
democratizare
politic
international
de
tiine
Politice
personalitate
activ
policy,
former
economic
al
Francis
philosopher
American
intervals
la
of
interruption)
and
active
ordinii sociale1.
Cartea apare n Romnia la Editura Humanitas n 2002 i este prefaat de Liana V. Alecu, reeditare 2011
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
ale
unei
tranziii
creterea
delicvenei,
crises
and
substantiated
in:
familiilor, individualism i nencredere. Toate and distrust. All these justify a fundamental
acestea justific o ntrebare fundamental: Ce question: What are the chances for the
anse
au
societile
contemporane
depeasc momentul de criz i s refac moment of crisis and to restore the social
ordinea social? Construcia intelectual de order?
The
highly
refined
intellectual
biologie,
logic,
reprezint rspunsul pe care Fr. Fukuyama l answer which Fr. Fukuyama gives to this
d la aceast ntrebare, filosoful punnd n answer and includes in the debate the bases
discuie
nsi
fundamentele
sociale.
1. Cum s-a nscut omul modern?
tiinelor teza lui Darwin care prezenta sciences, Darwins thesis, according to which
evoluia uman ,,ca pe o succesiune de the human evolution was presented as
evoluii,
pornind
de
la
specia
apropiat de maimu i terminnd cu o species close to the ape and ending with a
nlnuire de specii intermediare omului a chain of species intermediate to human,
dominat
gndirea
uman.
ptrunsese adnc i n perimetrul tiinelor had deeply pervaded the domain of society
despre societate, multe din metodele de sciences, many of the investigation methods
investigare, dar mai ales multe rezultate ale but especially many of the investigation
investigaiei
fiind
vulgarizate.
evoluionist descris de Darwin avea, ns, chain described by Darwin lacked many
multe verigi lips, discontinuitile fiind links; the discontinuities were present over
prezente pe perioade de timp extrem de mari. great periods of time. Understanding this idea
20
InRomaniathebookispublishedwiththePrintingHouseHumanitasin2002withaPrefacewrittenbyLiana
V.Alecuandreeditedin2011
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
nelegerea acestei idei este nu doar necesar, is not only necessary, but illustrative too. Th.
ci i ilustrativ. Th. P. Millemann exemplific P. Millemann exemplifies through different
prin diverse specii umane care, dei au fost human
species
that
even
considered
of another
specii, n-au avut nici un rol n evoluia celor species, had no role in the evolution of the
de pe urm: ,,ntr-adevr, fr s ne former:
ntoarcem prea mult n trecut, n epoca
dispariiei dinozaurilor, nainte ca Homo history, in the dinosaurs age, before Homo
sapiens, strmoul nostru, s apar pe sapiens, before our ancestor to appear on the
pmnt, acum o sut cincizeci de mii de ani, earth, it is true that Homo Neanderthals lived
tria deja Homo neanderthalis, prezent de on earth; he had been present for more than
mai bine de dou sute de mii de ani, i care a two hundred thousand years and seemed to
trit, pare-se, timp de nc o sut de mii de have lived in harmony for more than one
ani n armonie cu omul modern, fr s se hundred thousand years with the modern
amestece cu el, ca s dispar abia acum man, without entangling with it, to disappear
treizeci de mii de ani, atunci cnd trebuia s fi only thirty thousand years ago when he must
fost la cel mai nalt nivel al civilizaiei sale.
Acest Homo erectus a trit i el peste un over one million years and disappeared with
milion de ani, disprnd cu treizeci de mii de 30 thousand years before Homo sapiens.
ani naintea sosirii lui Homo sapiens. n Varying with the criteria of species evolution,
funcie
de
criteriile
evoluiei
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
sale. Situaia este aceeai pentru Homo Homo habilis, called as such since he could
habillies, numit astfel deoarece tia s use the tools. He lived at the same time with
foloseasc uneltele. El a trit acelai timp cu Homo rudolfensis whose evolution led to
Homo rudolfensis, a crei evoluie a dus la Homo ergaster, who mastered the fire. The
naterea lui homo ergaster, care stpnea last had lived two million years before Christ
focul.
Acesta din urm a trit, cu dou milioane three hundred thousand years. Before them,
de ani nainte de Hristos, timp de aproximativ going back over four million years, we find
un milion trei sute de mii de ani.
naintea lor, ntorcndu-ne cu peste patru to biped beings, which descended from trees
milioane de ani n urm, gsim diferite specii but disappeared the same mysterious way.
de Australopitecus nrudite cu bipezii, care au They disappeared because they were not
cobort din copaci i care au disprut i ei necessarily the descendants and did not
represent the others evolution21.
obligatoriu descendenii i nu reprezint too long, it is far from being useless. On the
evoluia celorlali2.
Dei irul exemplificrilor pare prea lung, species immanent succession within the
el nu este nici pe departe inutil. Dimpotriv. evolution and it proves in essence that:
The relation of concomitance and
succesiunea imanent a speciilor n evoluie, succession between Homo sapiens and other
dovedind n esen c:
raporturile
succesiune
direct
de
concomiten
sunt
mai
ntmpltoare;
uman, naintea sa existnd o serie de alte when they came to a head concerning their
specii, multe disprute cu zeci sau sute de mii adaptation to the environment.
de ani anterior apariiei lui Homo sapiens;
Specii umane anterioare au disprut civilizations that were brilliant on the stage of
atunci cnd i-au atins apogeul n privina history and dominated Ancient times, could
21
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
n condiiile n care nici una dintre naturally: What does the future bring to the
civilizaiile cate au strlucit i dominat present man?
Antichitatea nu s-a putut conserva pn azi,
studii
orientate
stabilirii secvenelor moleculare de ADN, the genetic sequences of the Neanderthal man
studii efectuate ndeosebi de echipa german and of modern man, Homo sapiens are
din grupul de cercettori ai lui Svante Pbo, extremely different; they are so different that
demonstreaz c secvenele genetice ale it is impossible for one of them to be the
omului de Neanderthal i ale omului modern, descendant of the other22. To this sense Th.
Homo sapiens sunt extrem de diferite. Att de P. Millemanns conclusions are edifying:
Dac este observabil o evoluie la was possible as long as they used the others
bipezi, ea este o evoluie n rndul diferitelor discoveries;
The species previous to the man,
considered
his
ancestors
do
not
exist
Speciile evolueaz n snul propriului group, from the same group, more evolved
grup, dnd natere unor indivizi mai evoluai, individual emerged, who in turn disappeared
care dispar, fr s dea natere unei specii to leave room for other more evolved species.
The mystery connected to the appearance
mai evoluate.
Misterul ce nsoete apariia omului of the modern man at least 150 thousand
modern, cu cel puin o sut cincizeci de mii years ago still persists. The scientific,
de ani n urm, persist.
22
Ibidem, p.27
Ibid,p.27
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
despre plauzibilitatea lor. Cert este ns c though, that the biped mammals are not the
mamiferele bipede nu sunt strmoii omului, ancestors of the human being, that all the
c ,,toate speciile bipede evoluate, mai mult evolved species, more or less human,
sau mai puin umane, au disprut, mai puin disappeared though not the same can be said
omul, singur i unic, indiferent de culoarea about the human being, alone, unique,
pielii sale i a locurilor de evoluie sau irrespective of the colour of his skin and of
existen4.
Genetica
din
nou
la
lucru
Printre
certitudini,
pot
originea
comun
colour,
their
relations
with
the
or
geological
elements
nevoia intrinsec a traiului n comunitate, differentiations within the human species, the
nevoia de inovaie (ca atribut exclusiv al intrinsic need of living, an attribute described
omului, atribut descris de J. W. Lapierre) by J. W. Lapierre) for the community
pentru perenitatea comunitii, rolul jucat de everlasting existence, the role played by
factorul clim n constituirea civilizaiilor, climate in the civilizations setting up, the
rolul mitologiilor i religiilor n conservarea role
unor popoare sau n dispariia altora .a.
of
mythologies
and
religions
in
some
peoples
and
the
preserving
civilizaii
of Some Civilizations
Se redeschide cercul?
importani
constituirea,
meninerea, responsible
alike
for
the
setting
up,
23
Ibidem
Ibid
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la factorul demografic.
Acolo unde clima i poziia geografic the demographic factor. Where climate and
permit vieuire i convieuire n condiii geographical
position
were
favourable
acceptabile, indivizii umani i-au constituit enough for living and cohabitation under
acceptable conditions, the human individuals
Acolo, ns, unde, factorul geoclimateric a were able to set up flourishing communities
fost nefavorabil, supravieuirea unor populaii and civilizations.
Yet where the geo-climate factor was
the
human
being
regards
his
aproximativ zece mii de ani nainte de Hristos resources (insufficient anyway) ever more
lumea cunotea doar trei regiuni de civilizaii diminishing. Resources are diminishing while
avansate: China, India i Orientul Mijlociu. the population is increasing. Approximately
Europa i Americile i dezvolt civilizaii ten thousand years BC, there were only three
strlucite, dar mult mai trziu. Popoare regions of advanced civilizations in the
precum cele mesopotamiene i egiptean au world: China, India and Middle East. Though
fost preocupate de cultivarea pmnturilor they developed brilliant civilizations, Europe
fertile din zona Tigrului, Eufratului i Nilului, and the two Americas emerged much later.
lundu-i msuri de aprare a propriilor Mesopotamians and Egyptians were people
bogii i nefiind preocupate de colonizarea concerned with working the fertile lands in
altor teritorii. Alte popoare, precum grecii, the areas of Tiger, Euphrates and Nile and
romanii,
germanicii
au
fost
and
Egypt
territorial
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
antichitate, dar au fost cucerii de romanii ce- unifications took place and the theocrat
i asociaser cele zece curii, la rndul lor power
played
significant
role.
By
by
the
Germanic
barbarian
civilizaiile s-au constituit i dezvoltat prin peoples, peoples who would need more
utilizarea resurselor proprii. Expansiunea centuries of evolution in order to get to the
economic a civilizaiei occidentale s-a bazat living standards of the conquered peoples24.
aproape continuu pe nsuirea i exploatarea
resurselor
altor
antichitate.
popoare,
Cum
nu
precizam
doar
the
Western
civilization
rested
occidentale
au
colonizarea mondial cu acelai scop, ns did not happen in ancient times only. As we
consecinele
acestei
colonizri
au
civilizaii. Mai mult, ,,Valurile prin care colonization for the same reason, though the
Alvin Toffler6 analizeaz tranziia i evoluia consequences of this colonization were
societii
abordarea
umane
reprezint
particularitilor
repere
mondiale n sensul c primul val (cel al civilization. Moreover, the theory of Waves
tranziiei de la societile arhaice de vntori through which Alvin Toffler25 analyzes the
i culegtori la societile agricole) este transition and evolution of the human society
specific
expansiunilor
teritoriale prin violen n epoca veche, avnd particularities of global colonization to the
ca obiect dobndirea de pmnturi roditoare, sense that the first wave (that of transition
Ibidem, p. 31
Vezi Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave, William Morrow, New York, 1980
24
Ibid,p.31
25
SeeAlvinToffler,TheThirdWave,WilliamMorrow,NewYork,1980
6
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cel de-al doilea val, (cel al tranziiei de la from archaic societies of hunters and
societile agricole la cele industriale) este gatherers to agricultural) specific to the
specific perioadei acumulrii primitive de violent territorial expansions and annexations
capital i are ca obiect dobndirea, prin in ancient times aims at taking possessions of
violen a bogiilor solului i subsolului fertile ground; the second wave (transition
necesare industrializrii, iar cel de-al treilea from agricultural to industrial societies)
val (cel al trecerii de la societatea industrial specific to the accumulation of primary
la ,,societatea informatizat) are ca obiect capital and aims at violent taking possession
instituirea
dominaia
informaional ntr-o ,,er a informaiei necessary for industrialization, and finally the
(neleas ca ,,epoc postindustrial), epoc third wave (passing from Industrial Age to
n care violena de tip clasic este nlocuit Information Age) aims at instituting and
prin forme (mai mult sau mai puin) voalate domination of information mega-capital in
Information Age (understood as post-
Analiza atent a proceselor de tranziie de Industrial Age), where the classic violence
la o epoc la alta nvedereaz un fapt supersedes (more or less) veiled forms of
incontestabil:
consecinele
majore
dominaie prin expropriere a celor puternici, processes from one age to another makes
prin cuceriri (de teritorii, de poziii, de zone evident a cogent fact: the major consequences
de
influen,
de
potenial
Vectorii
utilizai
cognitive-informational
potential,
mondial sunt multiplii: puterea armat obedience, sovereignty deprivation for the
(rzboaiele), puterea economic susinut de weak states. There are many vectors utilized
puterea militar (despolierea de resurse i by global colonization: army power (wars),
amplasamentele de capital n exterior prin economic power upheld by the military
ameninarea
recurgerea
cu
la
arsenalul
acest
militar
arsenal),
informaiei susinut prin politica pretextului the military arsenal or recourse to this
(cucerirea i ntreinerea poziiilor dominante arsenal), the power of information upheld by
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
dominant
positions
founded
on
apelul de for militar fiind doar consecina informational potential, owned and used
politicii pretextului i doar o ultim soluie).
Cteva repere sunt semnificative pentru appeal to military force being only the
ilustrarea diferenierilor expuse supra n consequence of policy for a shift and a last
privina valurilor tranziiei i consecinelor solution).
colonizrii. Pe ansamblu, apelez la metoda
comparativ aa cum este expus de Fr. above regarding the waves of transition and
Fukuyama, chiar dac valoarea metodologic the consequences of global colonization,
este una contextual circumscris: ,,Pentru some significant landmarks are enough to
studierea fenomenelor precum schimbrile which I resort comparatively, following
brute ale normelor sociale este foarte Fukuyamas
example,
value
even
is
if
the
contextually
natural
compararea
dou
sciences
researchers,
cannot undertake
the
laboratory
asemntoare n multe privine, dar deosebite can be achieved to better understand the
ntr-un anume domeniu7. Foarte exact, cause of some effects. The only way to
pentru c metoda comparativ presupune a approach this method is for us to compare
compara ceea ce este de comparat, adic, societies similar in some respects, different in
pornind de la elementele comune s constai others26.
To
be
more
precise,
the
differences.
The
comparison
analyzing
n baza acestei prime clasificri, voi pune elements which differ fundamentally or
la lucru cteva texte cu referine n domeniu absolutely identical ones is useless.
26
10
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
,,Faa ascuns a lumii occidentale i voi am going to make use of some referential
extrage consecine corelate celor trei valuri de texts in the domain elaborated by Th. P.
care vorbete A. Toffler.
fertile de lng Tigru i Eufrat permiteau Distinct Civilizations, Victims of the First
locuitorilor s dezvolte o agricultur prosper Wave
i un artizanat elaborat. Primele sate neolitice
au aprut nc din mileniul al X-lea .Hr., iar region of Western Asia, whose fertile lands
sistemul
de
irigaie
fost
to
develop
prosperous
cu mileniul al V-lea, pentru a-i pstra agriculture and elaborated craftsmanship. The
bogiile, locuitorii acestei regiuni s-au unit la first Neolithic villages emerged already in X
nivel local, formnd sate fortificate, apoi millennium BC, and the irrigation system was
ceti de aprare nfloritoare i, din punct de invented approximately in VI millennium.
vedere economic, satisfctoare. Aceste ceti Starting with V millennium, in order to
nou-create au ncheiat pacte de alian ntre preserve their riches, the inhabitants of this
ele, pentru a putea lupta n mod eficace region united their forces locally effecting
mpotriva
propriilor
vecini,
and
their
greed
to
take
Mitologia lor era relativ complet, toate among which he most famous was Babylon,
ntrebrile pe care un individ i le-ar fi putut had
11
theocratic
leadership.
Priests
were
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
pune, referitoare la natur, via sau moarte, intermediates between the humans and gods.
aveau un rspuns.
n Egipt, situaia era cu totul alta. naintea possible questions, an individual might have
mileniului al IV-lea, triburile care triau aici asked on life and death had already had an
erau
relativ
dezorganizate
victime
ale answer.
devastatoare n acelai timp. Epidemiile erau Before IV millennium, the tribes living here
numeroase, iar foametea fcea ravagii. La fel were relatively disorganized, victims of the
ca n toate rile situate n Africa, fauna floods caused by the waters of the river Nile,
slbatic era prezent, iar raidurile triburilor at the same time beneficial and devastating.
negre din sud destul de frecvente.
Abia n mileniul al IV-lea, n jurul anului hunger played havoc. Just as in all African
3200 . Hr., s-au format primele dinastii. countries, the savage fauna could be found,
Impetuozitatea Nilului a forat unificarea and the
rii, care s-a produs spre nceputul mileniului frequent enough. It was not until IV
al III-lea, sub egida lui Narmer, zeul uman, millennium, 3200 BC to be more specific,
fiu unic al Soarelui i suveran, faraon. that
the
first
dynasties
emerged.
The
Civilizaia egiptean se va nate cu adevrat tumultuous Nile forced the unifying of the
odat cu aceast unificare dirijat n mod country, which took place at the beginning of
teoretic,
dar
jurul
unui
comandament i al unei puteri politice, the sole son of the sun and sovereign. The
militare i religioase. A fost un regim Egyptian civilization would be truly born
dictatorial, n care asprimea climei interzicea with this unification theoretically controlled,
libertile individuale, n scopul proteciei i yet revolving around a sole political, military
prosperitii comunitii. Mitologia Egiptului and religious power-commander. It was a
a fost, fr ndoial, cea mai poetic, iar dictatorial regime, in which the bitterness of
civilizaia sa, cea mai savant pentru vremea weather contributed to interdict the individual
respectiv8.
Egypt
the
most
mythology
poetic
was
and
its
deosebit, oamenii au dezvoltat dou civilizaii civilization the most learned for those
distincte.
Totui,
prospere
instalate times27.
27
12
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
with
different
climate
and
nego cu vecinii lor dect s le declare rzboi, environment, people developed two distinct
fiind nevoite s lupte ncontinuu pentru a-i civilizations. Prosperous and comfortably
apra ara. Dar ele nu au fost cu adevrat located
within
the
these
frontiers
peoples
of
their
rather
had
rzboinice grecii, romanii sau germanicii commercial relations with their neighbours
a cror putere politic de afl n minile than challenge them to war, although they
militarilor, preoii nefiind prezeni dect had continuously to fight to protect their
pentru a le oferi sprijin i a le legitima countries. Yet they were not concerned with
puterea.
Unele
au
disprut;
nvingtoare, au provocat naterea civilizaiei the warrior peoples Greeks, Romans and
noastre occidentale9.
Observnd
consecinele,
disappeared;
others
persisted
to
28
nvedereaz,
totodat,
factorilor
demografici.
geoclimaterici
Aceti
factori
conduc
iminena diminurii resurselor existeniale individual and all the more that the moments
ceea ce-i pune amprenta asupra formelor de the peoples were founded bear the imprint of
organizare
fenomenalizare
ndestultoare,
preponderent
teritorii
aride
militar,
i
la
resurse
militar
popoarele
28
Ibidem, p. 31
Ibid,p.31
13
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ndeletnicite nu cu fertilizarea inuturilor the communion between man and nature and
proprii
vederea
sporirii
avuiei
satisfacerii nevoilor mereu n cretere odat preponderantly military in the case of people
cu creterea populaiei, ci cu cuceriri de owning
arid
territories
and
insufficient
de
comportament:
panic
rzboinic, orientat spre aprarea comunitii conquered populations. Then the type of
n faa nvlitorilor sau orientat spre cucerirea political organization influenced the values
underlying those period civilizations, values
teritoriilor altora.
Victime ale primului val n-au fost doar as norms of conduct: peaceful or belligerent,
Mesopotamia i Egiptul ci, cum afirm Th.P. oriented towards defending their community
Millemann, au devenit, la rndul lor victime, against the attacks of invaders or invading
polisurile greceti, cetatea Romei, aezrile others populations territories.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were not the only
s-au succedat numeroase fluxuri i refluxuri victims of the first wave, but, as Th. P.
ntr-un interval de timp extrem de vast Millemann ascertains, the Greek polis, Rome,
(comparativ cu urmtoarele valuri), tranziia the Germanic settlements and others became
la societile agricole fcndu-se n perioade in turn victims. Obviously, the first wave
variate. De altfel, revoluiile agrare au pus ebbs and flows succeeded in an extremely
bazele societii cu cea mai mare longevitate. vast period (comparatively to the following
Numai c societile agricole ncep s fie waves), transition (shift) to agricultural
ameninate de dumanii lor, venii pe societies taking place in varied periods. As a
creasta celui de-al doilea val.
2.b. Civilizaia occidental colonizatoare With the only difference, the agricultural
i declanarea celui de-al doilea val
Fac mai nti dou remarci n privina enemies come on the crest of the second
subtitlului. Prima referitoare la sintagma wave.
14
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
economic
civilizaiei
occidentale care, n Antichitate, se baza pe regarding the title. The first refers to the
nsuirea i exploatarea bogiilor vecinilor, collocation colonizing western civilization
nu s-a schimbat foarte mult nici azi10. Prin which I adopt from Th. P. Millemann with
urmare, scopul fiind unul intrinsec i tacit the aim of strengthening the idea he puts
impus n evoluii de secole, rmne mereu forward, that the economic expansion of the
deschis problema legitimrii mijloacelor Western civilization which in ancient times
(machiavellismul a fcut carier!). A dou was based on taking possession of and
remarc este legat de abordrile lui Alvin exploiting the neighbours resources has not
Toffler la care m raportez ndeosebi prin changed today either29. To the same effect,
utilizarea noiunilor de primul val, al the scope being one intrinsic and tacit
doilea val i al treilea val, fr a cantona imposed to evolutions along centuries, the
demersul meu n periodizri pe date istorice problematic of legitimacy of means has
certe. Nici nu cred c este posibil, avnd n always been open (Machiavelli has made a
vedere marea diversitate a fenomenului. M successful career!). The second remark
intereseaz esena procesului i coordonatele ues to have an important role. With the only
lui fundamentale n trecerea de la societile difference that as hg the terms first wave,
agricole la societile industriale. n acelai second wave and third wave without
timp, m intereseaz aici ilustrarea faptului necessarily limiting to certain historic data. I
c, funcie de particularitile populaiilor din do not even think it would be possible given
diferite continente, colonizarea mondial the great variety of the phenomenon. At the
declanat de rile occidentale a avut same time, I am interested in highlighting that
consecine
diferite.
Pentru
different
colonization
of
continents,
the
Western
countries
global
had
colonizrii
declanat
de
nceputuri
ce
pregtesc
10
29
Ibidem
Ibid
15
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
de
capital,
inclusiv
capitalul
informaie.
Prin
period
urmare,
colonizarea
when
western
countries
export
radical.
Discovery
of
Bahamas
populaiei
arawak.
sclaviei
adevrate
lagre
The
Spanish
colonists
concentrare. n cele din urm, acestea au in real concentration camps. Finally they
preferat
sinuciderea
colectiv
Apoi, puin mai trziu, Herman Corts, cu hundred people and horses conquered Mexico
cteva sute de oameni i civa cai, a cucerit and destroyed the Aztec Empire in 1521. The
Mexicul, distrugnd Imperiul Aztec, n 1521. native population was also slaughtered by
Populaia autohton a fost i ea decimat de epidemics and forced labour.
epidemii i de munca forat.
Mitologia lor complex, transmis de the great priests was responsible to a great
marii preoi a fost n mare msur extent for their defeat in the face of such a
responsabil de nfrngerea lor n faa unui small number of invaders. It is beyond doubt
16
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
numr att de mic de ndatoriri. Fr ndoial that if the priests had not had the idea to write
c, dac preoii nu ar fi avut niciodat ideea down in mythology about the apocalypse of
s nscrie n mitologie apocalipsa civilizaiei their civilization provoked by metal gods,
lor provocat de zei de metal, clare sau ceva riding or something similar, with weapons
asemntor, cu arme care scuipau fulgere, spitting fire, Cortes in armour, with his horse
Corts n armur, pe calul acoperit cu valtrap, covered with caparison and his men wearing
i oamenii lui narmai cu muschete ar fi fost muskets, the latter would have been the
cei exterminai!
exterminated ones!
n 1523, rezervnd aceeai soart poporului Empire in 1523 with similar treatment for its
su. n final, englezii i francezii au cucerit people.
America
de
Nord,
exterminnd
Finally,
English
and
French
popoarele autohtone.
din cele dou Americi, fiind nevoii s peoples in the two Americas, and then sold
recurg la comerul cu sclavi11. Observnd the
native
as
slaves30.
Noticing
the
to
conquer
the
American
culturale
ale
privina
concluzia este una singur: colonizarea care a colonization following the conquering is
urmat acestor cuceriri este n ntregime fully responsible for the current political
responsabil de structurile politice actuale, structures and also for the economic, cultural,
dar i de situaia economic, cultural, social social and sanitary situation31. Accordingly,
i sanitar12. Aceasta face ca, i pe on
the
American
continent,
too,
the
11
Ibidem, p. 32
Ibidem
30
Ibid,p.32
31
Ibid
12
17
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
conquerors
and
natives,
with
the
europenii au reuit s-i impun propria Europeans ways to impose their own culture
cultur sau s-i adapteze cultura proprie la or adapt their culture to that of the natives:
cea a populaiilor autohtone: Dac anglo- Whether the Anglo-Saxons in the North,
saxonii din nord, emigrai masiv, au creat o massively emigrated created a powerful and
zon prosper i puternic, salvndu-i prosperous area, saving their culture without
cultura, fr s se amestece cu alte rase, interfering with other races, the Spanish and
colonitii spanioli i portughezi, mai puin Portuguese colonists in a smaller number in
numeroi, n America Central i de Sud, au Central and Southern America failed since
euat, deoarece au fost nevoii s se integreze they had to integrate the environment,
n mediul ambiant, adaptndu-i cultura la adapting their culture to that of the natives
cea a populaiilor autohtone, cu care, prin with which by cross-breeding gave rise to
metisaj, au dat natere unor noi popoare.
Doar
cretinismul,
important,
new populations.
fost
pstrat, cu fervoare13.
ei, particulariti date de condiiile geografice given by the geographic conditions favorable
facilitatoare de epidemii, ndeletnicirile de to epidemics, basic occupations, poverty,
baz ale btinailor, starea de srcie i backwardness and the colonists interests. It
napoiere,
interesele
Important de observat este relaia direct between the political and economic structures
dintre structurile politice i economice ale of the current states in Africa and the
statelor actuale din Africa i colonizarea colonization itself, relation substantiated
nsi, relaie concretizat n perpetuarea through perpetuating the endemic poverty.
strii de srcie endemic. Succint, Th. P. Th. P. Millemann presents the situation
Millemann prezint astfel situaia:
succinctly as it follows:
sclavi, coroborat cu condiiile climaterice i commerce corroborated with the climate and
sanitare adeseori defavorabile omului i sanitary conditions often unjust to man and
deplasrilor sale, a fost, ntr-o prim faz, n his mobility, was, in the first stage, directly
mod direct responsabil de slbiciunea responsible for the weakness of the African
populaiei negre africane. Totui colonizarea black people. Although, by fighting against
13
32
Ibidem
Ibid
18
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
the
European
colonization
The
current
political
and
economic
was
superseded
with
large
bumbac
etc.
Dup
de
prim
necesitate,
scumpe, a provocat un important deficit important commercial deficit. This would not
comercial. Acest lucru nu s-ar mai ntmpla happen if the governments engage in selfdac guvernele ar recurge la o agricultur satisfying agriculture. The situation is similar
autosatisfctoare.
Situaia
este
element
necesare
minereurilor,
industrial
extraciei
dect
i
lsnd
importatorilor
infrastructurile de transformare14.
14
33
Ibidem p. 33
Ibid,p.33
19
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
Instrumentele
dominaia
prin
care
economic
se
(dominaie
extinde sfera i asupra politicului) a fotilor discretionary price policies, the mechanism of
colonizatori
sunt
diverse:
comerciale, balanele de pli, politicile It goes without saying that the independence
discreionare de preuri, mecanismele de gained by the former colonies is formal, the
monocultur i monoindustrializare .a. Este practices
of
economic
neo-colonialism
economic
independenei
este
doar
folosul
Cel de-al doilea val de care vorbete A. sacrificed in favor of a present which only
Toffler nu are nimic n comun cu dezvoltarea apparently furnishes solutions to their own
durabil a statelor colonizate. Viitorul lor a peoples. The Western colonial societies were
fost i amanetat i sacrificat, n favoarea unui principally built on exploiting the internal
prezent care doar n aparen ofer soluii potential but also on the colonies resources;
propriilor popoare. Societile industriale with insignificant prices (in many cases for
occidentale s-au cldit n mare parte prin free) for colonists, but with overwhelming
explorarea potenialului intern, dar i n mai prices for colonies. The motive of the specific
mare parte pe seama exploatrii resurselor colonization of the second wave was not at all
coloniilor. Cu preuri insignifiante (n multe the concern for the native populations, but
cazuri chiar gratuit) pentru colonizatori, dar underlying their expansionist policies were
cu preuri mpovrtoare pentru colonii. Nu justifications of this type, the Westerners had
grija pentru popoarele btinae a fost always followed their aims. Third World is
mobilul colonizrilor specifice celui de-al not a natural born fact; Third World is a
doilea
val,
ci,
ntemeindu-i
15
34
Ibidem
Ibid
20
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
It
is
for
these
reasons
that
Tocmai,
responsabilitile
de
trebuie
mobilul
esenial
(i
unic)
Deepening
of
gaps
overlapping
populaiile btinae ntr-o stare de fapt: stripping of the Third World resources
aceea de napoiere. Dar n-a eradicat srcia, signified high and accelerated rhythms of
ci, pe seama colonizrii, a adncit decalajele. development for Westerners and insignificant
Aceast adncire a decalajelor peste care se rhythms (even unnoticeable) and very slow
suprapune despolierea de resurse a Lumii a (both as intensity and time) for the natives.
Treia, se traduce n termeni de ritmuri nalte The second wave effected in modernizing the
i rapide de dezvoltare pentru occidentali i Western
world
and
the
impoverished
populations
in
and
the
lente (att ca intensitate, ct i ca durat) colonies; in other words, modernity vs. Third
pentru btinai. Cel de-al doilea val are ca World.
efecte
modernizarea
lumii
occidentale,
reprezentat
pentru
occidentali
istoriei. Ea se bazeaz pe realiti factuale i revolving around the same scopes, its specific
21
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
occidentale
n-au
realizat
la
cretinism
lumii
Millemann,
au
stabilit
weapon;
Islamism
is
well
Istoricul rilor mediteraneene este unul Arab conquers in East and West of VII and
complex: Dup dispariia Imperiului Roman VIII centuries had collapsed, the Muslim
i cuceririle arabe din Orient i Occident din world in East was dominated by the Turkish
secolele al VII-lea i al VIII-lea, lumea Seljuk dynasty that extended their domination
musulman din Orient a fost dominat de in XI, XII and XIII centuries upon todays
dinastia turc a Selgiucizilor, care i-au extins Iran, Iraq, Armenia and Minor Asia.
dominaia n secolele al XI-lea, al XII-lea i
al XIII-lea peste regiunile de astzi ale the ottoman sultans, the successors of Osman
Iranului, Irakului, Siriei, Armeniei i Asiei took the reins of the empire, conquering the
Mici.
22
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
excepia Marocului i a Andaluziei, aflate Vienne in 1529. The Ottoman Empire was at
atunci
n minile
succesorilor
mai nti recunoscnd independena Greciei Empire disappeared (the Empire later lost
n 1830, apoi acceptnd anexarea Algeriei de Serbia, Romania, Tunis and Bulgaria). In
ctre Frana, n acelai an, apoi Egiptul n 1922, Mustafa Kemal also called Ataturk
1840, care a devenit autonom sub presiunea took over the leadership and created modern
englez16.
Turkey.
pierduse
anterior
respective
devenind
colonii
protectorate ale marilor puteri europene, contextually and justifying, the shift as policy
ndeosebi ale Franei i Marii Britanii. Totui, has not been beyond some relations with
toate popoarele cucerite de occidentali i-au Islam.
pstrat ntotdeauna o valoare fundamental de
16
Ibidem, p. 37
Ibidem, p. 38
35
Ibid,p.37
36
Ibid,p.38
17
23
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
dar
fundamentele
unei
mai
ales
contraputeri
fenomenale care, pn la urm, a servit din exerting control not only over economy, but
plin interesele guvernelor occidentale ale also the politics both internal and external via
secolului XX. Pe deasupra, ea va rezolva, n the religious and military oppositions37. The
acelai
timp
veleitile
poteniale
hegemonie ale anumitor ri, datorate puterii the contrary, as anybody can notice Islam is a
procurate de energiile bazate pe combustibili two-edged sword.
fosili, controlnd nu doar economia, dar i
politica lor, att cea intern, ct i cea does not exclude diversity: Except for the
extern,
prin
intermediul
geopolitic
mediteranean
islamului este unul ce nu exclude diversitatea: completely resources. They are divided in
Exceptnd cuceririle din Asia - scrie more areas: North Africa or Maghreb (which
Millemann -, care au impus islamul, dar ale in Arabian signifies sunset), in other words
crei ri nu pot fi considerate cu adevrat Muslim West consisting of Morocco, Algeria,
arabe, ntreaga lume arab actual este Tunis and extended to Libya, Arabian
format din ri calde i aride, n mare parte Peninsula and Egypt, then Iran, Afghanistan
deertice, bogate n materii prime, ndeosebi and the republics of Soviet Union in Central
energetice, sau complet lipsite de resurse. Ele Asia.
se mpart n mai multe zone: Africa de Nord
sau
Maghrebul,
care,
limba
nseamn Asfinit, altfel spus, Occidentul special case with its own characteristics38.
musulman, format din Maroc, Algeria, Accordingly, the Islam countries are not all
18
Ibidem
Ibid
38
Ibid
37
24
Analele U
Universitii Constantin Brncui di n Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Socciale, Nr. 1/20
013
Uniunnii
Sovietice
din
19
Ibidem
m
25
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
un
tablou
imigraionist,
demografia
generat
galopant
al
fenomenului
ndeosebi
insuficiena by
the
fast-growing
demography
and
resurselor: Africa de Nord Vest, dei are insufficient resources: North-Western Africa
minoriti berbere musulmane nearabe, ce is entirely Arabian, despite the fact that there
pun nc guvernelor locale probleme de are Berber minorities, non-Arabian Muslim
integrare, este n ntregime arab. Ea este that cause a lot of integration problems to
nchis
ntr-un
spaiu
plcut,
mediteranean cuprins ntre mare i regiunea sea and Atlas Mountains, thus creating a very
muntoas a Atlasului. n rest, se ntinde picturesque Mediterranean area. Beyond this
deertul Sahara. Cele trei ri componente region, Sahara desert stretches. The three
dein resurse diferite, dar au o problem component countries own different resources,
comun pe care Frana nu o poate ignora i but have a common problem which France
care va deveni grija sa principal n urmtorii cannot ignore and will become its main
concern in the years to come: the fast-
10,
exceptnd
natalitatea
superioar vrstei de aizeci de ani. n and the life span is higher to 60 of age. The
momentul
dobndirii
independenei, moment
it
gained
its
independence,
Maghrebul avea jumtate din populaia Maghrebs population was half of Frances
francez de la acea vreme, adic mai puin de population that is less than 25 million
25 de milioane de locuitori. Astzi, el numr inhabitants. Today the population is 72
72 de milioane, iar n 2025 va depi 98 de million and in 2025 will exceed 98 million!
milioane!
Populaia Franei crete doar cu imigraia grows only with immigrants and their birth
i natalitatea acesteia, n cea mai mare parte rate. When a French woman of European
musulman. Cnd o franuzoaic de origine origin for many generations Judeo-Christian
26
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
european de mai multe generaii iudeo most of the French populations derives
cretine majoritatea poporului francez from European immigration has a Christian
provine din imigraia european face un child, the immigrant in North Africa or the
copil, cretin, imigranta din Africa de Nord French woman of Maghreb origin has 4
sau franuzoaica de origine maghrebian face Muslim children. Without the immigrants
patru
musulmani.
Fr
Marea problem legat de maghrebieni 30% today, even if they can speak French and
este cea a lipsei de perspectiv, rata omajului know a lot of things regarding French culture.
depind azi 30% chiar n condiiile n care In front of the phenomenon described above,
vorbesc limba francez i cunosc cultura Millemann asks himself: Should France be
Franei. n faa fenomenului descris supra, ready to accept on its territory a great part of
Th.P. Millemann se ntreab: S fie oare the young people candidates to immigrant
Frana pregtit s accepte pe teritoriul ei o status, to accept their descent and finally a
bun parte a tinerilor candidai la imigraie, s Muslim country?54 His answer regards a
accepte descendena lor i s devin, n final, warning upon the costs caused by the disaster
o ar musulman?40. i ca rspuns, el of Muslim overpopulation. Morocco, Tunis,
avertizeaz asupra costurilor provocate de Algeria and Egypt also face the demographic
dezastrul
suprapopulrii
musulmane. explosion.
This
phenomenon
will
be
Marocul, Tunisia, Algeria, Egiptul sunt i ele discussed in detail in another study.
confruntate cu explozia demografic. Von
reveni asupra acestui fenomen ntr-un capitol
viitor.
39
Ibidem, p. 39
.
53
Ibid,p.39
54
Ibid
40
27
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
2.c. Cel de-al treilea val i noua envisaged by the second wave, last until the
end of the decade 8 of last century in the
colonizare
Epoca industrial ale crei nceputuri sunt modernized states, yet its particularities vary
prefigurate prin cel de-al doilea val se extinde with a number of factors (different levels of
ca durat pn spre sfritul deceniului al 8- development, industrial capital accumulation,
lea al secolului trecut n statele modernizate, geo-political
position,
the
share
of
being
among
states
and
durate
medii,
existnd
in
the
first
place
as
sunt ntr-o anumit msur edificatoare, chiar democratization, the three <<waves>> of
dac modernizarea este neleas n primul democratization with its ebbs and flows
rnd ca democratizare, cele trei <<valuri>> justify the approach. We specify that in
de democratizri cu fluxurile i refluxurile lor Huntingtons opinion both economic and
justificndu-i demersul. Precizm c n opinia social
modernization
yield
political
ctre
modernitate
este
instability
will
be
(fathomed
msurat statistic sau dinamic este mai such as: Feierbend and Conroe, Huntington
mare.
sau
Conroe,
Huntington
28
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
life patterns;
expresia modernitii;
dezrdcinat
social
tradiionale de via;
by
the
process
of
bune>>
de
produce
economice i servicii;
frustrat de procesul modernizrii
by
spreading
political
Cert este c secolul al XX-lea s-a exposed areas as a consequence of the fact
caracterizat printr-o rspndire a instabilitii that the modernity rate was faster than in the
politice n state din Asia, Africa i America countries earlier modernized. Europe and
Latin zonele cele mai expuse, de altfel , North America modernization Huntington
urmare a faptului c rata modernizrii aici a notices took a few centuries: broadly
fost
mult
mai
rapid
dect
one
social
welfare
after
the
<<The
have
not
other
but
effect
of
alta,
ci
simultan.
<<Efectul
41
29
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
timpuriu le au asupra celor ntrziate mai statistical aspects, Huntington enhances his
nti le-a intensificat aspiraiile ca mai apoi, arguments in the domain. Thus, England the
s
le
frustrrile42.
exacerbeze
prezentarea
unor
aspecte
Astfel,
modernizat,
Anglia,
parcurs
prima
procesul
modernizare n 183 de ani (1649-1832); going through the process during Napoleons
Statele Unite ale Americii, cea de-a doua ar period, finished it in 73 years (1789-1862);
modernizat, a parcurs acest proces n 89 de for 21 of the 26 countries which started the
ani
(1776-1865);
13
state
intrate
observat,
baza
unor
politice
democratice
faa power
should
be
somewhat
equally
marilor dificulti de natur economic: distributed. One can specify that the contrary
Inegalitile mari la nivelul puterii socio- is also possible, that it is democracy that
economice nu pot coexista cu un regim tends to diminish and control the sociopolitic n care puterea ar trebui distribuit economic inequalities and in case it fails to
ntr-o manier oarecum egalitar. Se poate do so, it opens the way for authoritarian
preciza
este
posibil
susinerea solutions58.
42
30
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
inasmuch
as
modernity
as
una simpl, liniar ntruct, ca proces, produce has not a sole finality, the
modernizarea nu se limiteaz n sfer i democratic political regime. I am taking into
coninuturi doar la reformele politice ce account specialized studies of authors like:
converg spre democratizare, aa cum nici Seymour
Martin
Lipset,
Gianfranco
ntreprinse
de
Weber,
Olson, destroying
effects
upon
politics
and
modernization
itself
(loyalty
fa de autoritile respective. Prin urmare, transfer, new sources of legitimacy etc.) and
instabilitatea politic poate fi generat att de the high rhythms enforced on development
factori pe care-i implic nsi modernizarea and economic-social modernization, rhythms
politic (transferul de loialiti, surse noi de originated in self-conscience on deepening
legitimitate etc.), precum i de
ritmuri
originate
n modernization
(understood
as
upward
44
Vezi Gianfranco Pasquino, Curs de tiin politic, Iai, Institutul European, 2001
Vezi i Adrian Gorun, Dan R. Mateiu, Horaiu T. Gorun, Introducere n tiina politic. Regimurile politice.
Participarea politic. Elitele politice, Presa Universitar Clujean, 2003, pp. 214-233
59
SeeAdrianGorun,DanR.Mateiu,HoratiuT.Gorun,IntroducereinStiintapolitica.Regimurilepolitice.
Participareapolitica.Elitelepolitice.PresaUniversitaraClujeana,2003,pp.214233
45
31
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
the
functional
priority
of
este una care clarific unitatea democraie economic development. In intelligible terms
formal democraie substanial i care the classic relation and all the more genesis
evideniaz cu claritate prioritatea funcional between market economy and democracy
a
dezvoltrii
economice.
termeni proves
insufficient
unless
the
attribute
for
them.
On
the
contrary;
favorabile
Concentrate
lor.
timp
ndelungat
industrializare, aceste state i-au ntrit The strategies were so well elaborated and
propriile economii i au atins indicatori ai applied that the clash of the former empires
bunstrii care le asigur stabilitate intern i did not lead to altering the situation, neosupremaie mondial. Strategiile au fost de colonialism being manifested in its pure
aa manier elaborate i aplicate nct form. This pure form is the main means
destrmarea fostelor imperii coloniale n-a which under the mask assistance awarded,
condus
la
schimbarea
32
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
declanat de cel de-al doilea val de care many other countries where the GDP is under
vorbete Alvin Toffler este demult ncheiat $100 per capita. Of course the analysis may
n rile modernizate, mereu nceput sau be enlarged, yet I consider it is worth
inexistent n attea alte ri n care Produsul mentioning a general observation:
Alvin
Naional Brut / locuitor este situat sub 100$. Toffler may be reproached and, as a matter of
Analiza poate continua, ns consider c este fact, political science generally and the
suficient o prim observaie de ansamblu: American one especially, with provincialism,
provincialismul,
descriptivismul
formalismul sunt imputabile i lui Toffler, ca are centred on a small number of states,
de altfel tiinei politice n general, celei without
taking
into
account
the
solid
americane, n special atunci cnd analizele se examinations based on rigorous and clear
centreaz doar pe un numr restrns de state comparisons. In short the three values on
ale
lumii,
examinrilor
fr
se
concrete,
acorda
n
baza
comparaii explicite i riguroase. Pe scurt, inclusive for some and exclusive for many
cele trei valuri din istoria omenirii despre and very many players. Generalizations are
care vorbete viitorologul american nu sunt from the start inefficient and do not do any
nici pe departe atotcuprinztoare, ci inclusive good to the political science. Speaking from
pentru unii, exclusive pentru muli i foarte the perspective of the civilizations composing
muli actori. Generalizrile sunt din capul it, the world is extremely heterogeneous. It
locului ineficace i nu aduc servicii tiinei has to be stated, at this point, that the
politice. Lumea este extrem de eterogen din normative judgement included, circumscribed
perspectiva civilizaiilor care o compun. to progress understood exclusively in terms
Tocmai de aceea trebuie remarcat c inclusiv enforced by the Westerners, have also a
judecile de tip normativ circumscrise justifiable role. The same way colonisations
progresului neles exclusiv n termenii and certain civilizations (shown as superior)
impui de ctre occidentali au i un rol were justified, just as the Information Age
justificativ.
Aa
au
fost
justificate
uor
de
decelat:
se
33
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
many
situations
incompatible),
(criterii aplicabile exclusiv grupului, deci, widespread conclusions are drawn (though
particulare), se generalizeaz criteriile prin the comparative method is inadequate, and
aplicarea lor i altor grupuri (n multe situaii, the approach is incomplete and inadequate).
incompatibile), se extrag concluzii cu valoare We shall go on by insisting upon such aspects
universal (dei metoda comparativ este mentioning that the first wave comprised and
inadecvat,
iar
demersul
sufer
incompletitudine i inadecvare). Vom insista comprised less populations, but extended its
n continuare pe asemenea aspecte cu consequences upon the most national players,
meniunea c primul val a cuprins i antrenat while the third wave comprises a smaller
multe populaii, cel de-al doilea val a cuprins group of national and transnational players
mai
puine
populaii,
dar
i-a
extins who
benefit
from
it,
yet
extending
consecinele asupra celor mai muli actori consequences upon the others who have been
naionali, n timp ce cel de-al treilea val during the first or second wave.
cuprinde un grup restrns de actori naionali
i transnaionali care beneficiaz, extinzndu- game and in the subchapter After the
i consecinele asupra celorlali, aflai nc n Industrial Age60 he insists on Information
primul sau cel de-al doilea val.
Francis Fukuyama
passed
to
the
so-called
olitical and economic structures in Africa are concomitantly with the Cold War. Logically,
irectly connected to colonization. Thus the arming race and the need to maintain a
Thus agricultu
balance
through
46
34
of
a
the
hard
to
believe
military
arsenal,
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
ca perioad cu Rzboiul Rece. n mod logic, particularly in USA and USSR required huge
cursa narmrilor i nevoia meninerii unui investments in intelligence and top capital.
echilibru printr-o dezvoltare inimaginabil a Scientific research intended for permanent
arsenalului militar, ndeosebi n SUA i modernization of vectors has become the
URSS, a necesitat investiii uriae de basic component of the Great military
inteligen i capital de vrf. Cercetarea Powers
geo-strategy
and
their
allies,
tiinific destinat modernizrii permanente particularly the allies of USA. All the more,
a vectorilor a devenit component de baz states like China and India, even if they
a geostrategiei marilor puteri militare i a applied a policy of non-alignment in front
aliailor, ndeosebi a aliailor SUA. Totodat, of the two military blocks, have also invested
state precum China i India, chiar dac au in developing the own military potential,
aplicat o politic de nealiniere fa de cele running on a parallel lane to the arming
dou blocuri militare, au investit i ele n race, which nevertheless has the same
dezvoltarea
propriului
potenial
manner,
but
electronic.
it
Who
becomes
is
in
Rzboiul nu mai este conceput n mod clasic, possession of information has the power a
ci devine unul preponderent electronic. Cine slogan decrypted by any player since Francis
deine informaia deine puterea - o deviz Bacon. Japanese for instance, have finally
decodat de oricare actor de la Fr. Bacon understood that starting the conflict with
ncoace. Japonezii, de exemplu, au neles c USA was a huge mistake due to an
au svrit o eroare declannd conflictul cu incomplete piece of information furnished by
SUA datorit unei informaii incomplete an infantry general in exchange for some
oferite de un general infanterist contra unor disclosures of a well documented admiral.
dezvluiri fcute de un amiral documentat. i Their subsequent attitude is well known to
este cunoscut atitudinea lor ulterioar - invest in information and informatics, by
aceea
de
investi
informaie
informatizare, utilizndu-i capitalul uman i capital and silicon. Fr. Fukuyama going along
siliciul - singurele bogii pe care le aveau Alvin Tofflers line accomplishes a succinct
la ndemn. Fr. Fukuyama, n linia lui Alvin picture of what is to come after Industrial
Toffler, realizeaz un tablou succint a ceea ce Age, on what the third wave yields as
vine dup epoca industrial, adic asupra a transition to Information Age. It is to be
ceea ce produce cel de-al treilea val, ca bore in mind that the wave entails only a
35
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
efecte dezirabile:
this
element
transition
are
more
correlated
one
each
Aceast tranziie const n apariia mai another. On the economic level, services
multor elemente corelate. Pe plan economic, supersede more and more production as
serviciile nlocuiesc n msur tot mai mare source of enrichment. Instead of working in a
producia ca surs de mbogire. n loc s still works or in an automobiles factory, the
lucreze ntr-o oelrie sau ntr-o uzin de typical worker in Information Age works in a
automobile, lucrtorul tipic dintr-o societate bank,
software
company,
restaurant,
informatizat este angajat ntr-o banc, firm university or for a social security office. The
de software, restaurant, universitate sau ntr-o role
agenie
de
asisten
social.
of
information
and
intelligence
sophisticated
technology
becomes
consequences
for
individuals.
states,
The
extrem de diferite pentru state, comuniti, differentiations become major especially that
indivizi. Diferenierile sunt majore, mai ales there are geo-political areas that still go
c exist spaii geopolitice care nc parcurg through the transition generated by the
tranziia generat de primul sau cel de-al second wave, which emphasizes cleavages.
doilea val, ceea ce accentueaz clivajele. Se At the end of the last century the benefits of
rspndesc cu o rapiditate inimaginabil la information and human intelligence as well as
nceputul secolului trecut att binefacerile the tare of the consumerist society pervaded
48
62
Ibidem
Ibid
36
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
informaiei i inteligenei umane, ct i tarele with an unimaginable rhythm. The selfsocietii consumeriste. Contiina de sine conscience is projected in real world and in
este proiectat deopotriv n real i virtual, virtual world, even ontological has virtual
chiar forme ale ontisului mbrac atribute ale attributes. The informational universe with
virtualului. Universul informaional - cu different degrees of access for individuals
grade diferite de accesibilitate pentru indivizi allows spreading of communication with the
permite lrgirea ariei comunicrii cu ceilali, others, but also alienation, estrangement and
dar i nstrinare, alienare, angoas. Apoi, anguish. Subsequently the information is
informaia este filtrat i cenzurat, att de filtered and censured, both by the producerctre productorul - emitor, ct mai ales de transmitter and especially by the channels and
canalele
mijloacele
de
accesare
i means
of
access
and
decrypting.
allows
widespread
competiie
care
anterioare se accentueaz, iar constrngerile and amplify a new struggle for supremacy
pentru cei mereu rmai n urm se and hegemony starts. Large samples of
multiplic i se amplific. Excluilor care literate, but who for different reasons cannot
alctuiau armata de peste dou miliarde de communicate using lingua franca or are not
analfabei clasici li se adaug eantioane largi PC literate (they cannot utilize the modern
de tiutori de carte, dar care, din varii motive, and sophisticated electronic technologies) are
nu comunic n lingua franca sau nu tiu s added to those left aside, the army of over
utilizeze modernele i sofisticatele tehnologii two billion classic illiterate. The meaning of
electronice. Sensul cuvntului analfabet i the word illiterate changes, the illiterate of
schimb nelesul, analfabetul viitorului the near future may be the Ph D in science at
apropiat fiind chiar i doctorul n tiin la the sunset of his career.
The
apusul carierei.
Information
Age
through
the
Era informaiei, prin tehnologiile pe care technologies it imposes, set free a large
le impune, elibereaz o foarte mare cantitate quantity of labour supply on the one hand and
de for de munc, amplificnd omajul i on the other increases the number of
agravnd conflictul ntre munca fizic i unemployment and aggravates the conflict
munca intelectual. La rndul ei, fora de between the physical and intellectual work. In
37
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
munc angajat n domeniile dominate de turn the labour supply employed in the
munca intelectual, este supus, n intervale domains dominated by intellectual work will
scurte de timp, devalorizrii.
Fukuyama i evideniaz att beneficiile, ct Fukuyama points out its benefits and negative
i
efectele
negative.
Tensiunea
observabil
la
filosoful
fie
corporatiste,
sunt
prin
intermediul
38
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
participare mai larg a angajailor la luarea to control and exploit information held by
deciziilor, Uniunea Sovietic i Germania de their citizens63.
Est s-au prbuit datorit incapacitii lor de a
dintr-o
Avem
vedere
lrgirea
birocratic,
competitivitii, creterea sferei de cuprindere corporations and so on. With the only
prin extinderea participrii angajailor la difference
luarea
deciziilor,
dezagregarea
that,
reconsidering
normative
monopoluri devenite tradiionale prin intrarea of the information society must be viewed
n declin a marilor corporaii .a.m.d. Numai with a certain reserve. Thus, Fukuyama's
c i aceste daruri oferite de societatea opinion on the fact that the new type of
informaional trebuie privite cu o anumit society
produces
more
freedom
and
with
the
factual
very
reality
foundations
that
of
societate produce mai mult libertate i democratic regimes. Freedom and equality
egalitate ntr-o democraie modern intr n are values which originates principles that are
contradicie
submineaz
cu
realitatea
nsi
bazele
factual
49
63
Ibidem, p. 12
Ibid,p.12
39
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
ntresc un anumit tip de ordine dorit de where the problem is because the company
majoritate. O ordine cu rol de factor organized on a democratic basis requires
antientropic
pentru
societatea
(precizez c este n discuie o societate cu all citizens and with each other, the law (rule)
regim democratic). Ori tocmai aici apare representing
standard
reporting
and
conduitelor.
Funcie
dispoziiile normei se apreciaz att excesul suitable framework for the manifestation of
de putere (constrngere la libertate), ct i freedom but also to understand that excessive
excesul de libertate (constrngere la libertatea libertinism understood as freedom for some
celorlali
dispreul
fa
de
Societatea informaional a creat cel mai others. Internet use is a significant example of
propice cadru pentru manifestarea libertii this view, under the circumstances that the
ns i cadrul pentru libertinaj neles ca exces unlimited access to everyone who has
de libertate pentru unii cu ngrdirea major abilities and a microprocessor, avoids the
i inevitabil a libertii celorlali. Exemplul responsibility. Both responsible people and
utilizrii Internetului este semnificativ din irresponsible people participate to the same
acest punct de vedere n condiiile n care extent to communication over the Internet
accesul la utilizare, absolut nelimitat pentru "posting" on various sites both useful
oricine
posed
abiliti
deine
un information
and
distorted
information,
site-uri
informaii
utile,
responsible
individuals
and
40
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
informaia
(dar
indicates
inexistent
sources,
dar i parte din masa de manevr intoxicat rumour sources or their own opinions when
de emitor. Anonimatul reprezint forma he puts forward his opinions he conceals his
prin
care
rspunderea
individual
eliminat. Nici rspunderea juridic, nici 'aliases'). The transmitter uses intoxications
rspunderea moral nu opereaz n condiii de that create on the receiver feelings like fear,
anonimat, mai ales c n multe situaii apathy, withdraw in a sphere of cyberspace or
emitorul indic surse inexistente, surse- through incitement, rebellion, absolutely
zvon sau, atunci cnd lanseaz opinii proprii challenging spirit, participation in illegal
i ascunde identitatea sub pseudonime movements and so on. Intoxications have the
(semneaz
cu
nume
de
transforming
simple
views
for: lansate cu rol manipulator ele i gsesc (plausible topics) into solid and truthful
suport ontic n indivizi i grupuri intoxicate information.
care, prin punere n practic, genereaz haos
opinii
(subiectual
receptorului
opiniilor
41
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
prezumia
absolut
lor
oficial,
iar
baza
legitimitii tranzitive, la nivelul opiniei does not range among those who purport the
publice
se
ntrete
convingerea
informaiile ce circul prin asemenea canale the contrary, noticing its benefits he does not
sunt informaii cu caracter oficial. Acesta este hesitate to describe its baneful effects
mecanismul un mecanism dolosiv prin substantiated
in
dramatic
changes
and
who
enlarged
upon
this
topic.
societate
s-i
concretizate
descrie
n
nefaste, Nicholas
efectele
schimbri
dramatice, changes
Negroponte
as
considered
favourable
to
these
prosperity,
sintetizate n sintagma Marea Ruptur. democracy and freedom and society at large.
Trecerea la o societate informatizat It is certain that many advantages of the
consemneaz el a fost ridicat n slvi de information society are obvious, but I wonder
aproape toi cei care au scris sau au vorbit all of its consequences were necessarily
despre acest subiect. Comentatori de cele mai beneficial?64
diverse orientri politice, precum George
In
order
to
answer
this
question,
Gilder, Newt Gingrich, AL Gore, Alvin i Fukuyama presents a vast picture of Western
Heidi Toffler, Nicholas Negroponte, au society in the second half of XX century,
considerat
aceste
schimbri
favorabile
prosperitii,
ca
democraiei
64
Ibid.
42
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
informatizate sunt evidente, dar oare toate generation before. Then he follows arguing
consecinele acesteia au fost neaprat att de that abandoning the industrial production in
faste?50
preciznd
asocierea
informaiei cu apariia Internetului (anii '90 ai long played a dominant role, yet reaching
secolului trecut) este una incomplet ntruct global decline and chronic unemployment
desprinderea de epoca industrial a debutat cu generated serious social consequences.
o generaie n urm. Astfel, el argumenteaz
prin renunarea la producia industrial nc 60s and beginning of 90s was marked by
din anii '70 ai secolului al XX-lea n mai even harder social conditions in most
multe
ri
avansate,
dezindustrializarea
regiunii
odat
Rust
(Centura de rugin) - regiune economic din urban centres of the richest societies on earth
nord-estul SUA (Statele Ilinois, Indiana, became uninhabitable areas. The decline of
Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania) care a jucat kinship to which we had been attending for
mult vreme un rol economic dominant, dar more two hundred years, also intensified in
care a ajuns la declin global i omaj cronic the second of XX century. In most European
urmare a abandonrii uzinelor.
that
these
societies
would
be
generat consecine sociale de mare gravitate: depopulated next century, unless a massive
Aceast perioad, cuprins aproximativ ntre immigration occurred; marriages and births
mijlocul anilor '60 i nceputul anilor '90, a reduced; the divorces rates reached alarming
fost, de asemenea, marcat de condiii sociale quotas; in USA one third of the children were
tot
mai
grele
industrializate.
infracionalitatea
n
Au
i
majoritatea
rilor born
outside
marriage,
whereas
in
dezordinea
nceput
centrele urbane ale societilor celor mai people and institutions was in decline. At the
bogate de pe pmnt transformndu-se n end of 50s, most of the inhabitants in Europe
zone aproape de nelocuit. Declinul relaiilor and USA expressed their confidence in
50
Ibidem
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
de rudenie ca instituii sociale, la care asistm government and their citizens; only a small
de mai bine de dou sute de ani, s-a precipitat share declared the same in the beginning of
n ultima jumtate a secolului XX. n the 90s. The nature of inter-human relation
majoritatea rilor europene i n Japonia, also altered. Though there are no clear
fertilitatea a sczut att de mult, nct aceste evidence that people established fewer social
societi se vor depopula n secolul urmtor, contacts, their relations tended to be shorter,
n lipsa unei imigrri masive; s-au mpuinat less intense and in smaller groups65. Can
cstoriile i naterile; rata divorurilor a atins these phenomena be neglected? The multiple
cote alarmante; n Statele Unite, o treime din phenomena enumerated above raise major
copii sunt nscui n afara cstoriei, iar n issues, if it is to take into consideration only
rile scandinave mai mult de jumtate. n the
perspective
against
of
the
the
counter-attack
entropic
factors
factors,
they
are
not
natural
mai declarau acelai lucru la nceputul anilor catastrophes, but they make the object of
'90. Natura relaiilor interumane s-a modificat management modalities for human society.
i ea. Dei nu exist dovezi c oamenii They are the effects of a long management in
stabileau
mai
puine
contacte
legturile lor tindeau s fie de durat mai fragments of objectives and non-convergent
scurt, mai puin intense i n grupuri de in many situations: objectives circumscribed
oameni tot mai puin numeroase51. Sunt to the struggle for domination and hegemony,
aceste fenomene de neluat n seama? i on the powerful part and struggle for survival
numai din perspectiva nevoii de contracarare in the simplest possible way for an
a factorilor entropici n vederea conservrii absolute human majority. And the major
unei
societi,
multiplele
enumerate mai sus ridic probleme majore. rooted in history. Some of them have become
Aceste
probleme
nu
absolv
responsabilitate pe cei ce conduc comuniti, anymore. Others have solutions provided that
state, lumea n ansamblul ei. Ele nu sunt the decision-making factors really want that.
51
65
44
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
probleme generate de factori naturali, nu sunt Yet none of them is above responsibility. At
catastrofe
naturale,
ci
fac
reason
why
we
ask
ourselves
pentru dominaie i hegemonie, din partea concomitantly with Serge Hutin: Are there
celor puternici i luptei pentru existen n unknown governors?66 This answer will be
cel mai simplu neles cu putin pentru o searched for in a future study.
majoritate uman absolut. Iar problemele
majore cu care ne confruntm deopotriv cu
Bibliography:
V. Alecu.
unele,
nici
altele
nu
absolv
de
voie
sau
nepricepere
rele,
trebuie
Hutin:
Exist
guvernani
Bibliografie:
Bucureti, 2008
52
Sege Hutin, Guvernanii din umbr i societile secrete, Pro Editur i Tipografie, Bucureti, p.11, Titlul
original - Gouvernantes invisibles et socits secrtes, Editions J'ai Lu, 1971
66
SergeHutin,Guvernantiidinumbrasisocietatilesecrete,ProEditurasiTipografie,Bucuresti,p.11,Original
title:Gouvernantesinvisiblesetsocietessecretes,EditionJaiLu,1971
45
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46