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[3.1]
STRAIN
If parts of the body can be moved relative to each other
then the body is said to be in a state of strain. The
amount of strain will depend on the variation of
displacement with distance.
Strain d/dx
[3.2]
Wire
cross section
area
A
Becomes
Stress
Strain
= F/A
l/l
[3.3]
Bulk modulus: B
B = (Pressure)
V/V
[3.4]
Compressibility: K
K = 1/B N-1m2
[3.5]
[3.6]
is in radians
T
(Stress)
For liquids = 0
Poissons Ratio:
l
stretch.
= d/d
l/l
Hard objects: ~ 0.05
No Units
[3.7]
Lames Modulus:
Put an upward stress Tz, produce a
Tz
strain eZ
ez
{PINCH}
Tx
Y
2(1 + )
Y
B=
3(1 2 )
= B 23 =
Y
(1 + )(1 2 )
[3.9]
[3.10]
[3.11]
Force
x x
2
Force = 2
t
2 + 2 2
=
2
x 2
t
This is the wave equation [1.3] with
v=
+ 2
[3.12]
Earthquakes:
In the earths crust these are known as P waves
v=
B + 43
[3.13]
v=
Y (1 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
[3.14]
So that
1.5
Y
1 .1
ms 1
1.25
[3.15]
v ~ 5000 ms-1
v=
ms-1
[3.16]
ms-1
v=
[3.17]
Using [3.9]:
v=
Y
2 (1 + )
[3.18]
Y
2.5
v 0.63
Using [3.14]/[3.18]
Velocity of P waves
2(1 )
=
Velocity of S waves
1 2
For ~ 0.25:
Speed of P waves 3 Speed S waves or
v P 1.73vS
[3.19]
v=
OR v =
1
K
[3.20],[3.21]
v=
RT
M
[3.22]
Where
ratio of specific heats (cp/cv), 1.4 for air
R gas constant, 8.3 J mol-1 K-1 for all gases
M Molar mass,
T Temperature in Kelvin,
v=
[3.23]
Bulk Solids
v=
Liquids
v=
v=
T = tension, mass/meter