Design Criteria Manual

PREPARED FOR:
Ketchikan Public Utilities

Ketchikan, Alaska
DESIGN CRITERIA MANUAL

WHITMAN LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
Rev. 0
October 11, 2010
H332729
Prepared by Hatch, Seattle, WA
Prepared for

Ketchikan, Alaska
DESIGN CRITERIA MANUAL (REV. 0)

Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project
Approvers Signature and Date

0
October 11, 2010
Rev
Rev Date
C. Mannheim
Revision Details
Author of Revision
Approved
Approved Date

Design Criteria Manual (Rev. 0)
Table of Contents
1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Project Purpose ........................................................................................................1
1.2 Existing Features.......................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Whitman Dam Spillway Rating Curve ...........................................................1
1.3 Project Features........................................................................................................2
1.4 Water Rights ............................................................................................................3
1.5 References, Codes and Standards .............................................................................3
1.5.1 General .........................................................................................................3
1.5.2 Civil ..............................................................................................................3
1.5.3 Mechanical ...................................................................................................4
1.5.4 Electrical .......................................................................................................5
1.6 Whitman Dam Analysis............................................................................................5
2 General Project Criteria........................................................................................................ 1
2.1 Units of Measure......................................................................................................1
2.2 Project Access ..........................................................................................................1
2.3 Dams and Diversion Structures ................................................................................1
2.4 The New Penstocks and Intakes ...............................................................................1
2.5 Powerhouse .............................................................................................................2
2.6 Turbine and Generator Units....................................................................................2
2.7 Scope of Construction Work ....................................................................................3
2.8 Modifications to the SSRAA Hatchery Water Supply ................................................4
2.9 Vertical and Horizontal Datum ................................................................................4
3 General Design Criteria........................................................................................................5
3.1 Material Properties ...................................................................................................5
3.1.1 Concrete .......................................................................................................5
3.1.2 Reinforcement...............................................................................................5
3.1.3 Embedded Steel Plates and Shapes ................................................................5
3.1.4 Embedded Anchor Bolts................................................................................5
3.1.5 Shear Stud Anchors .......................................................................................6
3.1.6 Expansion Anchors........................................................................................6
3.1.7 Waterstops ....................................................................................................6
3.1.8 Structural Steel ..............................................................................................6
3.1.9 Welding ........................................................................................................6
3.1.10 Concrete Masonry Units................................................................................6
3.1.11 Mortar ...........................................................................................................6
3.1.12 Grout (Masonry) ............................................................................................7
3.1.13 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion.................................................................7
3.1.14 Unit Weights .................................................................................................7
3.2 Loads and Forces......................................................................................................7
3.2.1 Summary of Loads Considered ......................................................................7
3.2.2 Dead Loads Unit Weights ..........................................................................8
3.2.3 Live Loads .....................................................................................................8
3.2.4 Water Pressure ..............................................................................................9
ii

3.2.5 Active Pressure..............................................................................................9

3.2.6 At Rest Pressure.............................................................................................9
3.2.7 Passive Pressure ............................................................................................9
3.2.8 Earthquake ....................................................................................................9
3.2.9 Thermal Loads.............................................................................................10
3.2.10 Wind Load ..................................................................................................10
3.2.11 Snow Loads.................................................................................................10
3.2.12 Frost Depth .................................................................................................10
3.2.13 Ice Load ......................................................................................................10
3.2.14 Construction and Moving Surface Loads......................................................10
3.3 Structural Design....................................................................................................10
3.3.1 General Requirements.................................................................................11
3.3.2 Reinforced Concrete Design........................................................................11
3.3.3 Watertightness.............................................................................................11
3.3.4 Minimum Reinforcement and Cover ...........................................................12
3.3.5 Allowable Stresses.......................................................................................12
3.4 Seismic Analysis.....................................................................................................13
3.4.1 Objective ....................................................................................................13
3.4.2 References...................................................................................................13
3.4.3 Seismic Site Class ........................................................................................13
4 Powerhouse and Tailrace ..................................................................................................14
4.1 Foundation.............................................................................................................14
4.2 Structural Design - Stability Analysis ......................................................................15
4.2.1 Description .................................................................................................15
4.2.2 Powerhouse Loading Combinations ............................................................15
4.2.3 Powerhouse Factors of Safety ......................................................................15
4.2.4 Powerhouse Flotation..................................................................................15
4.2.5 Sliding Analysis ...........................................................................................16
4.3 Structural Design - Seismic Analysis .......................................................................16
4.3.1 Powerhouse Structures Earthquake Structural Analysis ................................17
4.3.2 Powerhouse Substructure and Base Slab......................................................17
4.3.3 Powerhouse Superstructure .........................................................................17
4.4 Architectural Design...............................................................................................17
4.4.1 General .......................................................................................................17
4.4.2 Exterior Treatments......................................................................................17
4.4.3 Interior Treatments ......................................................................................18
4.5 Powerhouse Mechanical Services...........................................................................18
4.5.1 Cooling Water.............................................................................................18
4.5.2 Domestic Water and Service Water.............................................................18
4.5.3 Restroom.....................................................................................................19
4.5.4 Compressed Air...........................................................................................19
4.5.5 Drainage System .........................................................................................19
4.5.6 Turbine Unwatering ....................................................................................19
4.5.7 Sanitary Drainage ........................................................................................19
4.5.8 Fire Protection.............................................................................................19
iii

4.5.9 Heating and Ventilating System...................................................................20

4.6 Powerhouse Crane .................................................................................................20
4.6.1 General .......................................................................................................20
4.6.2 Design Codes ..............................................................................................20
4.6.3 Design Parameters.......................................................................................20
4.6.4 Design Loads...............................................................................................21
4.7 Turbine and Generator Equipment .........................................................................21
4.7.1 General .......................................................................................................21
4.7.2 Design Parameters to be confirmed during Detailed Design.....................21
4.7.3 Operating Conditions ..................................................................................23
4.7.4 Performance Guarantees .............................................................................23
4.7.5 Other Guarantees........................................................................................23
4.7.6 Design Codes ..............................................................................................23
4.7.7 Design Stresses and Loadings ......................................................................23
4.8 Tailrace with Fish Exclusion Barrier........................................................................24
4.8.1 Description .................................................................................................24
4.8.3 Foundation Conditions................................................................................24
4.8.4 Tailrace Channel .........................................................................................24
4.8.5 Fish Exclusion Barrier Pickets ...................................................................25
4.9 Powerhouse Electrical and Transmission Design Criteria........................................27
4.9.1 Site Conditions............................................................................................27
4.9.2 Protection and Control System ....................................................................27
4.9.3 Switchyard and Interconnection to Existing Distribution System..................29
4.9.4 AC Station Services .....................................................................................29
4.9.5 DC Services.................................................................................................29
4.9.6 Lighting .......................................................................................................29
4.9.7 Single Line Diagrams...................................................................................30
5 Conduits and Pipelines......................................................................................................31
5.1 Codes and Standards ..............................................................................................31
5.2 Description ............................................................................................................31
5.2.1 Intent...........................................................................................................31
5.2.2 Penstock Design..........................................................................................32
5.2.3 Inlet Valves .................................................................................................32
5.2.4 Anchor Blocks.............................................................................................32
5.2.5 Intermediate Support Foundations...............................................................32
5.3 Design Factors........................................................................................................32
5.3.1 Alignment Control.......................................................................................32
5.3.2 Stations and Elevations ................................................................................32
5.3.3 Unit Weights ...............................................................................................32
5.3.4 Earth/Rock Parameters .................................................................................32
5.3.5 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion...............................................................32
5.3.6 Corrosion Allowance...................................................................................32
5.4 Design Loads .........................................................................................................33
5.4.1 Dead Load ..................................................................................................33
iv

5.4.2 Live Load ....................................................................................................33

5.4.3 Lateral Earth Pressure ..................................................................................33
5.4.4 Hydraulic Loads ..........................................................................................33
5.4.5 Earthquake Load..........................................................................................33
5.4.6 Thermal Load ..............................................................................................33
5.4.7 Snow Load ..................................................................................................34
5.5 Materials ................................................................................................................34
5.5.1 Concrete .....................................................................................................34
5.5.2 Reinforcement.............................................................................................34
5.5.3 Penstock Steel .............................................................................................34
5.5.4 Embedded Anchor Bolts..............................................................................34
5.5.5 Expansion Anchors......................................................................................34
5.5.6 Expansion/Contraction Joints .......................................................................34
5.5.7 Joints ...........................................................................................................34
5.5.8 Structural Steel ............................................................................................34
5.5.9 Welding ......................................................................................................34
5.5.10 Protective Coating .......................................................................................35
5.6 Analysis and Design ...............................................................................................35
5.6.1 Loading Conditions Penstock ...................................................................35
5.6.2 Penstock Analysis........................................................................................35
5.6.3 Loading Conditions Anchor Blocks ..........................................................38
5.6.4 Stability Analysis .........................................................................................38
5.6.5 Minimum Reinforcement and Cover ...........................................................39
5.6.6 Allowable Concrete Stress Increase for Combined Loading .........................39
5.6.7 Wye Branch Design ....................................................................................40
5.7 Valves ....................................................................................................................40
5.8 Hydraulic Design ...................................................................................................40
5.8.1 Head Losses ................................................................................................40
5.8.2 Transient Analysis Load Cases .....................................................................41
5.9 Appurtenances .......................................................................................................41
5.9.1 Air Inlet Valves............................................................................................41
5.9.2 Access Hatches ...........................................................................................41
5.9.3 Walkway and Stairs .....................................................................................41
5.9.4 Wildlife Crossings .......................................................................................42
5.9.5 Drain Valves ...............................................................................................42
5.9.6 Filling Lines.................................................................................................42
6 Intakes and Dam Valvehouse............................................................................................43
6.1 Intakes....................................................................................................................43
6.1.1 Description .................................................................................................43
6.1.2 Design Flows...............................................................................................43
6.1.3 Fish Screening Criteria.................................................................................43
6.2 Unit 1 Intake ..........................................................................................................43
6.2.1 Description .................................................................................................43
6.2.2 Hydraulic Design ........................................................................................43
6.2.3 Structural Design.........................................................................................43

6.3
Unit 2 Variable Elevation Intake .............................................................................44

6.3.1 Description .................................................................................................44
6.4 Unit 2 Deep Intake.................................................................................................44
6.4.1 Description .................................................................................................44
6.5 Whitman Dam Valve House ..................................................................................44
7 Achilles Diversion and Pipeline ........................................................................................45
7.1 Description ............................................................................................................45
7.2 General Design Parameters ....................................................................................45
7.3 Foundation.............................................................................................................45
7.4 Trashracks and Intake Screen .................................................................................46
7.4.1 Arrangement ...............................................................................................46
7.4.2 Fish Screening Criteria.................................................................................46
7.5 Analysis and Design ...............................................................................................46
7.5.1 Stability Analysis .........................................................................................46
7.6 Vertical Lift Gates...................................................................................................48
7.6.1 Vertical Lift Gate Design Parameters ...........................................................48
7.7 Diversion Pipeline..................................................................................................48
7.7.1 Material.......................................................................................................48
7.7.2 Supports ......................................................................................................48
8 Construction Roads ...........................................................................................................49
8.1 Description ............................................................................................................49
8.2 Design Criteria .......................................................................................................49
8.2.1 Whitman Creek Bridge Crossing..................................................................49
9 Hatchery Head Tank and Valve House.............................................................................51
9.1 Hatchery Head Tank ..............................................................................................51
9.2 Valve House ..........................................................................................................51
Appendix A - Figures
vi

List of Tables
Table 3-1 Uniform Live Loads ..............................................................................................................................8
Table 4-1 Earth and Rock Design Parameters ..................................................................................................14
Table 4-2 Powerhouse Crane Design Parameters.............................................................................................20
Table 4-3 Turbine and Generator Equipment Design Parameters (To be confirmed) ..............................22
Table 8-2 Access Road Design Criteria..............................................................................................................49
vii

1 Introduction
1.1
Project Purpose
Ketchikan Public Utilities (KPU) is the utility division of the City of Ketchikan, Alaska. KPU buys,
generates, and resells most of the electricity consumed in the City of Ketchikan and Ketchikan
Gateway Bureau. KPU has historically been an isolated electrical network with no interconnection
to any other utility or transmission system outside their service territory, except for the Southeast
Alaska Power Agencys (SEAPA) Swan Lake Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 2911). With the
recent completion of the Tyee-Swan Lake Intertie, Ketchikan is now connected to other members
of the SEAPA, making available some capacity of the Tyee Lake Hydroelectric Project to KPU.
However, the intertie also will use some capacity of the SEAPA Swan Lake Project at times when
Tyee project is not fully available due to maintenance activities. Therefore, KPU could use the
power generated by the 4,600-kW Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project (Project) to help meet both
its own power needs and to reduce the power it uses from Swan Lake, and to displace diesel-fueled
electric power generation. The Project will also increase the total generation capacity available to the
newly interconnected SEAPA system.
1.2
Existing Features
Whitman Lake was a naturally formed lake prior to impoundment. However, construction of the
concrete arch dam in 1927 increased the reservoir in total area to 0.23 square miles (148 acres) in
size. The concrete dam is shown on Figure 1-1 and includes intakes which supply the existing fish
hatchery via penstocks. The Whitman Lake watershed is 4.11 square miles, providing an average
annual inflow of 75 cfs into the lake. Whitman Lake tapers from its widest point of 2,200 ft in the
west to its narrowest point of 100 ft wide at Whitman Dam in the east. The Whitman Lake storage
characteristics are provided on Figure 1-2. The drainage areas affecting the flow to Whitman Lake
are the Whitman Lake and the Achilles diversion drainage areas (refer to Figure 1-3). Whitman
Creek exits Whitman Lake at the dam and continues for 4,000 ft until its mouth at George inlet.
Whitman Lake has several small, unnamed tributaries, with only one significant tributary, Deer
Creek. Deer Creek is 2.3 miles long and enter Whitman Lake from the northwest.
Achilles Creek originates northeast of Whitman Lake and enters Whitman Creek approximately 900
ft downstream from Whitman Dam. The 0.92 square mile Achilles Creek watershed provides an
average annual flow of 17 cfs.
The fish hatchery is located on the north shore of Herring Cove, southeast of Whitman Lake, and is
operated by Southern Southeast Aquaculture Association (SSRAA). The hatchery will remain in
operation during the construction of Project features. Currently, no hydroelectric generation exists
at Whitman Lake, and the existing infrastructure serves only to supply water to the hatchery. Water
is conveyed from Whitman Lake via two pipelines (24-inch and 12-inch diameters, reducing to 18inch and 10-inch, respectively) for the purpose of supplying up to approximately 30 cubic ft per
second (cfs) to the hatchery.
1.2.1
Whitman Dam Spillway Rating Curve
The Whitman Dam spillway is a 50-ft wide overflow spillway with crest elevation 379.8 ft. Refer to
Figure 1-1 for spillway details. Figure 1-4 presents the theoretical Whitman Dam rating curve and
points are from the original rating curve by CH2M-Hill (CH2M 1978).
1.3

Project Features
The Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project will be located on the southeast end of Revillagigedo
Island in Southeastern Alaska, approximately 4 miles east of the City of Ketchikan, Alaska. Figure
1-5 shows an overview of the proposed Project. The powerhouse will be located southeast of
Whitman Lake and adjacent to the fish hatchery. The Project Project will generate power from the
hatchery supply flow and from additional flow when lake supply is sufficient.
Project features that will be included in the design are:
Construction roads Provide access to Whitman Dam and the Achilles Diversion and
partial access to associated penstocks during construction. There will be one low-water
crossing of Whitman Creek and one road crossing of the existing pipelines. The access
roads will be 12-foot wide gravel roads and incorporate turnouts, laydown areas, and
drainage features as necessary.
Whitman Dam deep water intake Provides chilled water to the hatchery. The deep
water intake flow can be mixed with the warm water from the variable elevation intake
to achieve the appropriate temperature for the raceways. A portion of the deep water
intake flow (up to approximately 4 cfs) will bypass the powerhouse for cold water supply
to the incubation room. The existing deep water intake will be replaced.
Whitman Dam variable elevation intake provides warm surface water to the hatchery.
The warm surface water flow can be mixed with the cold water from the deep water
intake to achieve the appropriate temperature for the raceways. The existing variable
elevation intake will be replaced.
Whitman Dam Unit 1 intake New supply intake that will utilize an unused existing
penetration in Whitman Dam.
Penstocks and hatchery water supply conduits Will be located in the clearing for the
access roads to the extent possible to limit disturbing the forest.
Achilles diversion structure and pipeline A portion of Achilles Creek flows will be
diverted to Whitman Lake to increase water available to the new powerhouse for
generation.
Powerhouse and tailrace with fish exclusion The powerhouse will house two new
hydro turbines, and its tailrace will include a fish exclusion structure to prevent fish from
migrating upstream into the turbines.
Hatchery interconnection A 25-feet high constant head water tank with a water surface
elevation of 45 feet will serve as a pressurized tailrace to Unit 2 to ensure adequate
hatchery pressure from the Unit 2 diversion.
Detailed descriptions of the Project features are discussed in the Project Definition Report (PDR)
and will not be repeated herein. It is understood that the PDR provides the basis for the designs
that will be executed utilizing this Criteria Manual. The PDR contains preliminary design values for
Project features that are subject to change during the detail design that will be executed in
accordance with this Criteria Manual.
1.4

Water Rights
An existing small concrete diversion structure on lower Whitman Creek, approximately 2,800 ft
downstream of Whitman Dam, diverts 0.15 cfs for the Ketchikan Gateway Borough (KGB). This
diversion is 100 ft downstream of KPUs stream gage. The KGB has a water right for up to 100,000
gallons per day (0.15 cfs) from lower Whitman Creek for a domestic water supply that is used to
serve area homes. This 0.15 cfs is a minimum bypass flow requirement and is not available for
generation.
SSRAA holds a water right for 39 cfs from Whitman Lake to be used at the Whitman hatchery.
Therefore, although maximum average monthly hatchery water demand is only 30 cfs, Unit 2 intake
and penstock and the incubation line should have a combined hydraulic capacity of 39 cfs to be able
to provide the full water right flow. A 1978 agreement signed by SSRAA and KPU requires SSRAA
to subordinate its interests in the water right in favor of KPU for the purpose of KPU constructing
and operating a hydroelectric power generating facility at Herring Cove (FERC 2007).
Refer to the PDR for additional hydrology and hydraulic design criteria including hatchery
requirements in PDR Section 2.5.
1.5
References, Codes and Standards
These design criteria will be supplemented as appropriate by the latest issue of the following
publications.
1.5.1
General
Hatch Acres. 2009. Project Definition Report, Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project.
March 2009.
Hatch Acres. 2006. Whitman Lake Dam Condition Assessment, Whitman Lake
Hydroelectric Project. September 2006.
1.5.2
Civil
The following codes and standards will be referenced for the design of the civil structures:
International Building Code, 2006.
Proposed Building Code Adoptions per Title 19 of the Ketchikan Municipal Code
Ketchikan Municipal Code (KMC).
American Concrete Institute, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete,

(ACI 318-08 and 318-99, Appendix A).
American Concrete Institute, Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures,

(ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05).
American Concrete Institute, Specification for Masonry Structures, (ACI 530.105/ASCE 6-05).
American Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction Manual Allowable Stress

Design, 9th Edition (AISC).

American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures, (ASCE/SEI 7-05).
American Society for Testing and Materials Standards (ASTM).
American Welding Society, Structural Welding Code Steel (AWS D1.1:2006), 20th
Edition.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards (OSHA).
United States of America Department of the Army, Planning and Design of

Hydroelectric Power Plant Structures, April 30, 1995 (CORPS-EM 1110-2-3001).
United States of America Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Engineering

Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects (FERC 0119-2).
National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Power Switching Equipment, NEMA

Publication SG-6.
United States Department of the Army, Retaining and Flood Walls, September 29,
1989 (CORPS EM 1110-2-2502).
1.5.2.1
Ketchikan Municipal Code Proposed Building Code Adoptions Section

19.04.020
Climatic and Geographic Design Criteria. PROPOSED CHANGED SECTION. Seismic Design
Category B; SS=0.261 (0.2 sec), S1=0.167 (1.0 sec): Ground Snow Load=55 psf; Roof Design Snow
Load=40 psf: Wind load; 110 mps, 3 sec gusts, exposure C, or D above 150 ft sea level (MHW)
(buffering determines C or D by Senior City Project Engineer). 120 mph, 3 sec gusts below 150 ft
to sea level, Exposure C or D (buffering determines C or D by Senior City Engineer): Frost line is
32 inches for frost susceptible materials with 12 inches minimum bury over the top of base footings
where percolation drainage materials are provided. (Meets structural foundation bury code): NEW
SECTIONS. Weathering-moderate; Termite-none; Decay-severe; Winter Design Temperature-14
degrees; Ice Shield-not required; Flood Hazard (FEMA)-April 16, 1990 Firm; Air Freezing Index550; Mean Annual Temp-45 degrees. These determinations are based on the most recent NOAA
and USGS mapping indexes and known local historical data.
1.5.3
Mechanical
The following codes and standards will be referenced for the design of the mechanical systems:
Uniform Mechanical Code, 1997 edition;
International Building Code (IBC) 2000;
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

(ASHRAE);
American National Standards Institute (ANSI);
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA);
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA);
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA);

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL); and
Ketchikan Building Regulations Chapter 19.24 Mechanical Code.

1.5.3.1
KPU Building Regulations General Comments
Weathering moderate.
Termite none.
Delay severe.
Ice Shielding not required.
1.5.4
Electrical
The following codes and standards will be referenced for the design of the electrical systems as
applicable:
1.6
American National Standards Institute (ANSI);
International Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE);
International Society for Automation (ISA):
Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA);
National Electrical Code, (NEC), ANSI/NFPA 70 latest edition;
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA);
National Electrical Safety Code, (NESC) ANSI C2 latest edition;
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA);
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA);
Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL) for items required by NEC or local Code; and
Ketchikan Building Regulations Chapter 19.12 Electrical Code.
Whitman Dam Analysis
A finite element analysis of Whitman Dam was performed as part of 2006 Condition Assessment
(Hatch Acres Whitman Lake Dam Condition Assessment, Document no. H-016923, prepared
for Ketchikan Public Utilities, September 2006.) The study was completed with the purpose of
evaluating the suitability of the dam for power production under a FERC license.
FERC licensing requirements for the existing arch dams are discussed in FERC 0119 Engineering
Guidelines (FERC Guidelines) Chapter 11 Arch Dams. The 2006 Condition Assessment included
a site inspection as recommended in FERC Guidelines 11-1.4. Site inspection found the arch dam
structurally sound and in good repair. FERC Guidelines 11-1.4.2 prefer three dimensional finite
element for the static and dynamic analysis of arch dams. The tensile strengths for safety factor
comparison were calculated in accordance with section 11-7.3.2. The analyzed load combinations,
expected existing concrete strengths, calculated principal stresses, resulting provided safety factors
and FERC required safety levels are presented in the Table 1-1 below. The provided safety factors
exceed requirements. The conclusion of the study is that the dam is capable of being a long-term
feature for the proposed hydropower development at Whitman Lake. No major upgrades to

Whitman Lake Dam should be expected in order to meet the requirements for dam safety of the
FERC.
Table 1-1 Whitman Lake Dam Stress Safety Factors
Load
Concrete
Strength
(psi)
Finite
Element
Safety
Calculated Factor
Stress (psi)
FERC
Required
SF
Load
Combination
Type
Stress Type
Unusual
(Normal
Operating)
Static
Compressive
3,800
-280
13.6
2.0
Tensile
560
+170
3.3
1.0
Unusual
(Flood
Condition)
Static
Compressive
3,800
-380
10.0
1.5
Tensile
560
+280
2.0
1.0
Extreme
(Normal + Eq)
Dynamic Compressive
3,800
-450
8.4
1.1
827
+360
2.3
1.0
Tensile
Note: Principal tensile and compressive stresses are reported above and are the maximum stresses
which occur on the plane having zero shear.

2 General Project Criteria

2.1
Units of Measure
Units of measure for the project shall be U.S. Customary, per the standards of the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST). Engineered equipment furnished by non-U.S. manufacturers,
if using SI units, shall indicate dimensions in both the International System of Units (SI), and U.S.
Customary.
2.2
Project Access
Project access will be designed considering the following:
2.3
Project will be accessed through the SSRAA hatchery at Herring Cove.
Permanent maintenance access to Whitman Dam and Achilles diversion from the
powerhouse.
Designed for wheeled vehicles, such as pickup trucks and tractor-trailers, to complete
construction and perform routing maintenance.
Provision of erosion and drainage structures.
Apply U.S. Forest Service (USFS) road design guidelines or similar.
Dams and Diversion Structures
Dams and diversion structures will be designed considering the following:
2.4
Designed to meet FERC 0119-2, Water Retaining Structures Criteria.
Include bypasses to maintain minimum required instream flows.
Reinforced concrete utilized for new diversion structure.
Refer to PDR Table 1-1 for preliminary dam design parameters.
The New Penstocks and Intakes
The new penstocks and intakes will be designed considering the following:
Utilization of materials withstanding erosion and corrosion.
Means of isolation ties into automatic safe shutdown.
Venting / Surging.
Thermal expansion.
Manhole access for future inspections.
Instrumentation ports.
Means of draining.
Refer to PDR Table 1-1 for preliminary conduit design parameters.
2.5

Powerhouse
The new powerhouse will be designed considering the following:
2.6
Expected 50 year design life.
Economic / aesthetically pleasing exterior.
Parking area and access.
Normally not unoccupied; attended only occasionally
Remote operation
Automatic safe shutdowns.
Remote alarm capabilities.
Systems will tie into the existing KPU SCADA and hatchery control systems.
Electrical transmission system.
New transformer switchgear connecting into the existing KPU grid.
Fire protection systems.
Adequate ventilation and heating to maintain interior temperatures between 50 to 90.
Adequate lighting (natural and artificial) to maintain the proper lighting range interior
and exterior, in accordance with IES recommendations.
Noise levels shall be maintained below 90 dB (A).
Exterior and interior security.
Powerhouse separate from dam.
Design/stability in accordance with Corps of Engineers EM 1110-2-3001.
Intake isolation valve tied to the automatic safe shutdown.
Sump.
Access hatches.
OSHA compliant safety systems.
Tailrace fish exclusion structure.
Refer to PDR Table 1-1 for preliminary powerhouse design parameters.
Turbine and Generator Units
The new turbine and generator units shall be designed with the following:
Unit 1 rated capacity approximately 3.9 MW.
Unit 2 rated capacity approximately 0.7 MW.
Expected operation of 25 years before requiring major overhaul.
2.7

Annual one week outage, per unit, for maintenance work.
Unattended, continuous operation.
Horizontal-axis Francis units.
Unit 1 is expected to be normally operated at peak efficiency point.
Unit 2 is expected to be operated over a range of flows.
Turbine rated flow to be confirmed during detailed design.
Refer to PDR Table 9-1 for preliminary generating units design parameters.
Scope of Construction Work
The Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project will be constructed under two construction contracts
executed in successive years. The first contract will be for site layout, clearing and construction of
access roads which would be completed in 2010. The second construction contract would be
executed at site in 2011 and include construction of dams, intakes, penstocks, fishery supply
structures and the powerhouse and tailrace. A separate turbine/generator equipment supply
contract would commence in 2010 and provide delivery of equipment to site for installation in the
powerhouse in 2011.
The dam and diversion structures will be of reinforced concrete construction.
The intakes will be a mix of steel screen structures combined with low-pressure HDPE
pipe.
The new high-pressure portion of the penstocks will be steel while the low-pressure
portions will be HDPE.
Each turbine unit will have a butterfly valve for operational shutdown and routine
overhaul or maintenance.
The new powerhouse will be located to the west of the existing SSRAA hatchery at
Herring Bay.
The powerhouse substructure will be of reinforced concrete construction. The

superstructure will be structural steel with likely precast concrete wall panels and
standing seam steel roof.
The Unit 1 draft tube will discharge into a new tailrace channel that includes a fish
exclusion structure. The Unit 2 draft tube will normally discharge into the hatchery head
tank, but any head tank overflow will be routed to the tailrace channel.
Powerhouse mechanical services will include drainage and dewatering systems, cooling
water system, compressed air system and heating and ventilating.
Powerhouse electrical services will include protection and control systems, AC station
services, DC services, lighting and welding and convenience outlets distributed around
the powerhouse.
2.8

Modifications to the SSRAA Hatchery Water Supply
The water supply to the fish hatchery will be re-routed through the new Unit 2 turbine that will
discharge to a head tank with overflow protection. The tank will provide a constant head pressure at
elevation 45 ft, which is assumed required to operate the various equipment of the fish hatchery
(oxygenation and degassing systems) and to ensure adequate flow capacity to all raceways. The
hatchery supply valve system will control flow directly from Whitman Dam (high pressure) and
from the new head tank.
2.9
Vertical and Horizontal Datum
The Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project will use Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) Ketchikan
vertical datum that is established at the hatchery. This vertical datum has been used for all survey
data produced for the work.
The Project horizontal datum will be Alaska State Plane Coordinate System Zone 1 (NAD 83).

3 General Design Criteria

3.1
Material Properties
3.1.1
Concrete
Three different classes of concrete, based on minimum 28-day compressive strengths (for new
concrete), are assumed for the various structures:
Class Designation
NEW
Structural
Structural (for areas subject to
abrasion from high velocity flows
transporting sediment)
Fill
EXISTING
Whitman Dam upstream face
Whitman Dam downstream face
3.1.2
Min 4,000 psi at 28 days

Average 3,000 psi
Average 4,000 psi
Reinforcement
Reinforcing Bars
Welded Wire Fabric
3.1.3
Compressive Strength
Class Designation
ASTM A615, Grade 60,
deformed
ASTM A185, Grade 40
Yield Strength
60 ksi
40 ksi
Embedded Steel Plates and Shapes
Embedded steel plates and shapes
Class Designation
ASTM A36
Yield Strength
36 ksi
Embedded steel pipe
ASTM A53, Grade B
35 ksi
Galvanizing, where warranted
3.1.4
ASTM A123 and A143
Embedded Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts - standard
Class Designation
ASTM F1554, Grade 36
Yield Strength
36 ksi
Anchor bolts - high strength
ASTM F1554, Grade 105
105 ksi

Galvanizing
ASTM A153 and A153

3.1.5
Shear Stud Anchors
Class Designation
Stud anchors:
Tensile/Yield
Strength
ASTM A108, Grades 10101020
Minimum Tensile Strength
60 ksi
Minimum Yield Strength
50 ksi
3.1.6
Expansion Anchors
Expansion anchors are assumed to conform to the specifications for stud-type (KwikBolt
Anchoring System), carbon or stainless steel, as manufactured by Hilti, Inc.
3.1.7
Waterstops
Waterstops are assumed to conform to CRD-C-572, Corps of Engineers Specification for

Polyvinylchloride Waterstops.
3.1.8
Structural Steel
Structural steel W shapes
ASTM A992
65 ksi
50 ksi
Other structural steel shapes ASTM A36

58 ksi
36 ksi
Structural plates and bars
3.1.9
ASTM A36
58 ksi
36 ksi
Welding
All welding will be assumed to be in accordance with the American Welding Society ANSI/AWS
D1.1 as modified by the AISC.
3.1.10 Concrete Masonry Units
Normal Weight Block: ..............................ASTM C90, Type 1, Grade N

Compressive Strength (f1m): ....................................................... 1,500 psi
3.1.11 Mortar
Engineered Masonry Mortar:.................................. ASTM C270, Type S

3.1.12 Grout (Masonry)
Compressive Strength (f1c).......................................3,000 psi @ 28 days

3.1.13 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
Steel.........................................................................6.5 x 10--6 in/in per F

Concrete.................................................................. 5.5 x 10-6 in/in per F
Aluminum ............................................................. 13.4 x 10-6 in/in per F
Masonry................................................................... 3.5 x 10-6 in/in per F
HDPE ..................................................................... 4.0 x 10-4 in/in per F
3.1.14 Unit Weights
Steel.................................................................................................. 490 PCF

Water .............................................................................................. 62.4 PCF
HDPE ............................................................................................... 60 PCF
Concrete:
Structural Concrete ......................................................... 150 PCF
Mass Concrete .................................................................. 145 PCF
Excavated Rockfill:
Dry ..................................................................................... 130 PCF
Saturated............................................................................ 140 PCF
Submerged .......................................................................... 78 PCF
Structural and Granular Backfills:
Dry ..................................................................................... 120 PCF
Saturated............................................................................ 130 PCF
Submerged .......................................................................... 68 PCF
Bedrock.............................................................................. 165 PCF
Compacted sands and clays.......................................................... 130 PCF
Loose sands and clays ..................................................................... 85 PCF
3.2
Loads and Forces

3.2.1
Summary of Loads Considered
The following loads will be considered for design of structures. Loads used for specific structures
are included in the relevant sections referring to those structures:
Dead loads
Live loads
Water pressure
3.2.2

Active pressure
At rest pressure
Passive pressure
Earthquake
In situ stresses
Thermal
Wind
Snow
Ice
Construction and moving surface loads
Dead Loads Unit Weights
The dead load will be taken as the weight of the structure and all permanently installed equipment
and machinery.
3.2.3
Live Loads
Live loads will include all loads imposed upon the structures, with the exception of dead load, wind
load, snow load, hydrostatic/earth load and earthquake load. Applicable equivalent uniform and
concentrated live loads are given presented in the following sections:
3.2.3.1
Uniform Live Loadings
Table 3-1 Uniform Live Loads
Uniform Live Load

(lb/sq ft)
Loaded Areas
Stairways
100
Floors:
Offices, Corridors, Reception Rooms
100
Equipment and Storage Areas
250
Control Room
200
Mezzanine Floor
250
Shop and Turbine Floor
1,000
Mechanical/Electrical Floor
1,000
In general, floors are to be designed for an assumed uniform load per square foot of floor area.
However, the floors should be investigated for the effects of any concentrated load, minus the
uniform load over the area occupied. Equipment loads should take into account installation,
erection, and maintenance conditions as well as impact and vibration after installation.

Designated uniform live loads are minimum loadings for design of slabs, beams, girders, and
columns in the areas indicated. These loads may be modified, if necessary, to suit more severe
specific conditions. They may be reduced 20 percent for the design of a girder, truss, column, or
footing supporting more than 300 sq ft of slab, except that for the erection floor, this reduction will
be allowed only where the member under consideration supports more than 500 sq ft of slab.
Moving live loads are discussed in Section 2.3.13.
3.2.3.2
Concentrated Live Loads
Applicable concentrated live loads for the powerhouse due to turbine, generator and related
equipment subassemblies and assemblies will be taken from the turbine/generator supplier
submittals.
3.2.4
Water Pressure
The magnitude of the water pressure shall be determined according to the principles of hydrostatics,
except for earthquake loading, where the effect of dynamic water pressure will be considered. The
basic formula for water pressure is:
P
= wH
= water pressure in psf
= 62.4 pcf
= height (or depth) in feet
3.2.5
Active Pressure
Where:
Static active pressure against vertical or nearly vertical structural surfaces will be calculated using
Rankines or Coulombs theory, as appropriate. The minimum horizontal pressure condition, or
active earth pressure, develops when a wall rotates about its base and away from the backfill on the
order of 0.002H, where H is the wall height (applies to dense cohesionless soils).
3.2.6
At Rest Pressure
If no wall movement occurs (movement less than limit for active pressure), the lateral earth pressure
condition is termed the at-rest earth pressure.
3.2.7
Passive Pressure
Passive soil pressure against vertical, or nearly vertical, structural surfaces will be calculated using
Rankines or Coulombs theory, as appropriate. Development of the maximum possible horizontal
stress, or passive earth pressure, requires much larger wall rotation than for the active case. For
dense cohesionless soils, a top deflection of 0.02H, where H is the wall height, is required to
mobilize full passive pressure.
3.2.8
Earthquake
Earthquake design is discussed in Section 3.4 in detail.

Lateral dynamic earth pressures will be determined in accordance with the procedures outlined in
Retaining and Flood Walls, EM 1110-2-2502.
Earthquake loads are assumed to have no effect on the water pressures considered for uplift.
3.2.9

Thermal Loads
Thermal loads due to expansion and contraction of materials will be calculated based on the
following outside temperatures:
Minimum temperature on record (winter):
Maximum temperature on record (summer):
-1 F
89 F
Average winter low temperature (January)

Average summer high temperature (July):
34 F
58 F
3.2.10 Wind Load
Vertical and lateral loads caused by wind will be determined in accordance with ASCE 7-05 and the
International Building Code, 2006. Wind load will be 110 mph, 3 sec gusts, Exposure C or D, above
EL. 150 ft to sea level. Wind load will be 120 mph, 3 sec gusts, Exposure C or D, below EL.150 ft
to sea level.
3.2.11 Snow Loads
The allowance for ground snow load will be taken as 55 psf. The roof design snow load will be 40
psf. It is not to be applied in combination with vertical hydrostatic loading and/or truck loadings.
3.2.12 Frost Depth
Frost line is 32 inches for frost susceptible materials with 12 inches minimum bury over the top of
base footings where percolation drainage materials are provided.
3.2.13 Ice Load
Ice pressure of 10 kips/linear ft 1 during normal pool elevations, acting radially over the entire dam
length which corresponds to an ice thickness of 3 ft.
3.2.14 Construction and Moving Surface Loads
Construction and moving surface loads will be based on actual equipment used for construction on
similar jobs.
3.3
Structural Design
The design of the reinforced concrete is in accordance with the Alternate Design Method, Appendix
A of ACI 318. The design of structural steel was in accordance with the AISC Steel Construction
Manual, Allowable Stress Design.
Analysis of concrete structures will begin with the overall structural stability. The water retaining
structures (dams) are assumed to act as rigid bodies. FERC Engineering Guidelines for the
Evaluation of Hydropower Projects (FERC 0119-2), applies to stability of water retaining
structures. FERC Engineering Guidelines provide prudent designs that are acceptable to regulatory
agencies.
The powerhouse is separate from the dam and analysis will begin with overall stability in accordance
with Corps EM 1110-2-3001 Planning and Design of Hydroelectric Power Plant Structures.
1
To be confirmed by analysis of climatological data
10
3.3.1

General Requirements
The following general requirements for the design of structural elements will be met in the design.
a)
Beams Fixity of beam ends depends on the relative stiffness of the beam and the
beam support. Beams are designed for the requirements of shear, flexure and torsion where
applicable. Beams subjected to axial load are designed taking axial load into account.
No longitudinal loads are considered to be transmitted across contraction joints.
b)
Columns Moment magnification is accounted for in the design of the columns.
Loads are assumed to be resisted by frame action resulting from beam and column stiffness.
c)
Slabs Where span/width ratios were greater than 2.0, slabs are designed as one-way
members. Slab thickness will be proportioned such that no shear reinforcing is required.
d)
Walls Wall thickness will be designed to have adequate shear capacity without
shear reinforcement. Loads are assumed to be resisted by frame action resulting from slab
and wall stiffness.
3.3.2
Reinforced Concrete Design
The design of the reinforced concrete will be in accordance with the Alternate Design Method,
Appendix A, of ACI 318-99.
In addition to the turbine/generator foundation of the powerhouse, the following elements apply to
the reinforced concrete design of the powerhouse and transformer gallery.
3.3.2.1
Equipment Floors
The generator and turbine floors will be designed to sustain the following loads:
3.3.3
Dead load;
Uniform load; and
Concentrated equipment loads in excess of the uniform load during equipment

installation.
Watertightness
Control of cracking in concrete will be per the requirements specified in ACI 318.
Waterstops will be provided on construction joints within the structures.
The installation of polyvinylchloride (PVC) waterstops in joints in hydraulic structures is based on
principles and requirements to prevent infiltration of high-water pressures into the joint system and
to prevent seepage into the dry interior spaces. To accomplish these objectives, the PVC waterstops
will be used in:
All contraction joints subject to water pressure;
Vertical and horizontal construction joints daylighting to surfaces exposed to

high-water pressure;
Vertical and horizontal construction joints subject to water pressure and
daylighting to dry interior spaces; and
Vertical construction joints in the draft tubes.
11

Waterstops to prevent infiltration of water into the joint system are installed as close to the source of
water pressure as practicable.
3.3.4
Minimum Reinforcement and Cover
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement will generally be in accordance with ACI 318-99, except
that those requirements will be modified for thick members where reinforcement will be designed
according to the cracking theory. Shrinkage stresses will be reduced as much as practicably by
careful selection of the location of joints and the order of concrete placements.
Minimum reinforcement shall be as follows:
Thickness less than 48 inches:
Per ACI 318-99
Thickness greater than 48 inches:
#8s @ 12 inches
The minimum concrete cover for reinforcement will generally be in accordance with ACI 318-08,
except as follows:
Minimum
Cover (inches)
Concrete in water passages
Concrete placed against rock or ground or in

contact with still water
3.3.5
Allowable Stresses
3.3.5.1
Structural
The AISC Specification will be used as a basis for the design. For normal loading conditions, the
allowable stresses will not exceed those permitted by AISC. For extreme loading conditions, the
stresses may be increased by 33 percent, provided they do not exceed 80 percent of the elastic limit
of the material.
3.3.5.2
Welded Connections
Basic allowable stresses in welded connections will not be greater than 90 percent of the values
permitted by AWS Standard D1.1. For extreme conditions, the stresses will not exceed 133 percent
of the values permitted by AWS Standards D1.1, provided they do not exceed 80 percent of the
elastic limit of the material. Welded field connections on major structural components will not be
permitted.
3.3.5.3
Bolted Field Connections
All field connections for structural steel will be designed using high-strength bolts in slip critical type
connections, in accordance with AISC Standards.
3.3.5.4
Mechanical Components
For normal loading conditions, the allowable stresses will not exceed 33 percent of the yield strength
or 20 percent of the ultimate strength of the material. Stresses may be increased 33 percent for
bearing stresses in pin connections. Stresses in welded connections will not exceed 50 percent of
the values permitted by AWS Standard D1.1.
12

For normal loading conditions, a safety factor of not less than 5, based on ultimate strength, shall be
used for the design of wire rope, lifting lugs and connections. For extreme loading conditions, this
safety factor may be reduced to 2.5.
3.4
Seismic Analysis
3.4.1
Objective
The purpose of this section is to provide general guidance and direction for the seismic design for
the concrete structures of the Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project. Specific requirements for
individual structures are presented under the corresponding section.
Procedures for selecting design earthquakes and associated specific motions are available (Ref. 1, 2, 3
and Ref. 4) for use in assessing the resistance of structures to earthquakes.
3.4.2
References
1. International Building Code, 2006.

2. ASCE Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, (ASCE/SEI 7-05).
3. ER 1110-2-1806, Earthquake Design and Analysis for Corps of Engineers Dams.
4. Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects, FERC 0119-2.
5. Chopra, A. K., Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams: Advanced Dam
Engineering for design, construction, and rehabilitation, Edited by R. B. Jansen, pub. Van
Nostrand, 1988.
3.4.3
Seismic Site Class
For seismic analysis, the structures at the site will be designed using the following seismic
characteristics, based on the 2007 KMC proposed Building Code Adoptions:
Seismic Design Category (Site Class)=B
Mapped Spectral Acceleration (0.2 sec) SS=0.261
Mapped Spectral Acceleration (1.0 sec) S1=0.167.
The above spectral accelerations correspond with the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
ground motions (5% of critical damping).
13

4 Powerhouse and Tailrace

This section presents the description and the structural, architectural, and general mechanical and
electrical equipment design criteria applicable to the powerhouse. A general description of the
powerhouse is presented in the PDR.
The powerhouse foundation will be reinforced concrete construction and designed for the turbine
and generator foundation loads that are provided by the turbine/generator supplier, for the various
mechanical and electrical services system loads, and for the superstructure with overhead crane
loads.
The primary design considerations for the superstructure are:
Structural support for the building envelope loads (primarily dead load plus live
loads due to wind, snow and equipment) and support for the powerhouse crane
including the lateral and axial loads;
Seismic loads (primarily due to building weight and overhead crane operation);
Exterior suitable for the environmental setting (seaside & relatively cold);
Owners architectural requirements;
Compatibility with the roof and ventilation requirements; and
Efficient and economic to erect.
A structural steel framing system is recommended to accommodate the overhead crane and crane
runway and provide support to the anticipated exterior wall and roof systems.
4.1
Foundation
Earth/rock parameters will be based on the subsurface investigations performed by KPU in June
2007, under the supervision of Hatch Acres senior geotechnical staff.
Preliminary bearing capacity of the bedrock at the base of the power house excavation will be 120
tons per square ft (tsf) based on an unconfined compressive strength of 10,000 psi or more.
Table 4-1 Earth and Rock Design Parameters
Unit weight (lbs/ft3):
Compacted sands and clays
130
Loose sands and clays
85
Angle of Internal Friction:

Compacted (SM, SP, GW) sands and gravels
35
Loose (SM, SP, GW) sands and gravels
28
Clay soils
Cohesion (psf):
Sands and gravel
14
Medium clay and sandy clay

600
A friction angle of 45 degrees can be used for evaluating sliding of mass concrete on clean (water
pressure washed) sound rock with cohesion equal to 0.
4.2
Structural Design - Stability Analysis

4.2.1
Description
The stability analysis and design will show the ability of the structure to resist overturning and
sliding, and that allowable foundation bearing values were not exceeded.
The analysis will show, for the various load cases the individual external loads, the assumed area of
the base, the magnitude and distribution of the normal and shearing forces at the foundation level,
and the location and direction of the resultant.
If necessary to satisfy sliding stability criteria, side wall friction will be applied in accordance with the
geotechnical design criteria. Side friction, however, is not considered when evaluating bearing
pressures.
If cracking is found to occur in the extreme condition, the other conditions will be reanalyzed
assuming a cracked base and compared against a reduced factor of safety.
The applicable stability requirements depend on the type of structure. The proposed Achilles
diversion dam will be analyzed to meet gravity dam requirements. The powerhouse is located
separate from the dams (from water retaining structures) and will be analyzed accordingly.
4.2.2
Powerhouse Loading Combinations
Applicable when powerhouse is separated from dam per USACE EM 1110-2-3001.

(a)
Case S-1: Head gates open, headwater at top of flood-control pool, hydraulic
thrusts, minimum tailwater, spiral case full, draft tube full, uplift, and wind or earthquake.
(b)
Case S-2: Head gates open, tailwater at powerhouse flooding level, spiral case full,
draft tube full, uplift, and wind or earthquake.
(c)
Case S-3: Head gates closed, tailwater at draft tube flooding level, spiral case empty,
draft tube empty, uplift, and wind or earthquake.
(d)
Case S-4 (Construction): No tailwater, and no uplift.
4.2.3
Powerhouse Factors of Safety
The required sliding factors of safety for major concrete structures are 2.0 for normal static loadings
and 1.3 for seismic loading conditions.
4.2.4
Powerhouse Flotation
The structure should be adequately stable with respect to buoyant forces. The flotation safety
factor, SFf, is defined as:
SFf
Ws Wc S
U Wg
15

Where:
Ws = Weight of the structure, including weights of fixed equipment and soil above the top
surface of the structure.
Wc = Weight of the water contained within the structure that is controlled by a mechanical
operator (i.e., a gate, valve, or pump).
S=
Any surcharge loads (such as take-off towers or other structures).
U=
Uplift forces acting on the base of the structure.
Wg = Weight of surcharge water above top surface of the structure that is totally controlled
by gravity flow.
Vertical resistance mobilized by friction along the exterior faces of the structure should be generally
neglected.
The weight of generating machinery should be included in Ws, unless there is reason to believe that
it will be removed and that it makes a significant contribution to the weight of the structure.
Estimates of the weight of the embedded and rotating part of the generating machinery could be
obtained from the equipment manufacturers for the unit ratings and specific data.
4.2.5
Sliding Analysis
Sliding along a horizontal or nearly horizontal plane is resisted by friction. The factor of safety
against sliding is the ratio of this total resisting force to the force tending to cause sliding from the
net unbalanced loads.
The sliding factor of safety was determined by the formula:
FS
W U tan
H
Where:
W = total vertical force caused by weight of concrete substructure, including water,
anchorage, and seismic forces, as appropriate
U=
total vertical uplift force acting over 100 percent of base area
angle of friction along plane
H = total horizontal thrust of headwater, tailwater, silt, or earthquake load and anchorage,
as appropriate.
4.3
Structural Design - Seismic Analysis
The powerhouses intended use is to shelter the turbine/generator equipment and as such it is
considered a building structure based on definitions provided in ASCE 7-05, Section 11.2.
Powerhouse structural design will proceed in accordance with Section 3.3 augmented by seismic
analysis in this section.
Powerhouse stability will be first checked for post earthquake conditions assuming a fully cracked
base and no cohesion to determine if the extreme post earthquake condition meets required safety
factors. If this extreme condition does not achieve adequate safety factors, then a detailed
earthquake analysis will be performed. Detailed earthquake analysis would be by the seismic pseudo
16

dynamic (Chopra) method. Corps of Engineers safety factor criteria will apply (since powerhouse is
separate from dam).
4.3.1
Powerhouse Structures Earthquake Structural Analysis
This section presents the seismic structural criteria for the powerhouse. The seismic analysis and
design procedures to be used in the design of powerhouse structures shall be in accordance with
Section 3.4.2, References 1 and 2.
The design ground motion can occur in any horizontal direction. Seismic performance category shall
be selected for all the structure components based on design ground motion and importance
category of the structures following Table 1.1 and Table 11.5-1 of ASCE 7-05. The design seismic
forces, and their distribution over the height, shall be determined using a linearly elastic model
following linear equivalent procedure. Individual members shall be sized for the shears, axial forces,
and moments determined in accordance with the appropriate provisions, and connections shall
develop the strength of the connected members or the forces indicated previously.
The following two sections present the structural design criteria for the different components of the
powerhouse structures:
4.3.2
Powerhouse Substructure and Base Slab
The powerhouse substructure and base slabs are in close contact with surrounding rock mass and
will be subjected to ground motions only. Structural analysis shall be made for these structures in
accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 of ASCE 7-05.
4.3.3
Powerhouse Superstructure
IBC and ASCE 7-05, Chapter 12, shall be used to perform structural analysis for the seismic loading.
The powerhouse superstructures includes following structural components:
4.4
powerhouse/transformer columns, floors, etc. above the base slab
stairs, landings, ladders, etc.
structure above the turbine floor
Architectural Design
4.4.1
General
The powerhouse will provide features designed to facilitate intermittent occupancy by operators and
maintenance workers. All equipment and control room will be installed on the same level. The
external form of the building will be a simple shed with positive roof drainage.
4.4.2
Exterior Treatments
4.4.2.1
Walls
TO BE DETERMINED.
4.4.2.2
Roof
A steel framed superstructure is recommended as a cost effective framing system suited to accept
the exterior wall panels. A standing seam insulated metal roof will provide a durable and cost
effective roof system and would also readily accept roof ventilator curb details. The metal roof
17

panels would receive factory applied paint systems to assure long term durability while providing
KPU a wide range of color possibilities.
4.4.2.3
Doors
The exterior man-doors will be thermally insulated hollow core steel doors. The doors will have a
mineral core suited to obtain the required fire rating as required to meet KPU underwriters
requirements. The exterior doors will have security reinforce windows and glazing. The doors will
have steel frames that are similarly fire rated as required. Door hardware will be selected to provide
smooth operation and the security required at an unoccupied facility.
The roll up truck door will be an overhead coiling steel door with operating hardware and electric
operation. The door details and hardware will be selected to provide smooth operation and the
security required at an unoccupied facility.
4.4.3
Interior Treatments
4.4.3.1
Floors
Concrete floors will be given a trowel finish and sealed to prevent dusting.
4.4.3.2
Walls
Interior surfaces of powerhouse concrete walls will have a smooth surface devoid of spalls or
honeycomb. These surfaces will be sealed and painted. The wall panels discussed in 4.4.2.1 will be
specified with a smooth interior face to allow the painted interior finish.
4.4.3.3
Doors
In general, all interior doors will be hollow metal, flush panel design, glazed or unglazed as required
with pressed steel frames. Doors to areas containing combustible materials will be unglazed steel
doors with a minimum 3 hours fire rating.
4.5
Powerhouse Mechanical Services
Attachments and equipment supports for all the complex equipment such as valves and valve
operators, turbines and generators shall be designed to resist the minimum lateral forces specified in
Section 13.6. of ASCE 7-05. For more specific information see Sections 4 and 5 of this document.
4.5.1
Cooling Water
The powerhouse will have a cooling water system for the generator bearings and for the turbine
seals.
Flow rates and filtering requirements will be determined by the turbine supplier.
The system will draw water from the penstock, with pressure reducing valves used as required.
Filters and strainers will be automatic backwash type. There will be 100 % redundancy in pressure
reducing valves, filters and strainers.
The design maximum raw water temperature will be 65F.
4.5.2
Domestic Water and Service Water
The Whitman Lake powerhouse will be an unmanned facility and will not have potable water supply.
The powerhouse will have a service sink with service water supplied from a tap in the penstock.
The battery area eyewash will have a self-contained water supply.
18
4.5.3

Restroom
The powerhouse will have a small unisex restroom with a sink and toilet. The toilet will discharge to
the septic tank.
The septic tank will be sized to accommodate expected restroom use per the following:
Maximum number of daily flushes: 5 per day
Low-flow toilet: 1.5 gallons per flush
Total discharge per day: 15 gallons, including use of sink for hand washing
4.5.4
Compressed Air
Service air will be provided by a single tank-mounted compressor, with aftercoolers, air dryer, and
service air distribution piping around the powerhouse. Hose connections will be provided at each
generating unit and in the unloading bay area.
The compressor will have a capacity of at least 25 cfm and will be rated for 125 psi operation.
4.5.5
Drainage System
All floor and equipment drains will discharge into a drainage sump after first passing through an oil
separator or filter.
The drainage system will have a submersible pump or pumps that discharge the water to the tailrace.
4.5.6
Turbine Unwatering
As the turbines are above tailwater level, normal unwatering can to be done with a valve that directs
the water to tailwater. A separate line will be provided to drain the low point in the turbine spiral
case and the penstock to the tailrace, which would be located in the tailrace pit.
The powerhouse main floor will be located at approximately El 22.0 and above maximum tide El
21.3 to prevent powerhouse flooding in the event of high tailwater level.
Turbine filling will be with a valved bypass line around the turbine inlet valve.
4.5.7
Sanitary Drainage
The drainage from the service sink and restroom will discharge into a septic system with a holding
tank and drain field, unless sewer connection to hatchery sewer is possible. The septic system will be
sized to accommodate a maximum flow of 100 gpd
4.5.8
Fire Protection
Fire protection will be provided by portable fire extinguishers.

The fire protection system will meet the requirements of KPUs insurance underwriter.
Fire protection water, if required, will be taken from the penstock, with pressure reducing valve to
reduce the pressure to approximately 60 psi. Fire projection distribution piping, if required, will be
provided in the powerhouse with a fire hose station on the turbine floor and in the unloading bay
area.
Portable fire extinguishers will generally be type ABC and will be strategically located around the
powerhouse. The Whitman Dam intake valve house will have a single portable fire extinguisher.
19
4.5.9

Heating and Ventilating System
4.5.9.1
Temperatures
See Section 3.2.9.

4.5.9.2
System Description
The primary source of powerhouse heating will be waste heat from the generators.
Supplementary electric will be provided for freeze protection and comfort in the event that the
powerhouse is not operating. The heating system will be sized to provide a minimum of 40F
powerhouse temperature with no heat from the generators.
Powerhouse cooling will be accomplished by roof-mounted ventilation fans that discharge hot air
outside the powerhouse.
Air intake will be via wall-mounted louvers and with motorized dampers. The louvers will have
insert screens and will be sized for an air velocity of no more than 400 fpm, to preclude water (rain)
from entering the powerhouse.
The intake valve house will have a small electric unit heater for freeze protection in winter.
4.6
Powerhouse Crane
4.6.1
General
The powerhouse crane shall be of the electric motor driven travelling bridge type overhead crane
with a main hoist. The crane shall be used for the installation and servicing of turbines, generators,
and other powerhouse equipment.
4.6.2
4.6.3
Design Codes
CMAA Specification No. 70 Specifications for Top Runner Bridge and Gantry
Type Multiple Girder Electric Overhead Travelling Cranes; and
OSHA Standards.
Design Parameters
Table 4-2 Powerhouse Crane Design Parameters

Type
Electric bridge crane
Rated capacity
Main hook
See Notes 1 and 2
Span
See Note 3
Speed
High Speed Minimum
Low Speed Maximum
Bridge
60 ft/min
6 ft/min
Trolley
60 ft/min
6 ft/min
Hoist
8 ft/min (Note 2)
0.8 ft/min
Lift
20
Main hook

See Note 3
Motion Tolerances
bridge
0.375 in
trolley
0.25 in
main hook
0.06 in
Crane classification
A1
Notes
1) At least 105% of heaviest lift for turbine and generator installation and any
subsequent maintenance dismantling.
2) Hoist shall have capability of operating at higher speed with reduced
capacity. The height of hook lift above the crane rail shall be based on the
required lifting clearance for the turbine/generator components.
3) Crane dimensions to be determined.
4.6.4
Design Loads
The powerhouse crane will be designed in accordance with CMAA Specification No. 70.
4.7
Turbine and Generator Equipment

4.7.1
General
The Whitman Lake powerhouse will have two generating units with horizontal Francis turbines and
synchronous generators. The turbine runner will be connected directly to the end of the generator
shaft, allowing a simple two guide bearing system for the units. Each turbine will be controlled by a
digital governor through a high pressure oil system. A butterfly type turbine inlet valve (TIV) will be
located at the entrance to the turbine spiral case. The generator will have an external flywheel if
necessary to obtain satisfactory rotating inertia. The exciter will be brushless type.
The turbine and generator equipment will be supplied under a single contract that will include:
4.7.2
turbines
governors and hydraulic power units (Unit 1)
gate positioner (Unit 2)
generators
exciters
controls
Design Parameters to be confirmed during Detailed Design
21

Table 4-3 Turbine and Generator Equipment Design Parameters (To be confirmed)
Number of units
Hydraulic Conditions
Unit 1
Unit 2
Maximum (spillway EL)
El 379.8
El 379.8
Average
El 375
El 375
Minimum
El 367.5
El 347
El 23.5
El 45.0 (head
tank)
Type
Francis
Francis
Configuration
Horizontal shaft
Horizontal shaft
Maximum
TBD
TBD
Rated
340 ft
325 ft
Minimum
TBD
TBD
To be
determined from
transient analysis
To be
determined from
transient analysis
Maximum (full gate)
150 cfs
35 cfs
Peak efficiency
130 cfs
30 cfs
Speed
720 rpm
(tentative)
1,200 rpm
(tentative)
Runner centerline
El 28.5
(tentative)
El 27.0
(tentative)
Reservoir (lake) levels
Tailwater level
Turbine
Net head
Maximum transient (for runaway

speed design)
Discharge per unit at rated head
Turbine Inlet Valve

Type
Butterfly
Butterfly
Diameter
42 inches
(tentative)
24 inches
(tentative)
Operator
Electric or
hydraulic
Electric
Governor
Type
Digital with HPU Gate positioner
Maximum operating pressure
2,000 psi
2,000 psi
22

Generator
Type
Synchronous
Synchronous
Configuration
Horizontal
Horizontal
Rated output
4.333 MVA
1.0 MVA
Power factor
0.9
0.9
Voltage
4,160 V
4,160 V
Insulation
Class F
Class F
Temperature rise
80C
80C
Cooling
Air
Air
Inertia (WR2)
To be determined by transient
analysis
Exciter
Type
4.7.3
Static
Static
Operating Conditions
Unit 1 will be designed to operate at flows ranging from 60% to 100% of full gate flow over the
range of head conditions given in Section 4.2.2. Unit 2 will be designed to operate at flows ranging
from 30% to 100% of full gate flow over the range of head conditions given in Section 4.7.2.
Operation will be without objectionable surges in power output, detrimental vibration or
objectionable noises. The unit shall have good efficiency over a wide range of flows and heads.
4.7.4
Performance Guarantees
The turbine and generator equipment contractor will be required to guarantee weighed efficiency as
well as maximum output. The specific formula for the weighted efficiency will be part of the turbine
and generator specification. The turbine and generator contract will have liquidated damages to
cover shortfalls in performance.
4.7.5
Other Guarantees
Other guarantees will include:
Turbine cavitation damage
Generator temperature rise
The specific requirements will be included in the turbine and generator equipment specification.
4.7.6
Design Codes
Design codes will be given in the turbine and generator equipment specification.
4.7.7
Design Stresses and Loadings
The design stresses and loading will be given in the turbine and generator equipment specification.
23
4.8

Tailrace with Fish Exclusion Barrier

4.8.1
Description
The tailrace will be designed for 185 cfs and will handle primarily the discharge from Unit 1 (up to
150 cfs), although it must also handle any overflow from the hatchery headtank (up to 35 cfs). The
tailrace will be a rectangular reinforced concrete channel with a width of approximately 10 feet and a
wall height of approximately 8.5 feet.
The exclusion barrier will be designed to minimize the attraction and stop the migration of upstream
migrating fish into the tailrace. The exclusion barrier will also be designed to minimize the potential
for injury of fish that are attracted to the tailrace.
A picket fence installed in the tailrace is the preferred exclusion barrier as it will maximize the energy
generation by allowing a lower tailrace water level than a velocity barrier. The tailrace fish exclusion
steel pickets will be designed similar to trashracks.
4.8.2
Design Parameters
The fish exclusion structure will be subject to NOAAs fish exclusion criteria in Anadromous
Salmonid Passage Facility Design. Durable screen media should be used. Stainless steel screens are
expected.
Design flow = 185 cfs
Maximum picket bar spacing = 1 inch
Maximum average picket through velocity = 1.0 fps
Tailrace channel freeboard = 1 ft
Maximum tide elevation = 21.3 feet
10% exceedance tide elevation = 19.5 feet
4.8.3
Foundation Conditions
The depth to bedrock is too great for the tailrace channel to be economically founded on bedrock.
Based on testpits dug in June 2007, the foundation material is primarily manmade fill and riprap
(broken phyllite, sand and gravel, boulders up to 7 feet in diameter) to a depth of about 6 feet, and
silt and clay with very high moisture content at greater depths.
4.8.4
Tailrace Channel
The tailrace channel will be designed according to the criteria for concrete lined flood control
channels in USACE EM 1110-2-2007. The channel will likely be constructed as a U-frame section
with continuously reinforced concrete paving.
4.8.4.1 Load Conditions
The primary loadings on the U-frame structure are weights of the structure and contained water and
the geohydraulic pressures resulting from the restraint provided by the structure. The following
loading conditions will be considered:
Case 1 Construction condition (unusual condition): Structure complete with backfill in place;
at-rest earth pressure; channel empty; compaction effects and construction surcharge loadings.
24

Case 2 Design loading (usual condition): Water in channel at maximum design water level; atrest earth pressure; backfill saturated to the normal ground water level adjusted to reflect the
effectiveness of any drainage system.
Case 3 Drawdown loading (usual condition): Construction complete; water in channel to
normal level; active earth pressures; backfill saturated to normal ground water level adjusted to
reflect the effectiveness of any drainage system.
Case 4 Earthquake loading (unusual condition): Construction complete; water in channel to
normal level; active earth pressures; backfill saturated to normal ground water level adjusted to
reflect the design effectiveness of any drainage system; seismic loadings.
Case 5 Other special load cases: Modify the above load cases to include other special loads
applied to the U-frame structure. Examples are maintenance vehicles and bridges or other
permanent structures which are supported by the U-frame.
4.8.4.2 Stability
The tailrace structure will be designed to resist sliding, overturning, bearing failure according to the
criteria in USACEs EM 1110-2-2502. Flotation stability will be verified based on the criteria in
USACEs ETL 1110-2-307.
4.8.4.3 Reinforced Concrete Design
The design of the reinforced concrete will be in accordance with the Alternate Design Method,
Appendix A, of ACI 318-99.
4.8.5
Fish Exclusion Barrier Pickets
4.8.5.1 General
The fish exclusion picket assembly will be designed to satisfy the von Mises-Hencky criteria for
ductile fracture, with biaxial stresses in accordance with:
Fy
=
n
f x + f y - f x f y + 3 2xy
Fy
= minimum specified yield strength of the material
= factor of safety > 1.33
fx
= normal stress in x-direction
fy
= normal stress in y-direction
xy
= shear stress
where:
The lateral stability of the picket bars will be determined according to:
Ff=
t 2 E 1 - 0.63 t/d
Ld
2.6
where:
Ff
= failure stress
Fy
= minimum specified yield strength of the bar material
25

= Youngs modulus
= laterally unsupported length of bars
= depth of bar
= thickness of bar
The allowable stress shall be 0.6Ff or 0.5Fy, whichever is lower.

The slenderness ratio, L/r, of the bars shall not exceed 300 with the radius of gyration, r = t / 12
4.8.5.2 Vibration
The picket bars and screens shall be designed to be safe against flow induced vibration. The natural
frequency of the bars and screens will be at least three times the forcing frequency.
The natural frequency of bar vibration, fn, will be calculated as follows:
f n=
EIg
W L3
where:
I
= moment of inertia of bar
= acceleration due to gravity
= end fixity coefficient :
d t3/12
17
for welded ends
for simply supported ends
4 2 / 3 for fixed ends
= virtual weight (total weight of bar + weight of vibrating fluid) = V(+f b/t)
= volume of bar between supports
= specific weight of bar material
dtL
= specific weight of fluid

= effective clear spacing of bars ( < 0.55d )
Forcing frequencies shall be calculated as follows:

Vortex shedding frequency, f 1 =
vS
t
where:
v = average net velocity of flow past the picket bars
S = Strouhal number = 0.12 + 0.012 d / t
If d/t < 4, S will be determined from Fig. 3 in the article Production of flow-induced forces and
vibrations by Penneno (February 1981).
26
If R =

bar spacing
< 5 , then S will be multiplied by Sfac
bar thickness
with S fac = - 0.1022 R3 + 1.181 R 2 - 4.525 R + 6.881

4.8.5.3 Embedded Parts
The bearing stresses on the concrete shall not exceed those allowed for 3,000 psi concrete in ACI
318.
The embedded anchor bolts for the picket structure shall be installed in primary concrete. Anchors
shall be headed with end plates as required and will not be of the L- or J-type construction.
4.9
Powerhouse Electrical and Transmission Design Criteria

4.9.1
4.9.2
Site Conditions
Altitude is less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft)
See 3.2.9 for ambient temperature criteria (outdoors)
See 3.2.10 for wind loading criteria (outdoors)
See 3.2.11 for snow loading criteria (outdoors)
See 3.4 for seismic design criteria
Ice loading 0.25 inch at wind 50 mph, based on NESC (outdoors)
Protection and Control System
The control system will be designed to provide three modes of control:

1. Remote Automatic, the unit will be started, stopped, and loaded through the
SCADA control system.
2. Local Automatic, the unit will be started, stopped, and loaded through the local
control system independent of the SCADA system, but the start/stop and
control sequence will be controlled by a local PLC.
3. Local Manual, the unit sequence will be manually initiated, this mode is primarily
intended to facilitate unit testing and commissioning.
The control system will be designed to allow various modes of operation depending upon the
number of units available, water available and the hydraulic conditions. The operator will be able to
select the mode of operation and the range of the operating parameters:
Reservoir water level control.
Constant power output.
Best efficiency point (for periods of low water).
Each turbine/generator unit control system will be provided with an independent power supply
such that any unit can be removed from service without affecting others.
27

The turbine/generator unit control system will interface with the existing KPU SCADA system
control and monitoring equipment using ModbusRTU protocol. NovaTech Orion protocol
converters shall be used as needed for converting DNP3 relay protocol to ModbusRTU protocol.
Generator and other protection will be provided by the use of multi-functional utility grade relays.
The relays will be provided with event recording and oscillographic capabilities (fault capture). The
relays will be able to communicate with the SCADA system using RS-232 or RS-485 interface, DNP
3.0 protocol, as well as being locally interrogated. The generator protection will include the following
IEEE functions using Basler generator protection relays:
24 volts/hertz (over fluxing protection);
27/59 under/over voltage;
32 reverse power*;
46 negative sequence over current;
47 negative sequence over voltage;
50/51 phase over current protection;
50/51N neutral over current protection;
50/62 BF breaker fail protection;
60 voltage imbalance or voltage transformer fuse failure;
81 O/U over/under frequency;
87 G generator differential; and
Protective relay fail (waterdog timer and voltage fail).
For the reverse power function, two set points will be required, one for the
operation in active generation mode, and one for operation in the synchronous
condenser operation mode with the turbine dewatered.
Step-up transformer protection shall use Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories relays that include:
50/51 phase over current protection;
50/51N neutral over current protection;
50/62 BF breaker fail protection;
87 T transformer differential; and
Protective relay fail (watchdog timer and voltage fail).
34.5 kV line protection shall use Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories relays that include:
21 three-zone timed distance impedance;
67/67N directional over current protection; and
Protective relay fail (watchdog timer and voltage fail).
In addition, various mechanical protections for the turbine and generator will be provided:
28
generator winding temperature monitoring
stator core temperature
cooling air temperature
cooling water low flow
cooling water high temperature
guide bearings high temperature
thrust bearing high temperature
vibration monitoring
unit over speed
unit creep

The mechanical protection may be provided by separate devices or incorporated into the protective
relay scheme as applicable.
4.9.3
Switchyard and Interconnection to Existing Distribution System
The generation will be at the nominal 4,160 volt level. Generator circuit breakers shall be vacuuminterrupter, draw-out type housed in metalclad, arc-resistant switchgear. To connect to the existing
34.5 kV system, one new transformer will be required. The transformer will step up voltage from
4,160 volts to 34.5 kV and shall be sized such that it can carry the maximum output of both units.
The switchyard is expected to be located just northeast of the powerhouse.
4.9.4
AC Station Services
480/277 volt and 120/208 volt station services will be provided to distribution panels through draw
out breakers in metal clad switchgear. AC station services will include maintenance welding outlets,
grounding system and lower voltage convenience outlets distributed throughout the powerhouse.
Each unit auxiliary services will be supplied through an independent breaker. The 480 volt
switchgear will also provide backup power to the hatchery.
4.9.5
DC Services
DC services will provided from a new battery bank. The bank will be sized during detailed design.
Two (redundant) chargers will be provided. The battery bank will provide 125-V DC power to the
protective devices and to the SCADA/PLC equipment through appropriately sized DC/AC
inverters.
4.9.6
Lighting
Powerhouse lighting will be by means of switched high bay fixtures. Lighting in the control room
and offices will be by means of high efficiency, non glare fluorescent fixtures. Lighting in the
substation shall be provided with switched HID lighting.
Emergency lighting will be by means of self contained battery pack type fixtures sized in
accordance with the building occupancy requirements.
29
4.9.7

Single Line Diagrams
The KPU system one-line diagram is shown on Figure 4-1 and was last updated in 2008. The KPU
one-line includes a place holder for the future Whitman Lake substation. The conceptual level
Whitman Lake substation one-line diagram is shown on Figure 4-2.
30

5 Conduits and Pipelines

5.1
Codes and Standards
The following codes and standards will govern the design of the penstocks, anchor blocks, and
supports:
5.2
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Steel Penstocks Manual No. 79.
American Concrete Institute, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

Concrete (ACI 318).
American Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction Manual, Allowable

Stress Design, 9th Edition (AISC).
American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Other Structures, ASCE 7.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME Boiler Vessel Code,

Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Division 1.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME Boiler Vessel Code,

Section VIII
Pressure Vessels, Division 2 Alternate Rules.
American Society for Testing and Materials Standards (ASTM).
American Welding Society, D1.1 Structural Welding Code (AWS D1.1).
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Engineering Guidelines for

the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects.
International Building Code, 2006.
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Welded Steel

Penstocks, Engineering Monograph No. 3, 1977.
American Iron & Steel Institute (AlSl) Steel Penstocks and Tunnel Liners Steel
Plate Engineering Data Volumes 3 & 4.
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Stress

Analysis of Wye Branches, Engineering Monograph No. 32, 1964.
Description
5.2.1
Intent
The penstock general design parameters were discussed in Section 1.4.3. The Project Definition
Report suggested a mix of steel penstock for high-pressure locations and HDPE pipe in lowpressure locations. Detailed design will confirm or alter the mix of penstock materials.
The existing Whitman Dam intakes will be modified for the increased flow and used to route water
from Whitman Lake through the new penstocks, down the slope to a new powerhouse. The routing
of the penstocks will generally follow the route of the penstock access roads to the extent possible.
31
5.2.2

Penstock Design
The new steel portion of penstock will be of welded steel construction and will be designed in
accordance with this section. The high-density polyethylene (HDPE) portion of the penstock will
be sized from vendor information to meet the criteria of this section, and detail design will be by the
HDPE vendor.
5.2.3
Inlet Valves
Penstock inlet valves are discussed in Section 5.7.

5.2.4
Anchor Blocks
The anchor blocks will be founded on rock at the major changes in horizontal and vertical alignment
as required. Thrust rings will be provided on the new steel penstock to transfer load to the anchor
block concrete. The anchor blocks will be designed to be stable under all anticipated lateral and
longitudinal loadings.
5.2.5
Intermediate Support Foundations
Intermediate ring girder or saddle type supports are anticipated. It is intended that the penstock
span between supports and anchor blocks.
5.3
Design Factors
5.3.1
Alignment Control
The alignment of the proposed penstocks are shown on the project drawings.
The Contractor will be responsible for all site survey during construction to establish all
construction sight lines and temporary benchmarks.
5.3.2
Stations and Elevations
Stations and elevations will be determined based upon existing hatchery reference drawings and the
project drawings. Surge head will be assumed to be 30% above the static head at the powerhouse.
The headwater elevation at Whitman Lake will be taken as 379.8 ft (spillway crest) for design
purposes.
5.3.3
Unit Weights
Refer to Section 3.1.14.

5.3.4
Earth/Rock Parameters
Refer to Section 4.1.

5.3.5
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
Refer to Section 3.1.13.

5.3.6
Corrosion Allowance
The new penstock will have a protective coating system applied to both internal and external
surfaces. Associated plates and stiffeners will be painted on all surfaces and/or sealed against
moisture. Accordingly a corrosion allowance is not required per ASCE Manual 79, Section 1.9.
32
5.4

Design Loads
5.4.1
Dead Load
Penstock: Weight of steel or HDPE only
Anchor Blocks and Ring Girder Foundations: Weight of steel or HDPE and concrete
5.4.2
Live Load
Stairs and Platforms =
100 lbs/ft2
The live load for the penstock and supporting concrete foundations will include the weight of water.
The penstock will be investigated for the following as needed:
Penstock half-full
Penstock full, unpressurized
Penstock full, normal operating pressure
Penstock full, maximum surge pressure
5.4.3
Lateral Earth Pressure
The anchor blocks and ring girder foundations are earth-retaining structures. The stabilizing effects
from lateral earth pressures will be included using active, at rest, and passive loads as appropriate.
5.4.4
Hydraulic Loads
Water pressure will be assumed to act in accordance with the principles of hydrostatics except for
the condition of earthquake loading when it will be calculated in accordance with Section 2.3.5.
Internal water pressures for the surge condition will be increased according to the assumed pressure
rise of 30% of maximum static head at the powerhouse and decreasing linearly to El 482.6 at the
intake. The actual maximum hydraulic pressure will be verified based on shutdown time for the
respective generating units in the powerhouse.
5.4.5
Earthquake Load
Refer to Section 3.4.

5.4.6
Thermal Load
Differential thermal expansion and contraction will be considered in the design of the various
components of the replacement penstock. The range of penstock temperatures at the site is as
follows:
Installation Temperature =
45F
Maximum Penstock Temperature =
88F
Minimum Penstock Temperature =
0F
33
5.4.7

Snow Load
The snow load for the project will be based on ASCE 7.

5.5
Materials
5.5.1
Concrete
See Section 3.1.1.

5.5.2
Reinforcement
Existing reinforcement will be assumed to have a yield strength of 33 ksi, in accordance with
Mechanical Engineers Handbook, edited by Lionel S. Marks, First Edition, Ninth printing, 1916.
New reinforcement will conform to ASTM A615, Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet Steel
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, Grade 60.
5.5.3
Penstock Steel
ASTM A516 Grade 70 will be used for rolled and welded steel plates in the fabrication of the
penstocks. Spiral weld pipe will not be used.
5.5.4
Embedded Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts shall be galvanized and will conform to ASTM A307 or equivalent. For design, all
anchor bolts will be assumed to be ASTM A307. Anchor bolt galvanizing shall conform to ASTM
A153.
5.5.5
Expansion Anchors
Expansion anchors will conform to the specifications for Phillips Red Head Anchors (Series WS, S,
J, or RM) as manufactured by ITT Phillips Drill Division.
5.5.6
Expansion/Contraction Joints
Expansion/contraction joints will be used as required.

5.5.7
Joints
HDPE to HDPE: ductile iron clamps or equivalent, or field weld.

HDPE to steel: Design steel flange to match HDPE stub end flange and use of cast iron clamping
rings or equivalent.
Steel to steel: Field weld with full penetration welds.
5.5.8
Structural Steel
Structural steel shapes and plates other than those used in the penstock fabrication will conform to
ASTM A36, Grade C.
5.5.9
Welding
All welding of the penstock and ring girders will be in accordance with the ASME codes.
All welding of structural steel will be in accordance with AWS D1.1 as modified by the AISC. For
design, normal shield metal arc welding (SMAW) with E70XX electrodes will be assumed.
34

5.5.10 Protective Coating
Painting specifications will be developed for application on interior and exterior surfaces. Portions
to be embedded in concrete will not be painted on the outside except for a small overlapping band.
Circumferential joints and other penstock sections that will be field welded, will be unpainted over a
width of 6 inches on each side of the weld. Cathodic protection will be used for buried sections.
5.6
Analysis and Design
Analysis of the penstock will begin with the overall structural stability.
Anchor blocks will be assumed to act as rigid bodies and will be analyzed according to USBR
Engineering Monograph No.3 to meet the FERC guidelines for water-retaining structures.
Concrete design will be in accordance with ACI 318. Structural steel will be designed according to
the AISC Steel Construction Manual. Penstock design will be in accordance with ASCE Steel
Penstocks Manual No. 79. The penstock design will also be in accordance with AISI Steel Plate
Engineering Data Volume 4, Steel Penstocks and Tunnel Liners, where applicable.
5.6.1
Loading Conditions Penstock
The following loading conditions will be used for the design of various components of the penstock:
(a)
Construction Conditions
The diameter of the penstock is such that transportation restrictions will apply. Accordingly
the penstock will be fabricated, at site, from shell pieces. A temporary jig assembly will be
required to support shell pieces as they a welded longitudinally and circumferentially.
Temporary support of the pipe during installation will be the responsibility of the
Contractor.
(b)
Normal Load Condition
The normal load condition includes dead loads, hydrostatic pressures from water at normal
operating level, thermal loads and snow loads. This loading condition will also include surge
loading as required by ASCE Manual No. 79.
(c)
Intermittent Condition
The intermittent conditions will be taken as follows:

Conditions during filling and draining of the penstock. This can include pipe half full or full
and unpressurized.
Normal operating pressure plus earthquake.
(d)
Emergency Condition
The emergency condition includes normal operating pressure plus maximum surge resulting
from governor cushioning stroke inoperative and final part gate closure to zero position at a
maximum governor rate in 2L/a seconds.
5.6.2
Penstock Analysis
5.6.2.1 Stability
Structural buckling stability of the penstock will be maintained by limiting compressive stresses
induced by gravity loads and axial (including thermal) loads.
35

5.6.2.2 Allowable Stresses
Allowable steel stresses are limited by factors of safety applied to yield strength, ultimate strength
and buckling strength. Different loading conditions warrant the use of varying safety factors,
depending on the likelihood of occurrence and the duration of the loading.
Safety factors related to the tensile strength of the material are also limited by the degree of weld
inspection performed. Conversely, the degree of inspection at different locations on the pipe can be
established by reviewing the required strength at those locations.
Safety factors will be in accordance with Section 3 of ASCE Steel Penstocks Manual No. 79.
Buckling stability will be checked. For that analysis, stability under compression due to bending and
axial forces and shear stability will be determined.
Allowable stresses are determined by the following:
1.
Tension
Stresses will be in accordance with Section 3 of ASCE Steel Penstocks Manual No. 79.
2.
Compression
The penstock is classified as an intermediate length tubular structure. In such cases, local
buckling of the shell controls, and the allowable stress is a function of the diameter to shell
thickness ratio. The following relationship 2 will be used for design:
2
L D
Z 2 1 2
D t
If
D
2.85 Z 1.2
t
then
f crit 0.33
where: E
3 1 2
Et
D
modulus of elasticity
diameter of pipe
thickness of pipe shell
Poissons ratio
The safety factor against compression buckling is determined in a fashion similar to the
approach used in the AISC ASD Manual 9th edition Chapter E., where:
K L r 2
Qs Qa 1
2Cc 2
Fc
f crit
5 3K L r K L r 3
3
8Cc
8Cc 3
Based on Equations 14.2 and 14.4 of Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures edited by Theodore V. Galambos,
Fourth edition, 1988.
36

12
2 2 E
Cc
Q Q f
s a crit
where: Qs
shape factor = 1
Qa
effective area factor = 1
effective length factor
length of span
radius of gyration
In no case will Fc be allowed to exceed allowable tension stress.

3.
Shear
Similar to compression, shear buckling can occur in the elastic range:

t
L
R
For 10
3
R R
t
f crs
t
0.632
R
54
R
L
where: L = length of span

The critical shearing stress, fcrs, will be limited to the shear yield stress, Fy
3.
A safety
factor of 1.67 will be applied to fcrs in calculating the allowable shear stress, Fv.
Allowable stress will be in accordance with Section 3 of ASCE Steel Penstocks Manual
No. 79.
5.6.2.3 Combined Stresses
The von Mises-Hencky shear yield criterion will be used to combine biaxial tension and
compression with shear at any given element:
FT f e f x2 f y2 f x f y 3 f v2
where: fe =
12
equivalent stress
fx, fy = bending or axial stress in the x and y axes, respectively, (tension positive;
compression negative)
fv =
shear stress
Buckling stress combinations will also be limited at any section of penstock by the following
interaction equation:
2
fc fv
1
Fc Fv
where: fc = axial compression or bending stress

5.6.2.4 Penstock Vibration
Since the penstock will not be buried, it will be checked for vibration.
37
5.6.3

Loading Conditions Anchor Blocks
The following loading conditions will be used for the design of components of the penstock anchor
blocks.
(a)
Construction Condition
There will be no significant unbalanced loads associated with construction of the anchor
blocks. The case with no water in the penstock will be considered as an unusual load
condition.
(b)
Usual Load Conditions
The usual load condition includes: dead loads and hydrostatic pressures from water at the
normal operating or surge levels, thermal loads and snow loads.
(c)
Unusual Load Conditions
The unusual load condition will be taken as dead loads (without water).
(d)
Extreme Load Condition
The extreme load condition includes the usual load condition combined with earthquake
effects or emergency surge condition.
5.6.4
Stability Analysis
The stability analysis and design will demonstrate the ability of the structure to resist overturning
and sliding, and that allowable foundation bearing values are not exceeded.
The analysis will show, for the various load cases, the individual external loadings, the assumed area
of the base, the magnitude of the shearing force and the location and magnitude of the resultant.
Lateral loading from earth pressure will be neglected. These lateral earth loads are relatively small
compared to the other forces acting on the anchor blocks, and should have a stabilizing effect.
5.6.4.1 Factors of Safety
Factors of safety are the ratio of the resisting forces to the forces tending to cause movement.
The location of the resultant and the sliding factors of safety resulting from design will meet the
criteria listed below. Allowable bearing pressures will have factors of safety corresponding to that
required for sliding.
Load Case
Sliding Factor of
Safety
Resultant Location
on Base
Usual
3.0
within middle 1/3
Unusual
2.0
within middle 1/2
Extreme
1.25
within base
Construction
1.5
within middle 1/3
38

5.6.4.2 Analysis - Sliding
Sliding along a horizontal or nearly horizontal plane is resisted by friction plus any cohesion between
the potential sliding surfaces. The factor of safety against sliding is the ratio of this total resisting
force to the force tending to cause sliding due to the net unbalanced loads.
The sliding factor of safety will be determined by the shear-friction formula:
F .S .
W U tan c A
H
where:
W
=
appropriate
total vertical force caused by weight of concrete substructure, including water as
U
=
total vertical uplift force acting over 100% of base area; this is assumed to be zero in
the free-draining soil around the anchor blocks
angle of friction along plane
unit cohesion along plane
uncracked base area of potential sliding plane
horizontal thrust due to static and dynamic water loads or earthquake.
5.6.5
Minimum Reinforcement and Cover
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement will generally be in accordance with ACI 318, except that
those requirements will be modified for thick members where reinforcement will be designed
according to the cracking theory. Shrinkage stresses will be reduced as much as practicable by
careful selection of the location of joints and the order of concrete placements.
Minimum reinforcement shall be as follows:
Thickness less than 48 inches:
per ACI 318
Thickness greater than 48 inches:
#8s @ 12 inches
The minimum concrete cover for reinforcement will generally be in accordance with ACI 318.
5.6.6
Allowable Concrete Stress Increase for Combined Loading
Concrete will be designed in accordance with ACI 318, Appendix A - Alternate Design Method.
Where concrete stresses caused by earthquake, construction or other temporary and unusual forces
are combined with those caused by dead, water or normal live loads, the sum of the stresses will not
exceed the allowable stresses by more than shown in the following table.
Combined Loading
Allowable Increase
of Normal Stress
Dead plus (live or earthquake or thermal)
0%
Dead plus hydrostatic and (live or
earthquake or thermal)
0%
39
Dead plus live and snow
5.6.7

0%
Dead plus hydrostatic and water surge
33-1/3%
Dead plus thermal and earthquake
33-1/3%
Dead plus live plus hydrostatic and

earthquake
33-1/3%
Wye Branch Design
Wye branches will be designed using manual calculation methods described in Engineering
Monograph No 32 and checked using AlSl Steel Penstocks and Tunnel Liners Volume 3.
Alternatively, finite element methods may be used.
5.7
Valves
The penstocks will include a series of flow control and shutoff valves. The penstock shutoff valves
will be located just downstream of Whitman Dam and be designed to close in an emergency in the
event of a rupture or leak in the penstock upstream of the turbine inlet valves (TIV).
A butterfly-type TIV will be located at the entrance to each turbine spiral case. Design parameters
for the valves are given in Section 4.7.2.
A pressure reducing valve (or two valves in series) will be installed on the powerhouse bypass from
the Unit 2 penstock to the hatchery headtank. The valve(s) will designed to open automatically if
flow through Unit 2 to the headtank is interrupted to maintain hatchery flow supply. The valve(s)
will either be mechanically or DC motor operated. Isolating valves will be installed on each side of
the pressure reducing valve(s) to allow maintenance of the valve(s).
A shutoff valve will be installed at the end of the Unit 2 draft tube in the pipe to the headtank. The
valve will be used for unwatering and maintenance of the Unit 2 tailrace.
A bypass with a valve from the Unit 1 penstock to the Unit 2 penstock near the Unit 2 powerhouse
bypass to the headtank will allow dewatering of the Unit 2 penstock for maintenance or inspection
while maintaining flow to the hatchery. A shutoff valve upstream of the Unit 2 penstock upstream
of the junction will prevent back flow into Unit 2 penstock. Both these valves could be manually
operated and would normally be closed (bypass valve) and open (Unit 2 penstock valve).
All valves will be supplied by recognized valve manufacturers and will be designed for the maximum
transient pressures. The valves will be shop fabricated and shipped to site complete with valve,
operator, and gaskets. Select valves will have electric motor operators that have additional contact
points to allow interface with the powerhouse and hatchery control system.
5.8
Hydraulic Design
5.8.1
Head Losses
Head losses for the Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project will be calculated based on the proposed
design layout, for the maximum and average powerhouse flow with modified friction losses through
the new intake, valves and new penstocks.
Head losses will be calculated according to:
40

HL k
V2
2g
Where k is the loss coefficient, V is the velocity in feet per second, and g is 32.2 ft/s2. Values of k
for entrance losses, bend losses, valve losses, and contraction and expansion losses will be
determined in accordance with USBR Design of Small Dams. Head losses for pre-manufactured
intake screens will be based on the manufacturers data.
Friction losses will be calculated according to the Darcy-Weisbach equation, in which k is defined as:
k f
L
D
Where f is the friction factor from the Moody diagram, L is the length of pipe, and D is the pipe
diameter. The friction factor is a function of the relative roughness of the pipe, k/D. For steel and
HDPE pipe, the following surface roughness values (k) will be used:
Commercial steel pipe:
0.000150 ft
HDPE:
0.000008 ft
5.8.2
Transient Analysis Load Cases
The following transient load cases will be investigated:

Load Rejection full load rejection from maximum plant capacity with reservoir at
maximum normal water level.
Load Acceptance Speed-no-load to maximum plant capacity with reservoir at minimum
water level.
5.9
Appurtenances
Pipeline appurtenances, which include air inlet valves, blow-offs, manholes, fill lines, and cathodic
protection system (if required), will be designed for maximum pressures.
5.9.1
Air Inlet Valves
Air vents and corresponding valves will be sized and located according to the requirements of the
penstock system.
5.9.2
Access Hatches
Access hatches will be provided at maximum intervals of 500 feet per ASCE Manual 79. The
location of hatches will be next to adjacent to any line valves or air inlet valves. Minimum diameter
is 24 inches.
5.9.3
Walkway and Stairs
Sections along the penstock that are not adjacent to the construction access road will have a
walkway on top of the penstock for maintenance and inspection access to the pipe. Stairs to ground
level will be provided at regular intervals.
41
5.9.4

Wildlife Crossings
Wildlife crossings will be provided to ensure migration routes are not interrupted by the pipeline.
The location of crossings will be based on Connectivity Plan. The design will likely be wood- or logclad steel ramps on both sides of the penstocks and designed primarily for resident black bears.
5.9.5
Drain Valves
Drain valves will be provided at the downstream end of the penstock and at any intermediate low
points to dewater the line. A drain valve will also be installed just downstream of the intake shutoff
valve to handle any leakage past the valve during penstock maintenance.
5.9.6
Filling Lines
Fill lines will be provided to fill the penstocks from the reservoir and place them under balanced
pressure to facilitate opening of the intake valves/gates. The fill lines will be provided with suitable
control valves.
42

6 Intakes and Dam Valvehouse

6.1
Intakes
6.1.1
Description
There will be three intakes at the dam: a new intake for Unit 1; a replacement of existing variable
elevation intake for Unit 2; and replacement of the deep water intake.
The Unit 1 intake will be a pre-manufactured drum screen assembly at a fixed elevation.
The Unit 2 intake will be a replacement in kind of the existing intake. It will be a variable elevation
intake with an intake screen.
All intakes will have shut-off valves on the downstream side of the dam to allow dewatering of the
penstocks for maintenance.
6.1.2
Design Flows
The following will be the design flows for each intake:

Deep intake = 39 cfs
Variable elevation intake = 35 cfs
Unit 1 intake = 130 cfs
6.1.3
Fish Screening Criteria
Except for the deep intake, the intakes will be subject to NOAAs fish screening criteria. Based on
previous reports by Bates and Nordlund (2007) and FERC (2007), no fry are present in the vicinity
of the proposed Whitman Dam intake location. Therefore, the NOAA screening criteria indicate a
maximum screen approach velocity of 0.8 fps, measured 3 inches from the face of the screen, and a
maximum width opening of inch for profile bar screen (NOAA 2004). Durable screen media
should be used. Stainless steel screens are expected.
6.2
Unit 1 Intake
6.2.1
Description
The new Unit 1 intake will be a pre-manufactured tee screen type passive intake with provisions for
an air-burst cleaning system. The intake will be connected to the existing 36 inch diameter
penetration in the dam at approximately EL 354.
6.2.2
Hydraulic Design
The new Unit 1 intake will be designed by the manufacturer to meet the design flow and fish
screening criteria. The length will be approximately 16 feet and the diameter will be approximately 8
feet.
6.2.3
Structural Design
The structural design of the Unit 1 intake will be in accordance with Section 5 Conduits and
Pipeline.
43
6.3

Unit 2 Variable Elevation Intake

6.3.1
Description
The new variable elevation intake will have a pre-manufactured drum screen type passive intake with
provisions for an air-burst cleaning system. The intake will replace the existing variable elevation
intake.
6.3.2
Hydraulic Design
The new variable elevation intake screen will be designed by the manufacturer to meet the design
flow and fish screening criteria. The screen length will be approximately 3 feet and the diameter will
be approximately 5 feet.
6.3.3
Structural Design
The structural design of the Unit 2 intake will be in accordance with Section 5 Conduits and
Pipeline.
6.4
Unit 2 Deep Intake

6.4.1
Description
The new Unit 2 deep intake will have a pre-manufactured drum screen type passive intake
connected to approximately 1,500 feet of 36 HDPE pipe.
6.4.2
Hydraulic Design
The new Unit 1 intake screen will be designed by the manufacturer to meet the design flow and fish
screening criteria. The screen length will be approximately 16 feet and the diameter will be
approximately 8 feet.
6.4.3
Structural Design
The HDPE pipe will be designed by the HDPE pipe supplier to the Whiteman Lake Hydroelectric
Project requirements. A performance specification for HDPE pipe supply will be prepared by
Hatch Acres.
6.5
Whitman Dam Valve House
The valve house will enclose the pipe inter-connections for mixing the cold deep water intake flow
and the warmer surface water intake flow. The enclosure will be an unheated steel framed structure
with corrugated metal walls. There will be no windows or other ventilation. An exterior class steel
door with appropriate lock and security hardware will be provided.
The valves within the Whitman Dam valve house will be manually operated.
44

7 Achilles Diversion and Pipeline

7.1
Description
A new diversion dam will divert up to approximately 20 cfs from Achilles Creek to Whitman Lake
through an approximately 2,000 feet long pipeline. The diversion will be an approximately 10 feet
high, reinforced concrete structure anchored on bedrock with sediment sluicing ability and a selfcleaning intake screen.
The diversion pipeline will be an HDPE pipe with above-ground supports that allow for HDPE
thermal expansion and are sized and spaced according to HDPE supplier requirements.
7.2
General Design Parameters
Average annual inflow =
17 cfs
Recurrence inflow:
10-year =
50-year =
100-year =
Diversion design flow =
175 cfs
210 cfs
230 cfs
20 cfs
Instream flow requirement = 1.5 cfs

7.3
Foundation
Earth/rock parameters will be based on the subsurface investigations performed by KPU in June
2007, under the supervision of Hatch Acres senior geotechnical staff.
Preliminary bearing capacity of the bedrock at the base of the diversion will be 120 tons per square
ft (tsf) based on an unconfined compressive strength of 10,000 psi or more.
Unit weight (lbs/ft3):
Compacted sands and clays =
130
Loose sands and clays =
85
Angle of Internal Friction:

Compacted (SM, SP, GW) sands and gravels =
35
Loose (SM, SP, GW) sands and gravels =
28
Clay soils =
Cohesion (psf):
Sands and gravel
Medium clay and sandy clay
600
A friction angle of 45 degrees can be used for evaluating sliding of mass concrete on clean (water
pressure washed) sound rock with cohesion equal to 0.
45
7.4

Trashracks and Intake Screen

7.4.1
Arrangement
The intake will have a self-cleaning Coanda-type in which the intake screen and intake are combined
into one screen. The screen is sloped on the downstream side of the overflow section, which flushes
debris off the screen as necessary but also allows water to pass through to be diverted to Whitman
Lake.
Large debris and suspended loads will be allowed to pass over the intake structure.
The screen will be designed and supplied by a recognized Coanda screen manufacturer and will meet
the performance criteria per Section 7.4.3.
7.4.2
Fish Screening Criteria
There are no fish in Achilles Creek and there are therefore no fish screening criteria for Achilles
Diversion.
7.4.3
Design Parameters
The smallest allowable sediment size to pass through the intake screen and be transported through
the pipeline to Whitman Lake is 1 mm.
The Coanda screen will be designed to withstand the load of up to a 1 foot diameter boulder rolling
over the screen. The corresponding weight is approximately 100 lb.
The screen parameters to achieve the desired diversion discharge are: screen angle, screen bar
spacing, screen bar size, screen length, screen width, acceleration height (flat sloping section
immediately upstream of the screen), and screen shape (flat or concave). The detailed screen design
will be based on the USBRs design guidelines specific to Coanda type intake structures. The screen
will be designed to pass the design flow with approximately 30 percent debris blockage.
The screen supports will be designed per appropriate concrete and steel codes.
The intake structure will be designed to completely overflow for flows greater than the 100-year
flow.
7.5
Analysis and Design
Analysis of concrete structures will begin with the overall structural stability. The water-retaining
structures (dams) are assumed to act as rigid bodies. FERC Engineering Guidelines for the
Evaluation of Hydropower Projects (FERC 0119-2), applies to stability of water retaining
structures. FERC Engineering Guidelines provide prudent designs that are acceptable to regulatory
agencies.
The design will then proceed for the various components of the concrete structures. Concrete
design will be in accordance with ACI 318-99, Appendix A, Alternate Design Method. Structural
steel will be designed according to the AISC Steel Construction Manual ASD or LRFD.
7.5.1
Stability Analysis
The stability analysis and design will show the ability of the structure to resist overturning and
sliding, and that allowable foundation bearing values were not exceeded.
46

The analysis will show, for the various load cases the individual external loads, the assumed area of
the base, the magnitude and distribution of the normal and shearing forces at the foundation level,
and the location and direction of the resultant.
If necessary to satisfy sliding stability criteria, side wall friction will be applied in accordance with the
geotechnical design criteria. Side friction, however, is not considered when evaluating bearing
pressures.
If cracking is found to occur in the extreme condition, the other conditions will be reanalyzed
assuming a cracked base and compared against a reduced factor of safety.
The proposed Achilles diversion dam will be analyzed to meet gravity dam requirements.
7.5.1.1 Load Conditions
The following loading conditions and requirements are suitable, in general, for gravity dam of
moderate height, and were adapted from FERC 0119-2, Chapter 3: Gravity Dams. Loads which are
not indicated, such as wave action, or any unusual loadings are considered where applicable. Power
intake sections will be analyzed with emergency bulkheads closed and all water passages empty. The
Achilles diversion dam is considered a low hazard structure.
Additional structure-specific loading conditions are included in those sections pertaining to the
individual structures.
Case I:
Usual Loading Combination Normal Operating Condition
The reservoir elevation is at the normal pool, as governed by the crest elevation of an overflow
structure and turbine rated flow passing through the powerhouse. No tailwater. Horizontal
pressure resulting from accumulation of silt, boulders, etc, will be considered, where applicable.
Case II:
Unusual Loading Combination Design Flood Discharge
The water levels are taken up to the Project Design Flood (100 year flood for low hazard
classification) using levels that result in reservoir and tailwater elevations that exerted the greatest
head differential and uplift pressure upon the structure. However, unusual conditions such as high
tailwater will be examined on a case-by-case basis, since it is possible that the worst case loading
condition exists under other than extreme floods.
Case IIA:
Unusual Loading Combination Normal Plus Ice
The reservoir at normal pool at crest of dam combined with ice load.
Case III:
Extreme Loading Combination Normal Operating with Earthquake
Acceptance based on dams stability under post earthquake static loading considering damage likely
to result from the earthquake.
7.5.1.2 Factors of Safety: Sliding
Factors of safety are the ratio of the resisting forces to the forces tending to cause movement. The
sliding factors of safety resulting from design will meet the criteria listed below. Allowable bearing
pressures have, as a minimum, factors of safety corresponding to that required for sliding.
Recommended safety factors are from FERC 0119-2, Tables 2 and 2A. The table below lists values
corresponding to a new dam for the low hazard potential classification.
47
Load Case

Sliding F.S.
With Cohesion
Usual
2.0
Unusual
1.25
Post Earthquake
>1.0
Load Case
Sliding F.S.
Without Cohesion
Worst Static Case
1.5
Flood if Flood is PMF
1.3
Post Earthquake
1.3
Consideration is also given to stability in a post-earthquake condition.

7.6
Vertical Lift Gates
Gates will be a standard design with vertical stems complete with gates, guides, seals and manual
mechanical operators. The lift gates will likely be selected from the gate manufacturers standard
catalog.
7.6.1
7.7
Vertical Lift Gate Design Parameters
Must close under flow.
Maximum headwater elevation (equal to top of Achilles diversion abutment): El

580.0.
Gate invert varies by location and will be confirmed during final design. Initial
estimated invert: El 571.0.
Achilles diversion gate design flow: 24 cfs (to be confirmed).
Achilles drain gate design flow: 40 cfs (to be confirmed).
Lift gates will be constructed with stainless steel to the extent possible for long
life expectancy with minimum maintenance.
Diversion Pipeline
7.7.1
Material
To be determined.
7.7.2
Supports
The pipeline supports will consist of above grade, rock bolted anchorages designed according to
pipeline supplier support requirements. Buried sections will be designed with appropriate
embedment and backfill materials.
48

8 Construction Roads
8.1
Description
A permanent construction access and maintenance road will be constructed for access to Whitman
Dam and Achilles Diversion. The road will be designed for permanent all year round construction
access and long-term maintenance for wheeled construction and maintenance vehicles. No public
access will be permitted and a boom will be installed at the start of the road to prevent unauthorized
vehicles from entering.
The total length of the road is approximately 6,500 feet.
8.2
Design Criteria
The road design will meet the requirements of:
Construction of the project features

Maintenance access for KPU
The U.S. Forest Service
Alaska State Code
Alaska Forest Resources and Practices Regulations
Table 8-1 Access Road Design Criteria

Location
The road will be located to minimize the disturbance to the forest, streams, or
wetlands. The road will attempt to avoid areas with slopes steeper than 67
percent, slide areas, and wetlands. Stream crossings will be as close as possible
to a right angle to enter and exit the stream zone and adjacent riparian
management area as quickly as possible.
Design Vehicle
AASHTO HS-20 truck with maximum axle load of 32,000 lbf
Design Speed
Varies; less than 20 mph
Road Grade
Maximum 20 %
Road Prism Design
Running width = 12 feet plus curve widening to allow for off-tracking
along curves (see Figure 8-1)
Slopes < 55 % = Balanced-Cut-and-Fill (BCF)
Slopes > 55 % = Full bench construction with end-hauling
Grade < 10 % = Outsloped road with no ditch
Grade > 10 % = Insloped with ditch, or no ditch depending on the
distance to drainage relief
Minimum road cross-slope = 2 %
Road Drainage
Culverts: minimum diameter = 18 in.
Drainage dips (road grades < 10 % only):
o Do not locate within curves with radii less than 100 ft
o Minimum 60 ft long transitions
Relief drainage 50-100 feet above stream crossings
Maximum Spacing of water drainage (culverts, water dips, water bars)
per the following (11 AAC 95.295):
Road Grade (%)
Max Spacing (ft)
49
Curve Radius
Cut and Fill Slopes
(ODF, 2006. Forest
Road Manual)
Base Course
Surface (Traction)
Course
8.2.1

2-7
8-15
> 15
Minimum 50 feet
Soil
Compacted fill slope: 2H:1V
Sidecast fill slope:
3H:1V
Cut slope:
1.5H:1V
Rock Cut Slope
Solid - Fresh:
1H:8V
Weathered Stained 1H:4V
Full bench in rock construction:
BCF construction:
For grades > 15 %:
1,000
800
600
8 3-inch-minus aggregate
10 3-inch-minus aggregate
2 well graded -inch-minus aggregate
Whitman Creek Bridge Crossing
The construction access road will cross Whitman Creek at about station 27+00. The crossing will be
designed as a prefab steel stringer bridge.
Vehicle live load = See design vehicle (Sec. 8.2.2)
Ground snow load = 55 psf
Span length = 50 feet (CL to CL, bearings)
Clear width = 12 feet
Running planks = treated timber
Guard rail = Weathered steel
50

9 Hatchery Head Tank and Valve House

9.1
Hatchery Head Tank
The head tank will be sized to supply the hatchery with water at a constant pressure equivalent to a
water surface elevation of 45 ft. The tank will be sized for the hydraulic capacity of Unit 2 to ensure
the full hatchery water right of 39 cfs can be provided while still generating power, assuming a
separate nominally 12 inch diameter pipe provides 4 cfs incubation flow directly to the hatchery
valve house.
Possible Unit 2 transient conditions will also be considered in sizing the tank to ensure minimal
interruptions to hatchery operations during extreme events such as a load rejection.
Preliminary sizing of the head tank indicates that the tank is well within the capacity of commercial
tank suppliers who specialize in the design and fabrication of fluid storage tanks. A performance
specification for the head tank will be prepared to allow fluid storage suppliers to provide a tank
designed to the Whitman Lake Hydroelectric Project requirements.
9.2
Max instantaneous hatchery demand = 1.3 cfs/s (equivalent to turning on the entire
hatchery in 30 seconds)
Max Unit 2 and bypass valve rate of flow change = 3.9 cfs/s (equivalent to fully open/close
wicket gates/valve in 10 seconds.
Valve House
The valve house will be manually operated and designed per requirements of Sections 5 and 6.
The valve house will enclose the pipe inter-connections for the warm water from the headtank and
the cold water from the deep water intake. The enclosure will be an unheated steel framed structure
with corrugated metal walls, similar to existing valve house. There will be no windows or other
ventilation. An exterior class steel door with appropriate lock and security hardware will be
provided.
51

Appendix A
Figures
52
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
Figure 4-1
WHITMAN SUBSTATION
4,875
875
kVA
kVA
EXISTING 34.5kV
PT
5MVA
4.16-34.5kV
Figure 4-2
SUBSTATION ONE-LINE
WHITMAN LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
FERC Project No. 11841-002
KETCHIKAN PUBLIC UTILITIES
Ketchikan, Alaska
4/9/08
Figure 8-1 Maximum Vehicle Off-Tracking on Simple Curves (ODF, 2006. Forest Road Manual)

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