IPv6

IPv6 benefits over IPv4:

Larger address space
-Global reachability and flexibility
-Aggregation.(global routing table)
-Multihoming -Plug-and-Play
-Auto-configuration. (Static/DHCP arent required)
-End2end without NAT
-Renumbering

IPv6 is a 128-bit Address. 2128 =3.4 x 1038 addresses

[8 octets, 16 bits each, colon-separated]
Multiple addresses per interface

Mobility and Security

-IPSec is built-in, not optional.
Simple header
-Routing efficiency
-No broadcasts. Multicasts instead.
-No checksums
-Extension headers -Flow labels

IPv4 is a 32-bit Address. 232 =4.3 x 109 addresses

[4 octets, 8 bits each, dot-separated]
One address per interface

2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:0000:130B:09C0
2031:0:130F :: 130B:9C0
Example: 2001:0bd8:1234::/48

Only one double

colon per address

[128 48 = 80 host bits]

Address Types: In IPv6, a single interface may have multiple addresses of any type:
1- Unicast [one one]
Link Local: FE80:: to FEB0::/12. like Automatic IP Addressing [169.254.x.x/16] in IPv4
-They wont communicate with nodes outside the link.
-auto-configued addresses, neighbour discovery, router discovery, routing protocols.
-eliminate the gateway and global addresses.
Site Local: FEC0:: to FEF0::/12. like Private Addresses Ranges in IPv4
-They wont communicate with outside the site.
Global Unicast: 2000::/3 (i.e. start with 001 binary). Similar to Public Addresses in IPv4
- i.e. routable by internet routers.
Loopback: ::1 (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1). like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4.
-Every interface has at least one loopback address.
Unspecified: :: (all zeros) is used in the source field of a device that looks for an IP.

2- Multicast [one many] FF00::/8

For all nodes, all routers, routing protocols ( RIPng, OSPFv3, EIGRPv6), etc.
Example: Neighbor Discovery process uses FF02::1 mutlicast address.
(Equivalent to ARP process which uses a broadcast address in IPv4)
3- Anycast [one nearest] allocated from global unicast addresses
Multiple devices share the same address and provide uniform service.
Router decides which device is the closest and has the same IP.
Source devices send packets to anycast address. (It must not be used as a source address of a packet)

IETF defines support many data link

layer protocols for IPv6, however
Cisco supports only these:
Ethernet
HDLC
PPP
ATM PVC
Frame Relay PVC.

Common IPv6 Multicast addresses:

FF02::1 all nodes on a link
FF02::2 all routers on a link
FF02::5 OSPF routers
FF02::6 OSPF/DR routers
FF02::8 IS-IS routers
FF02::9 RIPng routers
FF02::A EIGRP routers

Address Assignment
Dynamic
- Stateless Auto-configuration with ipv6 address auto-config command
- DHCP for IPv6 (stateful)
Static
- Manual with ipv6 address command
- EUI-64 with ipv6 address eui-64 command. (the Interface Identifier is calculated from the MAC)
Remember: Interface Identifier is the host portion of an IPv6 address.
The EUI-64 address is calculated in two steps:
1- Invert the 7th bit (U/L bit) in MAC
2- Insert FFFE in the middle at the 24th bit.
Example:Consider the MAC Address 1234.5678.9012:
1=0001 and 2=0010. Inverting the 7th bit gives us: 0001 0000 = 10. The MAC address becomes:
1034.5679.90122 .
The resulted Interface Identifier is: 1034:56FF:FE78:9012

IPv4 to IPv6 Transition

1- Dual Stack:
Running IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time with separate protocol stack.
Both are configured on the same interface.
2- Tunnelling:
Encapsulation IPv6 in IPv4.
Adds 20-byte IPv4 header with no Options.
Requires dual-stack routers.
Methods: manual, 6to4 (automatic), ISATSAP or Teredo.

3- Translation:
Using NAT-PT

IPv6 Configuration

RIPng for IPv6

Static address
R(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
(Turn it on, because its not enabled by default)
R(config)#int f0/0
R(config-if)#ipv6 address 155:1::1/64
R(config-if)#ipv6 enable
R#sh ipv6 interface

Similar IPv4 features:

Based on RIPv2, distance vector, radius of 15 hops,
split horizon and poison reverse.

EUI-64 address
R(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R(config)#int f0/0
R(config-if)#mac-address 1234.5678.9012
R(config-if)#ipv6 address 155:1::/64 eui-64
R(config-if)#ipv6 enable
R#sh ipv6 interface

New features for IPv6:

Includes the IPv6 prefix and next-hop IPv6 address.
Uses the multicast FF02::9 address.
Sends updates on UDP port 521.
R(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R(config)#ipv6 router rip [name]
(indicates the RIP process)
R(config)#int f0/0
R(config-if)#ipv6 rip [name] enable
(RIPng is configured on each interface separately,
without network statements)