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Laboratory Exercise No.

1
Fluid Therapy
Name: ________________________________________
Year/Course/Section: ____________________________
I.

Date:_____________
Rating:____________

Introduction:

The body of the animal is comprised of approximately 60% water. This is further subdivided
into intracellular and extracellular fluids. And these fluids are maintained on balance so that
the animal can function properly. And if the animal gets sick or injured, an imbalance will
occur that may cause dehydration to the animal.
Fluid therapy is one of the most common procedures performed to correct fluid imbalance
to sick and injured animals. It is done to maintain homeostasis to the body of the patient and
is also used as supportive therapy. There are many types of fluids used in veterinary
medicine to correct Dehydration and other forms of fluim imbalance. Examples of which are
Crystalloids (isotonic solutions/LRS), Colloids (Plasma, Pentastarch) and even Blood
Components (Fresh whole blood, Packed RBCs).
II.

Objectives:

1. To be able to understand the principles of fluid therapy and describe the normal and
abnormal fluid losses as an indication for fluid therapy.
2. To be able to enumerate and describe the signs of dehydration in animals in relation to
fluid therapy.
3. To be able to learn how to estimate degree of dehydration in relation to fluid therapy.
4. To be able to know the different Fluids used for fluid therapy in veterinary medicine
including their components, indications, and contraindications of each fluid type.
5. To be able to compute/calculate fluid replacement volumes when giving fluid therapy.
6. To be familiar and have hands on activity on the different routes of Fluid Administration.
III.

Materials and Methods

a. Materials:
Laboratory Animal (Cats and Dogs)
Tranquilizer
Mouth guard
IV Fluid (LRS, D5%LRS)
Sterile Water
Empty Containers of IV Fluids used in Veterinary Medicine
Cotton Balls
Infusion Set (Microdrip)
Canula/Butterfly (23-26 Guage)
Alcohol (70%)

Syringe (5ml)
Plaster/ Bandage
References
b. Methodology:
1. Each student will gather information using empty containers of fluid used in veterinary
medicine. Ample time will be given so that all information can be noted .pictures or an
illustration of each sample may be taken and place in the narrative report/laboratory
report to be passed to their instructor/instructress after the conduct of the activity.
2. The class will be grouped by 3-5 depending on the number of students in the class to
facilitate easy handling of their laboratory animals and each group will bring a cat and a
dog as their laboratory animals.
3. The degree of dehydration will be estimated from each of the laboratory animal and fluid
replacement will be computed.
4. Each group will be given enough time to read and understand the procedures of the
different routes of fluid administration and under the direct supervision of a
veterinarian/faculty they will conduct each procedure making sure that proper restrain
and biosecurity measures are observed for safe handling of the animals and also for safety
of the students.
5. At the end of the laboratory, all students will pass a laboratory narrative report.
IV.

Questions and Discussions

1. Enumerate how fluids are normally taken in or gained in the body of an animal. Give
examples of these fluids.
2. What are the processes in the body of the animal that normally causes fluid loss and also
circumstances/conditions in which there is an abnormal fluid loss in the organism?
3. What are the 3 primary uses of fluid therapy?
4. What are the 3 major electrolytes of extra cellular fluid? Which is most abundant?
5. How do you estimate degree of dehydration?
6. What are the signs of dehydration and other indicators that the animal is dehydrated?
7. For hypovolemic or severely dehydrated patients, fluids should be given Maintenance
Fluid at what rate?
8. What are the conditions that are contraindicated for rapid fluid therapy?
9. Enumerate the different Routes of fluid administration including their procedures,
indications, contraindications and fluids used for such routes.
10. In a table form enumerate each type of fluid give their indications, contraindications and
their components.
Table 1.1 Different Types of Fluids Used in Veterinary Medicine
Fluid Type w/
Component
Indications
Picture

Contraindications

V.

Summary and Conclusion


Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
Kabacan, Cotabato
College of Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology
Laboratory Exercise No. 2
Nutrition Pharmacology

Name: ________________________________________
Year/Course/Section: ____________________________

I.

Introduction:

Date:_____________
Rating:____________

The animal body needs certain nutrients to maintain balance and to function at its optimum.
These nutrients include vitamins and minerals and these two basic ingredients can be
essential or non-essential. They are essential when the animal cannot produce it through
metabolic processes in it body. On the other hand it is non-essential if the organism can
synthesize it. The absence or deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals have long been
studied in the field of veterinary medicine. And signs and symptoms have also been recorded.
Examples of nutrition diseases due to deficiency of such nutrient are as follows, rickets in
young animals due to lack of calcium and/or phosphorus, goiter for iodine deficiency, grass
tetany for magnesium deficiency, blindness for vitamin A deficiency, osteomalacia for
vitamin D deficiency, and scurvy for deficiency in vitamin C.
With the aboved mentioned problems the field of Nutraceutical medicine emerged and this
uses micronutrients, macronutrients, and other nutritional supplements as therapeutic agents.
These agents can be bought over the counter since they are part of the nutrition and can
readily correct the signs and symptoms shown by the affected animals.
II.

Objectives:

1. To be able to describe and discuss the diseases of animals due to nutritional deficiencies
and the treatment to be employed to correct the conditions.
2. To be able to understand the role of each nutrient and their importance in maintaining
balance and good health to the animals.
3. To be able to make a program that will help prevent and control nutritional deficiencies.
III.

Materials and Methods:

a. Materials
Empty containers/bottles of Samples of Vitamins and Mineral supplements used in veterinary
medicine
Bond paper
Computer
References:
Internet
Pharmacology Books
Merck Veterinary Manual
Animal Nutrition Books
PVET
b. Methodology:
1. Gather samples and take note of their components/active ingredient, indications and
contraindications including their mode of action, dose/dosage, and dosage form. In a
table form select 5 nutrients(Vitamin or mineral ) used in the following animals to
correct the signs and symptoms shown due to the deficiency from such nutrient: cats,
dogs, poultry, swine, sheep, goat, cattle, horses.

Table 1.1 TheNutracaeuticals


Specie

Drug/Drug
Form

Mode
of
Action

Indications

Contraindications

Dose/Dosage
and Route of
Administration

Dog
Cat
Poultry
Swine
Goat
Sheep
Cattle
Horses

2. Each student will look for references and answer each item on the Questions and
Discussion.
3. A written report will be passed after the laboratory period.
IV.

Questions and Discussions:

1. Define the following and elaborate then discuss the treatment method to be employed in
correcting the disease/condition.
a. Nutritional Conditions in Ruminants:
-Ketosis
-Grass Tetany
-Milk Fever
-Protein Overfeeding
-Bloat
b. Vitamins and minerals Deficiency in Poultry and Swine
2. How to prevent and treat Calcium deficiency in Layers?
3. What are the factors to be considered in treatment of nutritional conditions? (give at least
5 and briefly discuss).
4. Make a brief discussion on the importance of nutrition pharmacology.
V.

Summary and Conclusion:

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