2006 Spoken English

---
II
Anu:
Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year

of better communication.
English
(y - --q-
x----E --o).
Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have

a party on the occasion, aren't we?
party
( -s
o ?)
---
Anu:
Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she?

(
Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I?
party
Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time.
turn=
Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am not
making the arrangements, am I?
party
---E -E-o -- --C. ?
y---oC?)
( J F...
(
h-o. px --
- -- ?)
-x--- 91
lesson
question tags
sentences
1. aren't we?
2. didn't she? 3. aren't I?
4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc.
aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc.,
question tags
form
question tags....
1. aren't I?
2. am I?
sentences:
1) I am giving the party, aren't I?
rule
stem 'I am giving the party'
verb, am
giving
question tag
am,
n't (stem
not
I
question tag, amn't I?
aren't I
I?)
I
begin
sentence
verb, am+
not
question tag
aren't I?
amn't I?
question tag English
stem
not
question tag
am I?
( I am not making the arrangements, am I?
stem
not
- - 2 ----J 2006
v-E --...
-El.
Ox
- hO.N
. h
*a
N o
--o
v
\
d,
E y
d), E y *a,
L .
h
(d E hC. C
E \
u
u-i N.
, -,
p
C.
,
Sx
\
C)
f) might..., - mightn't?
g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...?
h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...?
(pron:
j) should..., shouldn't ...?
k) would..., wouldn't...?
stem
not
verbs
subject
example
1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he?
b) Sachin could not play well, could he?
2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he?
b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she?
(id) .
Fd)
(d...?)
(d?)
u ?
h.
p,
l.
Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi,

We are talking about the party. You are
making all the arrangements, aren't
you?
party
(C _N. _O,
-J-*
--o. p-xFo y h-o
?)
Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from

Suma, aren't I?
suma
(h-o.
L ?)
Suma:
_ s B-
Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I

don't spend.
( s a d---- ---)
as long as- so long as = C J---,
l-A.so long as - 'not' o-p
-. As long as p-j -a.
Suma & Anu: Thank you.
-- --- --*a- lessons

(question tags j --*a--C) -- --C -.
\-J Sx, don't, doesn't, didn't a
question tag N l.
Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you?
(y - Ev--h, )
(y ?)
(O
10 , y -u
Ev--a, ?)
But our school started at 7.30, didn't
it? so I got used to getting up early.
school 7.30
(
C ? E -----C.)
Get used to = ----. I have got
used to the hot weather here = (\
-- --). Sx h--
1) 'Get up' Regular doing word verb
not d. Question tag, 'don't
you?' 2) 'Begins' second regular doing
word verb not d, question tag,
'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' past doing word
verb , not d, question tag, 'didn't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - d)
Spoken English
C)
3) a) Ameet has scored

good marks, hasn't
he?
b) Ameet hasn't (has
not) passed, has
he?
N--N
practice
h M. SURESAN
question tags d form -. Question tags E
- - EKb- C.
(No not in the stem)

b) I am not a fool, am I?
Now practice the following in English:
( ^-o , ? (not in the stem)

d 'I' N- h----LqC
a) Stem not , question tag aren't I?
(verb, 'am+' )
b) stem not , verb 'am+'
question tag, 'am I?'
Sx Eo verb farms a question tags

\ ho. h--. Fo
stem not o-p.
a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..?
c) can..., _can't...?
d) could..., couldn't...?
(couldn't - pronunciation e) may..., - mayn't?
(d)
(d?)
books
Revathi:
Jyothi:
Santhi:
u innerwear word --
hC. Innerwear correct --p-
(usage hC), --C n-a. \---C n u- under-
o. x *N.
Underwear
Innerwear
(---) ---.
(--o-) --E ----?2) q -\-p-, -E--x -_ -\-x -v-- ---E 'Q' '-l-A ----
-E -f--. -- Q -~ -v-
\-. --v--E, - --Tx- -~E -- --N-?
-vQ-E-, -Nu--
---:
1) Underwear - (Underware
) -h
- - h- - J
h --d Underwear .
-- -u- -x ---..
1)
1) Spoken English
-v-o: 1) -- ---h-- ---Tx--
Answers:
Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie
last night, didn't you.
Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't
I?
Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think
you'd go.
Mahesh: When I say something, I am serious, aren't I?
Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie
matters, am I?
Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie
with my friends, don't I ? Why didn't you come?
Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am
the fan of the hero of the movie.
Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I
missed the movie.
Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't
you?
Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi?
Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I?
Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are
good people.
Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I
don't like jokes at all.
Jyothi: I am interested only in studies,
aren't I ? I don't know how to joke,
do I?
Santhi: You never joke at others? do you?
Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am
always serious.
---:
English --C-* --*

--L----.
-P-K-, --f-
Spoken English books market

English conversation by Grant Taylor; Spoken English
for you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai and
K.Rajeevan.
O O jokes h-o, ?
- -x , Jyothi?
---o.
?
--f, ? O *-x
.
serious type ? -
jokes a.
studies interested, ?
- joke , ?
O- - O jokes u,
?
Jyothi N -L--.
v p serious.
Eo vA y E 2)
--} ?
Mahesh: , h-E p. ?
Ganesh: p-. F y h----.
Mahesh: --
--G- serious
, ?
Ganesh: cinema N- v serious , ?
Mahesh: friends E--h -h ? Eo y ?
Ganesh: Eo - busy o. -y
-Rx- cinema hero fan ?
-E ---o.
1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh,
-v-o: Spoken
---:
That's right, do you, don't you?
Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it?

so you can get up late, can't you?
college
Dhiraj:
l.
O -B-- ?
I am ready. Thank you for making all

the arrangements. You are taking
trouble. aren't you?
trouble
(E-y--E l. F y
B--o ?)
Dhiraj:
examples
a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem
not
b) I am not an American, am I?
(stem
not
2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I?
(No not in the stem)
b) I am not troubling you, am I?
(Not in the stem)
3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I?
J-Eo
Santhi:
Revathi:
do you, don't you?

Anu:
2) Santhi:
Revathi:
Jyothi:
wear.
2)
--v- E- --E English ~

Q Q - -, Thank you
You Thank U -x. -
-v- n a English word Queue.
Please queue up --, Please Q up
, fancy .
People queued for the tickets.
-v-o: 1) Spoken english ,
written english
---- -N--J--.
2) having been - -s- -h-C?
3) Spelling
mistakes
-J-----E
- --y-.
.--.--, -J-T
simple , l---E - -, - --. Jh

sentences ---a. Written English
l-A, Jh grammatical ,
Cl xd- i , u- -a.
2) Having been = o--x
Having been deceived by him once, I don't
trust him any more
-J --E- -T-- o--x

Eo Sx t.
Having been selected he is happy
select
o--x -
o.
3) Spelling mistakes _- - syllables N->* spelling -*-. _. Syllable a o -.
Construction. Dx con, struc, tion --
- syllables o. devide
E spelling -*-. p
_-.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
[-
II
Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned
me last night and asked for a few tips
on acting.
( Eo-vA -d
J# Eo -
-[.)
Ramesh: Oh, did he?
(?)
Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see
me about a future movie of his.
Unfortunately I am very busy you
know. So I couldn't give him an
appointment.
( , [ --o h E J# o -------o-E o[. F ]-]'d--h G@ ? -
. question tags , lesson

E Ramesh responses E short questions
- OE response questions . N
conversation --y-Eo-h.
Question tags N- -]
sentence d h-. -E-d O
n h-C. - O-Eo-
n ? E. N \- p
N t--E-C op[E,
au/h L-T N--i--p-[-E
[.
j -- Ramesh response questions Fo t-E N-- L-h-o ! Sunil Megastar phone
[, ---[-[ N.
responses O practice .
] 4 J 2006
(J p .
50 -.)
... !?
--- y----.)
Appointment n u. F
appointment \[ N] n =
-E , Eg--[.
Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I
haven't known) that you
are so great.
Preethi: Does it?
(?)
responses
subject
d,
--] sentence E
d form h.
verb
costs II Regular Doing Word

response 'does', coffee
'it'
'Does it?'
\[
Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me

whenever they have problems.
(]l _ v -
d
]-E
Prema: Though she is not healthy, her husband does not help her.
( u --- h
[.)
(, y p--E
L]).
Sujana:
O,
Doesn't
he?
(?)
Sunil: Only the megastar knows

my greatness.
verb does (not) help response

'does.
Kumar: The actor who played
Samson fought with a
real lion, you know?
(-d- p-]
)
Ramesh: Does he? That's news to
me. But I have a doubt,
my dear Sunil.
(u- v
[
E-i
x-[,
)
Sudheer: Did he? (?)
j sentence verb 'fought'.
C Past Doing word d, did
hC. Subject 'actor' ]
'he' hC.
Am, is, are, was, were,
(? C h
N.
C.)
'That's news to me = C -- LE N.
conversation practice .
Sunil: What's it?
(C?)
Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?
(F A-n-N- E.)
mentally sound = A-n-N [[
mentally unsound = #a
Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar
and ask him himself.
( F . -d-
\)
Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be
another fool like you? Come on.
Cut all that stuff about his calling
you and taking your suggestions.
You look a real fool.
(? F ^[E-----? . d F [, F -
B--[- #a [ dd. y E -
o.)
Cut = , d-d , stuff = C, [.
Sunil: Do I? (?)
j -- ] Sunil -
Ramesh responses -E-.
Did he?
Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't
known)
Does he?
Should I?
-- question tags form

L, conversation v J# -o. Conversation lively , effective
--- question tags [ -
uj h o v-C-h.)
Prasad: O, do they?
shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have,

has, had etc. combinations
verbs
responses
Eo-
(, ? t-u -
a response)
Pramod sentence E verb 'consult'. C 1st
Regular Doing Word- d response 'do'
hC (Ministers ] 'they'). \[
x 92
question tags
not tag not [-C O [].
Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.
.
Charan: I can bat better
than Tendulkar.
Sravan: O, can you?

Can't you bowl
better
than
Pathan?
Now practise the following in English

Tarun:
Spoken English
Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yesterday in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was
very cold the whole of yesterday.
Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here.
Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole
day.
Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it
wasn't so bad.
Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so
cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold
bath.
Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why?
Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was
empty/ The gas was exhausted.
When I called the gas company, they
said it would take two days/ I had to
wait for two days.
Kumar: Don't you have a geiger?
Tarun: Do you?/ Have you?
Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not
so cold here, is it? So we don't
need a geiger, do we?
Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A
modern construction with all amenities.
Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What
is the price likely to be?
Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.
M. SURESAN
(?J
o -?)
responses practice .
v]l -Eh responses question
tags . practice
O - form --. v-Ao-.
Prasad: O, are they?
Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dollar, that is, about Rs. 50/-
Answers:
([-\ o
u --.)
(vx -C o-.)
\[ verb 'are'. d ministers ] they .
( a-u---i N
response hC.)
C F -].
L- Fox o .
? ]-E?
u --C.
h [--V [-]-o.
Kumar: F U ?
Tarun: F?
Kumar: C L-v- ] ?
]-E U - ].
Tarun: Eo ]-E -- o x
y ---o.
Kumar: ? ] a.
Tarun: 20 -.
Tarun:
Kumar:
Tarun:
vo:
It is not
short form it's not/ it isn't.
pronunciation
q-/ d
--a? ? Short forms writing
spelling Jh-h? -
spelling Jhh I would- short
form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've
Eo j]-- L
C.
Kumar: ? \-[ .
Tarun: Eo y AJ.
Kumar: ? \[ h L
u x ...
]-j---E a-J-L?
N, _[
: It's not = q not;
It isn't = d -L. d writing - h. N
contracted forms (short forms) N--
a-J-h.
I'd = ; He has = he's =
I've = . Eo contractions ] spoken
forms d writing -C.
---
II
Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you
all happiness.
(h -q F *a
d-E ---o.)
Ramu:
So may it to you, Laxman.
(F --E J)
Laxman: Thank you.
Lessons
May --
Eo-E --o . j
Sentences May - . N
Wishes , Greetings (G---)
. h-o , Laxman,
Ramu wish --p, Ramu, Laxman
wish --p May --o.
-sx May p Sentence
-C, Sentence May
v -C. May v u
sentences, blessings ,
Q-y--- .
-x--- 93
Ravi:
--v 6 ----J 2006
Please go ahead. What is the matter?
( p)
-- 'May' -A Permission
---E -o . - jn
x permission E, - -N
x permission F -----o-p, May,
question form I/ we .
1) May I sit here?
permission
2) May I use your phone?
phone
permission
3) May I know your name? / May I know who
you are?
(E-\ a-a?)
(O
-a?)
4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used

and formal way.
(O --/ -O-- ---a?)

C Jh -J-*--.
5) May in the beginning of a statement is used
4) How long may I keep this book?
for expressing wishes and blessings.
(F h Eo V----a?)
May official/ formal permission y--E-
statement form (you u)
. Superior status o-} C
x x- h- y, OJ xa n May -.
Now practice the following in English.

a) Anil: Good morning, Sir.
Murthy:
1) You may go now.
OJ x-a.
(permission
y)
O high
school teacher, Sir. -N-t-Lo -J
----E a.
--y - h-o- --E-. ---
-y- -E-o --- --.p- -h-o-?
When may I know the result?

Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for
Delhi?
(Delhi
Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is
at 3.30
Train 3.30
Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be
able to come to station to see you off.
May you have a very happy journey!
-lo?)
( Cl -.
(E- hoEp. F O\-L-y-E station a. F v

- -E J.)
Jagan:
May you have a happy time in your

new course! When do your classes
begins?
course
classes
)
Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow.
(F h
L. O
.
y -
p -----
(x)
-- 'May' v u sentences Fo wishes -- -E-
. --N ..
u May you live long!
O - @N--E.
(*-@! Q-q )
u May your business prosper!
O u G-%Cl L! (J, Qq)

u May you celebrate many more birth days like
this!
2) You may use my phone if you want.
-v-o: B TC, NJ-TC,
d V - ----E!
x @N-L.
u May God bless you!
Eo Q-y-C--!
F 'May' - C.
Lessons ---oC. May, probability E -C, -Eo uh-h-E
! a, ---a n.
u 'May' - p l.
Srinath: May I come in? ( E a?)
Ravi:
Please do.
Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your
time?
(O h B-a)
Spoken English
---:
< E-TC, h
*J-TC.. --- ----E
---- (------C,----C, --E -)
-x- -- ---C-- --L----.
-, -\-
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
B TC = the wire bent

NJ-TC = the leg broke
< E-TC = The ant drowned.
h *J-TC = The book got torn.
-- -u- -x ---..
-v-o: Idioms, usage -J-* -N--J--.

---:
Idioms
Sravan:
Bhavan:
-- ---a. Sx h-.
-- wait -a O.
O front room a.
Interview --y O
x--.
result -L--a?
v O expect
-.
Answers:
Anil:
Good morning sir. You were our
teacher in the high school. I have
come to see you.
Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to
see/ meet you, though after a long
time. What are you (now)?
Anil:
(I am) going to the states for higher
studies. I got the visa the day before
(yesterday). I've come for your blessings.
Murthy: You have my blessings always. May
you have a happy journey and may
you study well and prosper
there!
Anil:
Today is my birthday too, sir.
Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in
health and happiness!
Anil:
Thank You, sir.
Murthy: You are welcome.
(May you have a happy journey = Wish you
a happy journey; may you live long = Wish
you a long and healthy life)
(j
Anil:
j --
(O, -Lh phone ---a)
-J hpermission y.
Sir.
o,
u- ( E \-{
o visa
) orders y--E statement
*aC. O Qform May .
q
a.
1) You may not leave office before 5
M. SURESAN
(- O * -}-l) Murthy: F Q-q-p . F v
order
JT, y\- CN j -E
2) You may not smoke here
Q-q (May ).
(OJ-\ smoke --) order.
Anil:
V birthday . Sir.
3) You may leave office only after five.
Murthy: . y -- -(O y -x-a) order
-u- -E --o. (May
( x-E order).
).
-Fo May --: -J v- Anil: - thanks, Sir.
l.
Murthy: *C.
1) 'May' expresses probability (J -)
b) Sravan: -L - a?
2) 'May' expresses doubt ()
Bhavan: . a.
Sravan:
E-\- interview attend --E
3) May in the question form, especially with I/
a. Sravan. interWe is used for asking for permission in a very
view p--a?
formal and polite manner.
Bhavan: h--. ... O uo
'May' for permission is used to ask for per - interview C.
mission in a more polite and formal manner
Sravan:
p -o C .
than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will',
interview p a? (May
and 'would' with you (in the question form)
).
u May you live to be a hundred.
Bhavan:
in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite
--, -x
o usage o . -
o p, p h-E
o n-E, p o \\
n-E --,
p idiom -C. -- hC
d C usage -C. use .
word sentence use .
O vocabulary, idioms, improve --
Vocabulary O books (Norman Lewis's Word
Power Made Easy N) -- ----. Idioms O active use -
-)
b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)?

Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/
Please sit down.
Sravan: I have come to attend an interview
here. I am Sravan. When may I have
the interview?/ When may be my
interview?
Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Your
interview is at 2 in the afternoon.
1.30 sir. May I
Sravan: It's already
have the interview now itself ?
Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call you
again. Till then you may wait outside.
You may sit in the front room. You
may not leave here till 5, even after
the interview.
Sravan: When may I know the result?
Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before
tomorrow evening.
(p)
h_ English Newspapers, The Hindu

N, *o *o story books v-G*
l novels -, u English news
magazines -. Vocab books x words, their meanings -h, but we
don't know how to use them. So read, read
and read- that's the best way to improve.
idioms,
words
language
dictionary
Commercials/ Ads
Modern expression
English
-N--y v--o O ho
O
-h. C----y
n-E o p
.
-
hC. O-o-p-x
x-.
---
II
Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva
might be?
(P \--a i )?
Vishnu:
Not in the least. You call Ganesh.

He might know.
Ganesh
phone
( -L--.
. -E L--a.)
Not in the least= .
.
y)
(. C d-
,
EoN N s E E )
Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?
Brahmam: Any idea who else might know

Siva's whereabouts now? I want
him urgently.
Siva
(F
--\--o p--x --o o?Eo -- - -).
Try his home. Here's the number.

But they might all be out.
phone
(Rx-
. --C --.
x- x --a).
(Try= v-Ao* . : out:
x --; In = x )
Fo might combination o verbs o
sentences . I mean, j --- -EN.
Might combination verbs English ---. -E might combination a verbs -J-* ---
u/ -----.
Might Combination Verbs:
a) Might be ('be' form);
b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know,
might come, might like, etc.
1) Might, present
future
expresses doubt
and uncertainty
F,
F,
F, -F,
()
(-Cl-).
- -a, a E 'a
.
a) Might be - C 'be' form; n: -a.
-v-o:
--Tx-- - --x--- -
--- - --y-.
-.---y-f, -<-
---:
Spoken English
exercises regular
practice
English paper
English story
vA- ho
.
-
. *o *o
-. p x---
ju x- v-Gh.
-v-o: i) --Tx--... consist, collapse, cultivation... -O--E -- --L?
continue
books
-a (),
x-a, Might come = a.
-- sentence -J l.
a) Any idea where Siva might be?
P \--a o ?
-
phone
ii) A. How do you go to home?

B. I go home by rickshaw.
. -E L--a.
c) He fears it might affect his heart...
s A--aE... E .
d) You might be able to contact him there
F- \ --a/ ---a.
e) But they might all be out
- x-a.
d , might, present , future
*a--E N-Eo -E Might
be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)
He might be at office now Ringup

his office. You might be able to contact him.
office
Phone
(-Ep
-a. \. y-Eo \
d--a).
Contact: -/- --J communication
Vishnu:
come, etc) Might see =

Might go =
u-i,
--C.
(J Eo d-- ?)
Get at = ---/- -d--
Vishnu:
b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,
b) You call Ganesh. He might know
Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the

number
cell
Number
Vishnu:
He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He
fears it might affect his heart if he
carries it in his pocket, and his ear,
if he hears from it- because of radiation.
heart
(-E
-----a
N-Eo
Might
a) You might try his office phone number if you
are unable to get his home.
Phone
Office phone try
-:
-E
.
b) You might call the helpline

case of trouble.
trouble,
help line
O-o
.
-x--- 94
Manager:
Supdt.:
-\-,
in
phone
Supdt.:
, helpline= n x
--E -Lq phone)
Sentences might -/- -- y--E
u - l--x, jn
x --L-y--E u---.
--o, -
a a E --o.
E, O-----, E-x
business \C, sir. \
customers a - C ,
sir.
Manager:
In case of=
-q budget adjust
--a-?
budget prepare -.
O-\-J C - Eg Ba, sir.
Answers:
a)
Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't
we?
You might call the helpline

n Might , --o
May L ox -hC .
Might, may o \ -Eo uh--hC. May ---p- \
uu - ----o--.
1 a) Sunil may come this evening
v F a.
b) Sunil might come this evening
Sunil -a.
o (b) \.
Sunil may come o- F a \, Sunil might come o-p--o.
2 a) It may rain ({ a) doubtful
Sentence (a)
b) It might rain (Highly doubtful)
-- --o might . It expresses possibility/ uncertain-
ty/ doubt in the present or in the future.

(A) India might win the coming cricket series
with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so
--o cricket series --a.

- -o.
India may win L chances
h \ o-.
Rajasekhar (Senior Manager):

Manmohan, the power bills are going up.
Can't we make do with two air conditioners
instead of four?
bills
(Manmohan,
3 AC machines
o.
l--a ?
\- -
Manmohan (Manager):
That might not be much use, sir. Power bills
may be less, but the staff might not work so
efficiently.
current
sir)
Manager, Sr Manager
Might
'What do you think of this method?'
(- --- --a. Ex
a _-- E, sC
-n- E-----a,
-E- .
a
.
u----i
( l-A -J-* O-----o?)
'It might not increase our profits, sir'
(C - ---a).
Now practise the following in English:
a)
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma: Pitch
-V match --o, ?
. { h-?
{ h p- -a ?
a.
iii) Seminar -s-x how can we intro L ---?
duce ourselves?
... --a?
-.-s-, --*-M-o
?
Players help ------:
a--E!
i) consist = - d \ -
Prabhu: bowlers Gopala Rao O
collapse = q \ -
try -a. -E
pitch -cultivation = Ld--- \ -
L--a.
ii) A. How do you go to home J-
How do you go home? - correct.
Home
'to'
B. I go home by rickshaw, ...
iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name)
presenting this paper on... (subject).
My name is..., presenting this paper on...
-u
d-?
Spoken English
--C 8 ----J 2006
-- -u- -x ---..
b)
Manager:
furniture B h furniture -a----o.

Superintendent: C * idea, sir. Office
* hC.
-
, sir, --Eo-
paint -- *, sir.
Varma: Yes. But (I'm

afraid) it might
rain.
Prabhu: In case/ If it
rains
when
might
the
match we?
Varma: (It) might be this
M. SURESAN
weekend.
Prabhu: What might be our chances of winning?
Varma: Ah... we might win...
Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt?
Varma: The pitch might not help our players.
Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our
bowlers. The pitch might favour him.
b)
Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in
the office and get a new set in its
place./ I want to replace all the old
furniture by a new set.
simple, better.)
Superintendent:
That might be a good idea. It might
be good to have the walls painted
too, sir.
(That might not be a bad idea, after all.
sentence
(C
\ u--J-- -u
lx x--, hC :
not bad= very good.)

Manager: That's what I think too. But it might
cost a lot.
Supdt.: If I might say so,
We shall have more business,
sir. We might have more customers,
sir.
Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's
budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in
this year's budget?
Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You
might just look at it and decide.
(OO -----
---
II
Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's
every body?
(----C,
o?)
-- 10 ----J 2006
2) I thought (that) you might be interested in

them.
F h --aE -o
Past
3) I expected (that) it might go on -
Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life?

(-. y o?)
Charan: Getting along. ( J-T--C.)
Well, what brings you here? (
----E P. Past
might past --C j
Past -aF, --aF n.
n, Might, may past form. Compare.
a) I think he may help me
a?)
Question English common. bad
manners .
Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book
fair yesterday, but I didn't
(Eo book fair- h v-z y
(-- h-E ---o

Present/ Future)
Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I

had been away for 3 days. I returned
only this morning.
-x--- 95
u N- o
-- - N-J. p Sx
N-J-ho. Might L. -E-,
h--.
I feared/ was afraid that he might come here.
For asking for permission with I/ we in the

Might () R
question form.
A
May
R
Most
E
very
Shall
formal
L
Y
Can
slightly formal &
U
least formal formal &
very polite S
E
& least polite & polite polite
D
y o movie B\-h--E -o.

Priya:
movie Fd ---E -o.
hero, heroine F favourites .
Namrata: F phone wait ho,
x y phone ----aE
p .
Priya:
--. - -.
bore dC.
C might 2nd use. It is used as the past form
Answers:
Mallesh: F-o-x--*a-\?
Mallesh: How long might you be here?
(-- h---E -o
Past)
E present N h--op
hC.
b) I thought E past N -L--p
might E past form (May ) h-C-.
c) ----\---h---E -f.
a)
----a--o. F )
b)
Can, shall, may
b) I thought he might help me
I think
may
of May.
Namrata: Eo
Jagan:
days. I might stay for two or three
Might I come in?
days more after that.

Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for
two days. My brother might come in a
few days.
Jagan:
a) I went there because you told me that he
(Eo } . V-
. - AJ-a.)
Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yesterday. Look. Here they are. I thought
you might be interested in them.
(Eo Eo h- o. . F
interest --aE B-a)
Charan: When is the fair closing?
(p -hC?)
Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.
(Eo --C)
Charan: I expected it might go on for a few
more days.
(Eo V-- -E P-.)

Dheeraj: So did I.
(-- -o)
Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it
might go on for a few days after the
date.
(- -J-Eo -V- -T---aE
salesman o)
Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day
itself. But feared that there might be
too much of crowd. Yesterday there
was no crowd, and not many books
either.
( l---o F
\ -E --f. Eo
-, \ h- )
j - might combination o
Verbs -E-. p--- Might -J-* ---oC Might, Present
F, future F uncertainty E/ doubt E
-L---h-E.
a) He might pass = pass a. (Doubt)
b) They might agree to it = } p--a.
- - -u- future.
c) She might be at college now
p college -a. Present.
p j - might combination
verb o sentences l.
1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair.
fair --y ----aE -o Past
Spoken English
might be there.
y ---\ -aE p--x ---\-

x. (Past)
b) He feared that they might reveal his secret
-uEo x -------E
--f (Past)
3) May , Might - --u-, formal
permission ---E -.
Might I come in?
(More formal than 'May I come in?')
'May I come in?' - - formal , Polite
permission ---E -?
'Might I come in?' - C \ formal ,
polite C, permission ---E.
'Might I use your phone?'
O phone -J -a?
'Might I come a little late tomorrow?'
h late a?
permission ---E -
-. \ May _ T-.
-- ---o-? Can,
Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the question form for asking for permission. p
--o 'Might' too is used with I/ we in
the question form for asking for permission.
But there are differences among them.
Jagan:
Course 15
V---a.

V-- y.
Mallesh: p
-y
x vM. SURESAN
V---a
! ou -Cl--Vx
h-.
Jagan: course --y u------. Course period training
center ---a directors.
Mallesh: W classes --y h?
Jagan: programme course begin
y- -hC. --
F clear p-a.
Mallesh: OK. -- phone touch
.
Jagan: O ou p a?
Mallesh: Eo h- -o. F
phone p. -- v-V
----E.
Jagan: expect , O l-JE V
--aE.
-v-o: Get, got -J-* -N--J--.

Rama has come to Guntur.
- -u - tense?
-- -n --N-? has come --E --!
I shall have written a letter -- I shall write a letter -E --! ---p- -i -J-* --p--Lq--?
I shall be going -- --N-?
-.--, ---L
---: get , a--, -- x, , ,
etc. got, get past tense and past participle.
He got going - x get - v a. ( English
x---E, --E C -i- v E -L--Lq- ----
.)
Rama has come. Has come \ present tense. ux
C past action, time not stated ( JT, time, day, year
----) *-hC.
Bus is come
-- -u- -x ---..
My course may last/ may go on for 15
It might be possible only after the

course. Our directors might ask us to
stay in the Training Center during the
course.
Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do

after classes every day?
Jagan:
We shall know the exact programme

only after classes begin. I might then
be able to tell you clearly about it.
Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over

phone.
Jagan:
When might your brother come?
Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday

itself. But he called to say that he
might not come for another two days.
Jagan:
I expected very much that I might

meet both of you.
b)
Namrata: I thought you might take me to the
movie yesterday.
Priya:
I thought that you might not like the

movie. The hero and the heroine are
not your favourites.
Namrata: I was expecting your call though my

sister told me you might not call.
Priya:
Don't worry. The movie wasn't good.

It bored even me.
The bus is come = Bus

come. The bus is come
I shall have written a letter = (Future
letter
I shall write a letter = (Future
*a C E; F DE-o better, the bus has

p .
time F --- -E.
F)
; p -L-) letter h.
-- --u -- -- E -hC .
Shall be doing it = Future h ()/ x, O, /
h L.
-v-o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor,

consult a doctor-
-O- -n --N-?
---:
It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor
Consult =
It is better to
- -.-s-, -Q--V-
v-C- .
v-C-
I want to see a doctor =
He wants to meet a doctor =
Doctor
------o.
------o.
doctor
-- j---
Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here
Livewell Hospital?
Livewell Hospital
(\-o*

x-?)
Strangers h x --J--p-,
Excuse me good manners v
x %dE J{---E
-.
'Excuse me' -s: f o-x h p-----p, h x \
restaurants ,
-\-j a-Lq
*a--p, etc.)
Manohar: Are you a stranger here?
(OJ-\- h-x?)
stranger = h-
(E-\- Jh h)
Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go?
(O -d \---xL?)
Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere
around the Hospital.
Hospital
Vantage
Company
Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to
thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take
15M; that takes you directly to the
Hospital. Facing the hospital is this
Vantage Company.
bus
125K, 15M, 62..
15M
Hospital
Hospital
Vantage Company).
Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto.
(Auto
_ o
( --. j x
o.
\. C Ao
---
-C.
B--? ( x-?)
Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don't

worry. Buses on this route, especially 15M is very frequent.
(C -- \---C. -. route buses frequency

\.)
frequency = , Eo-x C
Ramana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming.
I'll take it.
(15M
hC. --\-).
-- h v- J --, L--E--J Jp J* E
-h C ? expressions l
p.
1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital?

2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way
4) Take the bus 15M
5) facing the Hospital
6) take an auto.
simplest
expression: How do I go?
simplest question.
could you let me know/ please tell
me how to go/ how to get there?
- - xL -
C u --i,
C -,
O n \-- x h -? E
u- -.
-v-o: My
brother was come-
---
u -p --o. -E VIth
- beform+pp -E --p. - -v - u d -!
--.%-Dy, -V--
form of verb
---:
My brother was comewas come

was
+ past participle
passive
voice
sentence
beform + pp - verb form, subject
verbs
verbs)
Lessons
explain
He is come/ He is gonesentences correct,
E B p
-C n -f DE
n , d C
? D
( -JE, EE E vo
a
v C C
F .
Spoken English
-a.
Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me..
conversation
a)
Nizam college
How do we go to/ get to Nizam College,
please?/
Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/
to get to/ We can go to Nizam college,
please?
b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college,
please?
- u,
.
-- x-?
c)
Ramana: I am totally new to this place.
How do I go there/ get there please?
12 ----J 2006
d)
E - -a.
- ----aE --N-*-p-.
Bus \. Get into the bus,
bus C = get down from/ get off the bus.
\-o* bus/ auto x.
Take a bus/ an auto.
number bus
-
B.
/ x/
Auto
Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto.

Train
Take a train.
x =
Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be back

in an hour and a half or two. Where
can I find you?
Manage =
To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right.

verbs
to the left/
Turn/ go
to the right
on the
right/ on the left
He is on my right.
Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Food

is good there. Take bus no. 22A, get
down at Samir plaza stop. Walk along
for a few yards and there you find the
eatery. I'll be waiting for you there.
lunch
eatwell
restaurant
food
22 A bus
samir plaza stop
eatery
(restaurant)
( -j-o).
( x---.
j
---. -o,
--x a-h. -- -E-o\- ---- (-p- -F-\----E?)
(--
-x--- 96
--,
. \
-C.
\,
_
CT Cl h
-Eh-C.)
\
.
uh, x N -
.
The school is on the left of the shop.

(Shop
School
practice
-j
C)
N J p--E .
.
Practise the following in English:
Tej:
Lx x? \-o*
?
Nikhil: s . y bus
J Sx h -L.
How do I get there ?

-a. go by bus/ go by
/ auto / train
x -.)
Eox simplest: Take.
11.30 train x. - - -
---x \
directions y -J-* .
J p. expressions N ;
O practice :
auto/ go by train (Bus
take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6

tomorrow morning.
(at 6=
by 6
1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road =

Road
b)
Turn to the left/
to the right.
take a turn to the left/ to
the right.
turn left/ turn right.
-.
-j/ -j A-=
-
J--;
= J---x = J--F -F)
catch E -a x/- -x
n, F Eo-- take C best.
D -
Ao x= go straight/ walk straight
d) post office -: walk on upto the
Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way off

from here?
e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn
c)
post office.
left. Post office * ---j A-.

C\ x -s-x..
( --------o Eo?) a) p x. Go east/ Walk to (towards)
( x x \- - ?)
Subash: (Do) you want to see him today?
2.
Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow.
(. Rx---o ?)
the east.
b)
Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today.

Let's go tomorrow.
( E-o-\- B-x-.
----)
Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how
to get/ go there. I can go on my own.
busy
on my own
=
Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the
left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite
frequent. Get off at Head Post Office
stop. Walk along in the direction as
the bus goes, turn to the right and
then left. The fourth house on the right
is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just
opposite the place is Golconda super
market.
street
Bus
Post Office stop
Bus
road
you can't miss it
=
super market
( -
.
x p. x--.
)
(
. -j A.
-- --
\.
_ C.
x j h *,
j AJT Sx ---j A.
-j -- x -C.
C ----- . -
\
C.
-- -u- -x ---..
C\-j-o, A-=
north, etc. -E-.
Turn (to the) South/

Turn to the South =
turn South.
c) Road
~ -j A--C=
The road turns
(to the) South

d) Road
A--C=
The road takes a
bend.
e) Road
building=
The building is at the bend of the road=

You find the building
hC)
(F
building
E--
at the point where the road takes a
bend.
o = a point.
* \- 2 .O.
f) Road
g)
It is 2 km from the point.
directions p--p h=
land marks .
a)
\- _J h
the nearest land mark to the place.
b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark

'Hyderabd Central'
-J L- h.
c) How do I find your home? Any land mark?
O x ----? j h?
Tej:
y B-x-?
Nikhil: --V - - -
busy o.
--E x
\- L.
Tej:
Eo --h
p. - M. SURESAN
\.
Nikhil: ~ -j h Bus stop hC, ?
13 number bus \. \- 6 stop
C. --E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop
. \ 27 bus \. Urdu
School stop _ C. Urdu School
*, p -j, \o* ~ j A. \ F h
- . *
x --C.
Tej:
-C?Nikhil: F 45 E-N--.
Answer:
Tej:
How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/
Malliks place?
Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk
some distance after changing two
buses.
Tej:
Can you take me there?
Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is distant but is easy to find.
Tej:
Give me/ Let me have some land marks.
I'll manage.
Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop,
don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get
down at the 6th stop from here. That is
the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus
no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School
stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is,
walk (to the) east, and then turn South.
There you have a land mark- Hanuman
Temple. The third from the temple is our
friend's.
Tej:
How long will it take?
Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.
-- j---
II
Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so
early in the day?
(, -- a?)
Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive

along, take the 3rd right, proceed till
you see a Ganesh temple with a large
Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we

met you know.
neem tree behind it. Go on further
(, Eo --E, --E
-- V---C-?)
sales Tax Office there. You can't miss
Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's

(what has) happened to you all these
days? You forgot me. Didn't you?
booth. The 2nd house from it is
(d. EoV---u y?/

C F? o Ja--,
?)
Sajjan: I could say the same about you,
couldn't I?
(Eo -J-* -a ?)
Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've
met atleast now, aren't we?
(x, ---l. pj ---o ?)
-x--- 97
--E 14 ----J 2006
along. Then turn left. You find the

it because in front of it there is an STD
Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but
easy to locate, isn't it?
5) Close by = near by = close to = near =
route
h. x, -
road -j A. x --
. l dC. h -x, - -j
A. \ sales tax office C.
C miss - y. - E
STD booth -C. \--E-*
x Bhushan C.)
-- lesson - J
---E, J p--E -C-*
- ?
\ l: cross roads, behind,
in front of, proceed, go further along.
Now Practise the following aloud in English:

Pavan: Arjun,
(\-) _-, J--x

a) You know the collectorate, don't you? The
electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close
to it/ near it =
collectorate
Collector, Director, Commissioner
' - ate'
electricity office
6) Proceed =
a)
road
proceed straight along this road.
b) Proceed to the east =
c) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the
place =
F
--?
(
Jh J u--- n
-
E _.
hC.)
x/ --x-.
Ao x
p -j x
--O- h
O E-hC.
Need not walk further
O --o Building ?
--y--C?
Pavan: Net Centre O -j. --C
-j Building A.
Arjun: C Telephone Engineering Company
xC. x p E \.
-E p C.
Pavan: - -- -\---?
Arjun: -C X--- . Ny-\-o*
x- Nt--- Bus \.
Pavan: bike C.
Arjun: Rx, -j AJ-T y booth -Eh-C. E
- -Ex. E \ building
l . \- _
Maths lecturer x.
Arjun: Net Centre
Pavan: OK Thank you.

Answer:
Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/
Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about

disturbing Bhushan now?
correct. Bhushan
1) Cross Roads/ road junction =

X roads
x
E - h.
--L = DEo
(y-C
Rx-
\ center F, F- .
l?)
chowk D- . center J-.
you can say that/ you can very well say that
2) behind = . DE -u -= y-C correct.
C backside/ at the back side -.
Disturbing Bhushan - Rx- l?
E english backside = buttocks
F Eo trouble --E-E )
(-). back ---, at the
Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far
back of J--C.
off now?
(d E, -p- a J-nA )
Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close
by, doesn't he?
( -o-? \- _
Rx-x?/--\- _ ?)
Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved
to surendranagar.
(-C ---- -- -A. --

Surendra nagar x -.)
--x --= move; shift - -J-.
2 months ago, correct, 2 months
back J-)
Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even call
to tell me of it. I wish to see him urgently about something important. How do
I go to him?
(C -L-. N
phone - p-.o-p ui N -J-* ---L. ?)
Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a
bike, haven't you. Drive straight along
the road. At the next cross roads, turn
left. Take the third right turn again.
bike
road
Drive =
Motor
Centre
(pC v-h N. F
C,
?
x. (
- x.) y a
-j A. Sx - j -B)
Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't you

come along too.
confuse
(y o
--?
h-o. -y-
Spoken English
a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus.

(At the backside of the bus
3) In front of =
space
behind/ at the back of
opposite.
before
Before
Time
space
The
School comes before the cloth shop Correct,
cloth shop
building
.)
- --E (
-s-).
DE
C
\ -.

' n, E C
E
.
\
n?
-

n F
E .
a) - - sJ--dC. There is a
Coconut tree in front of our home.

b)
Post Office
Their place
is/ comes before the post office.
4) Beside =
The Collectorate is beside
the swaraj Maidan.
Collectorate = Collector's office. Collector,
director, Commissioner, etc, 'ate'
x x
- =
(y i \
Jh x
u--- n hC).
a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office beside
'next to' better,
\.
b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on

the left of/ on the right of it =
shop
shop,
(Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =
\ d

-j/-- j
7) farther, further: farther,

far
Comparative;
far:
next to yours?
.
i) farther: \ .
Mumbai is farther
from
Vijayawada,
than
from
Hyderabad.
Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre?

Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your
place. I am asking you about the building on the left of your place.
Arjun: That
M. SURESAN
j j--
- N---- * \ .
ii) further: . I can't walk any further:
-\ () --.
(\ farther= further ?)
b) Don't talk any further: x-.
c) Walk further (farther) along:
-.
- -.
Nv --\--.
Lesson No 96 , Lesson ,
J ----, -- J p-
y---. O conversation
Practice .
-v-o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -- ----a
-- -u- -x ---..
(). That's why it

() always closed.
Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you

know?
Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are
going from here take bus No.9
Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go
on for some distance; you find a milk
booth. The house behind it is his. The
building next to his is called Addala
meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is
closeby.
Pavan: OK. Thank you.
I didn't tell him=
--E p-
--E--p p-.
(never = p / )
eg. I didn't tell, I never told

I might tell, I might have told
I did not tell, I have not told.
I might tell him:
- --op-
--- n -\--?
--E p-a (h-)
Helping verbs
helping verb
main verbs tense, helping verb tense
x,
yA
d
eg: He does not know this:

'does' present tense
verb
'does know' present tense.
I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb
did tell- past tense.
d,
(future)
I might have told him =
.-A-A, ---
Telephone
work is outdoors
is almost
I never told him =
-- -y
C.
\ -- \ n
--.
Besides = also, , E-- n.
I lost my pen besides my book. Book
pen -d-o)
Engineering Company. Most of their
helping verbs (do, did)

tenses
(present tense, past tense)
---:
to
Pavan: I have my bike.
d) Go further down the street:

road
e) You need not walk further than the statue
belongs
--E p -a (p- past)

: 'tell' y -J pC
pL. 'say' and 'tell' --C--
N-J-.
I did not tell him =
--E p- (,
E p J-T
week, etc)
I have not told him =
time,
time, date, year,
E p-.
iII
-- j---
Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hundred percent in Maths.
-- 17 ----J 2006
Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC,

Bangalore.
( \ Maths *a- congratulations. Cent percent

p - C. A / One hundred percent C p-- -.)
Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You
scored the highest in English, didn't
you?
(jy
Bangalore
IISC
-E)
PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc
Master courses PG courses

. BA, B.Sc, B Courses=
Bachelor/
degree/
Post =
graduate
y-.
graduate
y-.
courses
Post graduate =
(F Congrats. F English -J \ \ a ?)
Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at
Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths
(F Sciences h-C --d C

* idea .)
aren't bad either, though didn't get a

hundred percent. When I joined the
course a few months I was not that confident about Maths. My hard work has
paid off. The marks in this exam have
given me confidence.
( -- C. Maths
* Marks a - -
-. course join --p
- -t Maths N-.
exam marks t -L-T- .
Aren't bad either = C -
*aC. English not also .
either hC. Confidence = t; paid
off= * C/ L-T-*C.
Shankar: May I Know what you are?
Sciences.
Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply

for the entrance exams of these cours-
Shankar: Studying...?
( entrance exams v---K-~ apply -Lq time *a---.

-- entrance exams Fo
December .)
-x--- 98
college in the degree course/ I am in

the 10th Class/ I am doing my X
class.
= Join a School/
college - join in .
b) course - = studying a course.
\-p taking a course.
How come you don't know this?

Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those colleges, so he admitted me into / to this
college.
( o-O a-. -E \
Jp-.)
School
about the entrance exams. The last

date for sending in the filled in applica-
---o?)
Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School
(Eo papers v K-~ ads

a. -Jh-- applications -Lq
*--J-C a 12)
Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then,
see you.
Varun: Bye.
Students, Studies, courses --C-*-

- C? Eo expressions
(7 class Teachwell School , 8th
J-Q-Ll.
* 10th Learnwell School )
students - marks, pass, fail, score
Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller?
, fees, study,
(Hostel -C F?)
h-h--? - simple , -
Hosteller = resident = Hostel
B C.
. Being= , Being a 1 a) y-\ o?
hosteller = Hosteller .
Where are you studying?/ Which School/
and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell
3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc:

Music, dance
She is learning music/ dance =
She is doing taking a course in music/
dance.
took, learned, etc
b) I want to take this software course
software course
4 i)
study well/ do well at studies.
a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies?
'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is
studying very well; he is hardworking.'
P~ -C/ a--
F
-=
School.
Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experience. Valuable in its own way. The only
problem is food. Where did you do
Intermediate?
(d . --- E N EC. (valuable= N-j)

u. -y -- \ C-?)
Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for
Engineering after Inter?
(\. y- Engineering -?)

\ --E Here only E
J- Here itself j expression.
Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to
be an MBA. Why didn't you?
interest
. --
MBA -E --C. J y-
Engineering -?)
Spoken English
--C.
C =
( ready *C. --S}

)
Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?
(y
Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads
tions is the 12th of next month.
FC -L--- ?
p.
J--C.
E -a.
I am taking the exams
place?
O x -o College -, \
-- join u--?
How come= , purely conversational
expression. O conversation -
:
How come you are here? = --\--o?
c) She is taking a course in Software

Software course
---
(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.)

am appearing/ is appearing/ are
appearing for an exam
taking
Do an exam
She is going her final year B.Tech exam at
the end of this year.
2 a) School/ College
Tarun: How come you joined this college, when
Inter exams
p-
--.
-E-: K~ n a) give
an exam, b) write an exam E - C
- Ox C- correct .
( o)
Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at
year.
-C *
o
(I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the

end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams
at the end of this year/ I sit the exam.
Appear for an exam expression
Dinakar: I am a student
es which are usually in December every
you have so many colleges in your
b)
(O h- ----a?/
O h-?)
College are you studying in?/ Which School/
ii)
-----o.
(d- -)
- = be good at studies, clever/
bright at studies (, L-N --.)
b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at

Physics =
Physics
poor.
college
5 Class
attend class (es)/ attend college.
6 Poor at studies = dull at studies.
7
exam (examination
exam
exam
test
a) exam:
(qualification) - X class
certificates
Inter, B.Tech, Msc
degrees
- --t \ --a, F
h
--/
--
K~ =
u -
);
-. x--p
b) F class? = what class are you in?/ Which
,
:
class are you studying? what class are you
Nu-|
F,
doing?
F --E ---i u-i
O --. Iam studying in... School/
K~.
College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year
b)
Test: exam F, -F
degree, etc. Studying , doing \
Nu-n subject n -u--J.
o
, -- x subject a E Ega) I year Engineering ---o
--E Ey- K~ test. Test ,

I am doing my I year Engineering.
exam \ -a. b) Which year of medicine are you in? are
sEo d test marks Nu-|- you studying/ which year?
-u Jh- -----a.
(C medicine E Lh)/
8 K~ : Take an exam/ sit an exam.
Which year are you doing?
a) K~ ---o
Medicine -q ---o?
I am taking an exam tomorrow.
College are you a student of?
-- -u- -x ---..
-q-
B.tech *J -q
K~ hC.
K-~x \ a- get/ score/
secure. O x secure
Cl u -- *C.
M. SURESAN
Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did

you get/ score in last week's
exam?
(--- K-~ / -Eo

\ -a--o?/ a
F?)
Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very
high marks.
(--\- a--o-d/- -*ad

p-)
Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why
aren't your marks high?
(\ marks a---/-?)
OR
Why Couldn't you score high?
Why couldn't you get high marks?
( \- a-----?)
OR
Why did you score low? Why did
you get such low marks.
(- -\-- a--o-/ \ Marks a?)

- -j Marks a----?
Why could n't you score better?/
Why couldn't you get better marks
than this?.
iII
-- j---
Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what's

wrong?
( --E - V--C.
?)
b) exams
busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writing exams
english
writing
an exam/ exams
lesson
c) exams
exams are fast
approaching = exams
(Approach -
h- x BJ -
v-,
--
Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my
?)
exams. Thank God, its all over. What a
aho =
relief! No more exam nerves
O--h-o =
(Eo exams x - busy
v
v
\ - =
o. tu --.
/ x)
! K-~ -- -.)
exam nerves = K-~- -C --
Relief = (l Ah O * C*-d)
, , K-~- -.
N-. exam nerves K-~- -)
K-~ * --- get over
Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in
exam nerves, get over = C--N-.
the exams?
How did you do in the exam?
(! exams?)
exam -? C u -E- L
Suraj: Well, I hope ( E P-h-o)
english exam --E
Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier
'write' E forms -. - -
exams?
, 'do' E forms
( exams marks a) Eo K-~
-a?)
I did well in the exam yesterday.
b) ---J -
I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well
-x--- 99
19 ----J 2006
(-sEo d)
---o E-o
c)
I did much better than I had expected.
Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the school

with his one hundred percent each in
Maths and Science.
Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does very

well. She never scored below 85%
in the previous exams.
(\x -J-o \ \
Maths Science 100])
(E a-u , . (previous - vN-) K-~x

p 85] _-.)
x less than 85% -- --
-C ----J-)
Exam fail , pass = He/ she
Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant.
( p-/- E- p C,
- K~ B)
Vinod:
Every teacher likes him for his performance in the exams.

teachers
(K-~-x --- B-x

---J
- d.)
N: do, fare, perform - - ----E-- K~ N-- J n u
-- N---Eo-- .
How did you do in the exam?

Suraj: In most of them just above sixty percent. In one or two others I scored quite
high - above 90%
(-x 60] Cl \.
papers v 90%
\ -\- -a.)
Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the
papers? Weren't you saying you had
done well in all the exams?
(--x 60] \ v
--*aC? -E --N ?)
Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks
I understood I had fared badly in them.
One can never be sure in these matters, you know?
marks
(- -o,
--p
J --E n--C. N-x -D d p-,
)
Neeraj: What about your performance this

time?
(J ?/J J A?)
Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied
with my performance.
( - ---o. %h C)
Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about
a movie this evening then?
(v E---l?)
Suraj: That's be a real pleasure.
(, -)
-- expressions -E. Fo exams , studies
-C-*- O -Lq s \- . d, -
*a--p-x , practice .
Busy with exams exam nerves How

did you do in the exam? I did well What
were your marks? above 60% above 90%
you had done well I had fared badly
..your performance this time?
a)Busy with exams, busy preparing for
exams, busy studying for exams exams
exams
O-Eo-
---- (BJ )
n,
-.
- u
Spoken English
d)
a) How is YSR doing/

faring/ performing
as the CM?
YSR
CM
--
He didn't do well at all.
e)
paper --
( -- -- n)
He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam.
He did badly in the exam.
do
-
, K~
-E. O j --
-E---- . ' *a x
'do' E -E . C
practice u.
p--p, K~ n
fare .
...I had fared badly... I had done badly
b) The Sri Lankans did/

fared/ performed very
M. SURESAN
badly/ poorly in the
last cricket series.
Sri Lankans
poor
c) Her performance in the movie was disappointing
*v- EJ-*C.
d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie
How did you fare in the exam yesterday?

I fared well
b)
Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?
( ?)
Akash:
Well, I think. I got 97%
Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all.
Congrats.
(vt, - --o-.
h a- = not bad = very
good)
c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure
to fare well
O d *a--p d- K~,
*a- h.
K~ d = Hold an exam/ exams
--C :
i) what about your performance this time
ii) I am satisfied with my performance.
p--p, K~ n performance . C h
u.
a) Eo exam?
How was your exam yesterday?
b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant
exams
brilliant =
--
v----i, A---h.
i (vGu 'vG \---)
e) He is doing very well as a teacher

Teacher
Do/ fare/ perform
'do'
f) I hope to do well in the exam
exam
expressions.
Marks
a)
What are your marks?/ What marks did you
get? What is your score?/ How many marks
did you get/ score?
b) marks
Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory.
c) With such a low score/ such low marks, you
can't get a seat in that college.
college
seat
- h-o.
Ox u -,
\- -,
h- P-h-o.
-p- ---Eo
O
?/-Eo?
%h--
\ \- F
.
Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your high

Score in Physics.
marks
(Physics
congrats.)
Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You got
just one mark below mine. So my
congrats to you. Poor Jamuna! she
got below 50%.
*a-

Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams
prepare
--o?
Pranav: K-~- -p , --
.
Subodh: -F F-p * marks h-?
Pranav: * marks h, F
\ marks a---E - J.
Subodh: -J-- J?
Pranav: O class x K-~--p?
Subodh: Eo --.
Pranav: y?
Subodh: , F Chemistry
paper v --d . N
papers 80 j--a. Chemistry
v 60 - -a.
Pranav: O cousin Sucharita - - C?
Subodh: ---. --
exams - - - -C.
Eox 100 , \
v \.
Pranav: F p performance. Girls, -
-----.
Subodh: p-.
Answer:
*v -.
-. h .
a) -- Eo exam?
-- -u- -x ---..
--
o? (-n--
?)
failed the exam/ passed the exam.
O exams , marks -C-* :
F *
(F \ . \
Mark v \.
-s -F - --G----.
50-- \ -a)
(Above - \-/--a; below=\)
Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing for

the exams?
Pranav: I always have/ suffer from exam
nerves, until they are over.
Subodh: But you always get good marks/
score high.
Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even better
marks. (Even =
Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn't
have the wish?
Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/
When are you people taking the
exams?
Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterday
was the last of them.
Pranav: How did you do?
Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared
badly in chemistry. In the other
papers I may get/ score above 80%.
In chemistry I may get about 60.
Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do?
Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier
exams, however, her performance
was very good. In all the papers, she
got just one or two marks below 100.
Pranav: That's good performance. I suppose
girls study better than we, boys.
Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.
iII
-- j---
--E 21 ----J 2006
100
-x--- W
(E p- -*a English
- . -
x---LT, --LT
- C.
Anand:
OE question form ,
not , not - -a ?
eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc.
N 'be' forms Eo sentences,

v , questions ,
not , not -- .
G_- O friend , O cooperate
x- .
Questions , questions.
1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)
aN.
We can be good speakers of English

if we have regular practice.
(Regular practice
English
statements

x-x )
Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these

Spoken English lessons.
English lessons
(
-
h/ --)
C 100 lesson . -s for a
change (*o--p-/ -h ) *o
Language game . j --- E sentences :
eg. Why are you happy? What is your

brother? When was he a teacher?
2) 'Wh' words
I am happy today.
(F--V - o)
Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?
(?)
Anand:
Because this is the hundredth lesson

in spoken English. You are happy
too, aren't you?
spoken English
100 lesson
(C

d. F - C, ?)
Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied.

There's a lot more english to learn.
Anand:
Can he be a leader?
c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates;

They were eager to learn English.
I too am anxious to learn more.
e) We can be
a---E
C,
{-
)
Anand:
b) Why are you happy? You are happy too;

So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent.
d) They would be ever ready to...
Santosh: My sister appears very serious about

learning more English, and so is my
cousin Harsha.
(
sister english
serious
cousin
Deepti and Divya were my school

mates. They were eager to learn
English. They would be ever ready to
read English newspapers and books,
speak english, listen to others speak
english, and so on. They are fluent in
English now. Whenever they had an
opportunity, they used to speak
English.
schoolmates.
English
English newspaper, books
English
English
(Dh, Cu
x
a---E --%--
-x. p
-,
xx--p
, -
NN --E--p -l.
x p English -
x---. - J---p-x
English x--x)
Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all
pleased with my English. I shall be
happy if I am able to speak and write
better.
Spoken English
S} OE
not
-N.
eg: Are you not happy?
Were they not students?
N.
(To meet me
--
happy
C ---
-C )
b) They were not satisfied with their salaries.
(with their salaries
-x
x @- C x
C -C)
not satisfied
c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books?

(If I give them the books -
x h-Lh C x ---h--C C )
O 'be' forms --a sentences
-T-- x-a. n v
correct ax - - u.
III game -:
-- O practice sentences
Eo- verb, 'be' form . 'be' form
'action words' \--\ meanings
- -- , ---:
I am happy today
( -, %h .
a---Lq-C - C)
( a--- --% C)
-N.
questions.
eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister?
I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anxious to learn more; I am not at all pleased;
I am able to speak; I shall be happy.
Anand:
a) He is happy to meet me
sentences -E N
Ox verbs Fo 'be' forms v
? , -- 'be' forms
- T?
p game.
\ sentences 'be' forms (am, is, are,
were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) \
o 'happy' O LT --Eo-E sentences practice
. statements v questions, exclamations practice .
Not, never (p /- ) practice .
-- .
I am happy- \ o 'be' form 'am' \
o happy , j n a-x O
L- .
---, happy , a) sad, sorry,
proud, tall, short - ~--
- L (n--) j o
-a.
b) j %h, N x
n a-x -a ?
-N Eo senO --
\--. \
O questions \
Answers p. l _
L game M. SURESAN
-. O Eo sentences --L-
-. O au hC. ' Eo
sentences --L- E.
O : 'be' forms \ L
C - .
1) , (proud, good, bad, wicked) -L
.
2) (feelings) -L (happy, sad,
tences
jealous, etc).
3)
~-
(tall, short, fat, etc,)
-L .
4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased,

trained)
5)
%h, } n- a
(Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer,
speaker, etc). --p, singular a/ an -E .
- countable singular p
'a/ an' L .
6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)
j -Fo . n O--ox J h, -. p
O -hC O English x---.
I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an
English x-- .
employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc.
II An extension of the game, game h
Sx Ox not/ never L -a -a sentences J-Eo L:
?
eg: He is happy. sentence
I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc .
-Ta ?
-- -u- -x ---..
a) They were all happy.
\ 'be' form 'were'

feel -a . , 'be' form
Eo -L - d, feel Eo --L L . d, felt hC.
p,
They all felt happy (They were all happy)
b) She can be here in 10 minutes.
\ 'can be' 'be' form - a n

\ 10 EN-- - E .
n \- 10 EN-- --
E p p- sentence
n
She can reach here in ten minutes.
c) They shall be here for an hour.
Rx-\ - L. n 'shall
be' 'be form , 'shall stay' EF, shall remain E --F n .
p sentence They shall stay/ remain
here for an hour.
d) He could be helpful for us:
\ be form
n --J --. Could be 'be' form action
word --- help a .
sentence a-a?
could be
He could help us.
O Eo sentences --
- *a--p-x. - -
Lp--E sentences frame
J-*-- statements v ,
questions ( 'wh' questions,
non 'wh' questions ), Negatives (not,
never) practice .
iII
-- j---
Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you the

whole of yesterday. What were you
doing?
(
%--, Eo y -E---,
h-o?)
Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making as

many sentences as we could - with
my sister and prabhakar.
(
Sister, prabhakar
Game
Sentences
Form
Busy
--- Eo
O- Eo
h
-)
Damodar: What game was that? (
Game?)
Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth
lesson of spoken english. It's a simple game - forming sentences, as
many as we can by adding suitable
words after 'be' forms and action
words - sentences to be not only
statements but also questions, both
types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,
with not and never too...
4) How well Rupa sings that song!

5) The teacher never made a joke
Eo Sentences -- .
y j Ja Sentences extend
.
eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college
stores.
2) When did Naresh meet you to give you
the book.
3) She does not like me because I do not
like her.
4) How well Rupa sings that song from the
movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.
5) The teacher never made a joke while
teaching.
sentences O O friends etc.,

. I, We, You, he, she, it and
sentences .
practice
they
Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me the

book. I have to prepare for the exam
the day after tomorrow.
exam
prepare
Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken it
away. She has to prepare for the exam
as well. You are a little late.
( h h h-? x
Lq C.)
-x---
101
-- 23 ----J 2006
'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,
must be, should be.

(Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and
hC. He,
has to be hC.)
-O--Eo- n L E. C J c
(command) a, NC (duty) a,
necessity (-) a.
they subjects
have to be
(F --j --- -\--L.

- p-. necessity.)
C -E-.
Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.
she and it subjects
When have I to be here to report for

duty, Sir?
(Job
*a-- C.
--E/ Duty Join
--E -p -- \-?)
(Have to be \ duty E C.)
Report
Have to be, has to be, should be, must be

=
L,
present
F,
future
E.
Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten
Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-
minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.
day.
(o xF. 10 EN-x x
L. - o hC)
(9.30 -x \---L- y.
You have to be here till 5.30 in the

evening. (
I have to prepare
5.30 L
commands.) Your colleague
too, has to be here at the same time.
(F -uT .
\ command.)
has to be
Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,
(- Simple game C. sub + verbverb 'be' form a, action word

a, E y a-
- Sentences statements
v , Questions,
Exclamations . Questions
Questions 'wh' words 'non
wh' words . --, not
never )
Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game.
How many sentences were you able
to frame?
game miss
Sentences
(?
u. OEo
?)
--L-
Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able to

make a good number. We have
understood that we can improve our
english by this kind of practice more
than by reading books on spoken
english.
(\d- F .
Spoken english O books -
practice y English
x- h-E n-iC)
j -- ---od, practice x
confidence -- , English
- x- ----C. vA-W
Friends game practice .
Lesson Cl game
l.
O verbs . -C
'love' N. O -JE, EE vo x , EE -
hC. --E-N - walk (--)
N. -JE -, E-E -
- . J game
verbs sentences . statements v , questions, exclamations , Not/ never O
L--Eo verbs o- Eo.
eg:
1) Vineet bought a book
2) When did Naresh meet you?
3) She doesnot like me (at all)
Spoken English
(Sorry,
exam
prepare
Renuka: I thought of buying the book yesterday, but I had to take mom to hospital,
so I didn't find the time. I must get the
book somehow. Otherwise I'll be
doing very badly in the exam.
book
hospital
N h B-R}-C.
y-E.)
(Eo
-E --o, E
B}Lq
t
*aC. ---. -
h a--L . - x
exam - -------.)
Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is the

last date. I should go to the bank and
get the money.
fees
Bank
Renuka: That's true. We must submit exam
applications by tomorrow. That's the
rule.
Exam applications
submit
rule.)
Urmila: The applications should have the signature of the parent or the guardian,
shouldn't it?
(Application
parent/ guardian
(
V.
-dL . --- -*--J

xL, s a--L.)
(E.
uL.
L, ?)
Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we must

mention the amount paid, and
enclose the fee receipt.
clear
fee receipt
Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry.
(--, s dD
-E- --L.)
---L,
(h . -y--L.)
-E sentences -E-.
1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)
I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We
must submit 7) The application should have
the signature 8) We must mention.
sentences
verbs: have to + 1st
RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st
RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW
Have to/ has to, had to, must, should

rule
Fo NC,
v, p-E--J
-Lq - .
-- -u- -x ---..
because I have to be thorough with
Suman: Hari too has to

be at home in
ten minutes. He
doesn't like to
miss the serial.
Isn't it so, Hari?
my job.
(J 10
EN-- x M. SURESAN
L. -
serial miss d-.
J?)
Hari:
That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.

(
E. -y--L)
Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.

You have to be at the centre by 9.45
( exam time -*--. O-\

9.45 -x L)
\ . Present F, future F
'L n have to be/ has to be
. Order / Command x, NC x
( Duty), - (Necessity) x
Lqh, p Have to be/ has to be
.
a) O 10-x office L.
You have to be at office by 10 (Command)
b)
( p v-G-h.
- E ~o -L (\ have to be - necessity). I understand I have to be at
office for atleast 6 hours. (F 6
- office -E
. \ have to be NCE
C .)
Kranthi:
y F uo
-j \--L, n--?
Shanthi: Yes, Madam. --, -
x \---E madam.
Kranthi: Watchman p, -E-h v-h
L E; pass ox v
--F.
Shanthi: Ok, Madam. -E-\ 8
-E h.
Kranthi: OK. vh. meeting C. \
1.30 L. a J files
Fo ready --L. L-?
Shanthi: Ready , madam.
vA uT 10 * 5 Office L
Answer:
Every employee has to be in the office
Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the
from 10 to 5 (Command)
afternoon, understand?
c) I have to be at office by 10.
10-x
office
L.
Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that

(Duty =
NC)
d) She has to be at office for a minimum of

Six hours.
not only today, but also tomorrow I

have to be here during the same time.
Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a
(-- F 6 ---j Office L

= Duty/ NC)
little more careful, that only those who
e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall
Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he
miss the train.
station
- L.
-. (C necessity,
- )
train miss
f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.
have passes have to be here.

has to be here till 8 o'clock.
Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I
have to be there by 1.30. By the time I
return all the files must be ready.
Shanthi: They shall be, madam.
Otherwise he will miss the chance.
iII
-- j---
Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the

whole of yesterday. What happened?
(Eo -E-. JTC?)

Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at
home attending to some repairs for
the house. Dad was out of town.
busy
repairs
d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular

Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing
Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to
go, has to do etc,
}L, L
n)
---oC
a)
j J-n- x -----p,
(x
o.
-----p have to be/ has to be;
---E x Lq *aC.
have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.
o- x .)
eg:
a) Attend = College/ School/ Class
1) I have to be at home by 8.
, functions/ meetings/ marriages
8 -x x L. ( -o --.
p-)
b) attend to = E -d- / u-
2)
He
has to be here by 10. Otherwise we
; 'I am attending to the repairs'.
can't start.
c) Attend on = A---, - -u
(-E-\ 10-x L. -l-)
,
When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.

Hitesh: You remember we have to go to
Naresh's for his birthday party. It's
already 5. Shall we start?
(Naresh birthday party
x-E h-C? p- 5 --C. ---?)
3) They have to see the doctor today. The

appointment is for today.
doctor
appointment
'have
to'
has to
( -x
_---xL.
a) \
V
(
) Eg--o E -o.
-L-?)
(y--L J.
-x---
- -x-F, E--
xF j -Lq--p/
-Lqp had to .
1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour
his father's word.
x-o E--d--E X-
- -x-Lq- -*aC.
2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years
o-x - Lq *aC.
3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driving the wrong way.
102
4) Pramila had to submit the application the

day before yesterday. She submitted it
yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of
Rs. 10/-.
c) Before you build a house, you should submit the plan for approval.
plan
submit
Should
past form 'had to'
have
to/ has to
sentences
(x d ,
--E
L)

,
. C
a.
a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM

field
present/ future
b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.
Players
field
Past.
have to/
should
has to, should
have to/ has to
powerful.
Nt-C---x v--
L.
a.
C
9
Lq *aC
C
u -E: E--, ---
--p,
--.)
You have to do it
( q ---a-?
C E o birthday? DE
English .)
Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his
18th birth anniversary.
birthday
AnniversaryMallesh: We are all the same age then, give or
take a few months.
(18 x-L. C E 18
-.
J{-q-)
4) He has to return my book today. He said

he would.
( ---V h a-L.
h--o.)
b) - -x-F, j E--
( -
-xF (Rules) -Lq--p/ Lq--p have to/ has to .
q o-o-.)
Hitesh: Ok. Let's start.

Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't
forget our exams from the day after
tomorrow. Because of the change in
the exam hours, we must be at college 10 minutes before nine.
( y AJT a-L.
x * exams E -*. J v College
10 EN- \ 9 -x --L-.)
-- lesson have to be/ has to be
- ? -J h
a-.
a) I, We, You, They subjects have to.
b) He, She, It has to.
c) be form: have to be/ has to be (L
n).
-v-o:
1)
- 'please
n N-J-.
2) --E n
a Tx i
?
>E, -
sound horn'
---:
b)
( wrong direction drive --

250 -- --J-- dLq *aC.)
Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him.

gift
Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be
late.
late
Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age
now?
-- 25 ----J 2006
1) Please sound horn
horn T- E
n. --o , J
-Eo x---, horn
Th, J , --E
JhE p--E h.
2) '- o--
_-
--L-TC 'unassertive'. 'assertive'
Et--- , d, 'unassertive'
- n -a.
Spoken English
1) You have to show the ticket on demand.

Keep it safe until the journey is over.
[
Ticket
Tp
( \
-) L. v h--u-
v-h -. On demand = Tp-]
2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow.

(kumar
fees
dL.)
3) The boss has asked us to be at office half

an hour earlier than usual. We have to be
at office at 9.
(Boss Lo - office
t-o . 9 -x office
L.)
Have to/ has to p present/ future situations Jh-h. past p-- had to . lesson v
-- Mallesh ---o?I had to be at
home (Yesterday - past) E. Ex
Lq *aC. d a) ---j- Jn-x-E, E--x-E, -
---xE \-j Lq h, had
to be, j -Lq-h had to + 1st
Regular Doing Word (RDW) .
1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend
was coming.
(Station
friend
8 Lq *aC, x
h-o d)
2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last

Sunday to attend a marriage.
(-- C- A N--, Rx
}Lq *aC.)
3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he
had no money, so I had to lend him the
amount.
(N Eo fees Lx-Lq *aC. E _

s-. -E - -- -yLq *aC.)
-- -u- -x ---..
(vO o application submit

-LqC F E-o C, -E 10
- late fee Lx-Lq *aC.)
Sx lesson x o - J
:
Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him.
Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.
'should'
- l. C
have to/ has to - _ C. DE
'be' form should be = L n;
You have to do it =
OJC L = You
\ you
have to do it , you
should do it o force
\, -
d p.
should do it.
M. SURESAN

Prema:
p -----L?
Preethi: / 9 --x airport
Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,
L. Passport, visa, docushould know, should do, etc.) = xL,
ments ready --L. -x
L-L/ --L, L, etc. n-)
--- ---L.
should p -Lq j B
Prema: - *x- - -J-*, J Lq EE -J-*
-L . j - a.
C.
Preethi: Airport entrance ticket -\---E O
a) You should be here at 10 everyday.
friends pL y. x lounge
y W -C- -\- ---L.
a-L.
b) He should understand that we are his well
wishers.
Prema: OK.
Answer:
E v-G--- N
n L.
c) You should refer to the dictionary when
you are in doubt.
Prema: When have we to start? / When should

we start?
Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at
F-j o-p Dictionary

L. ( j E)
E-- v jD, E-D -L-
should -a.
the airport by 9. We have to have our
a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph
Prema: We have to have / should have three
along this road.
( road O 20 -O-x -Eo -N-*

---.)
(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)
b) Passengers should be at the airport half
an hour before the flight departure.
(N -l---E -
v- airport L.)
flight = N--/ ~ -,
Departure = -l-
passport, visa and other documents

ready. We should be able to show
them when they ask for it.
hundred to four hundred rupees in
change in case of need.
Preethi: You should tell your friends that they
have to buy the airport entrance ticket.
They have to sit all the time in the
lounge.
Prema: OK.
iII
-- j---
Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?
must
1) The application must be in the candidate's
own handwriting =
2) No column must be blank =
j --
( N-? C p - ho --J )
Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.
( . J-T--C)
Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?
(job
Application
ready
Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have
plenty of time, haven't we?
time
Plenty of =
Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days
are left, you know. You must hurry.
-Lq
?)
?/
( ? --Lq-
)
?
C,
-s
y-h-J L
S --.
L.
--aL.
L.
- C must
pEJE.
Must be - be form = L;
3) We must write =
4) You must enclose =
5) must reach =
Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must

write, etc,) =
etc.)
Lesson
have to/ has to, should
must
must
(must
be) /
(must + 1st RDW)
xL, L,
- _ C n,
--. j -- N
E--, p-E--J -Lq-O
-Lq-O
-E- . CN .
( x---o?
V C?y--L)
left = NT-LC
Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will
be ready by tomorrow afternoon.
application
ready
( o vA
h. u-o-E-x
C.)
-x---
Jh
a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling

Officers =
Voters polling officers
cards
(ID cards = Identity cards)
b) Students must get their own geometry box to
the exam =
Geometry box
Jh
L. (E-)
103
--v 27 ----J 2006
K-~ Nu-n x
a--L. (E-)
Karthik:
lab 9 x L. N
u? s ready C-?
Sravan: x --. t a-
L . a -E K
d pC.
Karthik: - 9 x lab L,
*a-.
x?
Sravan: ----? \ o
PyE. bike O l.
b)
police officer:
time
?
Shopkeeper: 10.30
Police officer: 10.30
shop
Shopkeeper:
C.
x
-u-E
--L--? -u-L- O-J-p.
showcase C. Eo
-dL.
You must finish the work

Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you
know that the application must be in the
candidate's own hand writing? It must
be complete in with all particulars. No
column must be blank. If a column does
not apply to us, we must write in it,
Does not apply / Not applicable' No
dashes either.
fill
Application
(*o--x x-. O o
(E) N?
uJn y-h-J L. Eo N--
Jh L. column S
--. Jh-E column
j- Does not apply/ Not applicable E L. Dash N
--.)
Candidate (uEf-- u, bank b
u \ -) = uJn particulars (u- \ -, r silent, *J ,
size z ) = N-. blank = --S.
Does not apply/ Not applicable = Jh-.
No... either = 'no' - F, not F also
--. --p, No/ not either
. Column = = Application
--E
l-P-* S n)
Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.
(J- J E .
Properly = v-L = J_)
Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too
that you must enclose all the certificates. The application must reach the
office on or before the 31st January.
fill
certificates
Application, office
st Jan
Certificate -
(O o . Eo
--aL.
,
--F L.
31
--- \
-)
Klupta: I must hurry up. ( y-L)
Spoken English
Varun: When will you

be
back,
Kuber?
Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes,

you must close shop by 10.30.
Don't forget.
game practice
Infinitive
lesto + Ist Regular Doing
sons
Word. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc,
p *o
.
-- --
N-J
OE
N- .
1) x, , -L-/ --,
n.
To go now will be the right thing
p x j-C C.
x-E, -E, ----E n
I want to go = x-E ---o.
3) x--E, --E, -L---E n
2)
a) He is getting ready to go
x--E ----o
she is going out to buy a book
h --E hC.
game. infinitives --T*
sentences form Eo --L-T Eo,
Eo varieties Eo statements &
p
questions, negative sentences (no/ not/

never
dialogue form
eg:
1) She wants to sing
2) To smoke is not good for health.
( smoke
3) She has came to borrow a book from me
, O-
-E --C
Police officer:
(, p
AJ--h?)
Kuber: Only after 5. Till
then I must be
M. SURESAN
at office. I must
close the accounts before I leave office.
office
Office
accounts
close
kuber, must
duties
(office
(5 y. --
C--,
L.
L)

--
p- --o ?
Lq , -Lq N/
duties) N must -o -
Must expresses duties.

Udaya:
May I go now Madam?
Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another
hour; understand? You must finish
the work I have given you and then
only leave.
(-x-a?)
(. L Ny-\.
E-*a E Jh y xL
y. --L?)
\ Sandhya Fo commands/ orders
= c. cL-y--E must
.
p --o must uses:
1) Rules (E---) 2) duties (N-)
3) commands/ orders (c-)
a)
Karthik:
Sravan:
y ready ? -l--?
h . -V V--dL.
-E s a--.
Karthik: d--?
Sravan: * V Rs 10/- J- dLq
C.
-- -u- -x ---..
Sx O shop 10.30 y
* --,
L-?
Shopkeeper: police officer - ---E
a. C h-u-
shop J-* ---E c a,
sir.
Police officer: Governor
shop
*a vA 10.30
d-uL. Ja-.
Answers:
a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?
Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me
get the money.
Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?
Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of
Rs.10/- per day.
Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the
delay? You have the money.
Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait
till mother comes back. She has told
me that I must wait till she is back.
Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?
Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is
here. We can go on his bike.
b) Police officer: What is the time now?
Shopkeeper: Past 10.30
Police officer: Don't you know that you must
close shop by 10.30? you must
close it now.
Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I
must keep it in.
Police officer: I must not see the shop open
after 10.30 again; understand?
Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came
here to buy something. He
ordered me to keep the shop
open until his purchases are
complete, sir.
(Purchases =
-)
-u-E *C)
( _ h B---E *aC)
4) Where do you want to go now?
p \- x-E ---o?
5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to
join?
Hemanth: I have come to consult you.
Vasanth: To join our college will be the
best.
Hemanth: But to join your college will be
expensive, won't it?
game
practice
-N
-v-o:
-y --*------E h ---.
'Lest you should forget that I have
reminded you'
Lest
should
u j--L -?
? h
i) pE p F E- -.ii) y ---E .
-O--E Tx- pL?
iii) old boy close friend n -d?
- -, Jz
---: 1. y Ja---E h
DE correct English - I have reminded you
lest you (should) forget.
'That I have reminded you;
2. Start early lest you should be late
u - - y -l.
3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get
drenched
--- - B\-x.
-a.

B,
-a.
No 1, No 3 sentences
should omit
No. 2
should
lest you be late
Lest = so that not.
i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.
(It is from me =
ii) I knew that you would think so.
iii) Close friend
old boy
correct,
p-E p)
y---.
iII
-- j---
Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some

morning train to avoid hot sun. So
let's have our tickets booked by an
early morning train.
( -- train xL,
-- -. -E
l-- train tickets book -.)
--C 29 ----J 2006
b) We must carry enough cash.

cash
L-
B---xL , (
sC )
c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must be

there atleast by 8.
(Q
E-- --, -\ 8
x L)
d) I must check up with him and see that

every thing is ready.
Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey,

we must carry enough cash with us
as well. We must be careful about
spending too, not at every place can
we find an ATM of our bank.
( v d T-
s B---xL. C vh a dL. Eo-x bank
ATM ---a)
(ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank
card
s - p)
Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on

the train is very expensive and not at
(Fo l o x
---L)
j u--Eox must, necessity (-Eo J-n- vsx - N--, ----N) -C.
u -E--LqC:
Have to/ has to, should, must-
n, --x _-
o .
-F , Rules, duty, commands, necessity express --E
.
all good.
( A--E i B-xL.
Train K )
-- must *a expressions
l.
-x---
1) Must expresses rules.
have to/ has to expresses command,
duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than
p - E--h-.
o kx L.
2) I see prasanth's name on the book.
It should be his.
should.
Must
x Eo-- \ d
hC, commands F, duty F, necessity
F, rules F.
'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or
- O v C. C -Ej
L.
practice the following in English
Kesav:
-E -L.
x--Lq u-i N -C.
I should goGangadhar: x Lp- J. -
xL;
phone h p
-\- x E
Do d p- I have to goKesav:
xL. y h?
d p- I must go.
Gangadhar: N \- B--xO should, have to/ has to, must
C. -xL . N
.
wait h C p-.
should.
We must be careful
Must travel, must carry, must be careful.
-p--- --o
104
must --.
(E-- --
C)
Candidates must report for the interview at
9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006.
(2nd Feb 2006
interview
L)
2) Must expresses commands
must
(c-L-y--E
(OJC Sx --)
3) Must expresses duty.
I must be at office until 5.
(C office L)
Sx j - CN must o expressions
-E-.
a) We must carry enough cash.
cash
a) You should be punctual

punctual
b) He should not talk like that
train
L *C).
(- x--- x--
*C)
should o, have to/ has to, force \.
d command y--E, N-
E p--E, E-- force --E have to/ has to .
a) I have to take my sister to the hospital
(more powerful
than, 'I should take')...
b) He has to do whatever I want him to do
B---xL. -
B-xL
b) We must travel by some morning train.
should
should
(y
You must not do it again.
L-
O-Eo- mild (\ force).

u C h J, C -E \ .
V u-n-
xL.
c) We must be careful.
C o u--- C u-Lq.
v-h L.
j ux must, necessity (--Eo)
--C ? sC -,
-- --Eo L--
must .
a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning
of the movie.
y xL,
ning miss .
movie begin-
c) They have to finish the work by the

evening
(-v-E-x -} E Jh---Lq).
b), c) should -a have to/ has to
. have to/ has to force
.
d) He has made mistakes and has to face the
consequences.
(p d L --N--Lq).
-v-o: Learn past learned, learnt E o. past

. she learnt english ? She learned english ?
passive voice English was learned -a? English was
learnt ? burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed -J-<
N-J---.
. %g-U--b, E--
---: Learned, learnt- past tense , past participle O x
j -a Fo , passive . N, burned,
burnt, dreamt, dreamed N- j, voice j -a.
learned E L- (j subject) n --,
learned (pronunciation - E \ -) v .
For commands, duties, necessity and

rules.
must
have to/ has to
should
stronger
strongest
least
than
form
strong
should
Commands, rules
must
Must

x. u Nx v-h
L .
Gangadhar: y -
---L
(u-i N:
N
\- Kesav: Ok. Ok. M. SURESAN
p--E
ho.
K d c--, -L*C.
-C. C C-u-, Answer:
C--Eo ---od -C. - Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.
u c--, E-- L----
There is an important matter I have to
shall, should T-- good
talk to him about./ I have to talk to him
manners. Must, manners L- --x c-
about something important.
-- - -. Duty, necessity -- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-E -sEo d j -a).
while ago I called him and he told
Should, must-
- ----F *a - N-Eo
---E . N perhaps
(-) opposite.
Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?
(v \--o i ?)
Manoj:
-- -u- -x ---..
He must be at home. He is expecting

some guests.
guests
(x L J.
---h-o)
Pramod: Who are the guests? ( guests?)
Manoj:
participles
Spoken English
Kesav:
His cousins from the states on a short

visit to India.
cousins - India
(-J- o -E
-a. Cl V---)
Pramod: That should keep him busy for another two days then.
(-x V
*a- busy )
\
must be at home, should keep him
busy-
Fo *a- ---C/
--C - N--. p-E-J -
N-- must, should .
1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.
She must be quite rich.
me he wouldn't be going anywhere.

Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with
me?
Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her
somewhere. I must go home at
once, she must be waiting for me.
Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about
things connected with them.
Gangadhar: You must be speaking from experience.
Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.
J game practice . J
*a game infinitive practice --.
J sentence verb , infinitive u
me, us, you, him, her, it, them d practice
.
eg: a) I want you to go;
b) She wants him to sing
c) What do you want me to do?
d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.
practice
sentences
-N
Eo
-- .
iII
-- j---
Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yesterday?

( movie
Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either.
Eo
C?)
( -, )
Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it?
suggest =
Pavan: I leave it to you.
leave it to you =
One of all time greats: All time great -
p p--x- / --p-N J---x/ J---N E n.

a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great.
b) Tendulkar is an all time great.
all time great meaning and use.
hall
Was showing:
(--?
*-)
(C F d
ho. F d)
F-C--
Sravan: The other day, I happened to watch

an old English movie. 'The ten commandments' on the TV. A real good
movie - one of the all time greats.
TV
English movie, 'The ten commandments
movie.
(o-p V
-- 31 ----J 2006
*v -
()
Kranthi:
The movie is excellent. You must

see
it. I feel like seeing it a second time.
Prasanth: Where is it showing?
Pavan: Why didn't you tell me?
(- p-?)
Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was showing. I just turned on HBO channel and
there it was.
HBO
channel
movie
Pavan: Was it very good?
It is showing in Chitramahal.
(C *v--- -C)
=
theatre
showing
Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I
don't know where it is showing now. Some
other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.
*v -
best sequence in the movie .
( *v C h Eo-)
(C \ -C?)
Kranthi:
. E p
p- p - x --.
(All time great - p p)
--C
( C *v--Jz-E --C. \
- M. *v--Jz-E movie
--C-p)
b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot in

Kashmir
(
Role=
= part.
a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease
(SV
(with ease)
b) His is the most important role in the movie
(
act a role = do a role = take on a role
(
a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada in
Bhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role of
Narada .
*v - Eo-- Qt- B
---v
- v-j --
-L-)
*v -EC A u-i v)
v -)
( M C --h--E -J
Ap.
E--*C)
-x---
( ?)
105
(-y-- v )
Answers:
Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at
home yesterday?
Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going
better to do. (I went to a movie, having
- nothing better to do.)
Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?
Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.
Sruthi: Was it good?
Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!
Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the
cast?
Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The
actors were all great./ The cast included all great actors.
Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/
How did they perform?/ How was their
Sravan: You can say that again and again.
(Sx-Sx -pa. .)
It ran to packed houses for weeks
together those days
Houseful
( Vx -
-*C)
Tendulkar is an all time great
Pavan: Who were the cast?
(--?)
Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston
as Moses and Yul Brynner as the
Pharaoh.
Charlton Heston, Pharaoh
(Moses
Yul Brynner
MosesPharaoh Egyptian-
;
Jh)
-.
v-
Pavan: Any special feature of it?

movie
Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grand
shot. I have yet to see such a shot in
any movie. It looked as though the sea
really parted by a path. That's the highlight of the movie.
Shot
-v-u-?)
(v <

-- E-- -.
E- v --- u
-pd -. movie- v-- -{ .)
Pavan: can we get a CD of it?

CD
Sravan: Definitely
(E
--?)
(p-)
E J .
lesson movie -C-* vocabulary
(-) --- ? -- -
; movie, TV -C-*-N.
1. Movie
2. Watch a movie on the TV
3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing
5. turned on
6. ran to packed houses
7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight
English
movie.
Cinema
English
cinema hall,
hall
The cinema
English
film
That cinema is good
hall
- --*v --

--*vJ *v .
E v. --*-vEo
E
a.
- F, -o *v -E
.
See / watch a movie = movie .
( am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a
movie . Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing Lq
h am watching / is watching / are watching
a movie correct)
TV = on the TV. We are watching an interesting programme on the TV. (in the TV )
Spoken English
Ran to packed houses: Houseful

Packed house = houseful
Run to packed houses = houseful
movie
run
movie
The movie has run for the past four weeks.
C.
b) He acted the role well

(
Live a role =
Do justice to a role =
Comic role =
Tragic role =
Perform =
He performed well =
His performance as Sri Rama deserves all
praise.
performance?
v -)
Laya: They couldn't
v
@N
act well./They
-.
v
didn't do well.
-Eo E .
u
v
,
Sruthi:
So I need not
p-- 4 C.
-v
see it.
Ey--
J game . M. SURESAN
*a- 100 V -C =
-. I know what to do.
It will certainly run for a hundred days.
movie Ko -J{---
( ) \ O -LqIt's a big draw.
x - O p--L_-Eo sentences
(X-- a---_C.)
a) This movie will be a big draw
p--_. Variety L. , no ,
(Deserve = | LT .
( movie d--h/ C Ko
questions, dialogue form L. n corHe deserves an award
-J{-hC.)
rect L.
( --A |)
(It will run to packed houses)
eg:
a) Hema forgot how to open the box
Comedy = --i-/--u-v---i-
b) *v j Eo- - --p--, C
(box - Ja--C)
/movie /
big draw .
b) She did not know where to sit
Tragedy = --i -/-*-v/-
The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw
(\ a- M-)
a) Missamma is a comedy
(Benhur Eo- u -{.)
c) Do you know when to start?
b) Devadasu is a tragedy
Movie Eo- = sequence (yq) Big
(p -l- ?)
Comic role = u v;
draw, high light n -N = u
sentence pattern -E-:
Tragic role = --J- v
--{.
a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles
Sub. y verb, y 'Wh' Word, y
caste = -, movie /drama.
(u--v- -vt-- v -Cl--)
infinitive . dialogue .
a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in
the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.
(-O-----g - -u--, %--g, g v-x -)

b) He is cast as a villain in the movie
( movie
villain
c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as
hero and chitrasri as the heroine
(
EC
(N) v)
*v- -*-v- , -*-v-vQ --

---)
d) Feature o .
b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles

(
comedian
--v h.)
u-- =
(O---'-O-\ -
Relangi was a great comedian
comedienne
u- =
(N--),
, O \ \---L.
Practice the following in English.

Sruthi: Hi Laya,
y Eo v x
?
. - Movie x
\---C?
v
x . *v- u-A.
'Eo x- *v , G-vA
?
vv,
v v.
bore d?
F - E.)
--?
p-- o. F movie *v -- p-x.)
.

*o--v Ep-h.) Sruthi: x ?
Laya: x p -----.
*v Eo- =
Sruthi: -\----o-.
a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features

Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles
(
Lead role =
movie
b) The movie features all great actors
(
c) The movie features him in a minor role
(
movie
Shot =
sequence.
a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the
-- -u- -x ---..
Laya =
Sruthi:
movie,
Laya:
Sruthi:
Laya: My God,
Sruthi:
Laya:
Prem: Do you remember when to start?
(p -l- c ?)
Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.
(. F \---x y p-.)
game practice Eo sentences - .
-v-o-: -Fq --x-O- -
'I PROMiSE
TO PAY THE BEARER THE
SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'
-E ---C.-D-E -n --N-?
-.--.-. -p-, --u- ---.- Currency notes O
sentence - C N--E T -C. Currency notes K--C
Reserve Bank of India. E C-J Governor
of Reserve Bank of India. C-J -a
O sentence - T- -o -J-j
(bearer) . 20/ (- --)
Lx-h-E.
iII
-- j---
Priya: Hi Divya, We really enjoyed the movie

yesterday, didn't we?
movie
enjoy
Divya: Certainly. Chitrasri's performance as the
heroine was really superb.
Heroine
Heroine
Superb:
Priya: The movie will be a runaway success.
(Eo
, ?)
(E-
*vX s)
- \---
u \ -.
( *v N-- -C)
Divya: It can't be otherwise with that kind of

story line, brilliant action and clever
direction
( , * , Lj z-y C N --E )
Priya: The main characters brought out the talent of the lead pair.
(u-i v v vA-
L---a)
Character: ud \ -;
, u u = n
Q/ --/ y. F \ n
, - E- v.
Lead Pair = v -u
/ -/ *v ----.
Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumar
and chitrasri. Their combination has
been successful.
hero,
heroine
hit.
(R}-lJ *v--, *vX

l xC N----i
--)
Priya: They are teaming up again in the next

movie 'premikulugane vundam'
(-o *v 'vN---
x L ho)
Divya: They show themselves at their best
when they are cast opposite each other
(x / ----- h
x vA -h)
c) No one has the formula to make a movie a

runaway success -
*vEo -u-K-A A y N- - v -J-l .

Formula v. Flop, Runaway success
uA-.
3) Story line
N- *v z-
B. DE - Plot
a) His movies have the same basic story but
the story line differs
C flop ? --
-*a v suit -E
G-v.
team up.
b) The movie failed because of its weak story
Srikanth: v-j J--,
The three boys teamed up to decorate the
line
v -- --.
room
/ N-- d--- --x
CE --J---E x _ d b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, Eo TV 'N
C N--iC.
N*v . !
p-f.
c) Weak story line is the cause of most
8) Cast opposite: (-u heroine) Sunitha: C p .
failures
-, j-.
(hero) - h p they are
*v -dE x s-A-Vinitha:
C . hero,
cast opposite each other .
o.
heroine x? Rx-l-J
a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast
*v -.
opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are
Sunitha: . x --- *
cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu
vA ---.
-J-*-- Vikram, -/ , Vinitha:
p Rx-l *vx
Nv - / Nv, J -
u
--h-o.
-x--- 106
-.
*v - , F N-
d) The movie flopped/ flopped at the box

office/ The movie was a flop, because of its
thin story line
E - / N- x *v
s-AC. Thin \ n weak E.
E n oE/ aE.
4) Character: / -/ *v v.
F- v F- *v
o role E-F part E-F -a.
-, -- *v N-- a)DNTR
played the character/ role/ part of
-y-)
Karna in the drama
Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" is
- NTR g v / -.
really memorable
b) One of the main characters in the movie is
(-, -? *v
Lord Venkateshwara played by Suman
---EC)
*v u-i vx Suman
Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet you
* --y--yN v.
tomorrow. Bye
c) He played his part well
( xL. -h. Bye)
v -.
Priya: Bye
Play - , \ -.
Lesson --*-v- -C-*
? p J-Eo 5) lead pair= u- -. (the
hero and the heroine)
l. Fo x---o-p
a)
NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in
- Conversational English
Lavakusa
-C. N .
- *v Rx-l-JD u-i
1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline
s/ = j--
a, p h a, J
/ v/ C-*C -j
s- Superb .
a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan =
hattrick. Hattrick
p -C s--i
-- -x - N
Ch, u vx, D Player
, hat-trick .
b) The movie is superb=

c) Tendulkar's was a superb century
Century
2) A runaway success
-F-, uA *v v v-, .
c) They have proved a hit pair
N----i .
6) Hit pair
*v-E N a/ N----i/
v~- G- C (-
hero, heroine v x)
a) They make a hit pair
-, - -u
yJ--i N
a) The movie was a runaway success.
*v N--j N---iC.
b) Missamma was a runaway success.
hero, heroine.
a) They are teaming up again in the next
movie
o *v Sx Rx-l L -h-o.
Nqt A y N----iC
-E KA.
b) Surya and Asin are

cast opposite each
other
x J -
-h-o.
9) Debut:
d----J G-
u / -- M. SURESAN
-J *vx / ---J -v- (Y %u
v- DEo -v )
Debut- pronunciation - u \
-.
---J -v-
Make a debut/ Have a debut.
a) She made her debut in this movie.
--C L-*v. *v --J -*C.

b) His debut wasn't very successful
N-- .
u u,
N- \- -. \-J N
- -.
Debut
He made his debut in politics in 1999

1999
--- v .
Now Practise the following in English:
7) Teaming up
s.
Spoken English
(Hero, heroine).
b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanth
and Jyothika
Rx-l-JD N----i . x
-* *v-Fo hits E.
*v p C.
Team up: movie N-- ,

E --E-j -C Lh, They
Yasvanth:
He made his debut in..
Priya: I think she made her debut in nee

kosame. She hasn't had a failure in her
career
(
4. characters 5. lead pair 6. hit pair 7. teaming up 8. cast opposite 9. debut

1) superb=
Movie
- 2 -v--J 2006
b) They have teamed up again
Sx x L -h-o.
-- -u- -x ---..
a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth,
heroine
F favourite hero,
J N- ?
Srikanth: d-. x
- ?
Yasvanth: y x G--EN . -
-?
Srikanth: y- i
p, -R}-l -L
- d v-i C
*v. Jh s-A-.
Yasvanth: x x *v s-A--E
---o.
Srikanth: -p-. -x-C N- --- i
. x *v -u-i
N C-*C? hero -v --p--* flop C
?
Sunitha:
u heroine *
Jh a-C.
Answers:
a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not
been very successful this time,
has it?
Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line.
They have acted well.
Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you
say?
Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is
atleast that good because they have
acted in it. Otherwise it would have
been an utter flop.
(utter =
Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their
action. That's what people say.
Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair.
Their last movie was a runaway success. The hero hasn't had a failure
since his debut.
Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that
he doesn't suit the role/ the character.
Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any
role with ease.
b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the
movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV.
What a movie it is! / How good it is!
Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last
month, in Vizag.
Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of
the lead pair, I think they made their
debut in the movie.
Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they displayed their talent.
(Display =
Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two
or three movies.
Sunitha: The heroine especially has won
recognition as a good actor/actress.
Jh)
v-Jz-)
iII
-- j---
Hemanth: Hi Vasanth, I didn't see you the

whole of yesterday. What was
wrong?
We celebrate Deepavali every year in the

month of Kartheekam.
Vasanth: The Deepavali effect you know. We

enjoyed the festival the day before
Yesterday. We were so tired yesterday. We were resting almost the
whole of yesterday.Fortunately yesterday was a Sunday.
Charlie (over phone from the US): Hello

Sampath, this is Charlie from the states. How
are you?
(
,
--E 4 -v--J 2006
v-A --q -K-h-- -D---S --.

Eo y --. Festival enjoy h We enjoy a fesN?
tival.
D-R v. o
- -----J Eo L-. Eo -
o. %-d- -h Eo C-.
Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusiasm. We did too, but we were off the
fireworks by about 10. We were in
bed by 10.30pm
q- ---o--o-.
--o. F --
a 10 - . 10.30 -x
-o.
Enthusiasm - u-.
u \ -.
* ' size z, = q.
fireworks = -/ --
Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks till
almost eleven. Dad was liberal this
time. We let off Rs. 800/-work of
crackers sparklers this time.
11
-h o. o
J s a. 800 - a
worth - (bird )= -N- o.
crackers = v
= --, sparklers = px =
L-N (-, y-h etc) let
off = -- a = Let off fire
works)
Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all.
Some how I feel spending so much
on fire works is a waste
h-O - ---o
.affair, \ = N.
Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundred
rupees shouldn't matter much.
-q--E -J .
- u )
- -- -J * M -x-o. -- --o-?)
Sampath: Fine, Charlie, thank you, how are

you?
(
Charlie: Same here, thank you. Can we have a
chat over the net ? Matter of 20 to 30
minutes
(
20, 30
Sampath: Sorry, Charlie. It is morning here you
know. I am very busy celebrating Sri
Ramanavami.
(
Lord Rama.
X-o h. xx,
xx, O----xx . -v-u ---o- --M.- --u---. -F- -- --o-? )
-- --- -h.-p, --
-X-- -j--u ---.
Pandal = CJ
--- x--- putup = p -/-E-Jt-
as well =
EN- d-a.)
?
(Green gram = /--p (-p)
jaggery = x
offering = ju
-K..X---N --v- - feast = N / -
-x---
107
-G-@ o
p--\ .)
Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy?
What's its significance?
Deepavali,
Chavithi,
Christmas vals.
Vinayaka
Ramzon,
festi-
Fo
In a mood to celebrate = in a celebration mood

=
Pakistan was in a mood to celebrate =
Pakistan was in a celebration mood
- --J -nA.
-h - (x N-Eo) --
C.
mood
Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration
mood
Vasanth: Well, we all had new clothes. Told

you, dad was quite liberal this time.
He was in a mood to celebrate. He let
us buy whatever clothes we liked,
and sister had the greatest luck. She
had a pair of ear rings.
--- - o. E l.
a =
--- Ah =
Ah L-T-)
=
Sparklers, crackers
Let off fireworks
fuse
( Light the fuse =
explode / blow/ go of =
(with a loud sound/noise)
Explode
blow =
'go off' =
Feast =
Dishes =
Chat over the net =
significance =
Significance of a festival =
festivities
a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 days
h d -\o. p o - o. --d -- --d--Fo -B-a.

mood o. -J- Lx
%-d- --. t *aC
.
l-l -x -.
x x u y.
u --N-?)
-- J--C.
Sampath: It's an important festival for us in
N (--) - N
India. We celebrate the birth of lord
-/ v
SriRama on the occasion.
- -
Hemanth: We had new clothes too and of
(- C u-i
To--q
vu
=
course the feast too. Mom prepared
. X- d V
- vu.
wonderful dishes and delicious
--)
=
sweets.
Occasion = -- \---L.
h d a-o.
-, vision - = s.
- 9 V --.
--E t * -, Charlie: How do you celebrate it?
b) The Festivities are keeping us busy
--?
*---i y-q C.
-- ---Lo -G-@ ---.
Feast / N.
Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Rama
q = The enthusiasm for a fesdishes = (size - z )
by performing Pooja. We do it at
a festival.
C C - *aC.
Now Practise the following:
a)
Sunil:
Anil:
\-o* h-o, E?
X---N CJ *. \
- C.
Sunil: R} ?
Anil: -- h-o?
Sunil: x C. h -p,
Charlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you
B\- .
later.
Anil: . y y CJ * ( - .Sx -- h.)
j -- -J- -. DE - Sunil: -x. .
C-* Eo expressions -J-* --.
b)
= festival
(-X----N -- --N-? --E -v--- --- = celebrate a festival.

We enjoy a festival=
-- - -- M. SURESAN
.
--=fireworks.
-- = crackers;
L --= sparklers
J G-v- xN. N N A ?
Opinion- G-v.
differ - C-h.
- -J-* . -- s expressions Eo --
J.
Festival = , --- = celebrate
b) Last year it fell on a Wednesday
Have a happy time...
Hemanth: Opinions differ. Well what about

the other things?
Vasanth: That's good.
-q - C -C/C-
V.
home and in temples too. We do it

special pandals put up at street corners as well.Then we eat a good
feast too with special dishes.
Greengram soaked in water and
jaggery water are the offerings to
tival
We celebrated Deepavali with enthusiasm
D-R q- --o.
V--
The festival is / falls on a day.
a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is on
a Sunday.
Prem:
Syam:
? F u---C?
Eo -- a-- A LC. E Ah d C.
Prem: L?
Syam: -, x - -. -d
_--h d d.
Prem: ?
Syam: - .
Prem: . N Ao?
Syam: -Fo Ja-.--a-J
vA 12 C.
Answers:
a)
Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil?
Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The
decorations are really beautiful.
Sunil: Shall I go and see too.
Anil: What have you been doing so far?
Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home,
come in and have some vadapappu and
panakam.
Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandal
come to my home.
Sunil: Ok
b)
Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your
hand?
Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday,
one of them went off in my hand. It had
a short fuse.
Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns =
)
Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctor
bandaged / dressed the injuries.
Prem: Is it paining a lot?
Syam: Not so bad now.
Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat?
Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I
came back home it was 12 midnight.
p- --Tx- -- -u- -x --.- URL:

http://www.eenadu.net/
spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
Navya: Hi Sreya, any idea when we are starting

for the picnic spot tomorrow?
( Picnic --p -l-

o idea ?)
Spot =
Sreya: None, dear. Divya must be able to tell
us. She is making the arrangements.
(L-. Cu p--.
px hC )
Navya: I called her home. Her mom told me
she was out. Must be busy with
arrangements.
(x Phone . ---Rx-E
xt pC. busy -L
J)
Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is taking
kavya's help. So Kavya should be
knowing about Divya. She should be
able to tell us where Divya is.
Phone
(
u
l. Cu, u
B--C. d Cu J* u
L-a. Cu J* -u p--L.)
2) Kashmir must be quite cold now
p Qt L L. (C
Bhavan *a - N)
3) He should be on the way
-- J L. (C *a -
N.)
-sx must, should .
-sx have to/ has to .
p lesson E d-- dialogue
-J . must , should
o expressions.
time
(l--x x---p -J
x---o
h---L.
p o----?)
1) Divya must be able to tell us.

2) Must be busy with arrangements.
Meghana: I want to apologize to him. Won't you

come with me?
3) Should be knowing.
4) Should be able to tell us.
Ox (1), (2) *a - N--

---o.
(3), (4) J- n-x x *
P N-- ---o . D
must ,should -.
Navya: Kavya should know at least the time of

starting.
(Start
-- 6 --v--J 2006
-x--- 108
u L--
L)
(-- ~- p----o. y ?
Apologize = --j \ -.
* ' size Z n ~-
Apology = -> = ~-)
Maithri:
(Sympathy =
Sympathize with =
size
Z
=
A. ' \ - =
-j
-A.
. -A . innocent
- \ - = ---j).
c) You ought not to talk to your father like that
O o x--- y (j
v-h )
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
ENGLISH:
Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10
\-C?
-o-. - L-L. Eo
v C table O C.
Prabha:
\?
(y l . Sx
Subha:
5
EN- v Manager C- x.
\ L, t --
\ L J.
x .)
Let's hurry then. I ought to be back

soon. None to attend on my sick
mother.
Subha:
Sreya: That's right. Let's ring her up.
(d
Phone
l )
Navya: Let's wait. They will call us and tell us.

We must be there for the picnic after
all.
(h . x Phone
h. picnic J-- L
.)
We ought toers
respect elda) Bharat: Why did India lose the match?
(India
Sreya: OK. I must be going. Bye.
( xL J.
--C?)
Lakshman: Ask Dravid about it. He is the captain. He must know.
Bye)
Navya: Bye
Eo lessons must, should n, - ---o-. E J v -El.

Must, have to/ has to, should1)
n - _ .
2) commands (c), duty
(NC), necessity (-), Obligation
--. warnings (a-J)
--.
3) Must, should *a --o,
- N-- p--E .
Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving for
Kashmir?
(F-p Qt- -----o?)

Sravan: The coming Friday.
(a v-)
Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be
busy making arrangements because
you are going to be there for a few
weeks. Kashmir must be quite cold
now. Carry enough warm clothing.
Pavan is also joining you, isn't he?
( --V. px busy
- *a-; Eo ----o. Qt L -Lp. Pavan F h-o
?)
(Carry enough warm clothing = LEo a d B-x.)
( N vN- .
captain . - L-L.)
Dravid, captain d, N
-o* P-
Kumar: How is the financial position of India?
( financial position = Jn J-nA

-?)
Saradhi: How do I know? The finance minister
should be able to tell you.
( . -F N Finance
p---)
uses have to/ has to .
Minister
Maithri:
Hi Meghana, what brings you here?
(---a?)
(F L.)
Regarding? (E N)
Meghana: I wasn't very polite to our lecturer

yesterday. I am sure my words hurt
him
(Eo lecturer x u- vJh--. Eo *a --J-----o.

hurt = ---.
Maithri:
Prabha:
x -- t- N-o
?
Subha: F L-L C. t- N-
C y ?
Prabha: F- o?
Subha: Office F, F - L-T-ho.
M. SURESAN
Prabha: Weak E--h-o.
a) ought to be ('be' form) = L
doctor E L y. F u
b) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to
N vh B--L ? O
know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word=
E L
xL, -N-L, ---L, etc.
?
n must, should, have to/ has to Subha: - office J--C.
ought to -. ought to o-p Prabha: Doctor _--- B--xL ?
c, E--, N, ----x Subha: B--h--o.
FA v --- nA, ---
--. jA u- (Moral ANSWER:
obligations).
Meghana: I need your help.

Maithri:
-- ought to
-. Ought to
o , must,
should , L,
L n hC
.
u-i
C. n
l
Meghana, not the first time for you

to be rude to elders.
(l--x-x -u-
F J .)
You ought to know manners. (F
manners L-L/ y manners
---L.)
j --
ought to
--T* :
1) You ought to know manners
y manners ---L.
(L--- -o- P~- F -- jA u.)
2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders
l--x x---p v-h

L. (v-h u)
3) We ought to remember who we are talking to
-J x---o h---L.
(v-h u)
4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick
mother
s o t ----E y
AJT L. ( jA NC/ u)
Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talk
Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way because
C ought to -C-* N, Sx
to elders. I ought to respect elders.
he has to be here this evening.
.
(. l--x x---p
(. -vEx \--L
v-h L. l--x - a) l--x -N-L
d J -L.)
You ought to respect elders.
N-L.)
-- Must be, should be
b) --- --A L.
Maithri:
We ought to remember who we talk
Expressions -E-.
You ought to sympathize with innocent peoto when we talk to elders. So what
1) You must be busy = y busy L.
do you want me to do now?
ple.)
(Bhavan *a - N)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
Prabha: Hi Subha, any idea where file no. 10

is?/ Do you know where file no. 10 is?/
Where is file no 10?
Subha: Ask Sekhar about it. He should know /
must know. The file was on his table
last evening.
Prabha: Where is Sekhar?
Subha: He went to the manager's room 5 minutes ago. He must be there now.
Prabha: Why are you so weak?
Subha: The work at office and at home is very
tiring/ is tiring me.
Prabha: You look very weak/ run down. You
ought to see a doctor immediately. You
ought to take care of your health. Your
husband ought to help you in the work
at home.
Subha: His office work takes his whole time.
Prabha: He ought to take you atleast to the
doctor.
Subha: He said he would take me today.
iII
-- j---
Dinakar:
Where did you buy those fruits yes-
--- 8 -v--J 2006
b) She doesn't need any body's help
terday? They were quite fresh and
J \-x
sweet.
X She needs every body's help
(Eo x \ o?
B o N)
Fresh - . (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. Ey
o (u -N); rotten - J-T-, Rx--. stale - d, rotten -- Ad- . These rotten movies
(h movies)/ rotten fellow E-E Ad,
NENE N-T-- jokes - stale jokes.
--J (vA-J) - (L)

c) Animals need oxygen
--
oxyzen
-.
d) He doesn't (does not) need any more money

e)
-E--- s \--.
- ( L?)
f)
What does she need?

Rs.100/-
a) She has to be there X She need not be there
Padma:
_ * u-i -
- (L) . p,
(C ---L) X y -------
Phone -Lq - C.
fruits now?
O-Eo- verb, need/ needs ?
c) Have I to go? X You need not go
Kamala:
y worry -- . Phone
sentences need ---E, j con(-----o? po
(
X \-x)
number
- , \
versation * B sentences (3) and (4)
x -- F?)
[a) You must go - y xL.
C.
Rx x.
need --E l.
Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my
b) You must not go - y x--
b) Krupakar: -p -l-L J.
3) You need not go that far
uncle. You bought them at Sarvam
c) You need not go - -}-----
x-\x.
Dayakar: - x-\-x
Super Market, didn't you?
b) , c) . N should ,
4)
You
need
not
spend
so
much
Krupakar: -E?
(. uncle x present
have to/ has to hC.]
a
d
.
Dayakar: o Eo h- t-o.
l----o. N y 'y
Need J* --o points.
h--L-\ o. N
Super Market o ?
1) Need independent \- L
p - .
Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need
n - hC.
Krupakar:
N
-. . -E
not go that far. If fruits are what you
2) Need + 1 st RDW (- not )
L.
need, there's a good fruit shop
-x--- 109
I RDW p-E -\-x E n.
nearby. I bought them there.
Dayakar: y -\---Cp. .
Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need
\ - .
He doesnot need more than Rs. 100/-
b) I must know it X You need not know it
ANSWERS:
You need not spend so much

Dinakar:
How costly are they? Perhaps you
3)
bought them at Rs.70 a dozen.
( K? dozen 70 -
v o ?)
Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much.
They are quite cheap there.
( d-----. N
shop )
Dinakar:
Will you show me the shop?
shop
-h?)
Madhukar: You don't need my help, old boy.
verb need spend need + 1st regular

doing word
4) Need + 1 st RDW (not
must/ should/
Need + infinitive (to + 1 st RDW)
not go

-a.
Need + 1st regular DW

M. SURESAN
not
verb
I RDW
(Need not go =
,
d n
hC)
x-\-x)
C.
Need not spend = a d-\-x
You find 'Sufala' fruit shop. That's it.
(\ verb - need be - C be form -\-- (not )

C need -.
-C need independent a.
C need + 1st RDW ( not ).
OK, bye
[ You need not go =
Madhukar: OK.
- need o expressions \ o . Need n,

-- lesson .
You don't need to go

[ She need not sing =
-a.
She does not need to sing
-a.
Karuna: Must you go now?
2. I need some
(y }? p?)
3. You need not go that far.
Aruna: I need not go. It's enough if I call
4. You need not spend so much
( x-\--.
5. You don't need my help
Phone
h .
Karuna: You should go tomorrow at least
J . need - -E,
L n a - E.
(F j xL y)
Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either
1. Do you need fruits now?
( x--\--)
Fp x --? (?)
Karuna: She has to be there at least the day

after (tomorrow)
2. I need some
Sumana: No, I tell you, she need not be there

on any day.
Eo -/ L
3. You don't need my help
F----/ \--
j -s--Eo- need -/ L,
'\-- uA--
a) I need your help
F -- (L)
Spoken English
need
Padma: You need not know it./ You don't need

to know it.
Kamala: Why do you need her number?
Padma: I need some important information
from her. Tell me (her number). I need
to phone to her.
a) You don't need to go now
Kamala: You needn't worry. You don't need her

phone number either, she is in the
p }-Lq - --.
b) She needs to be there at least for an hour
F j \ -.
c) I need to go home now
- x-Lq - C.
next room. Go talk to her.

b) Krupakar: He must start now, mustn't he?
Dayakar: He need not go.
Krupakar: Why?
Dayakar: I told him to get some books. They

ENGLISH:
a) Padma: Hi Kamala,
h Karuna Phone
Number h? urgent
x--Lq - C .
Kamala: E J*?
Padma: y ----
Kamala: F-- number?
are (available) here. I don't need

them even now either.
Krupakar: I need them. Let me see them.
I must see them.
Dayakar: You need not see them now. See
them tomorrow.
-v-o:
N:
1. Do you need fruits now?
don't/ doesn't need to go
)
have to/ has to uA-
You need not be here
\--. --j R}
\ A. shop --C)
talk to her urgently.

Kamala: What about?
3) She need not go
sentences
phone number. I must/ I need to
verb need go need + 1st regular

doing word
Walk along this way and turn right.

(
Dinakar:
4)
a) Padma: Hi Kamala, let me have Karuna's
(p \ -\-x)
conversation must/ should/ has to
- n j L/ L -E.
Need not be --op- opposite meaning
hC --\-x n-. C u.
-- -u- -x ---..
O o n-Fo.
1) EE -a
Rama could have done that work

Rama could haven't done that work
- Eo n--o
. Would, could --
Fo .
He might have done the work
O u--? ----a?
He may have done might / would
may n n--o -.
. , L
--:
Rama might have done that work.
DE n,
EE
--L-- . E E.
E
Rama has done that work.
2)
, (F )
Rama wouldn't have done it.
-LqC , F
He shouldn't have done it.
- EE --L-- F .
DE
E -LqC (E
-)
Rama should have done that work.
1. Rama could have done that work

Rama
2. Rama could haven't done that work
correct form, Rama couldn't have
done that work.
Rama
----
Rama could not do it.
He may have/ might have done
-a.
iII
-- j---
Ranjit: Sanjai, we need to be careful.
You don't need it any more.
( v-h -Lq - C.)

Sanjai: What about?
(E J*?)
Ranjit: About the way we are spending money.
( s a ho N.)
We have to manage with this money till
the month end.
( s - -L.)
We need an extra Rs. 500/- for the
book I need.
(FC - .)
- need J ?
lessons need -- Eo -o. J-Eo l.
Need independent ; verbs
L .I. Need independent , -
--, ---- n hC, ?
1) We need an extra Rs. 500/-
c) They will need it when they are there.
- 500 - ---- (L)
-x---
--v- 10 -v--J 2006
2) You do not need it any more.
110
F -C ---.
x-\--o-p x-C - -C.

d) Kumar needed some money yesterday.
Kumar -E-o - --s ---iC.
sentences Eo- need verbs
combination independent .
j E--, c--, NC,

*C E Lq -h/ Lq h, must/
should, have to/ has to . DE uA- --\--/ --\-- o-p,
need not .
a) You must do it
(y C L)
You need not do it.
Need I go there now?
(y C --\---)
b) She has to be here at 10.
(10 \ L)
She need not be here
( ---i h--E - Rs. 500

-).
Sanjai: That's true. But you need not worry. I
called Dad yesterday and told him to
send us Rs. 1000. He is sending it.
We'll get it in a day or two.
worry
phone
(E, E y
--\--.
u Eo o
-o. - - -V-x
(--s) hC.)
Ranjit: I have to pay for the tuition I am taking.

tuition
fees
( B--o
dL ?)
Sanjai: Do you need (to) continue the tuition?

(Tuition continue
Ranjit: I need not continue.
--?)
II. Need
verbs

L
. p
verbs L E-------E n. use
\ not hC,
- question form
C.
( u.
h
-E n
F ---E
-L (---Lq- - C).
(verb: need send;
M. SURESAN
(verb - need + be)
p s --
----.
(verb - need come)
a) Need I go there now?
look at the following sentences:

a) I need your help
F --
b) She needs some dresses.
(1) Tarun: Varun,
-- -u- -x ---..
a) He should do it
b) He should not do it
c) He need not do it
-hC , (a), (b) Commands. (c) opposite of (a). have to/ has to N-
h . Have to/ has to not Jh need
not meaning hC.
(p -- -x-Lq - ?verb need go.)

b) Need you take so much trouble?
She has to be here
y trouble B-Lq - ?
verb- need take.)
III. Need not , must, should, have to/ has
to opposite E --o.
\ L.
She doesn't have to be here
She need not be here
\ --\--.
N-?
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
Varun: Lx- ----Lq - C.
Tarun: ?
Sudheer: Worry --- . - -\E -v
Varun: - _ * information - .
h. Phone h.
Tarun: E J*?
Sumanth: F -\-x-. h.
Varun: a A-A ho. \ z N
ANSWERS:
- help L.
Tarun: E-j- y Lx _---x-\---. \ 1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news?
E--h-. -F --.
Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately.
Varun: o ---L ?
(immediately = )
Tarun: y worry -\--. \ F ---i Tarun: Why?
h.
Varun: I need some information from him.
Varun:
Lx _--* Introduction letter Tarun: What about?
B-x--\-- ?
Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help
Tarun: ---. \---Rx--y Eo \- p
in the matter of darsanam.
t \- xL y. Cl d.
Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works
Varun: ---. .
there. I can help you.
(2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F - . F -Varun: How do I meet him?
o. -y E--.
Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you
Sudheer: E J*? F E ---i, p-
need.
h.
Varun:
So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik.
Sumanth: bike -\-----o. Bike p. second hand -\, hC -\? Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you
should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He
Sudheer: C F _-o sd C ? y --J-is a bit short tempered.
L-T, h better .
(Short tempered = y p y)
Sumanth: bank loan -, hC -. Loan a-- F -.
Varun: Don't you worry. OK.
Spoken English
--.
y Coffee --\--.
: b) , a)
opposite .
Jh-hC.
- B
need verbs com hC, u not .

h.
Coffee
b)
c)
Command. c) Command
should
-----)
c) Need I go there now?
Lq- --- -.)
sentences
bination
Questions
b) She need not come
L.
c) You need not make Coffee for us.
c) I need not take advice from him

(verb: need take-
Coffee
b) You must not make Coffee for us
b) She need not send any money now.
\ -p- ------.
dresses
y x-----.)
a) I need not be there now
Eo
a) You must make Coffee for us
a) You need not go now.

(verb: need go; =
-\ -p- x --?
(- )
Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand
that if you continue to attend tuitions,
you don't have the time to study.
tuitions
time
sentences
( \ --\.)
C -E-.
2) Sumanth: Sudheer, I need your advice. I have been looking

for you, I see you here now.
Sudheer: What's it about? If you really need my advice, you
have it/ I will give it.
Sumanth: I want to buy a bike. I need a bike very badly now.
(need badly =
- -).
Shall I buy a second hand one or a new one?

Sudheer: Depends on the money you have. If you can afford it,
have a new one.
(afford =
= d----/- h-)
Sumanth: If I want to buy a new one, I have to take a bank loan.

I need your help for that too.
Sudheer: Don't worry/ No need to worry. I will find out and call
you this evening.
Sumanth: You need not. I'll call you.
J game practice :
He gave me advice sentence
subjects
different verbs
frame
logue form
- E Eo sentences, different
, not , question form , dia Eo
--L-T Eo .
eg: a) Saritha showed me her chain.

b) Sunil did not give me the book
c) Why did they offer him the job?
d) Mukesh: Are you paying me the money now?
Ganesh: I am not promising you anything. I will try.
Mukesh: Send me the money tomorrow atleast.
iII
-- j---
Harihar:
Hi Subhakar, do you know Murthy?
(F Jh ?)
Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school
together. We were the same class.
We used to sit on the same bench
too. We were together for three
years at school.
(-L------? school
--o. Classmates.
bench O --x )
Harihar:
Subhakar: That's right too. We cant' do two

things at the same time. We have to
choose between the two.
(D E. -J
. o--L.)
Harihar:
Bye then. Time for me to go for my

Physics tuition class.
(Physics tuition
xL , h.
Subhakar: Bye
dialogue
.
I happened to meet him on train.

He told me about you.
expressions
1) We used to sit on the same

bench.
(--E train --o. F

J* p.)
2) We used to be close
Subhakar: We are still in touch with each other.

He joined a college in Hyderabad,
and I stayed on here.
- ---E used to .
j dialogue used to
-E-.
1) He used to help me
3) He used to help me
(p -J-- touch
o. Hyderabad college , E-\ -)
Harihar:
--C- 12 -v--J 2006
4) He used to be very good at studies.
2) We used to be close
5) You used to be the opener
3) He used to be good at studies
6) I used to play
Eo-- -x
- - ( C--
N He used to study well )
Quite a nice fellow, isn't he?
4) You used to be the opener
( * , ?)
Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He
used to help me in studies, especially in maths. He used to be very
good at studies
(E. Eo-- x. - u maths

-. C--)
Harihar:
He told me you used to play cricket

very well. It seems you used to be
the opener for your school team
(y cricket ---E
p. O school team y
opener --- ?)
Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as well
as Murthy has told you.
(E, --o, Jh
p- )
Harihar:
Why aren't you playing now?
Subhakar: I used to find a lot of time to play at

school. Now my concentration is
on EAMCET. No time for games
now.
(school time -C .
p EAMCET O concentrate ho. Games time
- )
I used to play shuttle regularly, but I
gave it up after I joined college.
Dad wont' let me play any game
now.
shuttle
college
--E. F ,
J y o
p-- )
-v-o: 1) - ---V Office

---o- ----Eo
'He is going to office
for the first time'
correct
- -E
--C--. --C
--? -D-Eo- N- -- h?
2 ) ''Phonetics'' a- - --* h
-*--. . ----, --Mx
is going to office for the first

time =
office
This is the first time he is going to
office
2) Oxford, longman's Dictionaries
J (V )
h-o. n ax,
--N.
j
ques
,

. O used to
-a. J-Eo .
a) --p punctual -
He never used to be punctual?
b)
y - B----?
Did you use to take his help often?
(N verbs used to question -

F not F did use -C.
-- l O -
He didn't use to help me much.
[Used to present/ future actions
of being
]
states
She used to sing well

7) I used to find a lot of time.
expressions Fo used to
-C-*- . p used to
- --.
used to be form used to be;
Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doing
word
e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc.,
--, v p-
o nAE F, u (action) F --C.
used to , - n use
.
Subhakar we used to sit on the same
bench
bench O x (A regular action

of the past)
6) I used to find a lot of

time
(It used to be so);
Ananth:
es a habitual state of
being or action.
Sumanth:
Pramod: Your teacher at

M. SURESAN
school was at
our place this
afternoon. She's dad's cousin
O School teacher *aC

uo. N o cousin.
Cousin > ' \ -, > size
z .
n = h E _ d--
English cousins. Children of your parents
(
O u -, -x --
O cousins - cousin sister, cousin brother
English . N )
W -
(He used to play every day);
Prasanth: She used to like me a lot she was a

very good teacher.
C
They used to quarrel with each other.
-v-o: -x--- -Jh -a---E -

275 -u ---- (patterns or structures)
---E --Tx- -u- ---
--G-v-. - 275 -u-- -- -v-q--- --L----.
.---, -N----
--: O-oC correct. - fundamentals Lh p O
p u - (sentence patterns) practice -a. T
vocabulary --L ,
slots fill -. Thanks for the sug-
-- -u- -x ---..
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Prasanth: Didn't she use to say, 'understand?'

at the end of her every sentence?
(vA sentence * ( teach

--p, 'understand?' -C-?)
Pramod:
That she used to. I observed too.

Most teachers, I think say that.
( -C. E. Teachers -C
---.)
Prasanth: I never used to find our Maths
teacher say that. He used to say,
'Isn't it?' quite often.
( Maths teacher p N--E . p,

'Isn't it?' -.
- y
Ev--?
u y- h-o.
late -E college hours E-NC *
a
- -u --N?
vA - C E. -u
- E. -E -u -E.
u --p--- time uC
_ _ 8 uC.
-v --E. p
C- ho.
j -u - d .
Hi Sumanth, why are you up so
early?
How is it you are up so early?
How is it you got up so early?
Pramod: Though I was n't her student, I used

to go to her for tuition.
( student -,
_- tuition -x--E.)
Hi Sumanth,
ANSWER:
( d--C/ G-
N * teacher)
(x --J- x----x)
gestion.

ENGLISH
time J-C
d 'used to' express-
brothers and sisters are all your cousins.
-: - ---C
-a.
Spoken English
opener
--E
(she used to sing well);
--: 1) He
111
Used to
(p - ?)
Harihar:
-x---
5) I used to play
Used to
conversation
tion
not
never
get up =
How is it =
be up. 'be up'
natural)
Ev--
Eo-- simple,
Sumanth: Of late I have been getting up early.

I used to get up late till 3 months
ago- till the college hours were
changed from 8 AM to 1 PM
Ananth:
Why did you use to get up so late?
Sumanth: I used to study till late in the night.

So I used to get up/to be up late.
Ananth:
what used to be the time when you

got up/when you were up?
Sumanth: It used to be nearly 8. How happy I

was!/ How I enjoyed it!
Ananth:
I used to get up at 6. Now I get up

at 5 itself.
Sumanth: What ever you may say. I like getting up late.
-- j---
Ii I
Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh
what a surprise! When did you
come?
C
-E-.
expressions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I used to find ...

I used to eat out
He used to be quite active here.
He used to get up quite late
I am used to it.
I could not get used to the food
He was used to keeping awake late
He will be used to it.
lesson used to --
(, ? C-? au- --C!

p--a?)
Dinakar: Yesterday. The first thing I thought I
would do was see you and here I am
(Eo, d--
o. a)
conversation
Eo
Himakar: Real pleasure seeing you. So how's

Bangalore?
(Eo E - C. . v p- - f
Bangalore C?)
n-, u- (Habitual status of being/habitDinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the winual actions in the past) -- --E j exprester. I used to find the cold difficult to
sions from 1 to 4 E --- .
bear, but now I am used to it.
1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear
(-i . -\- L--
L d- d E--C.
x. L d-- d C.
2. I used to eat out
-F p -----)
A-o.
Himakar: What about the food?
(- ---?)
Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I
used to eat out in the beginning but I
could not get used to the food. I started cooking, and I am happy now.
-x---
(p sC . --o. x x A--E. -F
-- -----. -
--d. p sD .
(Eat out = Restaurants A)
-- 14 -v--J 2006
112
No. 5 to 8 . 5, 7 and 8
5. I am used to it
7. He was used to keeping awake late
8. He will be used to it
5, 7 and 8 expressions used to be
forms (am, was, will be)
-E-.
-, used to y 'be' form F,
Regular doing word F -- .
Used to, y, It F, ing form F h-o
. 5, 7 and 8 C.
'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form
(Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4 C. (Used to + be
/ Ist Regular Doing Word)
Used to + be/1st RDW
v p- o nA/ J-T E. -D p--- C.
future, past E-j -a.

a) I am used to coffee in the morning
(Coffee - noun)
( l coffee -)
I am used to taking coffee in the morning
l coffee B\- -.
(\ am used to y, taking, ... ing form
--E--)
b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks
in the morning
(, - -- -.)
c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man.
(O boss -d -Eph-o?)
Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his
anger.
( \--. -----
She used to be beautiful
Himakar: You know our friend Bhaskar, don't

you? He works in a Call Centre there.
(F \ -. -\ Call
Centre E--h-o)
Dinakar: How is he? He used to be quite active
here
3. He used to be quite active here
'be' form + used +

it/ ...ing form (expressions,
5, 7 and 8 C)
\ _ -.
4. He used to get up quite late
-E.)(am used to - his anger)

d) Bhavan: His wife appears to be the nagging type.
u -.
C N--E -
any time past,
1) Past v p- o n-, J-T present or future -L-Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of
- v . Present, future h-C.
duty. He has to work late night shifts.
M. SURESAN
p .
(hC , used to +
It's troubling him a bit.
2) Used to y 'be' F, Ist Regular Doing
be/ 1st RDW - past
(--u- --- p o.
Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) F
J-N)
-vA ---x -E--- ---Eo --s-C
h. C last lesson --o. a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer?
---C)
Sx .
(N Delhi C?)
Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at
1) -p -E 5 V -C
Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to
( o? \ _
-)
Used to
night here. He used to get up quite

late here. what's the problem?
(\ p vA - \ - -E. u
Ev ?)
Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too
late, after 12 mid night, and so he
can get up only after 9 or 10 in the
morning. This is his problem. He
hopes he will be used to it in a course
of time
(F -\ K u.vA 12 y
duty Ev--, -x
9, 10 y Ev , D E
u. -v- --E
P-h-o)
Dinakar: Best of luck for him
We used to have school only for 5 days a

week.
2)
_-J h--.
He used to visit me frequently
3)
-o-p d--C
She never used to like him
4)
Eo-p-j sC d ?
Did I ever used to trouble you?
5)
\ --
He used to spend the whole of day being
here.
6)
-- -
C
She used to be beautiful

used to --o ?
conversation
expressions...
p j
-* B
-v-o: -C -- j- Pronunciation ---?

Bear, Owl, yacht, Menace, Cheer (v), Cheers (n), Cop, Cheerful (adj),
tyrant, martyr, Chaos, Career
.
-. -P-, --C-\
---: 1) Bear=-; 2) Owl= -(--), 3) yacht= 4) Menace=
('\ -) 5) Cheer=*; Cheers=*.(' size z)
6) Cop= (-- v Ap, ---d)
8) Cheerful='-*- '* \ -. 9) tyrant=j- ('j \
-) 1) 10) martyr= (' \---)11) Chaos=
(' \ -) 12) Career=J ('J\ -)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
(have been (be form) + used + to the heat

(noun)
(E-j a noun. E it /
that / this etc. N -a)
b) - night shifts (vA-- duties) -
He is used to night shifts.
c) v - h. --E
He used to be very helpful to me

6)
the heat for past three years.
( C. F -x
- f. p C
u ).
This kind of hard work is new to him, but

he will be used to the work in course of
time.
d) boss -- - -
He is used to the insults from his boss.
e) Pratap: How are you able to carry such a
load?
( -_o?)
Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we
(were we not) used to carrying
heavier loads of books at school?
( -v-o --C? School -
o -o h-
--- ?)
d be used to - , h
--. be used to y noun form (this
food, the heat, the insults etc) F, '... ing' form
F hC. be used to -s-Eo- d, present,
(-d - C u .)
Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that without it he feels he misses something.
( - -L-A od -- . - -
f)
(is used to -nagging)
Now practise the following:Sekhar:
y *o-p J--h--N ?
p- -----o?
Pramod: office join ---y
C . *o *o -
bike O x ---i---
x, T_C.
Sekhar: p slim N .
Pramod: N-i @N-E---- x
weight J-TC. E.
Sekhar: Bike urgent E -
.
Pramod: ---E . F v-Ao- L.
-C, V h --. , y Delhi
-o ?\ A F ?
Sekhar: u . ----f.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, K Sundays
busy -o?
Bharat: --? Busy life ---f. p E--- .
Dishyant: promotion h BJ
C ? p h?
Bharat: p E - -. j
p Eo V u. y E
---.
Dushyant: . Correct o t,
o . p
. business W 8 --
\ E--h.
iII
-- j---
Balaram: Hi Damodar, how's your new bike?

bike
Damodar: I have used it for just a few days. I
feel it is heavy for a man my size. So
I find it a bit difficult to handle it.
(
Size
handle
(F h
C?)
Cl--V-- -o
C EpEo.
u
hC. -E Eo
h d C)
Balaram: Could it be a wrong choice?

selection)
1) I will get used to

2) You will get used to handling it
3) He has got used to holding its weight
4) I got used to it
Lessons
be used to
be used to
be used to
noun
'...ing' form
1) She is used to the rudeness of her mother-inlaw.
--
-
.
y p
E,
F,
F h-E.
h-J ----E - -C.

(\ rudeness, noun)
(F (- jC
-?)
2) They are used to working for low wages.
-x---
\ @- E-- x---.
( hO . x- h --Lq-O )
113
b) Having been poor till now, he is yet to be

used/ yet to get used to/ yet to become used
to, the comforts of rich life
-- H-- --x, E @N
-- - ---/ N -E
h/ ---E N s-C o.
I got used to it
Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think I
will get used to it as days pass.
(p p-. V Dl
-------o)
3) This street boy is used

to the cold of the winter.
OC-- Q--
L------f-.
\-J, noun ,
is hC.
M. SURESAN
j conversation
get used to , -- be
used to n, --
. 'be used to' -s-Eo-d
j tense form get used to a:
Balaram: I think so too.
( --o)
Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel very
comfortable riding it. Only when I
have to stand it do I feel the weight
(- -j
C. Eo Stand Lq *a-p --E--hC).
But I enjoy the ride.
( EO --K -
C)
Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to handling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorter
than you and his bike heavier than
yours. I See him handling it with
ease. He has got used to holding its
weight.
( --. y y- E - -. b-
F d, bike F E . E Eo
handle h.
- f)
Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of my
cycle too, when I had my First Cycle,
I Was just 7 or 8 years old and the
cycle felt heavy , but I got used to it.
Cycle
Cycle
(
-
. J
op, x E-N-x p
Cycle --E-C. F -
f E -.
Balaram: I ride a bike well, but I have yet to get

used to the traffic of Hyderabad. I
think it will be a few more weeks
before I can drive comfortably in
such traffic.
Traffic drive
( j--
- -. Eo --E drive ----)
OK. I must be going. Bye

(Oh,
Bye)
Damodar: Bye
Conversations
Get used to
expressions
Lessons
be used to
E xL
o
-E-. --

-C-*
N- --o. -- Get
used to -E-:
Spoken English
- 16 -v--J 2006
a)
b)
O be used to, got used to, became used to

n, --. Sx v-...
1) be (get/ become) used to y noun F,
...ing form F h. Ist RDW . n
---, h----, sC ---.
2) be (get/ become) used to tense j
-a, , u J -Eo-d.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
Sneha: Hi
Maithri:
ivB, C \ h @N?
h E---. --j-C. d F friends --x
Sneha: J O A?
In the beginning I could not adjust to the
Maithri: - h -u C. -C
hostel food, but I got used to it as time went
marketing job ? \ market Bon/but I am now used to it
-o-- - ---. \
hostel food C , F V
market - Jh h.
--Cl --j--C; E Sneha: ? h time
d-a - --E.
----f.
Maithri:
Tx
L-x --O y-.
How long did it take for you to get used to
- Tx- - -.
the climate of Kashmir?
nE - u.
Qt ----E ------E- time Sneha: d--a.
dC F?
y -j C.
c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working for

long hours here unlike in his previous job
\ \-- E----E
--------, ----o job
.
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
get used to working in private organisations.
private
vy u--x E- x
nx E-E d
C.
j (b), (c), (d) x `be used to' -a.
b) How long did it take for you to get used to...?

= How long did take for you to be used to....?
c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working
= I think he hasn't been used to working
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
get used to working- People in government
jobs find it difficult to be used to working in...
become
be used to, get used to
used to
a) I've got used/ I've become used to/ I've been
used to this kind of treatment from the Boss
Boss
(treatment=
a.
Eo
ju,
n. \- n -Jo
, -N-, -- ,
y , \----- N:
N boss o (treat )
hO .
-- -u- -x ---..
ANSWER:
Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri?
Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more;
especially with friends like you around.
Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby?
Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has
some trouble. Hence a marketing job,
isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ He
has yet to get used to the trends of the
market here. The market here is
entirely/ completely/ totally new to him.
Sneha: Moreover the language here is different, so he may take (some) time to get
used to it.
Maithri: Where English is known/ Where people know English, he hasn't any problem. He is used to communicating in
English. The problem is with the local
language.
Sneha: At the most he may take a month to
get used to the circumstances/ situation here. That's all.
----- --u- ----:
a) Sekhar: You used to be good at

running/used to run well/used to be
a good runner when you were
young. Why aren't you able to walk
even a short distance?
Pramod: After I joined this office, I got a vehicle. I am used to going on the bike
even for short distances. So I walk
less now.
Sekhar: You used to be very slim.
Pramod: True. Because I am used to this kind
of life and my weight has increased
too/ has gone up too/ I have put on
weight.
Sekhar: Stop using the bike. Walk for things
not urgent.
Pramod: I don't feel like. But I must try. That's
nothing, of course. If I walk for 2 or 3
days, I will be used to walking you are
in Delhi now. Are you used to the food
there?
Sekhar: No problem. I am used to it. / I have
got used to it.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, you are busy on
Sundays too/ even on Sundays,
what's the matter?
Bharat:
What can I do. I am used to this
busy life. I feel bad/ out of sorts if I
don't have enough work.
Dushyant: If you get promotion, you will have a
lot of leisure. What will you do then?
Bharat:
I will be used to it then change a
problem for only a few days. After
that we are used to it.
Dushyant: Yes, that's right. My parents brought
up my brother in all comfort. But
look now. In his business, he now
works for more than eight hours.
-v-o: 1. Leave letter h-o-p, (Head mas- -v-o: Am, is, are + V3 = --
ter
address h
--- () - --s-Teachers) Kindly grant me,
- n --? -- -L?
E p, may I
-.-_-, --
request you E cor- ---: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle)
rect -, -.
combination o verb passive voice
C. n ' E hC.
2.Respected --T--a,
Yours sincerely / Yours 1) The poem is written by John = John
faithfully --C ---T--L?
poem --C -E n -L.
The poem has been written/ was written by
-G-.-vQ-E-, -y
John C - better form.
---: 1. correct. May I request you C
am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - C habith formal.
2. Respected Sir, correct . Sir, E ual action v L. -- action
-Ch . Respected sir j English , has been + pp/ was/ were + pp
. Leave letter - j C--J , time state --, -Eo d.
address --p yours faithfully, p-E-J. 2) He is gone - C He has gone
Yours sincerely J-.
n-. --- p-.
iII
-- j---
Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar?
Jagan: I see him the other day when he was

talking to someone.
( p --o, *-?)
Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home
from office.
office
(Eo.
hop)
Jagan: Do you meet frequently?
(O -?)
Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we
havent been seeing each other that
frequently. His writing stories for the
magazine keeps him busy.
( --x. u
- - . vA- busy )
Of late = lately = u = recently.
of late/ lately , late n
late = u
(--op- -J- x- Eo )
Mohan: He has a number of admirers.
(-E G--Ex C
o.)
admirers = G--Ex = fans.
Admire = J vA- a--
Jagan: He deserves
verbs
including habits, facts of science, universal
truths
1st column
verbs
I
RDW, II column
verbs
II Regular Doing
Words
( E |)
deserve = | LT
-x---
Mohan: He writes well. He

has written about
40 stories and
short stories so far.
2)
(p h- -,
---- )
(C-
p )
c) They have just gone out -
x p-h W \-?
---x -p- ---x.

IV He has been writing for
long.
have been + ing / has
present
been + ing.
perfect continuous tense
Do you meet him frequently?
( h. p
40 , -E- )
50- a -q
Jh h---.
Jagan: Has he been writing for long?
( h-o?)
Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18
itself. He had written for the school and
college magazines before he took to
serious writing
(18 x v-G---.
serious B-
school, college magazines )
Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all
his stories?
(Eo - --a --o ?)

Bringing out = v-J-, collection = (
N-)
Mohan: A publishing company will soon publish
it. It will be out this June, I think.
( v--- y- E
v-J-hC. June v-J-h--)
Jagan: My best wishes to him.

tenses
lesson
(C -
----
h, -E-)
J* Sx Sx
tenses revise
o ,
o \.
verb forms present simple/ present

indefinite tense .- verbs
column o verbs I, we, you and they
, column E verbs- sings, writes, etc
- he, she, it ---. Question , not
1st column verbs do hC. II
column verbs does hC.
p --o -
a) I am reading the paper - p
b) She is singing - p
c) They are walking - p
v-i
--o -
.
year and a half
---C-o
AP
E v L-hC.
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:

Prabha:
o disturb hC.
o-p disturb .
Prabha: -- ---x phone
C.
Subha: --- -.
Prabha: --E-. N p-
-Cx phone C.
Subha:
ANSWER:
Prabha: Sujana disturbs me often.

Subha: She never disturbs me.
Prabha: She has phoned four times so far
III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past participle/ has (for, he, she, it) present
perfect tense.
1) for past actions, time not stated
time
2) for action going on from then till now,
DE-E
( JT,
-D-E-E
Congress has been ruling AP for the past
h.
-C
Do you meet him frequently? verb - do meet. do meet

meet
meet,
meets,
sing
sings
write
writes
come
comes
watch
watches
smoke
He smokes (Habit)
4) The sun rises in the
east - universal truth.
Regular
Regular
actions
Doing Words
M. SURESAN
present simple
Tense.
5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy.
II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for
actions taking place now. This tense is present continuous tense.
tense
3)
a) I have read some of his novels,

Time
b) He has studied here for the past one year
When do they come here everyday?
Mohan: He will be completing his fiftieth novel

next year
just, just now
( -q- \ C-)
He comes here everyday.
114
3) for actions just completed.
v p- J -
.
1) -\- W h
Jagan: I have read some of his stories. They

are quite good.
(
Eo C.
o)
--E- 18 -v--J 2006
today.
Subha: She hasnt called me so far.
Prabha: She has bought a car. She has
phoned about it to me 10 times.
L-E -)
(p* p J-T -)
-v-o: Tx- Being, Been passive voice

N ----- ---. : C u--x
Eo ---E --T-* Been, Being
v J_ , -.
1. Being their faithful servant, finally he cheated them.
2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the
situation.
3. Being it is one of the finest products of Wipro, today it is
known to every customer/ consumer.
4. Being she was disgraceful in public by him, she has decided not to talk Ravi from now on.
class today.
6. Been our companion for 6 months, she is not coming to us
as she has became a famous TV anchor today.
7. Miss Savithri Been practising the violin since 6 months,
now she has improved.
Spoken English
v, u
--
corrections.
C p. n
. t--i --- x C p .
t--i servant p, Inspite of being
their faithful servant.... j- n hC.
2) Being she is very intelligent - C Wrong construction. Being
: i) a) Being o having been o n ,
verb group of words -. ( group is verb
x, ---x (, u having
C ) \ correctionbeen o-p). h been .
Being very intelligent, she succeeded....
b) being/ having been y verb o group of words .
3) \ , j sentence ,
i) Being : We dont like his being here
ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us.
( collector -uC )
sentences being p , Having been
E -hC ?
Being / Having been = o--x / x
a) Being weak, he is unable to walk
8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the
sentences-
1) Being their faithful servant, he cheated them -
--\ -d -. (being = )
5. Been/ Being beaten by his master Ravi didnot come to
meeting yesterday.
-- o--x, ------o.
b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk
-- o--x ----- ().
Being one of the finest products of Wipro, it is known today....

4) Being disgraced in public by him, she has decided not to talk
to him.
5) Having been beaten by his master, Ravi did not come to class
action past
having been
Being
today.
beaten
-\-
--d,
-.
6) \ , though / inspite of L.
-h-C.
Inspite of having been our companian for 6 months, she ....

today. (
been
7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,...
8) It being a hot / sunny day.....
-- -u- -x ---.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
II
Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your
class?
class
Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.
(O
y p -l--?)
(- 10 . h u
u)
Sravan: And when does the class begin?
(Class
- p v---C?)
Bhavan: Usually at 10.30.
(- 10.30 )
?)
(E.
d)
II (b)
The boys (they) are coming

Dn x
h-o E p --o action
--C.
Hemanth is playing cricket - Dx verb
is playing - is + ...ing p --o, E
p --o action --C.
d am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing - they talk
verb - are + coming - are + ...ing.
about actions going on now.
Sravan: Perhaps you donot have the class on

Sundays.
(Sunday classes
Bhavan: Thats true. The teacher does not hold
classes on Saturday either.
teacher
classes
Sravan: Does he teach only for five days a
week?
-- 20 -v--J 2006
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms of verb
- present continuous tense.

Are you coming? - verb, are coming -
h-o (p)?
E--
-x---
a) I am leaving for Guntur tomorrow
b) My sister is coming here next week

next week
time
is comfuture action
ing
c) My Parents (they) are starting for Kasi tomorrow
115
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
h-o.
(Tomorrow, future ( ----E)
--C ?)
E
p x,
--C.
When does the class begin?

(
-E 5 V
class
pC?)
Who is singing? - verb, is singing -
Am I talking toomuch - verb - am talking - am

+ ing -
Bhavan: Yes, we like it

that way too.
\ x---o (p)?
(
--)
, time
h.
Past action, time known ( JT
time W, -q,
Lh p actions) Past
doing word
a) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; --x No time mentioned)
b) He went out an hour ago ( E
time ho d - went - past doing word.
u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future
actions
( d)
M. SURESAN
Look at the following
sentences from the dialogue above.
1) When do you start for college?
2) When does the class begin?
3) You do not have classes on Sundays.
4) The teacher does not hold classes.
5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week?
lesson
I Regular Doing
Words (come, go, sing
I, we, you and
they
II Regular Doing Words
(comes, goes, sings
he, she, it
regular
actionsnot
question
I
Regular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDW
II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) does + Ist RDW
conversation
pick up
sentences
1) When do you start? - verb - do start
(Question
start (in a statement)
2) When does the class begin? - verb - does
begin (in a question) = begins (statement
3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb do have (not
have (not
4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb does hold (not
holds (not
5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - does
teach (question
teaches (statement
II Compare the following pairs of sentences:
(compare =
pairs =
I (a) I go to college at 10
b) I am going to college
II (a) The boys come here in the evenings
b) The boys are coming.
III (a) Hemanth plays cricket
b) Hemanth is playing

N,
N),
N,
N) J* --o. OE
v p- J - .
OE ,
--p
-C,
j
-C.
o :
d) =
a) I have bought the book

b) I bought it yesterday
time d have bought - have

+ PP. (b) yesterday E time ho,
d - bought - past doing word]
[ (a)
Past doing word - came, went, walked,

cooked, liked, loved
N not F, ques E did + 1st Regular Doing Word

- ?
tion
a) He came yesterday X He did not come yesterday (Not
-)
) =
d) =
a,
sentences
(I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, I
RDW and II RDW
regular
actions
I (b) verb - am going - am + ...ing college
action
? N
h.
C
ho, E p --o
--C.
Spoken English
C d
did come)
Question: Did he come yesterday? (Question-
) =
-o (p)?
did come)
E time p, are coming

---E n---C.
u Eo verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
form : N a) - -C* love, hate, like, dislike, feel N b)
mind -C-* know, understand,
remember, forget, think N; c) appear,
Tomorrow
future action
belong, comprise, contain, consist of, need,

am + ing/ is
seem
+ ing/ are + ing forms
N. Ox
.
u have + past participle/ has + participle

present perfect
formpast action, time not stated
a) They have seen the movie (verb - have seen
movie
- have + pp
DEo
DE -,
?
x
L )
p--C
They saw the movie yesterday

verb saw past
doing word.
simple past tense
(x Eo
uEo
)
---:
--, --
Oy u ---o L-?
p - E--.
-J x N F o
p V?
Suman: next monday -l---o.
Pavan: Eo h--L- a. E AJTa---o. o
--.
Suman: EFo-V ------.
Pavan: F ?
Suman: L- . p
o.
ANSWER
Pavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of
late?
Suman: I saw him about a week ago
Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day
about his going to the US
Suman: He is leaving next monday.
Pavan: He has given me some books. I want
to return them. He hasnt (has not) met
me for a week.
Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see
you today.
Pavan: How do you know?
Suman: I met him a week ago, didnt I? He told
me then.
game practice
Suneetha gave the book to me.
(F h *aC)
subjects, verbs
,
, dialogue form Eo
---- .
sentences
question
not
b) I saw him last night X I did not see him last

did see)
night (not
c) They bought a car a year ago X They did not
buy a car a year ago. (not
did
buy)
did + 1st RDW:
Questions
Did you see him last night?
Did they buy a car a year ago?
eg: a) They distribute sweets to children

b) Harish did not show his book to me
c) Does he tell his secrets to you?
Raghu: Has he written any letter to you?
Ramana: I wrote one to him yesterday.
Raghu: He made a call to me yesterday. He
gave his address to me. Do you want
it?
Ramana: Give it to me.
3) None of the sentences is correct. The correct

sentence is:
If you have two pens, please give me one/
please give one to me.
-v-o: O Nu-JnE-E.
u -----o. -d
English spell --E Pronunciation
Audio Casettes , Foreign Accent C* --- cassettes J* -L---. q i \x --?
.----J, --@-
---:
C d
C d
-v-o:
Where we have to use to

1. I) Naveen told Ramana. II) Naveen told to
Ramana. Which is correct ?
2. I) After the meeting, please come to me.
II) After the meeting, please come me.
3. I) If you have two pens please give me.
II) If you have two pens please give to me.
Which is correct?
Please tell me proper usage of to. Generally we use off as switch off, Turn off, power
off like that in order to stop some thing. In
your article you had told that how did the
marriage go off. Tell me the usage of off
also.
1) Naveen told Ramana is correct. Tell
is not followed by to.
2) Please come to me - is correct, come is
followed by to before a place/ person.
Pavan:
Suman:
Pavan:
The uses of to: It has a number of uses. We

use to before a place, a person, after a number of verbs. Please refer to the earlier lessons
of spoken English on prepositions, for the correct uses of to, off, etc.
How did the marriage go off? In this sentence
go off is a phrasal verb, and off is a part of it.
Go off- the set of words here, as a whole
means, take place.
1) Pronunciation Audio Casettes, CIEFL

(Central Institute of English and Foreign
Languages)
Casettes
book shops
BBC,
CNN TV Channels
Newscasts
2) Books
Oxford/ Langmans
Dictionary pronunciation follow
British/ AmericanPronunciation
x
. l
u
N.
N--E-h
O--- --.
h.
-- j---
II
Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have
bought a new bike.
bike
(y h
L-C)
o-E No/
Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yesterday. I took it to the temple yesterday, and had the pooja done.
(, o o. Eo
B-R} -)
Had the pooja done = - -
Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new
bike
ride =
bike, scooter
ride
-- 22 -v--J 2006
Ramesh: My brother hasnt seen my new bike

yet. He has been away in Chennai for
the past four days. We expect him
tomorrow.
brother
new bike
(

x. ---V- j o
o. -h----o.)
Dinesh: Have you shown it to our friend

Kapil?
(- -?)
Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday
itself. He liked the colour very much.
(-) yK,
- O x
(Eo -. -E
*aC).
Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me
have a ride on it.
a) I bought it the day before yesterday.
(o o d
bought - past doing
u have + pp/ has + pp

actions
versation
sentences
-- J-T

word)
b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the
a) I have used my bike for only two years
pooja done
(-x x * p-- bike . action from

then. p * p--- J-T E.)
Eo B-R}
-x---
116
(v . J o
--F Eo.)
Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (p-).
c) I called your home three times yesterday
O Eo -x
Phone
I havent had any trouble

Ramesh: Thank you. I have called your home
three times yesterday, but there was
no response. I wanted to show the
bike to you.
phone
bike
(O Eo -x
, E h-. F
-l----o.)
Response = p. Phone N -j
h - response
Dinesh: We were at my cousins to attend a

function
cousin
function
Ramesh: Any idea of buying a new bike?
bike
(y-o h
o?)
x)
-----
Dinesh: I have used my bike for only two

years. I havent had any trouble with
it, so I dont find a reason to change
it.
bike
trouble
(
x -E-p---.
y-.
-- C
a--E E---)
PRACTISE
Interviewer:
Candidate
Interviewer:
O Nu-|- N?
(uJn): B.Tech .
O B.Tech degree p B-o?
Candidate: B.Tech exam June 2004
. Result Aug 2004
*aC.
Interviewer: p--*
-- O-?
Candidate: software company
Programmer o.
Interviewer: p- O ox experience?
Candidate: -q--o.
Interviewer: , O- F ----o?
Candidate: O -F job - J
-- C.
Interviewer: Thats OK. O
certificates
a?
Candidate: a.
Interviewer: o -E-y.
Spoken English
Dinesh: Bye then, see

you
this
evening.
(, v
l).
lesson
have +
j -s-x time L-
actions d bought, took, called
doings words .
past
a) I have seen the movie; I saw it yesterday.
M. SURESAN
past participle/ has

+ past participle (PP)_
(DEo present perfect

) past action time not stated
. --
.
You have bought a new bike = y h
bike o. past, p--C
p . Verb: have bought = have +
PP D past action, time stated (
JT, p J-TD time L----)
p past indefinite / past simple tense
. Past doing word (came,
went, sang, danced verbs ).
-- E -- .
tense
THE
Past
FOLLOW-
ANSWER:
Interviewer: What are your qualifications?
Candidate: I have done B.Tech.
Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech
Degree?
Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June
2004. The result came in Aug
2004.
Interviewer: What have you done since
then?
Candidate: I have been a programmer in a
software company.
Interviewer: Howmany years of experience
have you had so far?
Candidate: About a year and a half.
Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to
change your company?
Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of
doing a job in your company.
Interviewer: Thats OK. Have you brought
your certificates?
Candidate: Yes, I have.
Interviewer: Let me see them.
p v-i p . j con.
b) I havent had (have not had) any trouble with

it so far
trouble
(Till now)
action
have + not + pp (havent had)
c) My brother hasnt seen my new bike yet.
(yet=
brother
bike
verb - has + not + seen)
d) Have you shown your bike to Kapil?
bike
Have
shown)
e) He has been away in Chennai for the past
four days
(E-x -p---
) \
p---
J-T
--
-.
(F
- (--
( V- V *
p--- j o o. has been
- be form - state of being -o
n)
doing word.
u So, have + pp/ has + pp- verb form C
b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished
-sx .
1) Past action, time not stated ( JT,
it an hour ago.
time pE E)
( time p, d have
finished. an hour ago, E 2) Action from then till now (p* p-- J-T E)
time ho, d finished.
c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- past participle)just, just now, p hhim last week.
- -a.
(\ have arrested (time not stated); a)
-p - x=
time p p C.
-x have seen (have + pp).
yesterday E p--x, saw - past
arrested (past doing word because time is

stated)
difference English very important. So

have + pp/ has + pp , Past doing
o careful h--d--L.
game
I know that he has gone.
He has just gone out

b) Train
The train has just arrived.
c)
They have just had their meals.
p *aC=
Rx-p -=
p O -LqC.
I know that he has gonesentence model
sentences
Model: sub + Vb + that clause
I Know that he has gone
examples:
She says that she knows Telugu.
He does (not) know that it is mine.
a) questions b) dialogues
practice
B-E Eo
Eo
x-E .
J-Eo
That he has gone= x-E
(that \ n = E.)
That he has passed = pass u
English that begin u x Ox

-a.
verb (6 forms of verb h-o ?)
a) Does she think that I am a fool?
Eo that clause .
Kumar: Do you know that Ganesh is here?
\ ... that he has gone- that begin u b)
Kesav: I dont. How do you Know that he is
x has gone verb C. d, C,
here.
that clause.
Kumar: Your sister has said that he is here.
-v-o: He is a student of learn well school E -O .

He is a student at learn well school E L . N-J---.
--, j---
---: A Student of, Student at- correct. A Student at Learn
well School formal. -u--J- student of a School/ College/
University \ - C.
-- j---
II
Gunavanth: Where have you been since the
morning?
--v 24 -v--J 2006
l. Let's go
.
Let E F
( * \--o?)
E n C.
Yashwanth: I have been working on the comLet him come = E F.
puter in the next room.
Let me go = o xF... .)
(\ C computer j \ j Conversation sentences :
-o.)
Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since
the morning.
(l * F x--E vAo-ho.)
Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell?
cell
phone
Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been
getting the response, 'switched off'
-?)
(Let us ring him up = phone
a) I have been working on the computer since

the morning.
b) I have been trying to get you since the morning.
-E- v-h, \
c) I have been getting the response...
3rd use- (Action
starting in the past and going on till now)
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
have been + ing/ has been + ing use- Action
e) I have been thinking of meeting him.
starting in the past and going on even now
( C. Eox
'switched off' -hC.)
-x---
Yashwanth: Well, what's so urgent?
(- -?)
L C ? C correct.
a) * p--- : have + PP /
117
has + PP
I have been enquiring

Gunavanth: Ravi is in town for some course in
software. He has been staying at
his cousin's for the past two days.
He wants to meet us.
software
course
cousin
(N x o.
. v-V- x
x h-o. -Lo-lJo -------o.)
Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meeting him. I want some books from
him.
( -E -------o. _-o* Eo
h- L.)
Gunavanth: Why do you need them?
(--N F--\-L?)
Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a special course in computers for the
past two weeks. The course has
almost come to an end. I've to
take an exam in it next week.
That's why I need them.
(F , -
computers special course
h-ox. C --C.
a K~. h-
L.)
Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted
to meet us
( - Lo
--------o-.)
Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book
shops here for the books. They
aren't available.
book
shops
(- h- E-\ Eo
--o. N -
.)
Gunavanth: Are you sure Ravi has them?
Yashwanth: I bought them here a year ago and

sent them to him.
(C E E -
.)
Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up
and ask him to see us.
phone
Spoken English
special
course
b)
in
have been + ...ing/
has been + ...ing.
computers.
a) Tendulkar has played cricket for since his
g) I have been enquir-
O-Eox
verb
have been + ... ing/

has been + ... ing form
M. SURESAN
p--- J-T action

-C. p- --,
N- E-x L-.
b) Tendulkar has been playing cricket since his
19th year.
\ verb, has been + ...ing 19

* - o-E. Continue C.
d 1) have + PP/ has + PP - p
ii) have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing -
( u N. o-p-,
usage Spoken/ Written form
O l -. \
p-Lq--p have been + ...ing/ has been +
...ing, better)
a) I have worked here for ten years now.
b) I have been working here for ten years now.
nineteenth year
ing.
(19 * p--- ).
--? --L-. sentence
v ----? D L-.
a), b)
n N.
vu.
b)
continuity
C .
Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form
verb
Present Perfect Continuous
Tense
C
-C.
I have been trying to get you since the morning.
l* F v-Ao-ho (Phone -).

sentence .
v-i, --- action
have been + ing -o. (l *,
).
O , I, we, you and they , have
been + ... ing , He, she, it has
been + ... ing . (This is for an action
starting in the past and continuing even now.)
The congress party has been ruling AP for
the year and a half (AP
past
E -q--o-
v-i
L-h-C. ---C-o ,
---C .)
j conversation * B sentences
Present Perfect Continuous - -E.
c) I have been getting the response...
(...
response

Govind:
y-\ ---o?
Nu -@
Govind: - ---o--\?
Krishna: -x
Govind: F marks o?
Krishna: Eo subjects 80] \
score h-o --. Maths
E 90] _-.
Govind: \
y O Lxv
-o?
Krishna: . -o* hostel o.
(Stay )
Govind: friend Ravi q
hostel -o. F
?
Krishna: . -- -
teacher _-J tuition -o.
Govind: --E ---E J--p
* h-o. o-p -?
Krishna: . y blocks .
Krishna:
ANSWER
Govind: Where are you studying?
Krishna: In Suvidya College
Govind: How long have you been studying
there?
Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two
years now.
Govind: How are your marks?
Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in
all subjects. In Maths, I haven't
scored less than 90% so far.
Govind: Do you live with your parents here?
Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been
staying in the hostel.
Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying
in the hostel for the past one year. Do
you now him?
Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been
going to the same teacher for tuition
Govind: I have been visiting him frequently
since he joined there. Haven't you
ever seen me? (ever Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.
p-j)
*, (lEo* ) hC.)
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.

cousin
Past
(x
x h-o
v-i, .)
e) I have been thinking of meeting him
(N _ N oE -*a-
?)
( -
---.)
f) I have been doing a
Have + PP/ has + PP
(-E --------o )
f) I have been enquiring
(N-Jh o p--... )
(-- lesson have + PP (Past Participle)/
has + PP use ? C E ?
1) Past action, time not stated.
2) Action just completed.
3) Action starting in the past and going on till
now.
-v-o: Pronunciation -C-* - p Tx- C--. a--- a u. Eo N

- -hC. -p Tx -C-* --F, u-x-F
-J v-- L-----.
.-.%-g, ---Lx
---: 1) h - j --p E pronunciation *-h o
. - lessons - N- \- C.
2) Spoken English -C-* CDs, Casettes l l bookshops -. Central Institute of English and Foreign
Languages (CIEFL) x Pronunciation Casettes, CDs -N--.
-- j---
II
Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new?
--C 26 -v--J 2006
Mayuri: You know what happened to me yesterday? I went home from Charitha,
( N-)
Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a
piece of good news. She told me she
had bought a new apartment.
(Eo J- --o. ---i N pC. h apartment

o-C.)
News - uncountable. A news .
News p singular . A good/
a bad news J-. Good news/ bad news
. a piece of good news/ a
piece of bad news -a.
Kasturi: That's good really.
and by then my husband had left for

office. He had not taken the lunch box.
He had forgotten it in his hurry.
(Eo J-T ? J
_-J-* --x. p-
Office Rx-. Lunch box B--x-. - -*--.)
Look at these sentences picked up from the
conversation above:
1) She told me
a) She told me she had bought a new apartment
Mayuri: She told me (that) she had got bank

loan for buying the apartment. The
bank released the loan three days ago.
b) She told me she had got a bank loan
( x --E bank *a-E

pC. v-V N-
.)
-x---
Kasturi: Where are you coming from now?
There are two past actions in sentence (a):
118
Had + PP is always used

for the earlier of two past actions-
---oC:
( pC)
2) That she had bought an apartment (apartment
o-E).
past actions. ,
(o-E) p y J-. JT action had bought (had + PP form)
-E-.
had + PP form, past actions
J-T past action .
J-T x, /
J E had + PP .
a) The teacher knew that he had not done the
home work
home work --E teacher L-C.

(--- earlier/ first past action)
b) Where had you worked before you joined
here?
(y p \* h-o?)
Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to
Tirupati. But by the time I reached the
reservation counter, they had closed. I
was late by only five minutes.
A--A tickets reserve --E station x. E x--J,

reservation counter -. 5 EN -u x.
Kasturi: Why didn't you start early enough?
( -l--?)
Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally
went there it was 2 o' clock. You know
that on sundays reservation closes by
2.30. I started on my scooter, but on
the way I found it had run out of petrol.
I had it filled and then went to the station. That delayed me.
-C. y -l---J
j jC. F --. C--,
Reservations 2.30 d-h-E. Scooter
O -l. J x petrol --E . Petrol * x--J
u --C.
Run
out
of
(petrol/
money
etc.)
--.Have it filled = -, \
Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yesterday. The train had left before I
reached the station. So I called my
office and told them I was not coming.
My delay was due to traffic jam.
(--E-o - J-TC. station - train Rx--C.

office Phone ---E
p. traffic jam x u
C.)
-v-o: 5-15 -q- -qo x-

Spoken English d C- areas focus
L. E -C-*
Books,
Cassettes,
C.D.s
\ --?
.-.-.-V, j-y-
---: NCERT x- (Central schools/ central syllabus follow schools
) books - ---. 5 15
x- x concentrate -Lq
areas: spellings, sentence structures,
Conversational Skills.
NCERT books
Fo
--.
Spoken English
I had had some work

c) By the time I reached the reservation counter they had closed.
sentence (b)
(\ - O-\ E--.)
\ past - - - -A
--d had worked)
She told me
d) I had had some work and when I finally...
(that) she had got a
e) I found it had run out of petrol.
bank loan - loan
c) I had not known him till you introduced him to

me.
h) ... he had not taken the lunch box
*aE pC. loan

J past action
d had got.
i) He had forgotten it.
Sentence c) By the time I reached the reser-
In all the sentences above look at the verbs:
vation counter, they had closed. ( --p x -). - d
1) He gave me yesterday what I asked for
had closed.
2) He gave me yesterday what I had asked for.
f) The train had left before I reached the station.

g) ... by then my husband had left for office
a) had bought (had + Past participle (PP) of

buy)
b) had got (had + PP of get)
M. SURESAN
d) I had had some work and when I finally went
c) had closed (had+ PP of close)
there it was 2 o' clock.
d) had had (had + PP of have)
\ E C , x y
d had had (had + PP)
e) had run (had + PP of run)

f) had left (had + PP of leave)
e) I found it had run out of petrol
Petrol - (J action)
d had run (had + PP)
f) platform -J train R}--C.
i) had forgotten (had + PP)
C , d had left (had + PP)
j verb form -E- : had + Past
g)
'E---}--J,
Participle (had + PP)-verb- form
Rx--. (Had left- C )
C past perfect tense -C. p DE
- l.
h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box
B\-x- C d had (not)
a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought
g) had left ( had + PP of leave )
h) had (not) taken (had + PP)
a new apartment
h apartment o-E pC Eo.

v-h -E-:
Angad: Hi Vaali.
Chennai x-E y
Eo l p?
(l lie )
Vaali: . l p-. -E p. F x---y
x--E L-C. programme a-oE p.
Angad: x-E -o. -E
h y ya -o.
h y--E O p-f.
Vaali: I am sorry. -F Programme
a-o N h---o. d
F Phone .
Angad: x-E .
taken
i) He had forgotten action
C J
past
Angad:
Vaali:
Sentence 1
n: --TC a. \
--, y ,
-J J-T-x n hC. Eo.
Sentence 2 n: - - -TC
Eo a. (y- Eo, -
-p)
Sentence (1) , (2)
-E . D had + PP -.
J-Eo examples .
a) He had not slept for two days. When I know
that I felt pity for him
V- Ev--. C L-
L--f.
b) Who had opened this before I saw it?
- J- DEo?
had forgotten - had + PP

Vaali:
O J- -- L-.
C
LT,
--
J .
In English, had + PP is very important.
confusion
communication
Look at the following.
x-?
wait ho Phone call -.
OK. -xL. h.
Angad: I thought that he had gone. So I

thought I could give him the book later.
He was/ felt angry that I had not
returned his book.
Vaali:
Angad: Bye.
ANSWER
Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he
had left for Chennai yesterday?
Vaali:
I am sorry. I thought he would tell you

about his change of programme.
Because I had thought so, I didn't call
you (So -
Angad: I had known that he would not go.

Vaali:
No. I didn't lie. He had told me that he
Why didn't he go? (Why did he not

go?)
only after I had talked to you. He told
Angad: He didn't get the phone call he had

waited for.
me that he had changed his pro-
Vaali:
gramme.
Angad: Bye.
would go. I knew that he had not gone
OK. I must be going. Bye.
-- j---
II
Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've
bought? Where did you buy it and
how much did it cost you?
(s --- -C - F v
\o? ?)
Aiswarya:
Thank you for the compliment. I

bought it at Vastraloka for Rs.
3000/-
(-uq -- -- ----
d Y- o.)
Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one
like it.
(*a- hC. \
-C ---E -hC.)
I wish I had one like that. xop BE J . She wishes
-- 28 -v--J 2006
verbs sentenceses
1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime.
I had the opportunity yesterday.
2) She had been working as a teacher when
she got married.
3) We had been studying in the same college
until we completed the degree.
4) She had been staying with us until she got
the job.
Last two lessons
had + past participle
( past perfect tense ) uses
(x / x-u--p- --
Eh C.) \- verb had been+ing.
(a) J-T x , C
Had Past participle is used for the earlier of
y, ? - (had + pp)
two past actions.
( J-T x, o-p (b) E v-i E
continue uC d had been + ing.
--o !
Let us recall it once again.
a) He had been driving at 100 kmph when he

hit a lorry.
100
she had a car

(
- -C.)
\ had, past --p- p J -C.
-x---
119
( KE -d-p-
vj- h-o.)
-.-O. -
b) The British had been ruling India for over
Aiswarya: Time you bought one, Soundarya.
(p- -LqC y)
\ bought - past form
Time you bought = p E -LqC.
Time you learnt manners .
manners
manners
(y
a--L)
( F
L-;
p a---LqC.)
had + PP form
Aiswarya: Yesterday. I had been thinking of

buying it for a long time. I had the
opportunity yesterday when dad
gave me the money. I got it for my
birthday the day after tomorrow.
Soundarya: Who is the other dress for?
( v -J?)
-.)
e.g.
a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.
(x -v- Rx---E --f)

b) She had worked as a teacher before she got
married.
(Rx -- E C)
c) We know that he had passed.
(
Had + PP
had been + ing
Past
Perfect Continuous tense)
continue
had been + ing form
- u-E L-C)
O
---E ---. p
---E
(
(C ->- ---u. -
- l.
C - y---o.)
J-T --x vSoundarya: Has she returned from the states?
i E J
( d-q * AJ--*a?)
p N-Eo
Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend.
h.
(. -)
Compare the following sentences.
Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I
am going to present it to her.
Soundarya: Wasn't she a teacher here?
(\ -- C ?)
Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a
teacher when she got married. She
then joined her husband in the
U.S.
(x-u-p- \ - E
h-C. y x- _-
Rx--C.)
Soundarya: We had been studying in the same
college until we completed the
degree. Later she took a job and I
went for M.Sc.
( l --vU -Jh u--

-- ---x. y
u- JC. ... Rx--.
Aiswarya: She had been staying with us until,
she got the job. Her father who had
been working else where, had a
transfer here, and she went back
home.
(
--u a _ C.
-- -\ E ho
x o -\- v-q u-J Rx- Rx--C.)
Soundarya: She is quite nice.
(-- * t)
j -- had been combinations -
Spoken English
a) had been walking... felt the pain.

b) hadn't been having any pain till this morning.
a)
b)
had been + ing
p L-T-- h o.
l- -- p -.
p vd
We had been studying...
Soundarya: When did you buy it?
(p o?)
(. -p O- --v- a.
vV y T_--C. p-* V u
)
\ ....
two centuries until it

became independent in
1947
(1947
yvu
-- -vG--x
- -l- -* L-h-o.)
\-
b) She had been working as a teacher untilwhen she got married.
M. SURESAN
Doctor: What's your complaint?

Subash: I have a pain in the side, doctor. I
have had the pain since this morning. I had been taking my morning
walk when I suddenly felt it.
(l * \ p C.
l -h-o-p p --*aC)
Doctor:
a) She had worked as a teacher before she got

married.
(Rx -- E C.)
verb- had + PP
-i two actions first action, 2nd action

continue Eo had been + ing
.
C 'be' form . ( E
J o N-Eo -\--)
Subash:
I remember that you came to me last

month with a similar complaint.
a) He had been here till his father called him.
(x o L -E-\ o.)
( had been - , y his father
called- -)
b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until
he took over as President
(
-Z-A u y-J - p
j-d (o)
c) I thought till this morning that he had been

here.
(l -E-\ o-E -o)

had been, had been + ing -Lq B. D
(O - x-- *a
, English time of action, time

d h)
of state of being d verb forms
Yes, doctor. You gave me some
*a --. correct
tablets and I felt all right after two
verb forms -- -n-, -A- Jdays. Since then I hadn't been having
Bh.
any problem till this morning.
-- , ---iC Eo , \- PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING

-o? h-o?
Tarun: Best of Luck.
Varun: vh --- o. -Answers
- a-p- j---
Tarun:
Hi
Varun,
long since I saw you. Where
E--ho.
are
you
and
what are you?
Tarun: --- -- j--- Varun:
I
am
at
present
in Mumbai. I had been
E--.
working
in
Hyderabad
when I got the
Varun: v-v- E- h -
opportunity
in
Mumbai.
.
Tarun: How long had you been working in
Tarun: j--- -\ o ?
Hyderabad when you got the opportuVarun: . j o o 6 .
nity in Mumbai?
Tarun: p--\-?
Varun:
I had been working as a programmer
Varun: -v--, ( - -)
when I got the opportunity.
x, -v- a. x-----p- -v- Tarun: Hadn't you (had you not) been some
where before you were in Hyderabad?
- ---- *aC. _
L j---- -d- -F Varun: Yes. In Chennai for six months.
Tarun: Where now?
d--E.
Varun: When I was talking to my friend, I think
Tarun: C. p v-G-h-o.
it was last month, his friend came. As
Varun: x.
Tarun:
friend got an idea that we start a software company in Hyderabad.

Tarun: It's good. When are you starting it?
Varun: In two or three months.
Tarun: Best of luck.
game
sentence
sentences
Not
Question
Dialogue form
. C
Oj-Eo
. G_- ,
,
,
.
They laughed at
him \ .
sub
verb Preposition Noun or pronoun
a) She looked at me.
b) They did not come for him
c) Why do you stare at her?
(Starea) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so
often)
Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately
Prem: You wait for a few minutes.
Karim: I have waited for half an hour already
E )
we had been talking for an hour, this
-- j---
II
Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting
for Bangalore?
(p -l---o?)
Pramod: It's for him and for his dad to settle.

Meet you at the station tomorrow.
Bye.
Prasanth: Tomorrow by the evening train.It

arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10
(v Train. C-\- J--*a, 6.10 -l--C.)

Pramod: I'll be at the station even before 6 to
see you off.
(F O\-L-y--E J-
station )
See off= O\-L-y
Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you.
( C. . -j-
*-F, L-TCF
h, that's (that is) good of you,
That's Kind of you . good/
Kind very a-a)
Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is
there too. He is into software.
( v N \
o. d- (uq) o. 'into' u
n \ --o.
He was into business for some time
- u- o/
u )
(C , x o a---Lq
N. Eo station h.
h-J)
Prasanth: Bye.
Conversation
expressions.
look at the following
1) starting for Bangalore
At home, at college, at school, at that place,

at the village, at 6.00 pm, at 12 noon, at a
stage/ a certain stage/ at that stage, (stage =
2) by the evening train
13) Outside the family circle

14) The reason for
b) Goods arrived by lorry =
4) before six
5) good of you
6) into software
7) close to
8) talked to him over phone
9) the day before sivarathri
10) his father is angry with him at his postponing his marriage.
11) differs with his father over who he should
marry.
12) Particular about
to his. I talked to him over phone this

morning, He said he would be at the
station to receive me' (Bangalore
office _. --
V Phone x-.
station ho.)
Pramod: He was here the day before
sivarathri it seems his father is angry
with him at his postponing his marriage.
(o P-vA -V \-o. Rx-- h-o-E

x o o-dC)
It seems- E--/ E--
x K a.
c) He travelled by train =
Train
Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over,
with, about, outside etc. are prepositions.
v .
5) Top E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) - on.
prepositions J* lessons
--o.
a) He goes to college on bike.
Prasanth: He differs with his father over who

he should marry. His father insists
that he marry his uncle's daughter.
He is particular about marrying a girl
outside the family circle. That's the
reason for his coming rarely.
(-, x o, JE Rx
--- N G-v----o. x -o u
-JE Rx ---E d---o. _ d---x--JE
--E d-- o. -\-
)
Spoken English
The correct use of prepositions is just a matter of practice.
Sobha: Yesterday, by the morning train.

Subha: While going you went by car. I thought
you would return by car again.
Sobha: The car was under repair. I came back
because I had to come back urgently.
Subha: I am very angry with you
Sobha: What for?
Subha: You have been at home and haven't
called me even once.
Sobha: By the time I came back, the house
was dirty. I was busy cleaning it. Sorry.
b) She moves about on a scooter -
scooter
O AC.
c) Travel was on horseback in the olden days =

6)
Vx v- v O.
x = go to a place;
-- -l- = leave for a place,
depart for a place; be bound for a place.
a) He is going to Delhi tonight.

b) She has left for Kolkata
c) This train is bound for Chennai
(j o -C)
d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow.
7) J, N = for
x--oDl, --oDl a) This book is for Ramesh =
prepositions ----. ---
h .
- : O . b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you =
\ 'O L
O E trouble B---o.
vo -- . ~,
. English preposition 8) a) Angry with = uh O
b) Angry at/about = N--E .
. preposition, y
i)
My
father is angry with me = O .
preposition C h
*. - y preposition ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks.
h n J--C. -E (*a \ \- - C)
prepositions N- vh -. 9) Particular about = N d--
Eox confusion . h-.
--Lq N: -, English ,
Many members of TRS are particular about
--.
KCR's resignation =
Eg: To Mumbai = j
KCR @- N C TRS
1) -, v-, time ,
u d----o.
n a preposition, at.
N C---p -Eh -.
English
ANSWER
Subha: Hi Sobha, when did you come back?
15) It's for him and for his dad to settle.
-u prepositions -, h-,
- x
n, nA, time, lA
L-- E
--C-- lessons
. \-J M. SURESAN
y prepositions h.
u-i N. preposition \
- rule -O. x-, - x
----C.
Subha:
By the evening train

Prasanth: Yea. My office in Bangalore is close
, Vizag * p
AJ--a-?
Sobha:
Eo, l- train
at the theatre, at the station etc.
Subha:
-x-p car --}--, x h2) to = , -J, j - to

--o.
Hyderabad, to Vijayawada, to Tirupathi to my
Sobha: Car repair C. E-\-
father, to the CM, etc.
Lq a-.
3) J*, v* = from. from
Subha:
F
O C.
Hyderabad, order from the CM, etc.
4) By- p o --- - by bus, by car, Sobha: ?
by train, by ship, by lorry, etc - Dn - Subha: Eo* x \-J
phone --
x E.
Sobha: a--J x J. x
a) I go to school by bus =
clean h busy -o. Sorry.
School bus h.
3) arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10
16) At the station
-x--- 120
2 --Ja 2006
vo: Spoken
English, Grammar a---E -, \ h

N- p--.
>. -, -
---: O oC *o x---x
O English a -- \
\--. *o x--x--*
a-x vt- English
x------o, O x-- j serious practice h.
- N- spoken English
books Rapidex, English in 30
days h- . -x
English news paper - v-G. n --, interest
o -- -. * dictionary (English to Telugu) _ E j O n - -. *o *o story books, *o
classes English nondetailed books
TV
English news
English
Spoken English
practice
-. n --
N-. O *-N
L- x -.
h
O
-
x O
Vx - EhC.
-- j---
II
Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect
Malini?
(LE *a- p h----o?)

expect = qpd 'qp \ - =
P-/ ---/ --
Salini: At 11.30. I am sure she will be here
atleast by 12.30
(11.30
. F 12.30 x \--E *a- --o)

sure = u = *a-
I a) at 11.30
II a) by 12.30
b) at the age of 22
b) by then
c) at breakfast
c) by chance
d) at a distance of
d) by your watch
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH
e) fast by/ slow by 5 min.
f) good at calculations f) by 11.45
---E
prepositions:
a) from the US
b) leave for
c) age of
d) in a short time
I) At
\--\ .
Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When
a) at 11.30. *a- time n
did she actually leave for the states?
at .
( US * AJ--h--o-.
i) I show 6.15 ---C.
--p--RxC -J-?)
Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two
years ago. By then she had completed
her software training here.
( 22 x-p, x . p- \ software training Jh-C).

Yamini: I was at breakfast when you called to
tell me that she wanted to see me. I am
surprised that Malini still remembers
me and told you to phone me.
( o ----o N
p--E F --p
v-d h-o. LE p- o
h--d--o-, -E
F p-- a-u C)
--E 4 --Ja 2006
The first show begins at 6.15
ii)
classes 4.30
time
Vx 700 ix
v --.
Planes today can travel/ fly at more than
700 miles per hour.
good at/ clever at/ bright at Maths
A L-
ii) English
I did not know this at that time.

iv)
iii)
At what time do you expect him?
( \
At what time
--=
poor at/ bad at English
p h-----o?
a-- -u/ E-=

slow at learning-
when,
ii)
iv)
better)
y a--=
-o \x 10 - h=
Our next building is taller than ours by 10 feet.

iii)
E DE 10 -=
This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is
costlier than that by Rs 10/-)
f) Good at calculations
\ L
i) Maths ---=
Our classes end/ close at 4.30

iii)
ii) Planes
iv) He is taller than his brother by 4 cms

brother o 4 cms .
--. p
1) From: -D-E-E '* n .
at, by
Kumar: Srikanth is coming from Chennai today

Kesav: How do you know?
(F )
Kumar: I had it from his brother. ( h
brother * L-C)
Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from
Nellore.
quick at learning.
II) Now let us look at by
(F , X, l x
x). \ From J C
n .
-x--- 121
Sankar: Where are you from? (O ?)
Sukumar: I am from Vizag (C Vizag)
\ Sentence from n . O
? E n= n- Where do you
come from? O-\-o* ho E , O- E. I come from
Hyderabad C Hyderabad E.
( -s-Eo-d \-J O-\-o*
h vA W -, where do you
b) at the age of
come from? -a. Where are you comi) 6.30 x \ =
-J -ing from v, O p \-o*
I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at
p
h-o? E.)
6.30= 6.30 correct, by 6.30= 6.30
i) Children in India are
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
F, -----F)
put to school at the
ii) 20 x Tendulkar tests v-G- Sasikanth: y-p---N-\?
age of 3.
Ravikanth: 9.30 x \--. x correct
=
- xLo M. SURESAN
8.45 -l--.
Tendulkar began playing tests by his twen School
Sasikanth:
8.45
breakfast .
tieth year
-.
Ravikanth:
time
o, breakfast
iii) 2003 ~-C-J --=
ii) - 11 Chess grand master
Jh
h.
He became a lakhier by 2003.
u
Sasikanth: h y?
b) By then= p-
He became a Chess grand master even at
Ravikanth: Bus, Office 10 .O
i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match
the age of 11/ even at 11
. -E 45E. - -lhad begun=
.
c) at break fast = breakfast h-o-p.
-\- 11.30 x. p- match Sasikanth: bike h. Traffic jam at lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... v--iC.
x E.
40-50 kmph h E-\ii)
x--J Eo x B--}=
correct 9.30 -.
i) x -h-o-p jokes --o.
By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: Eo -- X L-.
They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ din lift a. --o 10
him away.
ner etc...
EN -o.
c) By chance= --= by accident.
ii) o h-o-p phone TC.
Sasikanth:
X
drive h.
i) -- -o= We met
He heard the phone ringing when he was
a) By 12.30= 12.30
x= 12.30 -=
12.30 F, ----E. C time
, date , month year time
Jh-hC.
I will be there by 6.30

Salini: She is that type. She never loses
friendship.
(.
friendship
--).
Yamini: We met only once, that too by chance,

a year ago. After that we have met just
once or twice. Good of her to remember me.
(p -q -- -o --J. y
--x- \ ---. E
* o -----)
Salini: What's the time by your watch?
( watch time
?)
Yamini: It is 11.15
Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by
five minutes or your watch is slow by 5
minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be
here in a short time.
( watch 11.20 -hC. watch 5

EN- j -h-L, F
watch 5 EN- -u -h-L.
---. Cl--x E-\--C.)
Yamini: How is she coming?
Salini: She is driving. When she last called
me she was at a distance of 80 Kms.
Suppose she is driving at 50 to 60
KMPH, she will be here by 11.45 at the
most.
( Car hC. Phone

--p 80 Kms C.
50/ 60 Km
h--.
11.45x \ C.)
Yamini: You are good at calculations.
last lesson prepositions discuss

(Ja-) . Let's (let us) know
something more. (J- --).
j Conversation We have used the two
prepositions 'at' and 'by'. Let's look where we
have used them:
Spoken English
by chance/ by accident (accidentally).
at bath.
- at that height = h E
.
d) at a distance of = ...
i) N-- j-- 300 Km
C
Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from
Hyderabad.
ii)
--x -E-\-
Being at such a distance (= so far off) he

cannot come here frequently.
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH
50/ 60 Km
at
. , EN--E p-p .
i) 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second
1230 - = at 1230 feet per
second etc.
by mistake=
--.
ii) By mistake I posted the letter to him

instead of to his sister=
-- x x-L , h
post .
iii) - x C =
He did it by mistake.
d) By your watch=
watch
v.
i) watch time 8 C.
It's 8 by my watch.
ii)
watch
time
?=
What's the time by your watch?

e) Fast/ slow by=
---x by '
N-Eo --C.
i) o o x l=
My brother is my elder by two years.
ANSWER
Sasikanth: When/ At what time are you here

usually?
Ravikanth: By 9.30. I start at home at 8.45
Sasikanth: I am at breakfast at 8.45
Ravikanth: By then I finish my both, breakfast,
etc.
Sasikanth: How do you come?
Ravikanth: By bus. My home is at a distance of
10 km from office. So I start 45 minutes earlier.
Sasikanth: I come on bike. If there is no traffic
jam, I reach here exactly at 9.30,
driving at 40 to 50 kmph.
Ravikanth: I met Srikanth by chance yesterday. He gave me a lift on his bike.
So I was here earlier than usual by
10 minutes.
Sasikanth: He is good at driving.
-- j---
II
Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very
happy today.
a) India became independent on the 15th

August 1947.
( V y - E-h-o)
b) The college closed preparation holidays on

the 2nd March.
Manikanth: You are right. Dad called home this

morning. He is coming on the 10th,
that is, the day after tomorrow.
c) India became a republic on Jan 26th 1950.

Sentence
date
month
(January)
Vighnesh: So he will be here on saturday.

That's good. Will he go back to the
states again?
Raghu: He came here in February.
-- 6 --Ja 2006
p--p
p y C p .
(l o . on Jan 26th o. Months (),
x 10 C h-o) -q- (years) in.
( E- \- h--o-.
Sx states h?)
Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a
month. He has to be back there in
April.
(. y Rx--.
v- \ L.)
Vighnesh: Will he settle down there?
a) Ramu:
When did Saran come here?

(February
[every October / November
a)
Ramu: When is he going to complete his

research project?
Manikanth: No, but he will be there for quite a

longtime.
(Gf
( -Ka -v-d- p Jh
---o?)
( -q--E---, 2007)
Ramu: When did he begin it?
b) There are only 28 days in February, except
once in four years.
( -O -yu --Ja 18- -C. -J--E E--Kq-

.G.. *aC. q - 7-
v-C. -v
-_ - -.)
February
(--x -J p
.)
Look at the following expressions from the

conversation at the beginning of this lesson:
a) This morning
b) on the 10th c) on saturday
d) in a month e) for quite a longtime
f) on the 4th of April g) on the 10th of April h)
on 18th March /the 7 th May i) in the 4th week
j) during your stay Days (sunday, monday,etc.)
on
dates (the 10th, the 18th April)
months and
years
in
,
-Eo -E* .
hC ?
Spoken English
dC
DE n time * E.
- time *, - V *,
E /-q / *
- since .
- in August)
C { f.)
in .
Last year
28 V
( -q *aC.)
That year in )
c) He will return next year
x-x----- 122
--
i) India has been independent since 1947

(1947
( a -q AJ--h)
in )
next year
d) He goes to Ooty every year
*)
ii) I have not met him since last January
January
* -Eo q--)
Compare the following:

a) India has been a republic since 1950.
b) India has been a republic for the past/ for the
last 55 years.
a)
1950 * Republic C o.
since, point of time - -o.
b) 55 x (Period of time) E uC
d for -o.
a) He has not seen a movie since January
b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the
last two months.
During the training period...

c) There are 12 months
in a year. (
(vA -q -- -)
in .
This week, that week, next week,
every week, last week in . (Week
p in)
-q-
12 --)
(Every year
d) He was born on 10th

September 1984.
10th September
d.)
(
1984
Imp...
a) I saw him here three times last week
M. SURESAN
i) On before dates and days;
--D- -p
'the'
( -Eo\ -x )
(Last week in )
For
L.
On the 10th June; on the 15th of August, etc.
c) Salaries are paid on the first of every

month. [on the first on]
-E-
-... (for - E.)
January
Dheeraj:
Neeraj:
Dheeraj:
-\ o.)
3. a) Deepavali comes in October or November.

October
November
month
in
Dheeraj:
Eo F
iii) Any degree course is for three years
( degree Course -x-

C.)
-u-C (Period of time) for .
a) He has been here for the past two days
b)
Neeraj:
Fo-o l-----E ----o?

y July d,
September d --d.
F -- --l school June 12
.
E-l --o . F date of birth \
. p L-C.
12 d V y p
. 2002 * d V--p
h-o . J .
J -. x
V- \u --hC. Sx a --
-.
ANSWERS
(v-V- -E-\ -o)

b) The train stops here only for 5 minutes
( j \ 5 EN- v -C.
(y o )
uC n a-d during .
f) During your stay =
i) During his visit here, he did not meet me
(- -- u--- o q--.)
ii) During the training period, you do not get
any salary
(P~ F @ )
(vA C @ Lx-h)
\ every 1st d on .
Neeraj:
ii) (I waited for two hours for you yesterday.)
Now practise the following
i) (He was here for a week.)
d) Salaries are paid every 1st.

iii) During the show there was some disturbance
( v-z
time
- L-TC.)
F
-Eo
iv) During his tenure as President, he visited

many foreign countries.
b) Deepavali comes every October/November.
(u-~- -O-- N
. Tenure - u = -O -)
(D-R
F
hC). \
-E-.
a)
e) For quite a long time:
in before months and years.
dates, days, months, years

Next (a), last (), every (vA) this
Manikanth: Best of luck for you. During your
(), that () E-h p dates and days
stay there you can meet dad. He
on F, months and years
will be happy to be of help to you.
in F .
(Best of luck)
1. a) He will be here on Sunday. ( C-
(y-\ o- o Jo
\ .) Sunday on -Eo
---a. F -
-E-)
h.
b) He will be here next Sunday (a (next)
Vighnesh: Thank you. As soon as I go there, I
Sunday -\ - next Sunday
shall get in touch with him.
d on ]
(u. \- x- - 2. a) I met him on the 26th Feb.
touch .)
( o v-J 26 --o). C
At, by time -C-* prepositions.
On -Eo -E-.
in, on, during, for, from, to/till, since b) I met him last 26th. ( 26 q-o)
time --E -C-* preps.
last x 'on' )
(prepositions)
August 2005
b) There was an earthquake that year
(O- _---p h?)
Vighnesh: I have my visa interview on 18th

March. I have got admission into
MBA in one of the universities in
the US. The course will begin on
the 7th May. I propose to leave in
the 4th week of April.
Since =
a) We had heavy rains last year
Vighnesh: When will you people join him?
( \ Rx v 4 E p
. Rx-- \ d- >F. 10 Rx--C. -y- -V- --o --h.,
t a -q h y h.)
( August dClast C d in
)
Last year, next year, that year, this
year, every year in
Raghu: I think in another year; that is in 2007.
(. -o-x-- \ )
Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting
married on the 4th of April. The
bridegroom is a software engineer
there. So she will be leaving on the
10th or so of April. Dad will leave a
week after that.Mother and I will
join him next year, after I finish my
studies.
on
d) The child was born last August
Raghu: In 2005
(\ n?)
c) The child was born in August 2005.
Dheeraj: Why do you think I am older than

you?
Neeraj: You were born in July and I was born
in September.
Dheeraj: But we joined school on 12th June.
Neeraj: Till last week I had thought we were
the same age. I then saw your date of
birth some where I knew it then.
Dheeraj: My birth day is on the 12th this
month. Do attend it. You have been
attending (coming for) my birth day
since 2002. Don't fail this time.
Neeraj: I'm afraid I may not come/ I doubt if I
can come - My sister has been waiting for me for the past four days at my
village. I can come back only next
Monday.
-- j---
II
Viswanath: When does the temple near your
place open?
(O _ temple p -h?)
Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?
-- 8 --Ja 2006
Viswanath: A few days ago our friend Trinath

met me. You know he had been
away for long. He said he would
meet me the next evening, but he
did not come.
(lo, -v?)
( v vA, ClV
---o. -V ----o. E .
* \ .)
Viswanath: In the morning.
(lo)
Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and
closes at 12 noon.
Lokanath: Trinath is unreliable.

iv) She is at leisure in the evenings
(l 5 - -h. uo
12 h.)
Viswanath: In the evening?
(vA E-- .
Unreliable = ------E)
Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.
(*C. Sx --.)
(v?)
Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the
evening till 8 in the evening.
(v * 8 J
C.)
Lokanath: Bye.
time -C-* prepositions

Ja-ho Eo lessons *. This les-
The Sun is exactly above our heads at noon.
son too deals with prepositions of time.

ii)
Viswanath: I thought it opened from three in

the afternoon.
Ramana: Well, let me see; that is the 4th Feb,
-x--- 123
of the 4th Feb I left for Guntur. So I

didn't take the walk that morning.
(... V D . d.
C
x.)
Bhanu: When did you return?
uo o-- - x
He went out at 12 noon/at noon.

c) In the night or at night -
(uo * J*
---o.)
isn't it? That's right. On the morning
-v BJ- C.
(leisure = measure su '
\ -)
b) at noon: J_ uo 12 noon.
DE noon v at noon, the
.
i) uo 12 u Ah O
-- j -a. ,
the -E-.
(p AJ--a)
Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th
in
( D v).
y
She is very busy in the mornings
The morning, the evening, the afternoon
in hC. j conversation
--V, C morning, afternoon, evening on -E-.
1) on the morning of the 4th
2) on the evening of the 5th
3) on the after noon of Sunday.
We met him on a Sunday afternoon
Lokanath: On festive days it is open till 2 in the

afternoon. For example it was
open at one on the afternoon of
Sivarathri and closed late at night.
( Vx uo
J C. --- P-vA
V uo -- J*
-*, vA -u .)
Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning
of Saturday. I went to your place
Ja-/
N -
i)
etc.
( E- x.
O a. y -
x.)
Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I
went to my sister's. She was planing to go to Delhi on the evening of
Sunday. I was there to help her in
packing.
lo? .
x. C-
Mx -----
l- ----E
Viswanath: Do you go to your sister's frequently?
(O \u Rx- h?)
Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live
very close to our place.
( vA v.)
M. SURESAN
b) at 12 noon
c) till 8 in the evening
e) on the afternoon of Sivarathri

f) at night
g) on the morning of Saturday
h) every evening
j) the next evening
My sister was away shopping.
(Eo x o, v
\u shopping RxC.)
Spoken English
iii)
-u
\.
in the night
at night
--.
i) vA-o -- -
(this night, today night
)
i) F-V vA N-- ho
2) Programme
night. (during =
u-C)
3)
ii) We move about more during/ in the day than
iii) He worked day and night to educate his chil-
night
in hC; noon, mid day,

at hC.
Bhanu: You come here in the mornings; why?
(\- lo --h?)
Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up
to the river bank
(C f l --p
F E--h.
(Today morning .)
V u-o -Eo --o
I met him only this afternoon
at night
-- \ A- vA-.
V l -jC
The programme began this morning.
It is better to study in/ during the day than at
night, mid night
l-- BJ--.
).
V vA = tonight
I am leaving for Vijayawada tonight
d) in the day =
i) My mother gets up at 5 in the morning
iii) She is very busy in the mornings.
evening
He came home very late at night/in the night.
The morning, the evening, the afternoon, the
E Eo v E-N-C- -.
-E: English vA -,
-u evening . 9
evening .
(today morning/ today afternoon, today
vA l-- a.
a) In the morning, in the evening, in the

afternoon
ii) I saw him in the park at 8 in the evening.
Lokanath: Yea, I was at home last evening.
This morning, this afternoon, this evening.
\ ho : morning, evening,
dren
night, noon E \- . Fo
x- C-N---E vA---x/ --v-
(parts of the day)
-- E--.
-- morning, evening etc.
day and night preposition .

J-T N J* p-, (part
of the day) , the d, E -p e) At midnight = vA 12 -.
i) You can wake me up even at midnight if you
'in' .
want my help = u--v-
-- l 8 ---C
o -a.
The college starts at 8 in the morning.
ii) The train arrive here at midnight
uo - --C.
Train \- vA 12 hC.
The college closes at 2 in the afternoon
t C hC.
( Eo v Nyx
.)
vA - \E d
i) last evening
Viswanath: But I saw you at home last

evening.
V , V uo, V
v
It's difficult to be awake/keep awake so late

in the night/so late at night.
expressions in the conversation above:

a) In the morning or in the
evening.
He goes to bed late in the night/late at night.
vA -u Ev--
ii)
d) in the afternoon
too. You were out.
(E-
\u
v
x
x.)
deal with =
4)
(Today afternoon )
V v x-h
They will come this evening
(Today evening )
, Eo-vA = last night, Eo v =
last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday
evening
).
That, this, every, last, next
Ox j morn--- in,
ing, evening, afternoon, night

on
O-.
1) He came to me that morning (on

2) I sent it to him that afternoon (on
)
)
3) The doctor checks him up every morning

(
vA-V
)
doctor
-E K-~-h.)
(on/in
4) He left for Bangalore that night (on
5) He goes out 9 every night and comes back at

11.
(vA-vA Nt-C- ---Rx 11 --

AJ--h) (In/ on/ at O-)
6) I wanted to meet him the next morning but I
was busy.
(On the next morning
Bhanu: But I didn't see you on the morning of

Saturday.
-- j---
II
Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik?
--v 10 --Ja 2006
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow - verb, do submit

submit
(= submit) =
Lx ?)
Kousik: I haven't met him since the day before

yesterday. Well, What's the matter?
(
o* --. N?)
Karthik: If you happen to see him, tell him to

call me or meet me. I need to see him
urgently.
(E y h o -j
p. -.
E --Lq -
C)
Kousik: What is so urgent about it?
( -?)
Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I
need the books for my assignment. If I
don't submit the assignment tomorrow, I lose marks.
--.
p
3) If I do not go now - Verb, do go (=go)
x--.
4) If I see him - verb, see =
-E
h/Lh
5) If I go to his place - verb, go=
Rx-
R
6) If I go now - verb - go,
p h
7) If he sends me the books- verb, sends books
verb o group of words

. (C u. h-. \* clauses deal
h)
So a CLAUSE is a group of words with a verb.
Some more examples of clauses (Clauses
J-Eo ---)
-x--- 124
Kousik: Phone him or go to his place.
( phone u,
Rx- })
(-x . --x. y AJT h-E xt

pC. E- y xL.
t hospital B--x--E. p
x-- t sC -C.)
Kousik: If see him I'll definitely tell him about
the books.
(-D . p ,
---x- E ---a.
books h )
(s Lx-*--p F h---h. s
Lx-*--p when you pay the money -
I shall be happy 7)
--h
. -----p If he sends
me the books, h-
d --E (condition)
h- . If clauses p
conditions --. conditions
L clauses conditional clauses .
conversation E clauses (1) to (7)
Fo conditional clauses. \ conditional clauses Fo 'if' begin -o. conditional clauses, if ,
Eo -- v a.
1) Though she likes music (verb - likes, though

-
--p-)
2) When he was here (verb- was)

3) He knows that... (verb- knows)
4) After he had done it.. (verb - had done)
verb
clauses
1) If you happen to see him -
y E J-T
Tell him to call me -
Phone
---E p
a) Unless he pays the

money, I will not give
him the book
( s Lxh p,
h
y.
Unless - p,
Unless you study well
=
M. SURESAN
y C-N p...
conditional
Spoken English
conditions
es - conditional clauses.
claus-
If I see him - conditional clause --E

Lh --. -L C future
(N-uh) L clause. verb
- 'see' future tense . Present tense C
-E-. ? Conditional Clause
Future Lj, - E verb future
tense .
conditional clause shall/ will .
clause
Vidur: Hi Sasir,
S} ho. conditional clause, future

N-Eo p , verb future
tense . conditional clause
shall/ will . j p conditions
present tense verbs v h.
a) Doctor Eo K-~-* y -L-h
The doctor will give you medicines, after he
examines you (will examine
b)
admission
c)
(s Lx--- F v . s
Lx--- s Lx-- Before
you pay the money - conditional clause)
c) You come here, - only after you get the per-
)
R} y NvA B-- =
I will take rest after I go home (I will go home
b) Before you pay the money, you cannot get
)
-C Lh ----
If he knows this, (if he will know this
will be happy.
d)
prize
), he
h, ---- =
If I get the prize (If I will get the prize

?) I shall be glad.
(Permission - -A C y _Imp: will/ shall -- conditional claus . -A C y- Only after es , sentences N clauses Jh-.
mission
you get the permission - conditional clause)
h \ o y? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH

shops A-. --.
(-- F h- -)
Sasir: C s. y x. Ny-p x-Look at the following expressions from Sasir: EC Books 'n Books o. \
, F h -\--a.
\ copies . R the conversation above.
Vidur: Bye.
-.
1) If you happen to see him
ANSWER
Vidur: y ph h. E-
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow
R} s a----J u ya.
Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I
3) If I do not go now
have searched/ enquired at a number of
Sasir: Gsa N p. -
4) If I see him
shops, but I could not get/ find it.
_-o Rs. 200/-. y v
5) If I go to his place
AJ--Ta-x- p Fh.
Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There
6) If I go now
Vidur: Book -\E x-, o-
aren't (are not) many copies either. If
7) If he sends me the books
-T B-*a Fh.
you go now/ at once/ immediately you
j expressions Fo groups of words Sasir: h --p, a gift
can buy it.
( p) . j groups of words
coupon Ja-.
Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If
vA x verb -E-.
I go home now, get the money and go, it
Vidur: Gift Coupon B-- --C?
1) If you happen to see him -\ verb, happen
might be too late. (By the time I go
Sasir: y gift coupon B- p F II
(To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo
home, take the money and go to the
Part of the book free .
infinitive . C verb . hC )
shop, it might be too late)
n, -E y h. (If - --x-). Vidur: Thank you.
Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them.
conditional clause)
- ,
If you happen to see him
o group of words Eo-E

.
(E h books N h)
conversation (at the beginning of
Karthik: If you go to his place, you can see
this lesson) * B clauses J-Q-Ll.
him.
Clauses Fo if begin --o
(y - --h E y -- 1)
if begin u clauses , if
-)
clauses .
Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He
2) If '--x- E n .
will be back only an hour later.
(p h --- - 3) j 7 clauses if clauses.
If clauses p - L---h.
- y AJ--h)
Condition .
Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for
another 45 minutes, and go to his
place, you will find him. If he sends me
the books, I shall be happy.
d) You get the books when you pay the money
h- ,
IMP:
clause
( h- _o.
assignment N -.
submit --, \
.)
Karthik: I've called his home twice already. He

is out. He will be back in an hour, his
mother told me. I have to go home
now urgently to take mother to hospital. If I do not go now, mother will be in
trouble.
7) If he sends me the books -
Sasir: Before I give/ lend you the money, let me

tell you one thing. All the money I have
is Rs.200/- If you (can) return it by the
evening, I will give it to you.
Vidur: As soon as I buy the book, I will go
home, take the money from dad and
repay you.
Sasir: When you buy the book, don't forget to
take/ collect the gift coupon.
Vidur: What happens if I don't take the gift
coupon?
Sasir: Unless you take the gift coupon, you
cannot get the II part of the book free.
Vidur: Thank you.
Sasir: Here is the money. Hurry up. If you don't
go now/ unless you go now, you may not
get the book.
Vidur: Bye.
-- j---
II
Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we
cannot reach college on time.
( ----? p --Jp college time -)

Suraj: Have you taken the money? Before
you pay the fees they won't allow you
to attend classes.
(s B--o? s Lx---
Eo classes x-F-)
I will pay the advance provided you begin

the work
y E v-G-h advance h.
If, unless
If = unless... not; unless = if ... not
if o clause , unless clause aa; ? If o sentence not d.

eg. a) If you work hard, you will pass
(d- C-N, y --)
Neeraj: I have the money ready.
(s
I Clause:
b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass
ready)
(y d- C-N p, pass )
Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They
a)
if clause o sentence not .

will grant you admission after they
b)
n, unless clause o sentence not

check up your certificates.
x hC ?
(certificates Fo o? F certifi unless clause o sentence not
cates Fo J-Q-L-* y- x
admission h)
-, n a-x if clause o
sentence not omit pa.
Neeraj: The certificates are all ready, but I have
yet to fill in some columns in the application.
a) Unless we start now, we cannot catch the

train =
p ---J p
-.
train
b) If we start now we can catch the train
-x--- 125
--C 12 --Ja 2006
---J, train --.

if, sentences if, unless -Eo -
Ja practice .
1) He was an LIC agent when I last met him.
Before you pay the fees = Fees
Lx--;
Subordinate clause - when I last met
n Jh--, d C subordinate clause.
him.
II Clause:
--E *-J ---o-p...
They will not allow you to attend classes =
Eo classes E-y DE n
h-C, d C main clause.
Exercise 1
Now,
conversation E C sentences main clauses, subordinate clauses Jh-.
1) They will grant you admission after they

check up your certificates.
(mean-
ing not complete).

He was an LIC agent.
LIC agent
(complete meaning)
o.
Main clause
2) I know where he is hiding.

subordinate clause - where he is hiding
--\ \E o,
(incomplete mean-
ing)
Main clause - I know
2) They will accept the application after you fill

it completely.
Exercise 2
3) I will complete it if you help me.
Sriram:
complete meaning.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
y Kumar - -*--J -p ?
--.
Sriram: -o o ----E p?
Raghu: v-V x -E p.-
p-.
Sriram: y h-E -Pho.
Raghu: --A?
Sriram: film hero _-J B----o-.
l fans ?
Raghu: E- -?
Sriram: next month * busy, p
---- y Eo -.
Raghu:
If you work hard, you will pass

(certificates
l. F application
Eo columns size z
, Jh Lq C)
Suraj: They will accept the application after
you fill it completely.
(y Jh E y F
tion B--)
applica-
Neeraj: I will complete it if you help me.
4) If I go on helping you, your dependence on

me will increase.
4) Conditional clauses
shall/ will . (
future tense -
conditional
future
5) I may make mistakes if I do it on my own.

Answer:
clause
---o-p-.)
O conditional clauses
J* last
lesson ---oC.
Main clause
M. SURESAN
Very Important:
(y -h Jh-h)
Main clause:
nh- clause.
Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you,
Subordinate clause = n Jh-E clause,
your dependence on me will increase.
Conditional clause. -- --Fo
You will never be independent.
subordinate clauses ? - n
(y fill u. F -h complete - --d.
, O --- \---C. If he comes - h - (conditional clause)
y y-v -.)
n h--. d C subordinate clause.
go on doing something = E h Look at the following sentences from the
= continue
conversation above:
Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my
own. That's my fear.
( h p a ,
)
Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application
and show it to me. Hurry up.
( --. Application Jh-

. y F)
In the last lesson, conditional clauses
J* ---oC
1) A group of words with a verb is a clause.
(Verb
clause)
o p
2) A clause stating a condition is a CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:

clause,
conditional clause.
- L
3) Conditional clauses begin with if, unless,

before, after, when, where, provided, etc.
(Conditional clauses
j - v-
G--a)
Provided = if =
Spoken English
i) Unless we start now, we cannot reach college

on time.
Eo clauses o? h--.
sentence the number of clauses =
The number of verbs in it. sentence
Eo verbs Eo clauses.
In the sentence above, there are two verbs.
1) Start
2) Can reach.
1) Unless we start now =

- conditional clause, so subordinate
clause.
--
-J E
2) We cannot reach college = college

- clause meaning h-C
. d C main clause.
ii) Before you pay the fees, they won't allow
(will not allow) you to attend classes.
Here again, there are two verbs = pay, will
allow.
sentences
two
(to attend - infinitive; verb
clauses
(complete meaning) (incomplete meaning)

1. They will grant you after they checkup your
admission. verb, certificates... Verb checkup
certificates
will grant.
admission
2. They will accept after you fill it completethe
application. ly... Verb - fill
verb - will accept.
application
(F
(x F
h). J-Q-L-* y..)
(Jh
y..)
(x
B--).
3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb verb - will com- help
plete.
(y
( Jh h...)
h).
4. your dependence If I go on helping you ...

on me increases. verb - go (helping verb - increase;
'ing' from - verb
--
(O --- ) (F - h
\---C).
...)
5. I may make mis- If I do it on my own...

takes. verb - may verb - do.
make.
( p (- - h...)
-a).
So there are two clauses.
d
.
Answer:
Sub clause
-E: j *a
subordinates
al clauses.
clauses
sentences
Fo condition subordinates
- o. clause
.
I saw him yesterday . This sentence has only

one verb - saw. So it is a sentence with just
one clause, and it is the main clause and it
is the sentence.
subordinate clauses C
tences :
sen-
Sriram: When did you see Kumar last?

Raghu: A week ago. (a week back
Sriram: Did he tell you (that) he would meet

me?
Raghu: He just told me (that) he would be out
of town for 2 days. He didn't tell me
anything more.
Sriram: I hope (that) he will come soon.
Raghu: What's the matter?
Sriram: He said (that) he would take me to our
hero. We two are his fans, you know.
Raghu: What's the hurry?
Sriram: He will be busy from next month. If we
can't (can not) see him now, we cannot
see him afterwards.
-v-o: Not
only did
He..... But also
.... subject
verb h
vo -C
?
u-Lx u,
L--
---: Sentence not only
v-Gh, question -- verb
L.
a) Not only did he insult me, but also
hit me.
b) Not once has he helped me.
-J
-.
[-
II
Prabodh: Hi Subodh, (do) you know where
we can get good mangoes?
( ! # N x
\[ -- ?)
Subodh: Where else? At rythu bazaar.
Every one says that the quality is
good, and the prices moderate.
(-\[? j x. u ]E, ] - E vAx .)

else = ( n).
where else = -\[
who else = -?
when else = -p[
how else = -N-]/ ?)
14 Ja 2006
pretext = vd q \--- =
put on weight = --\[/ [
Subodh: Tell your wife that you are not a diabetie. Let her know that eating
mangoes within limits wouldn't
harm you.
(y ]---uC --N E
O N[ p. J-N- N
[x A[ x v-]O ]E
p).
Diabetie = a person suffering from diabetes/sugar complaint
harm = E
Prabodh: I keep telling her that but she
doesn't listen.
He thinks he is great.
d) [ u h-]E P--[-].
He does not hope (that) he will get the job.
e) - E --[
o.. P#.. E#..!
Prabodh: How about Sakala Supermarket?
(J \x?)
( . F N].)
Subodh: Wish you a sweet time with the
].
Subodh: The quality may be good there, but

the prices are prohibitive. I am sure
(that) it is not the place if you want
reasonable prices.
Why? What's the matter?

(\[ [x u -a F
] v J---EN. j
] - C j --]E
#a- p--.)
prohibitive = (]) [f-.
prohibitive = --E [f- ].
Prabodh: Perhaps you are right. I expect
some guests tomorrow. I thought
(that) I would serve them mangoes.
(u-a. A] h---o. x N
[x [-E -o.)
Subodh: Go ahead. They will know that you
are a good host.
(F J. y # A]u a--E ---.)

host = A]u a-[
Prabodh: It just gives me a pretext to enjoy
mangoes. Otherwise my wife
wouldn't let me. She fears that I
may put on weight if I eat mangoes.
( N x A-] A-]
v. - N[
o N x A-F-].
j---E N[ .)
N- / E . situation conversation C - h-C.

]-E say, know, think, hope, expect, suspect, doubt, (be) sure, assure, admit, deny,
allow, agree (N Eo. N
o.) a Main Clauses That clauses join [ practice .
Vimal: -- o -h y?
Kamal: ? ]?
Vimal: p, a- u ]E.
Kamal: a u ]E y
p-?
Eo D L-C. #
vd -E p.
(y Au N-[x A-E
Kamal:
-E --o. Eo
--o. j)
x 126
[-[ x
p # h advanced level conversation
E
J
practice l. v-h follow . Last
We do not think (that) he needs our help.
x
lesson the things we have learnt.

f) y L-N- E ---o?
-
A clause is a group of words with a verb.
Do you think (that) you are clever?
o-E
A main clause has complete meaning.
p[ look at the table - subordinate clauses
---o[.
A subordinate clause doesn't have comin the conversation at the beginning of the
Vimal:
[
[
plete meaning.
lesson
-
The number of clauses in a sentence =
C.
The number of verbs in it.
M. SURESAN
MAIN CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
That begin u
-h-E d
clauses- that clauses.
P-ho.
1)
Do
you
know
Where
we
can
get
good
mangoes.
that clauses that
Kamal: --E
(F ?)
(# N x-\[ --?)
meaning E E.
J AJ--h-[Conversation \
2) Every one says
a) That the quality is good.
?
clauses that clause
(vA-x )
(u --]E)
Vimal:
[
a-h-E n - C .
b) (that) the prices are moderate.
o[ .
- / E
(] - -E)
Kamal: [
/ p-/#a-
3)
I
am
sure
a)
That
is
not
the
place.
o E o-p[x,
h
a.
(
)
(C
]
E
)
/ / etc. /
h!
b) if you want reasonable prices.
E -o, P-#,
Answer:
(F j ] -)
--E-#, L-,
Vimal: Are you meeting/
-LqC that clause 4) I thought
That I would serve them mangoes.
Will
you
meet
v .
(--o)
(x N-[x d-E)
Sukumar today?
a) [ h[ E,
5) They will know
That you are a good host.
Kamal: Why? What's the
.
(
)
(y A]u aE)
matter?
I know that he will come.
Vimal: Tell him (that) we
\[ [. [--h[ 6) She fears
That I may put on weight.
have the match
= he will come
( [C)
( ---E)
next week/ That the
[ h-[E =that he will 7) Tell your wife
That you are not a diabetie
match is next week.
come.
(O N[ p)
(y ]---uC --N ]E)
Kamal: Have n't you (=
=I know.
Have you not) told
8) Let her know
That eating mangoes within limits wouldn't
b) N [ --d-E
him (that) the
C.
harm you.
match is next
N [ --d/-
( n -E)
(J-N- N--[x A E -]E)
week?
d--[-C.
She likes the mango.
Vimal:
I
knew
the
date,
only
yesterday you
O -E . senN [ d--[--]E
tell
him
too
(that)
we
have
to practise
tence [ [ sub. clauses [[.
that she likes the mango.
from tomorrow.
main clauses jo a.
C = she says/ is saying.
Kamal: I think he knows the date. He
j sentences Eo- main clause ],
She says that she likes the mango.
referred to it/ talked about it two or
subordinate clause y a. c) [---[ [ p E.
three times yesterday. He thinks
E
rule ]. C ], C -j y].
[-p = he is great;
(that) we have good chances of winEvery body knows that he plays well.
[ p E = that he is great.
ning.
That he plays well, every body knows.
He thinks that he is great.
(refer = (\[) vh-N-[)
conversation that C---a.
daily conversation p, Vimal: I am glad (that) he thinks. I strongly
He thinks that he is great.
, P, -#, #a- (be sure)
hope too that we will win.
Vimal:
mangoes. Bye.
Spoken English
u x ...
Kamal: Do you say (that) Hemanth will

return in time for the match?
Vimal: He has told me (that) he will come
back tomorrow itself.
Kamal: If he is there we can be sure (that)
we will win the match. Bye.
-- j---
II
Brahmam: (Do) you know when the train
arrives here?
(Train
Vishnu:
\---p h ?)
I do not know exactly when, but I

am sure that it arrives between 8.30
and 9.00 in the morning.
(*a- p L-, E l
8.30, 9.00 u h--C v
*a)
Brahmam: That suits us fine then. Find out
where Eswar is. Ask him whether
he is coming with us or not. Tell him
we have to reserve tickets.
(C u. y \-o . h-o
\. tickets reserve
---E p.)
Vishnu:
(I have) no idea how I can meet

him. I called his home twice but
there was no response. He hasn't/he doesn't have a cell phone.
8. (that) He doesn't have a cell

( cell E).
9. Whose number it is (C J ).
10. (that) he has no cell ( cell E).
Ox subordinate clauses no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7
and 9 . Fo 'Wh' words (When,
Where, How, How many, Why and Whose)
begin - -o ? Fo When,
Where, How 'Wh' words begin -p-, questions . lessons
a--oC h-C-. Question
'Wh' word y verb , y subject
h. Clauses No. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9
'Wh' word y subject , verb
y h-o. -E Fo (sub +
verb) form subordinate clauses.
n : questions
.
-x--- 127
(-o --- L- .
-x x phone , E
h--. cell phone
.)
Brahmam: How can we know how many berths
we have to reserve?
Vishnu:
Hi... I remember. He and his people

are away in Eluru. They will be back
tomorrow.
(... p h-*aC. , x
x x. AJ--h.)
Brahmam: I now understand why he hasn't met
us.
( -o- --- p
n -C).
I think I have his cell number in my
pocket book. Let met see.
(E cell no. pocket book

--. F.)
Vishnu:
I am telling you he doesn't have a

cell.
cell
E --o ?)
Brahmam: Then whose is this cell no. here?
( \
Vishnu:
cell no.
-JC?)
I do not know whose number it is,

but I am sure he has no cell.
(C J L-, E
cell -C v *a)
In our earlier lesson we have seen the uses
of that clauses. There are some more subordinate clauses.
daily conversation
frequent
Real life
situations
main clauses
join
-.
O \. E
--C
p l:
Let us look at the subordinate clauses in the
conversation between Brahmam and
Vishnu:
1. When the train arrives (Train p--h).

2. Where Eswar is (Eswar \--o.)
3. Whether he is coming or not
( h-o ).
4. How I can meet him
(-Eo ----).
5. (that) We have to reserve tickets
( tickets reserve ---E).
6. How many berths we have to reserve
( Eo berths reserve ).
7. Why he hasn't met us
(Lo ---).
Spoken English
a)
- 16 --Ja 2006
-\ --o L- =
I do not know where he studies.
b)
c)
time waste
h -n----
lesson beginning
conversation
clauses 5, 8 and 10 that clauses.
J*
-- ---o-.
I do not understand why he wastes time
EXERCISE:
s h -J L-

ENGLISH.
No body knows how he gets/ is getting all

that money.
Hi Durga, Lakshmi \- R}
?
Please tell us when he will come/ comes/ is
Durga: F --- p, .
coming.
Vani: * s ---E p
e) function v-G-h x L- =
?
They do not know who will inaugurate the
Durga: _ s F?
function.
d)
Vani:
-p--h p.
Whether he is coming or not

Look at the difference between 'wh'
subordinate clauses and 'wh' questions.
Question
Subordinate Clause
(With Wh words)
(With Wh words)
1) ... when the train

arrives (train
1) When does the

train arrive? (Train
p-h... sub clause

No. 1) Not a question.
2) ... Where Eswar is(
y \--o
subordinate clause
No. 2) - not a question.
3) ... How I can meet
him- (
-o ---) subor-
dinate clause No. 4

4) ... how many berths
we have to reserve
(
berths
Eo
)
reserve
subordinate clause
no.6
5) Why he hasn't met

us
(-o-
---)
Subordinate
Clause No.7
p--hC?)
question
2) Where is Eswar?
(y
o?)
\-question
3) How can I meet

him?
(-Eo
----?)
question
4) ...
how
many
berths have we to
reserve (
Eo
berths
reserve
L?)- Question
5) Why hasn't he met
us?
(-o-
---?)-
She does not know whether/ if he has gone

or not.
b)
C J )
Subordinate clause
No. 9.
6) Whose number is
numit?
ber? - Question
u
,
u
. L--
J ---.
x-
x .
h
-C.
.
fees
Vani:
what you are talking.

Durga: She may have money, but how do you
know/ how are you sure whether she
d L-
We do not know whether/ if she has paid the

fees (or not)
(C J
wh words
begin
subordinate
clause
wh word
begin
Question
English
wh word subordinate clause
main clause
join
sentence
form
-E x
p- =
~ t _ s - --J-_--C? y x---o F
He hasn't told them
L---.
where he is from.
Durga: _ s-a. F F-h
g) C
F ?
teacher explain
Vani: E ---o-p Eo -
- =
h-E promise C.
M. SURESAN
Our teacher hasn't
Durga: F p ?
explained to us how we should do have to do
Vani: F N--Fo ---a?
it.
Durga: Sorry. \ R}D L-.
h) C -Jx -J L-
\- L-. p-- h
Whose house it is no one knows.
L-.
-E: \ where, when begin u
Vani:
AJ-h h?
clauses conditional clauses
condition ---. -E will/ shall Durga: OK.
-sEo d .
ANSWER:
clauses O conversation
Vani: Hi Durga, (Do) you know where
practice u.
Lakshmi has gone?
p lesson beginning E clauses E
Whether he is coming or not = Durga: Tell me first why do you need her?
h-o .. ask him - Eo . Vani: I've told you that I need money from
- N pd L--her.
, p whether F, if F . if Durga: Do you know whether/ if she has money
\ conditional clause if (
or not?
n) .
Vani: If Lakshmi doesn't have/ has no money,
a) x L- =
who else has? You do not understand
Question
6) Whose number it is
(
f)
will give it to you or not?

Vani:
c) Chief Guest
a C
p-- o =
No one is able to say whether/ if the Chief

guest has arrived (or not)
d)
C K-j-, -j- C F ?
Do you know whether/ if it is expensive or
cheap?
whether/ if
life situations
-Lq B. C real
conversation
- . Practice .
When I met her- I think it was yesterday, she promised to give it.
Durga: Did you tell her how much you need?

Vani:
May I know why you need all these

details?
Durga: Sorry. I do not know where she has

gone, where she is and when she will
return home/ will be back home.
Vani:
Will you let me know when she returns?
Durga: OK
-- j---
II
Sridhar: Who do I see here? Giridhar! what a
surprise! (I have) been thinking you
are still in Dubai. What brings you
here so suddenly?
(? TJ- a-u !
Ny - o--o. ox ---E
--?)
Giridhar: Because dad wanted me here
urgently for my sisters wedding
engagement. Though he wanted me
yesterday morning itself, I could be
here only last night. I tried my best,
but I could not get the ticket for the
earlier flight.
sister
(
EPa--n-E o
o t-o. o
Eo lo \----o-p-, Eo
vA v \----L-.
flight v-Ao* ticket --.
-x--- 128
Giridhar: You and I have known him since our

College days. He was our junior at
college by two years. He is Eswar. He
is a software man in the US. As he
has to be back in the states by the
month end, he is in a hurry.
Sridhar: It is Eswar. Is it? A good choice. A
nice young man.
Giridhar: Since my sister too a B.Tech, he
hasn't demanded any dowry. yet the
marriage is going to cost us a lot, as
they want the marriage to be a grand
affair,
sister
B.Tech
d, o
--. E Rx
a---C, x Rx -o d)
A Grand affair = p N-/- J
N. Affair: \ - =
N.
--E- 18 --Ja 2006
Clause 7: as they want the marriage to be a

grand affair
x Rx ---o d.
O -E . Fo - L
clauses . O-Eo-E, because/ as/ since
-j v-G--a. O-Eo n
----x/------/--d E.
1) x }.
Because dad wanted... engagement sentence

clause
conversation
clause
writing
because
clause
begin
main clause
Wedding engagement =
flight =
,
v
-
-a,
,
.
Rx -E-Pa--n/N.
-- a--.
(~ - )
Sridhar: When is the engagement?

(Engagement
Giridhar: The day after tomorrow. Dad has
none to help him, so he asked me
here urgently.
p?)
(x o --E
, -E Eo-\-
t-o)
Sridhar: Happy to hear that she is getting
engaged. Congrats to her. But why
this hurry?
sister
O
EPa-n ---o-
- C. -~. -N-?)
And you haven't told me who the

bride groom is, what he is, where he
is from, and whether he is in India or
abroad
(Rx----, h-, ,
India , N-x
y -- p- )
Giridhar: O you are too impatient. It is not even
minutes since we met, you shoot
question after question. Will you let
me talk?
(F p-. --E
EN--- -. vo
vo --J---h-o. o x-E-h?)
Sridhar: Ok, Go ahead.
(
...F)
Spoken English
J-* N.
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH

Vasanth:
Hemanth:
y Eo ?
-E v-Ao-*--p --. -u-x h-
I haven't gone out because it is hot (as it is
x x --Lq *aC.
hot/ since it is hot)
Vasanth: Phone E p-?
Sridhar: When is the marriage?
2) As he did not start on time, he missed the
Hemanth: , F y-h-. y-
Giridhar: The 17th this month. only 12 days
bus
-?
left.
( 17. 12 V NT--o) Time -l-- d bus --. Vasanth: cell out of order ---x
(\, as , because/ since -a)
---. Eo l -Last Lesson wh words -u subp * C J E -x.
3)
Since/
as/
because
he
knows
English
well
he
ordinate clause . - -- subHemanth:
Land
phone * -?
is
successful
ordinate clauses p l.
Vasanth: bill Lx----x C disconnect C.
Hemanth: Ao-p-o*,
h C. -Rx Ev-. Bye.
Although Ganguly
ry...scored a centu-E:
Since/ Ever since he came here, he has

been good to me.
because/ as/ since clauses, since clausPractice them thores
oughly.
Study the following

subordinate clauses
from the conversation
above:
1) Because dad wanted
me here urgently
2) Though he wanted me
M. SURESAN
here yesterday itself.
3) What he is, where he is from and whether he
is in India or abroad
clauses;
wh suborwhether clause.
dinate clauses,
last lesson
4) since we met
5) as he has to be back in the states by the
month end.
6) since my sister too is a B.Tech
7) as they want the marriage to be a grand
affair.
subordinate clauses
daily real
life situation
(N
J*

*-JC
OE
--o )
Fo
-- . N -
x, -p-, N-/-- JTp *,
o clauses
Eu conversation -Lq J-n-
o. -E practice them well and fill
your conversation with ideas.
Look at the clauses No 1, 5, 6 and 7
Observe that they begin with because, as,
and since.
clauses because/ as/ since
clauses
because = as = since =
---
x.
Clause 1: Because dad wanted me here
urgently
urgent
Clause 5: as he has to be back in the states by
the month end.
states (America)
o o
\ --o--x.
AJT -Lq---x
--
Clause 6: Since my sister too is a B.Tech

sister
B.Tech
d.
English d, N
--o.
Now look at clause 2:
Though he wanted me here yesterday itself
Eo E\ -E --o-p-.
Though = although = even though --p, C conversation common.
a) -u --o-p- y Ev--h
Though/ although/ even though he goes to
bed late, he gets up early.
bus
b)
Though he ran, he could not catch the bus.
c) Although/ though/ even though Ganguly
scored a century, his team lost the match
century
team
---Ah--p-,
M
-C.
-----
d--p-,
Look at clause no. 4 now.

since
Since we met since
n as/ because
E . \
n, J-T--p *, time *
E.
Since we met = ---o-p*
ANSWER
Vasanth: Why didn't you come yesterday?

Hemanth: Though I tried to come, I could not
(come).
I had to be/ to stay at home since /
as/ because my uncle was coming.
Vasanth: Why didn't you phone me (that) you
were not coming?
Hemanth: I called you, but you didn't respond.
Why didn't you phone?
Vasanth: Because/ as/ since my phone is out
of order. Ever since/ since it fell
down yesterday morning it hasn't
been working well.
Hemanth: Why didn't you phone from/ use your
land phone?
Vasanth: As/ since/ because we had not paid
the bill they disconnected it.
Hemanth: Since/ Ever since I ate masala dosa
in the morning I've been drowsy. I'd
go home and sleep. Bye.
vo: 1) -O -
Lesson
The Wife and
husband have a good understanding
for each other
grammatical
Man and Wife
2)
Yours faithfully
a) If not even minute since we met (Giridhar
)
---o-p--*/ --E EN-o -.
b) Since India became independent 58 years
have passed
----E yvu *a 58 x -.
c) Hi Arun, it is ages since we met
(--J )
---o-p-o*/ --E
(ages) u.
d) Since the time he came here, he has been
troubling me
-\ *a--p < sC LT-ho.

since because/ as n
x confusion C d, since
(p * n) ever since E
.
---:
o. F
-L-!
*
E
h-! DE n NJ.
o *-d-s, -
1) Husband and wife/ wife and husband

accepted usage Man
and wife
correct,
formal.
husband and wife.
2) Yours faithfully;
expression, formal letters
(Dear) Sir/ Madam
formal letters
I am/ I remain.
Your faithful servant
xxx.
servant
faithfully
yours,
(faithful)
faithfully yours,
faithyours faithfully
fully yours
faithfully
,
p.
--C
\ - oC
,
E C -
T-
. DE :
v-yu
v x,
C ,
O Nyv-j/ O Eo N-
o--o-x p--o O
n C.
JC. C
--. \
N E E -L-.
-- j---
II
Shantan: Hi Vineet, Sunil was here yesterday.
He suggested we see a movie but
dropped the idea. He suddenly
remembered he had to take his
mother to temple.
(F Eo \ o. E--l--o F - - -o. }-t B\-x-E

o-d h-*aC)
Vineet:
Though I wanted to see you both, I

could not come. My bike had troubled, so I took it to the mechanic. He
took an hour to repair it.
j n),
He has agreed to what I have said.
3) Whether / if clauses
(
/ n)
I don't know whether/ if he has come
(-a M)
4) Because/ as/ since clauses
(-x/d
n)
As the book is expensive, I cannot buy it.
(h K-jC x -)
5) though/although/even though clauses
Though it is raining he has gone out
({ -h-o-p-, ---x)
(Eo NtLo ------o F 6) Since
/ ever since clauses
---. j - -u
(
p
* n)
*aC.-E --E_- B-x.
Ever since he came here, he has had health
-J -----E --- --
problems
B--o)
(
\- *a--p --< - )
Shantan: How much did it cost you?
(-C)
Vineet:
He billed me Rs.200/- But I offered

him only Rs. 150/-. He accepted it.
-x--- 129
( .200 -/-
- G . j
a. B\-o)
(vA -E -J-*
--)
Vineet:
Fo h-o . OE -sEo dstraight main clause join h O conversation -C.

Practise .
That's true, but my mechanic is n't

that type.
Shantan: Every one thinks so about their

mechanics
OK. Will Sunil be coming here today?
Now look at the following clauses from the

conversation at the beginning of this lesson.
Shantan: He hasn't even called me since he

left me yesterday. I don't know if he
will come. As I am going back to
College tomorrow, how about a
movie this evening?
5) ... but my mechanic isn't that type.

6) ... Since he left me yesterday.
7)
As I am going back to college tomorrow.
( 4, 6 , 7
Clause No.4
That's a good idea. When are you

starting for your Engineering College
in Anantapur?
Sailesh:
Ramesh:
C.
--- -E
Engineering College p--h-o)
Shantan: Tomorrow After noon
Sailesh:
( ---uo ----o-)
Vineet:
Let's call Sunil then

(Sunil
- l)
Shantan: Let's go to his place -
Ramesh:
(--l)
Vineet:
Sailesh:
OK
p--- -- o
Subordinate
Clauses.
Ramesh:
1) That clauses
(He says that he saw you yesterday)
(
Sailesh:
E n)
2) Wh clauses
(p JT, ----o, -
Spoken English
so
l?
Clause 4:
They demand what is more than right
because we bargain for less.
We bargain for less, so they demand what is
more than right.
Clause 7:
Though / Although / Even though he suggested the movie he dropped the idea.
As I am going back to College tomorrow.
Though / Although / Even though He is

weak, he works hard
As I am going... tomorrow, how about a

movie this evening?
clause
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l...
I am going back to college tomorrow, So how

about a movie tonight.
(or)
He is Weak, but works hard.
Though he is rich, he
is not proud
Though / Although / Even though
, -K~-x
\- J -?
F --A - x F \- J --.
\- -- --p *
--A- C. \-
\- a. J
--- - ---?
y -aq J x---?
E h. -u--q -aq ---E v-Ao- Eo, F
--.
tuitions p busy. E o --- d .
Answer books AJT *a-p * o ----E v-
Clauses
But Clause
Though Clause
(or)
, But
a-a.
Clauses
Because / As / Since Clauses

'So'
Clauses So Clause
Because Clause
He is rich, but he is
not proud
( - N-N---o)
2) ... So I took it to the mechanic.
3) ... but I offered him only Rs.150.
L- clauses .
-Eo pC.
clause
No.
6
- * E pC.
(Eo o-CL Rxp *
Clause
No.
7
-Eo p-C
- -. -h
look
at
Clause
NO. 1
M. -- R}-o
...
but
(he)
dropped
the
idea
d v E---l?)
Vineet:
Dx but B though -a . ( though (--p-), but -- n

--p-, sentence structure C)
1) ... but (he) dropped the idea.
4) ... because we bargain for less.
(. F h)
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l
Let's go to his place...
(Ox L-j--x. j E-
\----. \-
h d)
Smart = L-j/ * d- \ E
bargain = = -/
(d. -F - -E --
)
Clause
He suggested that we see a movie but

dropped the idea.
(- o d- E--h.)
Shantan: These mechanics are smart guys .

They demand more than What is
right because we bargain for less.
Vineet:
-- 20 --Ja 2006
a-a .
O -E .
(-- -----j-p, - y- --) M. SURESAN Though Clause But Clause a-p though E clause - but .
Clause No.3
but though /
Because / as / since clauses , so clause
a--p because / as /since E clause
although / even though practice .
so hC.
Clause No.2, ... so, I took it to the
Though she is beautiful, she is not proud
mechanic
clause
My bike had trouble, so, I took it to the

mechanic.
\ 'so
a .
because / as / since
My bike had trouble. So I took it to the

mechanic.
She is beautiful but she is not proud

(
-- --- --op- -- y --)

o Clause -E-.)
(Though, but
Because She is good, every one likes her
Because / Since / as my bike had trouble I

took it to the mechanic.
(or)
She is good, so every one likes her.
(
-- --* -uh --d -- -- --G--Eh)
as / since / because

Ramesh:
(or)
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l
Clauses 4, 7
Ao-* --.
Don't worry. - busy --p, Eo --- _ F
h.
Sailesh: Thank you
Answers:
Sailesh: Ramesh, I did well in the exam. But
I got low marks. Why?
Ramesh: You are not getting good marks
because your hand writing is bad.
Sailesh: My handwriting has been like this
once?
Sailesh: I will do that. I tried to meet the
Maths Lecturer Yesterday. But he
was not available.
Ramesh: He is always busy with tuitions. So it
is difficult to meet him.
Sailesh: Ever since he returned our answer
books, I have been trying to meet
him, but could not.
Ramesh: Don't worry. Though he is busy, I will
tell you a way to meet him.
Sailesh: Thank you.
(In the sentence above, change but into
since I joined School.. But I got/used
although/though/even
to get good marks at school. How is
as/since/because into so, and vice versa.
though,
it I don't get such marks in College?

Ramesh: Why don't you talk to the lecturers
and
-- j---
II
Anand: Before you start, check up your luggage.
-- 22 --Ja 2006
3) Whether/ If clauses -
, -Eo, vo-n-Eo L-N.
(-l J--)
Achyut: I will do that after I complete packing.
(C l-- h- y h)
Anand: OK, then, I am leaving. I will collect
from the shop on my way those books
you need. I will be at the station twenty
minutes before the train arrives. I will
have the lunch packed for you at the
station.
-x--- 130
4) Because/ as/ since clauses -
- clauses- OE
a-a.
so clauses
5) Though / although / even though clauses-
--p- n L clauses - OE
but, yet, still clauses a-a.
(But = yet = still = F/ --p-)
6) Since ( / - * E
L clauses. Since ever since
-a. from the time E -a.
-- --o conditional clauses. (if/ unless/ before etc.
v-i will/ shall -EN)
3) ... before the train arrives
c)
train
a
N conversation
es .
claus-
class
-. J a-
y
He begins the lesson as soon as he
a) India was under British before it became
enters class; he doesn't give us even the
independent
time to breathe.
yvu -- vG -
C.
(even =
d) As soon as he saw the police, he ran
As soon as he saw the police..

( ho. J F\--Lq h
Shop B-. Train --E
j EN- Station h. F
lunch pack h.
Achyut: Thank you. Call me as soon as you
c)
at the beginning of
this lesson.
2) after I complete pack-
M. SURESAN
time
*aC
a) By then he had finished his lunch
p-
{ T y x Sx d
Sx v-G-)
d) \- - Job
4) .... as soon as you reach the station

6) ... for there isn't much time left.
c) for clause:
You must hurry for there isn't much time
What were you, before you became a lec-
time
turer?
a) He can play well for he is tall
ANSWER
Spoken English
Eswar: Hi Govind, did you meet Sriram

before you started?
Govind: No. He called me after I (had) started.
Eswar: I have to meet him. I need some
information urgently from him.
Govind: He told me (that) he would be coming here, but when exactly, he did not
say.
Eswar: Sekhar too is coming here. I have to
take to Sriram before Sekhar comes
here.
Govind: If Sekhar comes here before Sriram
comes I will take him away. You can
then talk to Sriram.
Eswar: I appreciate you for you too are
smart/ clever.
Govind: That's because of my friendship with
you.
left
\ --x y y--L.
_ x -.
b) Let's stand in the shade of the tree for
it is very hot here
\ o--x
d F Ea.
c) I need water for I am thirsty
C d Fx L.
O next lesson J_ - n ---

C table study h--.

y -l--
Sriram - -o ---o?
Govind: . -lJ y
.
Eswar: E -L, *
- urgent L.
Govind: -\- hoo F p-h p-.
Eswar: Sekhar \---h-o.
a- Sriram x-L.
Govind: , X h -Eo
- B--h. p y
X x--a.
Eswar: F L-N----o, a-o.
Govind: F friendship x L-N--
a.
n -x, d E
.
O -. Lecturer -? (
u--E)

What were you () O u N?
before, after ----o . OE
O before, after clauses. before, after
(h. d --)
before, after clauses . ?
clauses vh practice .
Anand: Bye
time , -,
, J 4) As soon as clauses
p--- --o subordinate
E --. N O -h
DE n E.
clauses, y xh...
C
.
a) Call me as soon as you reach the station
1) That clause : 'E E L-C
station J / - Phone
2) 'Wh' clause: What, When, Where, Who, 1) Before you start y l
u.
Whom, Which, Why and how v-b) v-Gl
-uN uh, - J-* N- 2) After I complete packing
L-N.
We will begin as soon as he comes.
l-- h-u
Eswar: Hi Govind,
for
because/ since/ as
Take clauses 1, 2 and 3.
Achyut: Bye. See you at the station
Jh---/- A--.
--E Rx--.
came here.
e)
lunch
b) By then he had gone
He had no job/ He was jobless before he
ing
5) ... by then I shall be on my way to the station
(y -L y.
)
train
stopped (resumed -
3) ... before the train arrives
time left?
Rx y
- / --E / p-
station x--J .
They resumed the game after the rain (had)
1) Before you start
ing in ten minutes.
station
5) By then I shall be on my way to the station
station
in the conversation
be on my way to the station. My pack-
Anand: You must hurry for there isn't much
M - J--.
The train arrived after I (had) reached the
lowing clauses used
reach the station. I think by then I shall

ing is almost complete. I will be start-
b)
Now look at the fol-
away
TENSE
PRESENT
VERB FORMS
a) am, is, are
b) am, is, are
I RDW
a) have, has
may
II RDW
b) have
can
do
a-Fo.
, has
a-Fo
does
PAST
a) was, were
b) was, were
a) Past doing
b) did
a-Fo.
FUTURE
word
a) had
b) had
might
a--Fo
could
---
a) Shall/ Will
b) Shall/ Will
a-Fo
I RDW = Ist Regular Doing Word (come, go, eat, etc)

II RDW = IInd Regular Doing Word (comes, goes, eats, etc)
Past Doing Word = came, ate, went, etc.
Table verbs tenses . C O correct h-- Fo .

vAD confusing C.
-- j---
II
Sugandhi: I thought (that) you were not in
town.
Now look at the clauses in the conversation at

the beginning of the lesson.
Subordinate clause
(y x --o)
Supushpa: True; I phoned you yesterday that
we were going to our village, but
we dropped the idea because we
had relatives coming suddenly.
(E. Eo F
h- J h-o-E,
F -Lq *aC, sudden
d x).
Sugandhi: In fact surekha was about to start
for your place yesterday. I told her
(that) you were away and she
stopped. She said (that) she did not
know about your plan to go to your
village.
( Eo O -lJC. O E G T-C. O ho A
LC).
Supushpa: We were sorry (that) we missed a
few days of quiet at our village.
(v T----J, Cl--V
x-J v- p--E
-f.)
(quiet = v-)
Sugandhi: Why didn't you tell your relatives
that you would be away?
(O--E O --
p-?)
Supushpa: They were coming with an alliance
for my elder sister. The boy is a
bank officer.
(x \- B-h-o. s u -)
Alliance = -q = (marriage alliance)
= Rx ;
political alliance = - N/
.
Eg: UPA (vh v C-- o
N) = (United People's Alliance.)
Sugandhi: Then of course you must welcome
1. (that) you were not in town

2. (that) We were going to
our village
PRESENT TENSE
a) am is are
d) have, has
b) am is are
combinations
c) I RDW
II RDW
e) have, has
combinations
f) can could
--
PAST TENSE
a) was were b) was were
combinations
--
d) had
c) past doing
word
f) could would
e) had
combinations
FUTURE TENSE
shall, will forms
( -h-o-E)
But we dropped
coming.
the idea.
d--h-o--x
4. (that) you were away
O x E
5. (that) you would be
away
O--E
-
-o
I told her
--- p
Why didn't you
tell them?
x
p-?
6. (that) he would talk

to the boy's father
s v
x---E
h-o
(Main clause - meaning complete; sub-
ordinate clause - meaning incomplete).
Spoken English
III. a)
y ----E ---o?
Do you think (that) India can win the

match ?
(b)
b)
India
Did you think (that) India could win the
match?
IV. a)
I think (that) he may not help me.
b)
.
---------o?
O x--p h----- N-.

practice d ----.
Ravikanth:
Sreekanth:
Fn - o?
-h C. Eo \-
-E --- --p-.
----aE --o Ravikanth: y-C -E-\ Eo
o-?
Sreekanth:
--E Eo \ --x
----aE -o.
h.
Ravikanth: -- h. x
-hC Eo \ o-E.
E v
-x--- 131
o E-\- -E.
Sreekanth: O.K. t-?
Father told them
o- x
o.
He knows (that) she has come

p u-i N: j sentences
Main Clause Verb, Subordinate Clause
Verb -E-. Main Clause Verb past
tense , subordinate Clause Verb
past tense . :
Main Clause Verb
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Sentence 5
Sentence 6
Thought
were
- Past tense
- past tense
Phoned
were going
- Past tense
- past tense
dropped
had
- Past tense
- past tense
told
were
- Past tense
- past tense
did tell (told)
I thought (that) he
might not help me.
V. a)
would be -Past
- Past tense
told
(future from the past)

would talk - Past
- Past tense
(future from the past)
In all the sentences above, the

main clause verb is in the past tense, so the
subordinate clause verb too is in the past
tense. That is the rule we have to follow in
conversation. If the main clause verb is in
the past tense, the subordinate clause verb
too must be in the past tense.
past tense verb
2) Main clause
subordinate clause
will, shall, can,
may
would, should, could, might
conversation
---:
p

- h. C
-Lq .
I. a) ---V h--o
He said (that) he would come the next day.
(b)
b)
He says (that) he will come tomorrow.
II. a)
Does he know (that) they will come
(b)
b)
Did he know (that) they would come.
DEo a:
-h---o
-p- a:
x-h-E -E---- ?
ANSWER
Ravikanth: Do you understand what he has
said?
-j-
--h--o
Sreekanth: It is clear - he says that he did not

come here yesterday.
I say (that) I shall be

happy if he passes
Sub Clause Verb
x-h-E -E--p ?
--Fo
Main clause, subordinate clauses
(--o)
I phoned you
3. because we had relatives
address.
( o x address B-E
s o x---o).
Sugandhi: That's good news (-h)
Last lesson * *a tense table
hC . -J h -.
I thought
F phone
.
Supushpa: Father told them that he would talk

to the boy's father and took their
Main clause
(y x--E)
them.
( x y-A--Lq)
--v- 24 --Ja 2006
b)
j
--h-E o
M. SURESAN
I said (that) I should be happy if he passed.

Main Clause
said, knew,
thought
past tense verbs
subordinate clause
would, should, could,
might
Main clause verb past tense
subordinate clause verb
past
tense
I a)
He knew (that) she had come.
b)
He knows (that) she has come.
II a)
She thinks (that) she is beautiful
b)
She thought (that) she was beautiful.
III a)
I hope (that) he doesn't know about it.
b)
I hoped (that) he did not know about it.
So, remember: If the main clause verb is in
past tense, the subordinate clause verb is
also in the past tense. Main clause verb
future tense
present tense
subordinate clause
tense
*ap
--x
C.
*a-E - ()
*a-E - p
-h E --C
-h E --C ()
N -L-E P- =
N L--E P-.
a)
F ,
(n -)
a.
Eo a-E =
I know that he came yesterday
b)
O Eo h o-E ---o =
He says that you bought a new car yesterday.

absent
c)
I will tell your father that you were absent
yesterday.
a)
b)
Main clause - present,
subordinate clause - past c)
Main clause
- future, subordinate clause - past.
Eo y
E O o h
Ravikanth: (Do) you mean he was here yesterday.

Sreekanth: I remember well that I saw him
here yesterday.
Ravikanth: Let us tell others too. They will
know that he was here yesterday.
But he told me an hour ago that he
had not come here yesterday.
Sreekanth: OK, but who will believe it?
vo: 1. ? -J
--?, -F- J l -?,
F l h?, -- J
_- h-C?, J \
E--C?, Eo
x--lE o? OE Tx-
pL?
2. I alone can do it. I can do it alone.
u N?
3. She was tired with riding.
She was tired of riding.
-.
- >. u-, --v-
1. ? = Who (whom) does
she know? (whom p
). -J = Who knows her?
F J l h? = Who do you go
to?/ Who will you go to? (x
conversational English whom T_-C). Does/ Will she come to you?
(does -/ will future ). Who
does/ will she come to? Who did she stand
by?/ Stand next to?/ Whose side did she
stand by?/ Who did she stand beside?
Why did he tell you not to go?
2. I alone can do it =
I can do it alone =
v --.
(- -)
C
-J (- ) --.
3. She was tired of riding, correct.
-- j---
II
Madhav: Hi Mahesh, come in. Have a seat. I
called your home twice yesterday, but
you were out.
( a, Eo -x O
, y )
2. If the main clause verb is in the present or the

future tense, the subordinate clause verb can
be in any tense.
rules
Last lesson
j
--o .
C .
Main clause verb past tense - subordinate clause will, shall, can, may .
-- - would, should, could,
might h.
j points Fo conversation v-h
-L. ( h--E practice --Dl
---- vo - correct x nA -)
Mahesh: I was away at college to apply for my

certificates.
apply
(Certificates
- -
x.)
Madhav: When are you going to get them.
(p--h?)
Mahesh: The clerk told me that they would be
ready in two days.
ready
(Vx
h p.)
-E
Look at the following sentence in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I called your home twice yesterday, but you
past tense)
were out. (Called, were 2) a) The clerk told me that they would be ready
told past tense
in 2 days. (Main clause
sub-ordinate clause
verbsentence
would be) - sentence
-x--- 132
--C 26 --Ja 2006
, d
a.
d)
vA-V u --E x-o
e)
V -\--o- ----
They said that he did exercise everyday.

He was not happy that I was there yesterday.
d English x--p v-h h-d---Lq N-.

Main clause verb past tense , sub ordinate clause -EN. will, shall, may , can,
Ist RDW, IInd RDW, have, has, do and does.
Would, should, might,
could, past doing word, had and did.
O N:
a) He tells me that he sees her here everyday.

- Main clause verb tells - present tense;
Sub clause verb sees - present tense.
n: -E-\ vA-W h-E -o.

b) He tells me that he saw her here yesterday
Main Clause Verb - Tells- Present tense
Subordinate clause Verb - Saw- past tense
n: -E-\ Eo -E ---o.
. p--- N-Eo d
MC (Main Clause) Present tense , SC
(Subordinate Clause) tense a. , future tense .
I will tell him that you are present
I called ..., but you were out
(y a-E -E h.
MC Verb - will tell - future tense,
SC verb - are - present tense.)
I will tell him that you were here yesterday
(y Eo \ o-E -E h.
Clerk - Pron.
(bird
Madhav: And when is your interview?
b) The clerk tells me

that they will be ready
in 2 days
')
yu p?
Mahesh: On the 22nd. I received the call letter
yesterday.
Call letter
Call let(22
ter - Interview, exam
. Eo
*aC.
a
)
Madhav: I met Madhu yesterday. I told him
about your interview. He knows about
the company. He says it is a good
company and pays its staff well.
(Eo E-. F yu
A p. -E F J*
. C * Company E, *
@-L-h-E )
Mahesh: Happy to hear that. Dad doesn't bother what pay I will get. He first wants
me to join the company, as experience in the company will be of great
value for my career.
(. @ N -o
l d-----). Company
experience C N-u-h
N-jC d x u h
.)
Madhav: You will certainly be lucky if you get
the job. People do talk lot about the
company. Wish you all luck.
(F u h %-d- --.
company p- .)
Mahesh: Thank you. Any tips you wish to give
me?
(FNa --/- --
i o?)
(interview)
Madhav: Let's meet this evening, when I am at

leisure
(v l. p BJ)
Mahesh: Bye.
In the last few lessons we have been discussing clauses. We have seen the following.
1. If the main clause verb is in the past tense,
the subordinate clause verb should also be in
the past.
Spoken English
Main clause present tense, future tense

sub ordinate clause
tense
-a n -, n-Eo-d.
b)
main
clause verb, tellspresent tense
sub clause
Subhash: Vinod,
-\-. Eo -\-E
M. SURESAN
a, E.
verb will be
Vinod:
*a . Eo -\
a) n v-V- ready --E clerk
o-E.
p. C past ()
Subhash: o- -- n
b) n v-V- ready --E clerk
--.
Vinod:
Eo ----E
-o C p (present)
o.
2) He says that it is a good company, and pays
Subhash: o .
its staff well.
v 57 u o-p-o \ main clause verb, says- present tens---aE.
es, subordinate clause verbs, 1) is 2) pays.
Vinod:
Eo
-- v-o- o-E,
(Company *-F, s-C @
F-y-Lq h- y-E v-Ao-hh-E -o p present )
ox p .
3) Dad doesn't bother about what pay I will get
Subhash: Phone l- \ -E Phone
Main clause- Dad doesn't bother about. Verb
.
does bother- present time, so subordinate
Vinod:
p- -x p---
clause - will get.
y -E ------o-E.
j sentenceE verb in the Main clause, Subhash: - ----E Pl.
past tense ( didn't bother E a--) p sentence --C?
vo: 1) Inurn - -- --L?
Dad didn't bother about what pay I would get.
2) To be Form tense
- didn't (main clause), would get - subordinate
--T-L?
clause.
ANSWER:
Subhash: Vinod, I will find out whether he
came here yesterday or not.
Vinod:
I know surely that he was here yesterday.
Subhash: Then I do not understand why he did
not meet me.
Vinod:
He said he would meet you today or
tomorrow.
Subhash: I told him a week ago that he could
meet me (on) any day between 5
and 7 in the evening.
Vinod:
He told me too, that he was trying to
meet you and give you the books he
had to give you.
Subhash: He doesn't have a phone, even if I
want to phone him.
Vinod:
I have already told him twice that you
have been wishing to see him
Subhash: Let's hope we will meet him atleast
tomorrow.
1.
ordinate clause
--p
will, shall, can, may
sub
would, should, could, might
sentences practice
, subordi
1) am, is , was
2) are , E were
3) have, has , had
4) do, does -- did .
a) Eo -\--o-E
nate clause
I knew that he was there yesterday.
y-\--o - p-
No one told me where you were.
c) She was proud that she had so much of gold
(-- -E y--C)
n ----
{--K o. I as apple a?
As E Eo N- --T--a?
. E-- -, --
---: 1) Inurn L . d
E a- N out of the question.
2) To be form C form of the verb. to be/
be forms am, is, are, was, were, shall be
etc.,
be form, am, is,
are
Tense
Be forms
Spoken English
lessons
explain
to be
infinitive.
tense
present
Past
To be =
3) As
want, intentioned
Dictionary
As
o.
x D -Eo d
C.
. .
DE
--

-C. \-J
-C.
.
-o nx
N
J
. O ----
-. -o n:
, :
a) He works as hard as his father
(father
b) talks as his father does.
d- E h.)
3) As = want, As = intentioned
b)
-Eo h d-E O
MC Verb - will tell - future; SC Verb - were past tense)

conversation
practice
(x o x--)
(d)
2. as
because/ since
a) As he is tall he can bowl well =
bowl
b) As it is hot, I dont want to go out =
_ ---x
--.
-C d, - x---- .
3. As '
a) As a doctor, I advise you to eat less Doctor
b) As a player, Ram has no equal =
Ram
4. As
1) He is not as good as you think =
Eo T_* A---o.
v---,
:
-- .
--- y---o *- .
n v o As . DEod
N-N follow -. I as pen, I as
apple- n .
-- j---
II
Look at sentence 1.
Jagan: I met our schoolmate Prasad yesterday.
(Eo, \--- -v-- - -o.)

Sekhar: Did you? Long since we saw him. How
is he? What did he say?
(? --iC -E .
o? -o?)
Jagan: He said he is doing Engineering in
Hyderabad.
(j-- >-F-J h-o-E

p.)
Sekhar: I think he is in his second year.
( -.)
Jagan: No. He said he is in his 3rd year.
(. p, -f -- E)
Sekhar: Remember? At school the teacher
once said that truth wins, he then
picked up an argument with her. He
told her that was correct in the olden
days, and that truth had no place in the
modern world.
(h? \ u
-h-E p--p - -E
He said (that) he is doing Engineering.

Main Clause, He said; verb - said past tense.
yesterday
(C
J-T -)
Engineering - C
(that) he is doing
Subordinate Clause - Verb - is doing - present tense.
So, in this sentence the Main Clause verb is

in the past tense and the Subordinate
Clause is in the present tense.
Rule
rule
(present
v -- . F \
Jh-. - p- --o
--o) N-Eo Eo -v -- p. pC past. E N
--C -E MC verb past
--p- SC verb x present
tense C.
-x--- 133
v SC Verb past tense --; He said he was doing Engineering

E sentence -C n?
Engineering h-o-E was doing =
n hC, p E ?
F - p Engineering h-oE ! -E verb present tense
Sentence No. 2 :
He said (yesterday) that he is in his 3rd
year.
(. * x-Ja Fx
ud-J -E C-N--p *
h.)
\ MC verb past tense d, SC

past tense - rule Jh. - rule v sentence
a---: p sentence:
(N*-v-i ?)
u-L 'u \ = -- Go o)
(Peculiar =
Jagan: Yes. He doesn't believe others easily.
( -- - t.)
-- ---oC Main Clause
(MC), Subordinate Clause (SC) J*:
1) MC verb, past tense , SC verb
(-J
teacher
pC u -h-E).
MC verb - said - past tense
MC Verb - said, Past tense; SC verb - is

present tense.
verb
He said (yesterday) that he was in his 3rd

year
3rd year
(was),
-C. n,
F, p
,
hC. F p--p (Eo) p
III year . -E \ 'he is in his
SC verb - wins present tense

Rule
He read that boiled water is free from bacteria.

MC- He read - read
()
past tense
SC - that boiled water is free from bacteria

Verb is present tense.
SC verb present tense
(MC verb past tense
,
o-p) p
j-. - C-N--p
p-j J-T Fx v-. C fact of science. Y v-i u. -E \ MC verb
--p- SC verb present

C.
Euu- (universal truths) N- .
MC verb, past tense --p-, SC Verb
present tense C.
SC verb
past tense
(won) L.
a--- The
teacher once said
that truth won
- M. SURESAN
C n: E L-C (
p ----E) -- n hC. C
- ? u p
-h-E. n - Truth wins
E present tense . d \
SC verb present tense C. MC Verb
past --p-
'Truth wins', 'Goodness is rewarded'
eg: Galileo discovered that the earth goes

round the sun.
(N, u d A---E M-L

E--d) Subordinate clause- universal
truth --C d, MC verb past tense
--p-. SC verb present tense.
MC verb past tense , SC verb
past tense - rule Jh-E x:
If the subordinate cluase states
1) a universal truth
(Eu u)
science (Y v L-
2) a fact of
(* L C), Justice prevails
N)
(u-E j u- gener3) a generalisation (Truth wins, etc) and
alisations .
4) a regular/repeated action continuing
N-, MC verb past tense --p-, SC
into the future
Verb prsent tense C.
rule N---.
MC Verb past --p-, SC verb present
Practise the following in English
Answer:
Sasikanth: Do you know, Vinai now is a big officer in a bank?
Yashwant: I knew it long ago. Isn't it I who told you last week
Sasikanth:
j p rule no. 1, MC - past tense,

SC also past tense rule Eo Eo sx Jh-. -N p l:
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above:
1) He said (that) he is doing Engineering.
2) He said (that) he is in his 3rd year.
3) The teacher once said that truth wins.
4) ..... from the day he read that boiled
water is free from bacteria.
Spoken English
-s J-Eo.
Sentence No. 4 .
past tense
tense
past tense
2) MC verb, present or future tense
SC verb, any tense.
tense
can't achieve anything without hardwork
Jagan: Yes, I do. I remember too his drinking

only boiled cooled water from the day
he read that boiled water is free from
bacteria.
Sekhar: He is a peculiar type, isn't he?
3rd year' correct.

d x, n d a-
MC verb past tense --p-, SC verb
present tense C.
MC verb past tense SC verb past
tense - rule Jh-E -s JEo o.
Sentence No. 3 :
The teacher once said that truth wins.
(Rule
C. u - Vx E,
vh v- u-E E.)
-- 28 --Ja 2006
F . N p l bank officer E?
Yaswanth: -p . F pC. --,
-u- * -->--- Mumbai oE?
Sasikanth: . h-*aC. Eo- C.
bank j v- E.
Yaswanth: V -- ->-- position --E
v--f. p --. d- --E- D C--E. d- K-~ u. j-a.
Sasikanth: . --, C C-N n --E C-. -J Eo h- Ot- -E n ----E , -.
Yashwant: j-h .
that he is in a good position in a bank?

Sasikanth: Yes, it is you; I remember. I read in the papers too,
Yesterday, that he is the vice president of the bank.
Yashwant: You know that he worked very hard to be in that position now. He always used to say that we can't
achieve anything without hardwork. He worked hard
and passed exams, and he came up that way.
Sasikanth: That's right. Moreover, he always studied things to
understand them. Once, to understand all objects
fall to the ground at the same speed, he let fall a
book and a pen on the ground.
Yashwant: He will come up further.
-- j---
II
Akhilesh: (Do) you know when the matches
begin?
(Matches
Let us now study the SCs having who,

whom, which, whose and that, and the MCs
(Main Clauses) they are joined to.
p ?)
Avinash: Hemanth is the man who can give

the information.
(F - y--L-TC
Hemanth)
Akhilesh: I wish to know the date of the match

which they play here.
(\ match date ----E

C). I am not interested in the
matches at the other venues. (-x matches interest )
Avinash: Hemanth is out of town now.
( p x )
Akhilesh: Who is the person that can tell us
about it?
C vA SC E Eo join MC L
- N o sentences n easy
n ---. ( -sx English
MC, SC, order, - reverse
(uA-) -C C , -C
..)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Avinash: Here is the phone number which you

can call for the information
MAIN CLAUSE
1 ..... the man who can give you Hemanth is

the imformation.
interested in it =
be
I wish to know
-h-E uh
y-\--
o
F - y- uh
2 ..... the date of the match

which they play here
Rx-\
match
------o.
about it =
(y- --?)
Avinash: Cricket is a game which does not
interest me
interest
E (-h -L-T--E)
game cricket = cricket interest )
8. a) ... the one whose voice is She is =
F\--- -
phone -Lq
5 ... a game which does not Cricket
interest me
Cricket
h L-T-E
I think =
cricket =
h ---x -E--hC
... When I see
= --p
... (that) they are mad
= x *a--xE
(3 SCS -E-)
4 ..the phone number which you Here is.

can call for the information =
7 ... people who show interest in

Cricket
3 ..... the person that can tell us Who is?
Akhilesh: Why don't you call?
MAIN CLAUSE
6 ... the only one who is not You seem to
..... E J* p---uh
(F\--- -
u-Lq number C)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
= ....
( Eo J* p--L----?
(o
- 30 --Ja 2006
good
is
game
b) ... the hero whom I like He is =
d-
hero
NOW SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING:
(C-- who, whom, which, etc., a

clauses - simple x-.)
eg: The book which I bought yesterday is
here = I bought this book yesterday.
1) He is the man who tore the book.
2) They are the people whose houses look
beautiful.
3) We are the students whom they admitted.
4) These are the books which are interesting
but expensive.
5) Those who play cricket think they are great.
6) This is a problem which is easy enough to
solve.
7) Can you show me a man who dislikes cricket?
8) This is a question to which no one knows the
answer.
9) A man who is poor should not waste money.
10) These are all sentences which we can
simplify.
Akhilesh: You seem to be the only one who is

not interested in it.
( interest E--N y-\- o).
Cricket...does not interest me
Avinash: When I see people who show interest

in cricket, I think they are mad.
(cricket
interest o--x -p x a-x-E--hC)
-x--- 134
Akhilesh: OK, OK. Tastes differ.
(, , \-\-J \ G-*).
Let's not argue about it. (EJ*
C-l ).
-- sub ordinate
clauses J* --o . conversation subordinate clauses
. conversation o sub ordinate clauses - we can carry on conversation. O----- sub ordinate
clauses - *C. C
--- -, --L-x OE - -n--yL . -E OE -. u ---i--p .
study l:
Look at these following SCs (Subordinate
clauses) in the conversation:
1) ... the man who can give the information
2) ... the match which they play here
3) ... the person that can give the information
4) The phone number which you can call
Subordinate Clauses
, N L
Main Clauses
n ---Lq
N--.
( Clauses M. SURESAN
n N-E C - questions Eo-
- ).
Sx h--: O-----
SCs conversation -
conversation, simple , direct ,
interesting C. E OE
--- - - conversation
correct n ----E.
N -, n a *o *o
sentences :
1) Hemanth is the man who can give you the
5) ... a game which doesn't interest me.

6) .... the only one who is not interested in it
information =
7) .... people who show interest in cricket.
Hemanth can give you the information.
j SCs Eo- who, which, that h-o

. OF .
8) a) She is the one whose voice is good.
b) He is the hero whom I like.
a), b)
2) I wish to know the date of the match they

play here =
I wish to know the date of the match here.
3) Who is the person that can tell us about it? =
SCs a) the one whose voice is good
b) ... the hero whom I like
Who can tell us about it?

4) Here is the phone number which you can call
whose, whom
for the information =
SCs
You can call this phone number for the infor-
, who, which, that o

(Subordinate Clauses) -a
mation.
Spoken English
5) Cricket is a game which does not interest me =

Cricket/ The game cricket does not interest me.
6) You seem to be the only one who is not interested =
You seem to be the only one not interested =
You alone seem to be not interested/ uninterested (alone = only =
you only
you alone, better.)
7) People who show interest in cricket = People
interested in cricket.
8) She is the one whose voice is good =
Her voice is good.
9) He is the hero whom I like =
I like that hero.
Who, Whom, Whose, Which,
that clauses
(simple)
direct
conversation
simple
direct
natural
v. --p-

,
-a!
p
,

()
C.
-v-o: ought be, dare be, need be
N --T--L?
.Jqf, j---.
---: 1) Ought be - ought be
implies an obligation - it more or

less means, 'must be'. But 'ought'
always expresses a moral obligation - some thing a person is
expected to do as a moral obligation.
eg:
a) you ought to be respectful to elders. (Morals
require that you should be respectful)
b) Humans ought to be kind to animals
c) A youngster like you ought not talk like that
to elders.
2) Dare: Meaning and use no.1. Be brave
enough to do something. He doesn't dare
(to) talk to another woman in his wife's presence = He isn't brave enough to do it. In this
sense, 'dare' is usually used with 'not'. He
dare not do it = He doesn't dare to do it. 'He
dare not do it' is more common.
ANSWERS:
1) He took the book.
2) Their houses look beautiful.
3) They admitted us
(C
conversation
v)
4) Those books are interesting but expensive.
5) Cricket players/ cricketers think they are
great.
6) This problem is enough to solve.
7) Can you show me a hater of cricket? hater
=
'who'
clause sentence
(
y -p - *a
p-E-J a. F
O----- --- *C.)
8) No one knows the answer to this question.

9) A poor man should not waste money.
10) We can simplify all these sentences.
Meaning and use no.2. Used to warn some

one against doing some thing/ tell someone
strongly not to do something. Eg: a) Don't
you dare talk to me like that again! (= I warn
you not to talk to me like that again.) b) How
dare you to talk like that to me?
Meaning and use no.3: To persuade someone
to do some thing. Eg: They dared him to
climb up the mountain = They persuaded
him to climb up the mountain.
Imp: 'Dare' is used mostly with 'not' if it is used
with the meaning of 'be brave enough'
3) Need be: 1) 'Need' is used as a 'main' verb,
as well as a 'model'.
eg: a) I need some money - here 'need' with the
meaning of 'being in need' is a main verb.
b) He needs her help - needs is a main verb.
2) Followed by not, it is used in the following
manner.
a) You need not go now. (It is not necessary)
b) He need not come here again (It is not necessary)
-- j---
II
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has
achieved what he set out to achieve.
He has got the 5th rank in the
entrance exam
(F -h. N -oC
C-. vq b- 5th rank
a--o)
Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am

on my way to college. See you.
(F vq--E uq.
ho, Sx l)
j --E -E-.
1) Vishal has achieved
2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known

it. Vishal's is an achievement
indeed. I am eager to see him and
congratulate him.
3) I am eager to see him
( L-. p y G
L-C. NC p N-. E
--E congrats p-E --%-
C)
7) He was a bit ashamed
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning.

He told me of it then. He was accompanying his dad to some place. His
dad was very happy.
(V -E - --o. p p--.
x o L \- h-o.
- o)
4) I met him accidentally

5) He was accompanying his father
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to

town. I am eager to see him and take
his autograph.
6) I admire the way he worked hard.

8) What's your target.
9) I can't afford it.
high frequency
(A - x) N Eo.
O n, - l.
1) achieve - '<, '< \ -.
n: C- DE past tense, past parEnglish conversation
words
ticiple - achieved.
a) Our
freedom
fighters
Independence for us:
achieved
y-vu-- y-vuEo
C-.
b) People who work hard achieve success
-x--- 135
--E 1 --v- 2006
d- E---x N C-h.
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
test centuries
b) My target is to be a computer professional
~u computer professional
.
~u -El-P-- = Set a target
~u C- = achieve the target/
p v- x--h-o. -E
, -vB---E -%- C.
4) accidentally = by accident = --
a) Newton discovered the law of gravitation accidentally/ by accident =
u -- u--{ l
E--d.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him accidentally =
u-h--J, -- C -
T-LC.
clear the target/ hit the target.
J- ~u target
)
9) Afford = j -/ - n.
a) I cannot afford a car = - n
.
(shooting
b) He can afford a number of such build-
c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ings =
-- O ---d.
--, ----
JN d Road v-,
v-- accident .
x j o n -C.
c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
afford to go to bed so early =
K-~--d-E y Ev-
- F .
O N-. daily conversation OE -- \. Practice
.
People who work hard achieve success
EXERCISE
Ram:
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the

way Vishal worked hard to get such
a good rank.
( v - ? N
rank a----E f v
a---o)
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was
a bit ashamed of not getting one of
the 1st three ranks.
(Vishal
v - .
ux D -E
_--f)
Tendulkar
test centuries
5) Accompany =
(past tense, past participle - accompanied)
a) The President's wife accompanied him
on the tour =
-J-
-J--j L---x.
\
C-.
2) Achievement:
-j
C-* N.
a) C*C p
N-
His achievement is
really great.
u-~ u-- u
RxC.
M. SURESAN
b) Anand's achievement makes India proud
(Chess ) C-*
y L-T-hC.
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: - ' \ -. DE n
E- E: Eo ---oto take the exam next year, aren't
p, Eo \--p--E indeed
you? What is your target?
. C conversation -
(F - J? a -q
C.
y vq b --Bhavan: Do you like it?
o ! F ~u ?)
(FC *a?)
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks.
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as
good as Vishal's
( 10 ux -C
~u. F t .
N x *C
)
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
then?
(J - -?)
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
( *aC E \ p.
I like it C- h- -u.)
Indeed , t-Ej j p--p, t-----Eo L---p
(E-? ? - -t L-- n Indeed )
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him
for an hour.
( V u-vAE --E
- x-)
Prakash: Indeed?
(\ fees \.
J--)
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You
will get it.
(E-?)
--t (disbelief) uh---.
3) Eager: -%- (-v )
Kiran: I am not coming to college today.
(n uC. F h-Dl vAo.

u a--)
Spoken English
Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed
(F-V - --.)
Kishore: Why?
b) His dog always accompanies him =
\ p - hC.
c) The client accompanied the lawyer to
the court =
client court
lawyer
x.
U--u, U--u L
-*, --o-p, u
--J-*, C accompany -C.
The fluit accompanied him =
E -C.
6) admire = a--. (J pEo,
achievement , G-- a--)
a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice
MS Subbulakshmi
p -o?
n . -\
?
Ram:
?/ E-? O o l
Shopping Complex owner ?
Shyam: C complex. C ?
-C---L-T s.
car - ~u.
Ram:
O o s --a-?
Shyam: C C-*C ? o
C-*C.
Ram:
Eo -- Venu --o. o bike E-a-E
p.
Shyam: o s- a car --N- % .
Ram:
F lA a---o.
Shyam: Bike
ANSWER
Ram:
Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I

buy a car?
a--.
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
achievement =
Tendulkar
C-* -
a--.
7) ashamed = _--.
Ram:
\ \- _---o.
b) The father is ashamed of his son's
behaviour
v-h- v _----o.
_-- ?
DE uA- Jy- to be proud of.
8) Target = ~u. (Pronunciation= T)
To be Ashamed of
a) The company has set a target of 20%

increase in sales =
company
~u t-- 20]
Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of

a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
own a big shopping complex?
Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is

my money. My target is to buy a car
a) He is ashamed of his low marks
--)
Hi Shyam,
with my money.
Ram:
You can buy it with your father's

money, can't you?
Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's

dad's achievement.
Ram:
I met Venu Yesterday by accident/

accidentally. He told me his father had
bought him a bike.
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought

with dad's money.
Ram:
I admire your policy.
-- j---
II
Ramesh: Hi Naresh, you are late by half an
3. Would have missed
hour. I have been waiting and waiting.
4. Would have been
(y - -u a.
F -E o)
5. Would have brought
Naresh: I would have been here on time, but
6. Would have won

7. Would have watched
my train was late.
Verbs no. 1 and 4 are would have been.
(E-\- j --, E
train u C)
form.
Ramesh: I would have gone away, but I

thought I would wait for another half
an hour. That's why I am here.
Otherwise you would have missed
verbs form
C 'be'
2. Would have gone - would have + past participle (of go)

3. Would have missed - would have + past par-
me.
Naresh: That's good of you. Thank you. I

wouldn't have been late but for the
train.
-x--- 136
h--
Next, would have + past participle

I would have gone =
ticiple (of miss)

5. Would have brought - would have + past par-
( Rx----. F -
l---o. - \ o.
y o --E --N
)
--- 3 --v- 2006
x- (F x-)
I a) Would have been b) Would not have been -
F -.
-C- E
India would have last the match=
ticiple (of bring)

6. Would have won - would have + past partici-
India
-- (F --, L-*C)
C.
II) a) would have + pp -
She would not have attended the marriage=
ple (of win)

7. Would have watched - would have + past
verbs 1 and 4 - be forms.
N -Eo
LN .
Verbs 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 Fo form
o? Would have + past participle.
N action words . N - L
(He would have gone=
Rx *a -C-. (F *aC)
He wouldn't have seen me=
participle (of watch)
They would have won=
verbs.
x L* x (E --).
-\ - --E=
I would have been there at 2. (F )
But for = -x
You would have missed me
x--,
x-).
b) wouldn't have + pp=
o -- . (F )
(state of being)
E JT E
--.
E J-C
F J-TC.
He wouldn't have gone=
x-
, F x.
O imaginary past forms. Eu @N- N
-s \ . -E
practice l.
Vocabulary practice
affect:
d \ -. n v
L-T-, v LT .
a) Rain or the lack of it affects crops=
{, C---- O v
LT C.
b) Climate affects our health
C * . Thank you. Train

xp -u u---E-)
Ramesh: Where is Jagadish?
(-D \?)
Naresh: I would have brought him along, but
(E B---a-- F
o)
busy
Ramesh: OK. By the way what happened to

the cricket match?
(C . Cricket match iC?)

-- N a-
)
(by the way =
Naresh: Don't you know? India won the match

by four wickets. It would not have won
the match but for Suresh Raina and
Dhoni.
(L-. 4 Nx L*C. Suresh Raina, Dhoni -

India L-C )
Ramesh: Happy to hear that. I would have
watched the match yesterday, but I
had important work.
(. Eo match
F u-i E C)
Now, look at the following sentences from
the conversation above:
1) I would have been here on time.
2) I would have gone away.
3) You would have missed me
4) I wouldn't (would not) have been late
5) I would have brought him along.
6) It wouldn't have won the match.
7) I would have watched the match.
The verbs in the sentences above are:
2. Would have gone
Spoken English
But for my help, he would not have
have been, 2) would

ticiple) conversation
--x , pass
u . ( D,
pass u.)
British ---, India -G-%Cl
C C=
-- u O vh-C.
passed=
have + pp (past par-
he was busy.
1. Would have been
verbs
v-h -E* n
--L. -
verbs 1) would
M. SURESAN
-.
V -x --.
N C, F . ()
N C , E C,
N JT C, E --,
N JT C , F J-TC
- W o-x
--, x--. L- would have been, would
But for the British rule, India would have progressed a lot.
E -s- imaginary past (-- E-E )

. C ---- JT
, JT C ,
C, C ... --.
sentences
EXERCISE
have + pp verbs.
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar,
Look at sentence No. 1:
Sudhakar: College
- \o?
* ho. -
a--. F Maths
I would have been on time
lecturer E----J - x time J_ --. (E )
-.
Sentence No. 4:
Damodar: t, v \--oI wouldn't (would not) have been late
-p?
u u---E- (E u)
example: E--D prime minister Sudhakar: \ o. US Rx---.
F Visa . Visa C (E )
E ----E F -
Sonia Gandhi would have been the prime
minister.
topic a.
, would have been n D/ Damodar: * lecturer.
- E / (C N)
Maths paper
Wouldn't (would not) have been = C
answer ---E-.
/ - (E o) Sudhakar:
She wouldn't have been here
t -* \
\ C (F C)
a--- .
He would have been the CM
Damodar: y h -h---o.
CM - (F )
Ex--x.
D would have been/ wouldn't have been Sudhakar: p time --C .
n, -.
II show .
c) Our parent's opinion affects our decisions=
d)
Lx--v G-v- Eg--O v --.

x--B -O ---o
G-v-- v-N hC=
The way we talk affects other's opinion of us.
Affect
simple
v-N ---
p , a--- E.
-----x -uEo
a--.
Our food habits can affect our health.
ANSWER
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, where have you
been all along?
Sudhakar: I'm returning from college. I would
have come half an hour ago, but I
met our Maths lecturer. I was talking to him.
Damodar: Where is his brother, our friend?
Sudhakar: He is here. He would have left for/
gone to the US. But he hasn't got
his visa. I would have asked him
why he hasn't got the visa, but he
changed the topic.
Damodar: He is a great lecturer. But for him I
wouldn't have answered the Maths
paper so well.
Sudhakar: But for his help his brother wouldn't
have got such high marks either.
Damodar: I thought you would come a little
earlier. We would have gone to a
movie.
Sudhakar: It is too late now, isn't it? Let's go
the 2nd show.
-- j---
II
Karuna: Sumana, where were you yesterday?
I couldn't see you anywhere.
(, Eo \ o? \
E---)
Sumana: I was at Valli's. You would have met
me if you had come there.
( Lx Rxx o. y-\-
a o -----EN)
Karuna: I would have taken you to a movie if
we had met.
( --- Eo E-
B--}-Eo)
4) If I had thought of it earlier, I would have

called you.
5) If I had got you over the phone, we would
have seen the movie.
sentences
1) Would have + PP Verb
main clause,
2) if clause
would have + PP
In all the sentences above,
observe the form of the verb in the 'if' clause:
Sentence 1: ... if you had come.
verb - had come (had + PP)
v-h -E-: j
o.
.
Sumana: Which movie did you think of?

movie
Karuna: Neetone Unta
-x--- 137
x---o-N-?)
--
( C. C - E
pC.)
awful = / -
Karuna: That's OK, Then.
lesson
Would have been,
2) Would have + Past Participle (Would have
gone, Would have seen, etc)
verbs
1)
J* --o ?
1) a) Would have been = C 'be' form /
- (E / )
i) He would have been here = -\
- (F -)
( - E p )
ii) She would have been here yesterday
=
iii) He would not have been the Prime
Minister
PM
Eo \ (F )
(
F o)
b) Would have + Past Participle (PP)
DE
n E J- E ---E;
D not h E J-C , F
J-TC E.
i) I would have met him =
-Eo -----; F ---.

ii) He wouldn't (would not) have passed
Pass
would have been, would
have + PP, verbs
last lessons
u- , F u.
j --
-o .
lesson v--E conversation
sentences -E-:
1) You would have met me, if you had come
there.
2) I would have taken you to a movie, if we had
met
3) If you had told me earlier, I would have waited for you.
Spoken English
- p
-C.
-\ , C --E-a-E.
If I had been there, I would not allowed it.
(-\--, C J-TC)
3. If you had told me.
(If clause verb - had been; main clause verb -
verb - had told (had +
would have + pp).
PP)
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp)
3)
-\- x- , x
----.
friend
--
If he had not gone there, he would not have

met his friend
4. If I had thought of it.
prize
(had + PP)
M. SURESAN
j 'If clauses' Eo-, verb form

:
had + PP d \ would have been/
would have + PP main clause , if
clause had + PP verb hC . C
p h----Lq N: p n
C.
If clause pC JT o-x-, Main
clause N JT C E. (Main
clause, if clause order a.
, y)
If clause
(had been/ had + pp)
If clause
(had been/ had + pp)
1. If you had come you would have met

me. [
there
[
].
a
)]
o --
y-\-
(y EN (---)
2. If we had met = I would have taken

[
you to a movie. [
moive
]
]
--E
Eo
(F -- B--x-Eo
(F B--x-)
)
3. If you had told me I would have waited

[
earlier [
]
y ----Eo
p (F p- (F -)
)]
4. If I had thought of it I would have called

earlier [
you. [phone
]
].
Eo
E (F -- (E -)
)
5. If I had got you over We would have seen

phone [phone
the movie. [
y J- (F E --x (E
--)].
-)].
OE : If clause N JT
Main clause N JT C. If
clause N --. -E main clause
N --, E.
(\- x,
friend
---o.)
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp).
-s--Eo- , If clause verb:
2) If he had participated, he would have got the
verb - had got (had + PP)
(y--. l
)
2. ... if we had met. verb

- had met (had + PP)
5. If I had got you over phone.
Sumana: Don't worry. We didn't miss much.

miss
Suguna has seen it and says it
is awful.
Important: If clause
verb- had been/ had +
pp, Main clause
verb- would have been/
would have + pp
combination
sentence right
Some more examples:
1)
If you had told me earlier..

verb - had thought
(F )
(
-d--o--o. y p F
x -Eo.)
( -E F
o. E
C-
*aC. -. E --E-*C. y Phone J- E--x--x.
Eo-,
Sumana: So I have missed a movie. If you had

told me earlier I would have waited
for you at home.
movie chance
Karuna: If I had thought of it earlier, I would

have called you. I got the idea about
5 in the evening. I had nothing else to
do. So I felt like seeing a movie. If I
had got you over the phone, we
would have seen the movie.
Phone
idea
--- 5 --v- 2006
had been/ had + pp, main clause verb:

would have been/ would have + pp.
combination of
verbs
_E , prize a.
( _--, prize ).
u. -sx
.

Yamuna:
chain p o?
Kanchana: E V--C.
Yamuna: ----p -
.
Kanchana: ----p-- - y --EN. -J --.
Yamuna: show room
chain . s
--o. ---Eo.
Kanchana: op ---Eo, birthday ---.
Yamuna: F birthday o-.
Many happy returns of the day.
A L-
a--Eo-.
Kanchana: - p-. - B- d-.
Yamuna: party h?
Kanchana: *a-. ---E-a.
ANSWER
Yamuna: When did you buy this chain?
Kanchana: Long since I bought it.
Yamuna: I haven't seen it before.
Kanchana: If I had worn it earlier, you would
have seen it. I am wearing it for the
first time now.
Yamuna: I saw a chain like this a month ago
in a jewellry show room. If I had
had / If I had got the money, I
would have bought it. I would have
worn it immediately.
Kanchana: If I had not waited till my birthday, I
would have worn it too when I
bought it/ soon after I bought it.
Yamuna: Oh, today is your birthday. Many
happy returns of the day. If I had
known it, I would have brought you
a present.
Kanchana: That's why I didn't tell you. I don't
like gifts.
Yamuna: Would you give/ throw at least a
party?
Kanchana: Sure. I came to invite you.
-v-o: sentence a (words) ---: -

parts of speech
(sentence meaning
?
)
Jh--
Beauty (root word)

Parts of Speech
beautiful (adj), beauteous (adj), beautifully
(adv), beautify (vt),
beautification (abs.n)
beautician (n).
ly
adverb
part of speech
-E-j * h
C
-?
--v-
NE h-d-
j
l-o?
.%gf, --o h-Lx (--- ->-x)
parts of speech nEo

d ---a. -hC
. O-ox word endings
d, suffices d parts of
speech -hC.
OJ-*a ----x, ful -u Fo adjectives; - ious, eous, *
aN adjectives; -ly * a
90 adverbs, costly N---. -fy, -ise suffices (* a
l) Fo verbs. -sion, -ssion, -tion, ation, -ment, -ness, -ty, -th * aFo nouns. * grammar h----j-
N--. English fluent x-----E parts of speech thorough
--L--\-- ? ---i--
lessons parts of speech h-d lA
N-Jh.
-- j---
II
Gagan: Why was your little daughter crying so
c) If he had not been careful, he would have
long this morning?
lost the money
(O t l - -h?)
v-h ---, s -d---.

(v-h o, s )
Jagan: Her mother did not give her the sweet it
d) If he had not met her at the party, he would

not have fallen in love with her.
wanted.
(C -T
--v- 7 --v- 2006
sweet
( party -----,
vN---- ---o vN-)
xt y)
Gagan: She should have given it. Then you

should not have let the child cry so
long.
Very important:
If clause: had been / had + pp
Main Clause: would have been /
( a--LqC. - --
would have + pp
---LqC .)
combination u h---L.
Jagan: If the doctor had not advised us against
Now, look at these sentences in the conver-
it, we would have given it.
sation at the beginning of the lesson:
(Doctor
1) Then she should have given it.
y-lE y- ,
a--x)
2) You should have seen the doctor much earlier.
Gagan: Why, has she been ill?
-LqC (F )
(F-)
3) should not have been = -LqC (E
C).
4) would not have been = -C- (E C)
conversation N verbs should have +
pp, should not have + pp form o .
2) would have been =
She should have bought the sari =
<----LqC, -. (* -
C.)
O should have been, should have + pp
N-.
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha,
y Eo E-
a-LqC. E * E
*a -LqC/ y-LqC () (F
miss u.
y-)
Rajitha: a-o, cousin --.
2) You should have seen the doctor much ear x- ao.
lier
Hiranya: B----LqC.
Doctor -LqC. (-)
1) She should have given it
(, s ?)
Jagan: Yea, she has been ill for a few days
now. Only yesterday I took her to doc-
-x--- 138
tor.
(Cl--V- x -. Eo
doctor _- B-x.)
Gagan: You should have been more careful.
1) should have been =
He would have done it
You should have taken her to the doctor as soon as she fell ill. You should
not have neglected it.
(s-f O doctor _- B-}-LqC.-~--LqC )
3) You should have taken her to the doctor as
is much better than she was yesterday.
3) You should have taken
soon as she fell ill.
Jagan: True, but she has improved. Today she
4) You should not have neglected it.
doctor
_- B--}LqC (B--x-).-
5) You should have been more careful.
(E . E J-nA -
C. Eoo V C)
Gagan: If the doctor had seen her earlier, she
sentences
verbs
l.
ticiple (of give)]
( doctor , -C )
Jagan: That's true. (E)
2) should have seen [should have + past participle (of see)]

3) should have taken [should have + past participle (of take)]
Gagan: Wish her a speedy recovery.
4) have neglected [should have + past partici(y ---E ---o.)

ple (of neglect)]
Spoken English 137 , -,
5) should have been.
N- --o:
J, verb forms j -x,
a) Would have been uh, N
a) should have been b) should have + pp.
-/ F / E. a) should have been C 'be' form .
Wouldn't (would not) have been
DE n:
uh/ N - / C i) --- uh/ N / E.
E o/ C E.
ii) not (should not have been) , --E
b) Would have + past participle (PP)
uh/ N E.
N J- E -- E. i) - Ny-\ -LqC (F )
wouldn't (would not) have + past participle
(PP)
N J-C , E
J-TC E.
2) would have been/ would have + PP
main clause combination, If clause
had been/ had + Past Participle verbs .
\ question
100] a. (
100] )
answer
ii)
Spoken English
-~- -LqC M. SURESAN

(-~-).
C :
1) Karuna: Oy Eg B-, O
o x--LqC.
(Before taking the decision, you
should have consulted your father)
Kavya:
Karuna:
\ v-h (F-).
-E-.
Should have been, would have been
b)
with us to the movie. Really you

Rajitha: If my cousin had not visited me
wait -o, E p- K
--C.
car
(*a-
come. I spent time talking to
her.
Hiranya: You should have brought her along.
late
--LqC
Rajitha: If she had not been in a hurry, I would

have brought her along.
Hiranya: If you had come we would have
enjoyed still more. But if yesterday
had not been a holiday we would not
He should not have bought the car.
have gone to the movie. Has your
--- E --=
cousin gone/ left ?
You should have done it.
iii) I should have been there at that time, I
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha, you should have come
(come), I would have definitely
been too late by then.)
a)
ANSWERS
AJ--*a- -LqC.
(I would have waited, but it would have
They should not have been there yesterday.
Hiranya: Bye.
been in town).
returned.)
Kavya:
C xL, xL E ------, l L a--x.

Hiranya: y enjoy x.
Eo holiday x-x
. O cousin R}--?
Rajitha: Eo Rx--C. E
V--LqC. NtLo J -Eo. . h. Time
C.
missed a good movie.
(You should have waited until he
2)
would have taught him a lesson
o x x--o.
(I would have consulted him, if he had
x Eo \ Lq x (F
o)
b) She would have been more careful
,
question C--,
neglected it
you should have been here half an hour ago.
time -\ -LqC; Cl pa) If she had been here, I would have consulted
-E.
her
p
sentence (a), sentence (b) a:
\ , - v-C---.
a)
She
should have been more careful
( \ - v-C--)
\ vh -LqC (F-).
b) If he had answered one more question, he
would have got 100%
4) You should not have
1) should have given [should have + past par-
would have recovered earlier.
Rajitha:
her to doctor
Rajitha: She left yesterday itself. She should
--E E-h=
have been here/ should have stayed
you should not have done it.
here for another two days. I would
, should
have been, should have + pp l.
Would have been, would have + pp

1) He would have done it =
- (-)
He should have done it =
-LqC
(NC/ --i, - c sx) (-).
2) She would have bought the sari =
<--, -.
have introduced her to you all. OK.

Time is up. I must be going, bye.
Hiranya: Bye.
Spoken English 137
Column
Table
column
column) heading
If clause (had been/ had
+ PP).
column
column) heading
Main clause (would have been/ would have +
PP)
-
E

( --j
v
-(
E L.
-- j---
II
Surendra: We missed you at the picnic last
weekend.
( picnic y
E E--*C )
Mahendra: So did I miss the fun too. I now feel
I should have joined you. I shouldn't (should not) have stayed back
for the meeting. What a bore it was!
But for the dinner at the end of the
meeting, it would have been
unbearable.
-- --o
Imaginary
past forms:
I a) Would have been
(-/ E / )
b) Would have + Past participle (PP)
eg: Would have gone, Would have seen,
etc)
( E J- F -- E.
Not J-C , E J-TC E)
II
a)
Should have been= -LqC/ -Lq
( -d--o.
F / )
O a--Lq-E p-o. Meeting \ b) Should have + Past Participle (PP)
-Lq-C-. s bore
(eg: should have gone, should have seen,
d! Meeting y dinner etc.)
-, Eo J-----u-C( E) --LqC F -.
.)
Not ( E) -----Lq-C, F
fun (\) = ; But for -/ ---/ --)
. unbearable = J--u E.
Surendra: I thought of pressing you. But I

thought that it was an important
meeting. So I didn't force you.
-x--- 139
(Eo ---------o, F
u-i meeting -o. -E - -.)
press = Ah , ----d = force
Mahendra: But you should have told me earlier. The time you gave me was
short. If you told me earlier of it, I
would have thought of an excuse to
skip the meeting. I would have
been happy.
(y (picnic J*) h
p-LqC. y K \
time a. h p
, meeting _-d--E
-*---E. - -E)
Excuse = . Lame excuse = -.
Lame =
Surendra: You were out of town for me to tell
you earlier. So I couldn't.
Mahendra: OK. That's past. How about a
movie this evening?
(OK,
C --C . y
v E---l?)
Surendra: I am game for it.
2. I shouldn't have stayed back

4. But you should have told me earlier.
5. I would have thought of an excuse
d) If clauses.
Rules:
1) Main clause verb past tense, subordinate clause verb - also
past tense.
1. should have joined -
(N--- j rule )
subordinate clause universal truths, facts
of
LqC (y). E --.

2. I shouldn't have stayed back -
\ ---Lq-C- F o
3. Would have been unbearable -
J--u C E u--C
(Dinner x)
Look at the verbs in the clauses above:
3. Would have been (unbearable)
p-LqC p-
5. Would have thought

6. Would have been.
Fo Imaginary past situa -E . 4, 5 lesO J . N conversation

y ---i--p- x---p correct
--- d . \
Practice h -j, correct
-. -E lesson Imaginary
past forms J..
repeated
O N- main clause verb past tense

--p- sub clause verb, present tense
L.
2) Main clause verb, present/ future tense, sub
5. would have thought -
points
Fo p h-- O
con-
versation and communication, perfect
-*--- F -*--.
6. would have been happy -
(O h--ho):
C.
Sub. clause: If you had told me of it earlier.
-E
.
*a N-
h d d C N- O S}
h ho.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
Clause - A group of words with a verb
Main clause has complete meaning.
Subordinate clause has no complete meaning.
Examples of subordinate clauses.
Practise, practise and practise.
vo: Past tense
sentence
regular verbs
2nd
form
simple past
3rd form
past participle
regular verbs
simple past tense
3 forms of verb
past
form, P.P. form confusion
P.P form
Past modification, prepassive voice
modification
h, D-
--Th C
-C,
E
-hC?
--T
--p u
, -o
o. h--x
--
p-- E -. N
N- -.
>.N.u, N--o
Main clause verbs- would have been, would

have + pp
subordinate clause verbs- had
been, had + pp.
This lesson is a revision of the points of the

earlier lessons:
practice
5, 6 lessons
4. Should have told
generalisations,
clause verb - any tense.
4. You should have told me -
(y E J* p
verb- had told - had + pp)
2. Shouldn't have stayed back
science,
actions of the present continuing into future-
_-d--E -*--
1. Should have joined
M. SURESAN
Exceptions:
-E.
6. I would have been happy.
Spoken English
c) before.., after.., soon after, as soon as, since,

because, though, although, even though
begin
clauses.
Main clause: I would have thought of some

excuse to skip the meeting
(meeting
verb: would have thought
- would have + pp)
3. ... it would have been unbearable
b) 'that' clauses.
If you had told me earlier of it, I would have

thought of some excuse to skip the meeting.
1. ... I should have joined you
EXERCISE
a) who, whom, whose, where, when, which,

why and how.
Look at the following clauses in the conversation above:
Verbs
tions
sons
Let's look at the verbs of imaginary past

situations above.
Reminding you -
All clauses beginning with
Govind: Sir,
assignment submit
Lecturer:
v-V time y,
-.
v-V? y o submit LqC. v submit .
Govind: o y - Eo -E, Sir,
Lecturer: y Eo submit , marks list
- office a---E.
marks lists Fo o submit -LqC . F \ x
-u--C.
Govind: \-V time y sir.
Lecturer: time submit .
I would have been happy
- F .
( ready .)
game for = l
--C- 9 --v- 2006
----: Regular verbs past tense,
past participle,
past tense,
ple
.
past partici-C
E -L---E, verb form ,
-JE, EE E question \. Answer
h C past simple. Answer - C past
participle. eg: like B. DE past
tense, past participle - liked. She liked the

sari.
liked what?
like
answer sari
liked, past simple.
The teacher liked all over the college,
liked what
like
/ liked whom?
like
answer
(EE
C?)
E hC d \
\
(EE
C?)
(-JE C?)

? -E \ liked past participle.
ANSWER
Govind: Sir, please give me two days time to
submit the assignment.
Lecturer: Two more days? You should have
submitted it the day before (yesterday). Submit it by the evening.
Govind: If I had not had a fever/ had not been
down with a fever, I would have submitted it yesterday itself.
Lecturer: If you had submitted it yesterday, I
would have given the marks lists to the
office yesterday. I should have submitted them the day before (yesterday).
The whole delay is because of you.
Govind: Give me just a day's time, sir.
Lecturer: Submit tomorrow by this time.
The teacher liked all over the college
h G--E----o
E n. F Jh n
-.
d C
college
teacher...
sentence
example: a) He repaired the car.
b) The car repaired yesterday..
n,
a)
repairedrepair
Car
b) The car repaired... - car
repair
answer
The car repaired yesterrepair
day...
car, ...
sentence
Past participle
Eo
? .
Eo
.
C?
d
n, Eo
- n --Jh
. h x
-p-
-.
' E n hC.
The paper bought by millions =
~-C v- - vA
(- ~- v vA .)
The book read by millions = ~-C v- - h (~- --C C h)
j be form \ past participle h
verb, passive.
The book is liked by all- verb, is (be form) +
liked (pp) -
h G-E--C.
(-C). p- be form \ past simple .
-- j---
II
Rama Rao : Why do you keep so much money
at home, son? It isn't safe.
( s -x ?
~ ?)
Kumar
: I know it isn't safe, dad, but I

haven't found the time to put it in
the bank. Moreover such a lot of
money in my account in the
bank... That's worrying me.
( o C ~ E.
E s bank -E j
- . \
... D worry).
Rama Rao : Let's put a part of the money in

term deposit. That gets us a higher interest.
term deposit
( s
\ f hC.)
l.
Kumar
: How about investing in shares?

(Shares
invest =
Rama Rao : I am not for it. It is risky.
Risk
Kumar
: O.K. Dad, as you say.
-?
d- d)
(d .
C x.)
(.. F d )
You see the whole conversation above is
about money and banks. Most words used
are banking words.
bank
Rama Rao : I have the time, so let me deposit

it then. I'll (I will) open an account,
and let's have an account opened
in mother's name too. Then you
can put the money in three different accounts. That'll solve your
problem.
time
--- 11 --v- 2006
j ---E --
-C-*-N . E J* N-
--.
1) Bank --/-v--G- =
Open an account. Account A/c E
h- .
2) Bank s -/-----/-E-y- = put money in/credit money
C ,
into/deposit money in, the bank.

deposit
3) Bank
He is quite rich. He has a lot of bank
deposits.
-x--- 140
Ey =
Now practise the following:

B--- C.
balance Siva: A?
, J-NA s --E Vasu: Eo \x - J-TC.
R}x -p -- -s Advance ----C. DE
-h-x.
- f, service charges -a.
Siva:
-N?
DD= Demand Draft= ----y-Lq
Vasu:
~
j, bank d h-E DD B-,
DD E -J s d x , Siva: Eo u - --LqC.
x-\ bank s B--a. DD Vasu: -. Eo sudden \-
xLq *a -u x-.
E x A/c credit --a.
(Cheques, DDs, crossed, uncrossed E Siva: o--?
N Cheque/DD --j- j Vasu: o -J Lx-Lq *a ~
- DD B. --- C
U U Account Payee E C
. p bank s -
crossed cheque / crossed DD - Crossed
F B .
Lx- Cheque / DD C--x
A/c h. uncrossed Siva: p ---o?
Vasu: o -J cheque a. C
bank s dh,
cheque T t--F, AJT E V ----o. p
balance -, C AJT -.
Siva: y -? F bank Ey- x*
B --y.
Vasu: ! -----? o Cl
Lx C.)
s Fo term deposits o.
On line transfer = DD/Cheque x L u,
y y. u- .
-u , computer, electronics Siva: - o.
-o l u. h \- j
Answer
-J- j , - - h- i (Eo ~- ) ~x Siva: Hi Vasu, What's new?
x - u. s - x A/c Vasu: There was a theft/burglary in my neighnumber \ -
- , ~x C
bour's. When they were out, thieves
x A/c x bank branch
entered the house and took away cash
- C. x withdraw - -a.
(theft = -. burglary =
u Eo bank ,x Eo x .
N --d, o x
Term deposit/Fixed deposit: p - - . Burglar p , EKg (fixed term)
- -)
( * Eo -qj) bank Siva: How much?
s - withdraw - DE Vasu: One lakh
bank a f, SB A/c O f o \.
Siva: Why didn't he put/deposit it in the bank.
J-T Dl --f \---C.
Vasu: He would have deposited but they had
Current Account: u n- -
to go suddenly somewhere, and could
V Eox- B- O ---C.
not go to bank.
f ---a.
Siva: Is he rich/well to do?
Interest = f
(well to do = s-o-)
Payee = s -
Vasu: Yea. He bought a DD the other day, for
Debit = withdraw s,
a lakh rupees to make some payment/to
Cheque/DD y a s,
pay someone. Otherwise he would have
Account a (B-)
lost it/that amount too. He always
2) Credit Card:
He
deposited...
He would
would have deposited...
bank
account open
account

h, t

v-Gl.
p s accounts
--a. F u BJ-C.)
Kumar
: That's an idea. You apply for the

ATM cards too. You need not go to
the bank every time you want to
withdraw money.
idea.
ATM
Cards
apply
E-.
Ey--o.
4) ,
B
y, Account
o Ey = balance.
5) Bank s B- = withdraw
Bank
He withdrew Rs.
10,000/- yesterday=
M. SURESAN
Eo . 10,000 B.
( C
O

.
p s B----o-p-x
bank x-\--.
You credit money into the bank and withdraw

money from the bank.
withdraw
draw
Rama Rao : But we have to use cheques till we

get the cards.
cheques
(Cards
I don't draw money on Fridays and

Tuesdays.
\-J
.
a---
: Credit some of the money into my

account. Open SB accounts in
your name and mother's name. I'll
sign as the introducer. Let's go.
( s -u. F
, t SB Accounts vGl. J- -
. l .)
Rama Rao : What about the Rs. 45000/- brother Ramu wants for the bike? We'll
take a D.D. and send it to him.
(Bike
45000/D.D.
Kumar
: D.D. means delay. We have to
send it by post and even then he
can't have it immediately. Our
bank has online transfer facility.
Let us send it that way.
post
(DD
-\---E t ---o .
-N.
h-E
B l.)
-u.
L. p- B-. bank online transfer

u C. online -
l. facility = u)
Spoken English
E-
(v-, -- s B.)
u
n, vy ENh --- uh--
s - .
Bank transactions = Bank --O. (s
B---/-- N)
s withdraw/draw --E E-v =
SB Account = Savings bank A/c =
.)
Kumar
withdrawal form
s ----E v =
credit chal-
lan.
s withdraw --E cheque

. A/c O cheque book
, pay self E s withdraw
--a.
--J y-Lq s cheque
x-h, x cheque x A/c credit --. cheque bank O -
cheque s credit --E u C. -E bank OC cheques
uh- --O- F, J---E x
_ * B-. \ y--.
ATM= Automatic Teller Machine = Bank
x--- , Bank business
hours , Bank Card y,
s -. Cards .
1) Debit Card: Account o balance
The Cheque amount has been debited =

cheque
balance
OJ-*a
h O
B J-TC.
---j *a cheque credit
h F, C uncrossed cheque ,
t B----E bank y pre-
Siva:
Vasu:
senting the cehque.
J Account o Balance o \
h-E --J cheque h, cheque
bank x T- balance E, return
-h p Cheque bounce ---C.
Cheque bounce C cheque -*a
x-. *a x O case
da. P~ \.
Bounce cheque , dishonour
C .
O -u bank transactions -
.
Siva:
Vasu:
Siva:
deposits money into the banks and

never withdraws.
What's he going to do?
He gave/issued a cheque to some one.
He wanted to credit this amount into
bank, so that even if he presented the
cheque there would be enough balance,
and the cheque would not be
returned/dishonoured/bounce.
Now
there isn't enough balance. So he is
worried
that
the
bank
might
dishonour/return the cheque.
Can't you help him? you draw from your
deposits and give him the money.
Me? (Do) you think I am Kubera. The little money I have is in term deposits you
give him; I'll stand guarantee.
I just joked. Don't worry.
-- j---
II
Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep
it up.
\ \
vq.
C-*--
Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two questions. If had answered them, I could
have scored still higher.
questions
answer
C--. E
, E \
\ a---LE.
Praveen: Don't worry. Your marks are high

enough. Better luck next time.
Worry
. F \ p \- o . a-J F %d
-L E -J.
Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I couldn't (could not) have scored so high.
Thank you for all your help.
uq.. F
\ \ aLE
.
Score = marks. Score high = \ marks
a--. High score = \ \
Now look at the following sentences from the

conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) I could have scored still higher marks.
2) I couldn't (could not) have scored so high
3) Many couldn't have passed
4) The college wouldn't have become so
famous
5) He would have put you in some other college
6) You would have faced problems
7) I should have been at college by 10
Look at the underline verbs in the sentences above:
1) Could have scored 2) couldn't have
scored, 3) couldn't have passed 4) wouldn't
have become 5) would have put 6) would
have faced 7) should have been.
We know the uses of verbs No. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Now let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, and 3.
We see that the verb form is could have +
past participle.
Could have been / could have + PP are two
more imaginary past forms.
Praveen: You are welcome. It is your hard

work more than my help that got you
these marks.
-x--- 141
o F % FEo
\ *a--dC.
Naveen: The college is a good college too.
The teaching is good. Had it not
been for the teachers, many could
not have passed.
Teaching
College
Teachers
pass
*.
-C.
\ p-x
--ux
- -C
.
Praveen: True. The college can be proud of

its Lecturers. The college wouldn't
have become so famous without
them.
college Lecturers
College
fame
Naveen: If I had not advised your father, he
would have put you in some other
college and you would have faced
problems.
E.
y-. x-x -,
C (F C)
Praveen: O.K. I must be leaving. I should

have been at college by 10 for the
certificates. I am late. Bye.
College
certificates
10
- -xL.
B----E - -LqC.
-u-iC. h.
Naveen: Bye.
In the last few lessons we studied the uses
of Would have been, Would have + Past
Participle, should have been, should have
+ pp.
a) would have been =
would have + pp =
wouldn't (would not) have been =
/ ()
J- F --.
C
(F C)/ (F o)
Wouldn't have + pp = ( E) J-C
(F J-TC)
b) should have been = -LqC (NC)/
-Lq (NC) E /-
shouldn't (should not) have been =
-LqC (F C) / -Lq--
- (E o)
should have done =
-LqC (NC) F -.
should n't (should not have done)
--Lq-C - --F -.
D v- imaginary past forms
J* --o N-.
Spoken English
2) I couldn't have scored so high
If he had been there, he could have got a

share. (If clause verb - had been; Main
clause verb could have got)=
\ marks a-------E (F
a---L--/ --a--o.)
3) Many couldn't have passed
--C pass ---- (E -u)

.
But for my help, he couldn't have got the
job.
- u ----. ( x --L-).
But for the timely rains, we couldn't have
had such a harvest=
- { -N *
-----x
( { --x --L)
(Harvest = d = /- )
-\ o-x-, --L--.
(, --)
a) y\ EN a, F .
1000 , . 10000 y--L =
If you had come a minute earlier, I could
have given you not just Rs 1000, but even
Rs 10000.
(y\ EN u u,
O y----.)
b) British G-%Cl --L-
India could have progressed a lot if the
British had not ruled it.
c)
o E-- -Eo Jh -L--=
She could have been the PM

could have been =
--L--C/- ---L
(E / )
a) She could have been the Prime Minister=
N v--vA --L- (E )
[could past ability E --C
--/ ---Eo
--C hC ]
b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM
if she had wanted =
PM
PM
c) I could have been there even at 10if the
train hadn't been late.
train
Train
d) How could she have been here?=
--o-d-, --L-.
(--, )
\ C- --L---,
O o- a--- O
o- EEo College a-.
p ---y d---\--q-aC.
- 13 - --v- 2006
u -. (
x )
\ --L-C? ( E )
Krishna: She should have been here at 10.
( \ 10 -LqC) (F )
Would have been/ would have + PP, main
if clause verb, had been/

had + PP -E -- --o,
hC . Could have been/ could have
+ PP, main clause very E
clause verb
jFo
l.
\ \ a---L--- (a-)
could have + past participle n,
E -j --L--x, --- E.
couldn't (could not) have + past
participle n (-j) E--- E --L- E.
x car x- z ---L--x
=
If they had not taken the car, they could not
have had the darsanam. (Could not have +
pp of have - had)
e)
~ Jh --Lo gas L-
=
I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if
there had been enough gas
-had + PP
in a jiffy =
could have been/ could have + pp, meaning and use
a) would have been, would have + pp

b) should have been, should have + pp
combination, If clause verb - had been/ had
c) could have been, could have + pp
+ PP
verbs
--E u.
IMAGINARY PAST FORMS
(
, --L-C?)
(-E )
y--- \
-L-C a, --L-TC, C)
E
--E --U-J--,
--L.
d)
vo-
a---L---.
(Two questions C- 100 100 a-- M. SURESAN
--.)
j sentence If clause verb had answered
Vishnu: How could she have been here when

she had a class.
class
e) If I had not given her a lift, she couldn't have

been here on time =
lift
time
lift
f)
PM
Manmohan Singh, PM
If Sonia Gandhi had agreed to be the PM,
Manmohan Singh couldn't have been the PM.
could have been/ couldn't have been
sentences.
conversation
could have
verbs
1) I could have scored still higher marks=
If Nannaya had not died he could have completed the Mahabharatam.
If I had answered two

more questions, I could
have got 100%=
VERB FORMS
been
Would have
Past
participle
been
Should have
(NC)
Past
participle
been
Could have
(Ability)
Past
participle
MAIN CLAUSE
-/ ---x F /- .
not C / ---x
F C/ --o
E J--C/- - - E---
F ---/- --.
Not E J-C/ -- E
E J-T-C/- -.
-LqC F /-
Not -LqC , F C/ -o
E --Lq-C/ E -LqC
E ---/ ---
Not ----E-C/ -----EC
J-T-C/- -.
--L/- ---L- F /-
not --LC /- ---L,
E --L-T-C/ ----L
--L/- ---Lx, E--/---
Not --LC/- ---Lx/
-F -C/- ---L.
IF CLAUSE
(verb-forms)
Had been
Had + pp
Had been
Had + pp
-- j---
II
Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yesterday. What might have been the
reason?
(v Eo Kd . --i
a?)
Prabhat: He might have been out of town or
he might have forgotten. When did
you last tell him of the party?
( x - a. -
Kd N J-*---a. -
y Kd N *-J p
p?)
Pramod: I think last saturday
Prabhat: Wait for an hour. The bank might not

have been open by now. It is only 9.
(. Bank p J-----a.
p Nt.)
Time
Pramod: O.K.
We have seen so far the three imaginary
past forms:
1) would have been/ would have
ticiple (PP),
past par-
2) should have been/ should have + pp, and

3) could have been / could have + pp.
--/ -.
Should have been =
1) He would have gone
Would have been =
/ - F
Would have + pp =
( E- -)
(D A. y y-- h
-LqC. -E Ja-
.)
-x--- 142
Might have been =
--a/- --
. a/ ---a .
Might have + pp = ( N) -JT -a/------a .
.
/ -.
Prabhat: That's it. He is very busy. You should

have reminded him of it after that.
So, he might have forgotten.
--E 15 --v- 2006
J- / - F
-LqC F
Should have + pp = -LqC (-)
Could have been = --L-C/ --L--
(--C/ --)
Could have + pp = --L--/ ---.
j -- not Jh, E opposite n
h--E , lessons
--o .
x- (F x)
2) He should have gone
x-LqD (F x-)
3) He could have gone =
x--L-- (E x----)
4) He might have gone = Rx---a
*a- L- x, E.
He might have gone

Pramod: I myself have been very busy this
week. Otherwise I might have
reminded him.
( -
h--E.)
busy
o.
In this lesson we
the fourth imaginary
past form:
Prabhat: He was talking to me of going to

Mumbai. So my other doubt is he
might have left for Mumbai.
Might
( - x J*
x-. d

- x--aE.)
Would
Pramod: I now feel that we might not have

missed him if we had reminded him
of it.
( -J h--
E miss u-x E p
-E--hC.)
Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do people say about the party?
(--- --C. party
J* ----o?)
Pramod: They are all happy. A good number
still feel that the party might have
been a greater success if Prasad
had been there to entertain us with
his jokes.
( ---f. jokes
N L-T---E Prasad
party N---i
- --E ----C --Nh-o.)
Prabhat: What about the expenses?
Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might
have come to around Rs. 10,000/-.
We have paid an advance of Rs.
5000/-. It might have cost us more if
it had been any other hotel.
Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our
estimation.
(E -- N*--a.)
Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once.
Spoken English
have
been;
Might have + past

participle (PP)
M. SURESAN
have been, have + pp states of being

actions
O-Eo-
N
*
,
Should
uA
C.
Could
F might have been, might have + pp
. C -Eo --C. j - might have been, might have + pp
verbs o sentences -J l.
1)
2) He might have been out of town

3) So he might have forgotten
Ja---a.
4) I might have reminded him =
- h---a.
5) He might have left for Mumbai =
- Rx a.
6) We might not have missed him =
-E
miss
Eo j-- C, N-- --a

()
It was very hot in Hyderabad; so might it
have been in Vijayawada (Vijayawada too
might have been hot)
( i -a?)
(x ---a).
2)
F -a (-E y-T
)=He might have helped you (if you had
asked him) ().
3) She might have become the PM
PM
u--a.
4) They might not have seen him
x-E ----a.
Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main
clause verbs
'if clause' combination verbs - had been, had + pp.
, DE
u x .
7) ... the party might have been a greater success =
- N-- --/-u-a.
8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-
- \ a u-a.
10) It might have gone beyond our estimation
-- N*---a.
11) The Bank might not have opened by now =
Bank
J-----a.
Now Practise the following, using all

the four imaginary past forms you
have learnt so far.
Rahul:
y Eo j-- x, -
----L---N.
Kousik: -. Eo \- Rx
-E ------a.
Rahul: -----o-?
Kousik: j--
. ---*.
Rahul: y --Lq-.
Kousik: --\ *a- o-E Lh o. j-- l- --aE G-v.
Rahul: - C F?
-o E -L---N.
Kousik: o- --
---?
Rahul: Sx p ----a N--i
L-C ?
Kousik: C E. cousin
x-a. -\.
Rahul: ? y sekhar
phone u.
Kousik: Ok.
ANSWER
Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yesterday, you could have met Sekhar.
Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I
might not have met him.
(Even =
Rahul: Why do you think so?

Kousik: If he had been in Hyderabad, he
would have called me. I didn't have
any call from him.
Rahul: You should have phoned.
Kousik: If I had known definitely that he was
there, I would have phoned him. But
my opinion is that he might have
reached Hyderabad late in the night.
Rahul: What might you have lost, If you had
a) If you had taken his book, he might have

been very angry
phoned? You could have known if he
y h B--
p--a.
Kousik: He might not have had the time to
b) He might have made her very happy if she

had married him
Rahul: At least you would have known/ found
. 10000 ua.
9) It might have cost us more =
s-x --, -E-x ----?

D, might have been, might have + PP
N-.
have been, might have + past participle.
1) What might have been the reason?
Party
(a --N?)
, j sentences from No 1 to No 11
Fo -o ---o , 1)
-a, 2) ---a, 3) Ja--a, 4) h-a, 5) x-a, 6)
Miss ----a, 7) N---i
a, 8) u-a, 9) \ a
a, 10) -- N-a,
11) J-----a.
d o/ J-T N- (
-a/ J-T- n) -p-i , , J-T, -
p-d- L---p verb forms - might
are going to study
d) If it had not been money, what might have

stopped him from coming
-E x-, --d-a. (d---).

c) If the mob had not become violent the police
might not have opened fire =
b u -, police p
J --a. ( bu - p JT a.)
was there or not.

meet me.
out when you might meet him again.
Kousik: That's true. But my cousin might have
gone. I'll ring up and find out.
Rahul: Why all that? you call sekhar
Kousik: Ok.
-- j---
II
Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam
yesterday?
(Eo
Kripal:
exam
2) Would have got (would have + PP)

3) Could have done (could have + PP)
4) Should have thought (should have + PP)
?)
Well, Of course, but I could have
5) Could have prepared (could have + pp)
done better.
1) I could have done better.
( . F --L--.)
--L---, E ----.
could C \- past ability (
n u) ----C. ,
Mrinal: Why? What was wrong?
2) Could have prepared better.
-(iC?)
Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the
exam centre disturbed me a lot. I
couldn't concentrate.
(exam centre
_-o workshop
o disturb C. concentrate
---.)
Mrinal: Sorry to hear that. Sorry that you

couldn't get a better centre.
(- * centre- y ----- N-J-ho)

Kripal: If I had chosen some other town, I
would have got a better centre. I could
pp n .

prepare
u-,
---.\ prepare -LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't
(n u ) prepare ---.
have got the job.
v-h -E-. Could have been/could ( recommendation - Job --Lhave + PP --p, -L - - . (--L-T ability x).
L n uE (ability) vu C.
\ wouldn't have got -a.
I would have got a better centre
n Cl -C. -
o-p... would have + pp --p
, E. \ J-T --
vu.
O regular English x-,
h O ni-C. -s
-x--- 143
have done certainly much better.
( j E
- * centre a. p
- L E)
Mrinal: You should have thought of it before
indicating the centre.
(K~ vEo - ,
N -*--LqC)
(indicate= -- ' \ = *-)
Kripal:
That's true. I chose the place
(C E. u
vEo --o.)
Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the
-n u-E (ability) vu .
N J-T -E \ vu.
\ verb, would have + pp
n - PM u- E -.
(ability vh C-\)
b) The train would have run over the boy.
exam too, didn't she?
did very well and is sure of selection. If
( v O train Rx--, F x. \ Could have+ pp ---, j

meaning . ability vh \
d.
I had taken help, I could have pre-
2 a) He would have escaped.
pared much better.
p-- (-- vu p-- d--f)
cousin
-N?
exam C ?)
Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She
( subject a.
C, *a- select C.
BE
prepare u--.)
Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry.
You'll get the Job
(F
Job
hC.
Worry
).
Kripal: OK. Hope so. Thank you.
( Pl.
Thanks)
Would have been/would have + past participle (PP)
, could have been / could have +

PP o N-J--E C
- - Sx ho. v-h E-.
Look the following sentences from the
conversation above.
1) I could have done better
3) I could have done certainly much better
4) You should have thought of it
5) I could have prepared much better.
1) Could have done .. Could have + past par-
Spoken English
p--L--, p------, d-f ability *\--.

would have been/would have + PP,
could have been/could have + PP
L \. C --oC ---. not --EC -.
would have been/would have + pp -p ability vh . Could have
been/could have + PP --p ability vu.
!
He couldn't have done it without my help.
( - --- --L--
. x)
\ wouldn't have done it ...
- - n
J .
a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have
Look at the verbs in the sentences above:

ticiple ( PP)
b) He could have escaped -
He was able to do it.
2) I would have got a better centre
could have been / could have + PP, should

have been/should have+PP
Kavya:
----o-C h-E?
x. C ----C -.
Kavya: - \ a
coach --.
Lasya: -. y-p Car prize
--L---EN.
Kavya: . better luck next time
Lasya:
Answer:
Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news,
congrats.
Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's
a
great
achievement.
If
had
won/defeated my rival with a greater
He would have escaped...

1 a) He would have become the PM.
because my uncle advised it.
(O
-- 17 --v- 2006
done it .
(Boss orders
ability
C - .
vh .) d could have+
margin (If I had had greater lead over
hC.
-,
correct ,
-*---
j
C.
d OjEo sentences
my rival) I would have been happier.

(Rival =
Lasya: If You had played more carefully you

could
practice
.
.
vuJn)
have
won
by
greater
margin/lead.
M. SURESAN
Kavya: If I hadn't had a pulled muscle in my

leg, I could have played well. Oh my! It
practise the following

Lasya: Hi Kavya,
Sx h x a.
Congrats.
pained me a lot. That affected my

game.
(affect =
Kavya:
- pE --- .
vu-Jn-j \ L ----Eo.
Lasya: y h v-h , \
---L---E. *-J EN-x
h v-h -LqC.
Kavya: L-- dE --, J_
--L--o. F p. -x
s-AC.
Lasya: y p- Coach F
--.
vo: Eo --E
He did not
yesterday
v pulled muscle
- d---/-G-----)
Lasya: If you had told the coach of it earlier,

she would have helped you.
Kavya: Who expected it?
Lasya: True, It is unexpected.
Kavya: If I had won by a wider margin, my
coach would have been happy.
Lasya: Every one, of course you could have
then won a car too as a prize.
Kavya: O.K.Hope for better luck next time
ii) was (be form)+ come (Past Participle of

come)
verb, beform + Past participle
verb form correct.
was/were
past forms
-,
DE
. Eo
*a - --E He
s
E
o
d
E
E
was not come here yesterj n . O not Ja was not
day a?
.--,~t- come/were not come C K . n
J . x, had come betHe was not come yesterter, clarity C. Had come
day - sentence verb:
correct .
Was come - C C
x - I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come
by then. \- - x. p-----L.
(*a -) was come/were come;

i) was (be form) + come (1st Regular Doing
am/is/are come verbs --- -
word). - C p verb form English
, - be form \, 1st Regular *C. n clear d.
Doing word p .
come
here
-- j---
II
Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana
anywhere?
(J, y a---o ?)
Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes
ago. She was getting ready to go
home. She must have gone.
(. j EN---- \
C. }- l-iC. p-
R}- C)
Vipula: (Are) you sure?
(*a- ?)
Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 minutes ago. It hardly takes her 10 minutes to walk home. So she must
have reached home by now.
(. 20 EN- ----- . Rx- ---E

10 EN- d. d -
C)
-x--- 144
--- 19 --v- 2006
4) She must have been very angry with me
(O C)
5) She must have told you of it
(F p C)
You must have seen that the verbs in the
sentences above are:
1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle
(pp) of go.)
2) Must have reached (must have + pp of
reach)
3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait)
4) Must have been (be form)
5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell)
So the verb forms in the conversation are:
Must have been/ must have + past participle
(pp) Must have been/ must have + PP is also an
imaginary past form like the other four imaginary past forms we have seen in the lessons past:
[1. Would have been/ Would have + PP
2. Should have been/ Should have + PP
3. Could have been/ Could have + PP
4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]
-E- ! Imaginary past forms, 1, 2

and 3 opposite meanings h-o.
Imaginary past form 4 doubtful o n.
Imaginary past form 5 (Must have been/
must have + PP)
*a N
---Eo L----hC.
a) Mohan: Did Madan pass?
pass
( x L-- N.
Madhav phone .
-- ).
Kumar: Yes. He was
u?)
Manoj: He must have passed. Otherwise he

would not have applied for the job
pass
erwise) job
pass
Pavan: He must have got the news from

Madhav. Madhav called him this morning. He must have been happy about it.
u . -- (oth apply ----.

u d apply ).
()
D must have
--.
been, must have + PP

Manasa: Congrats
, F prize *a-?
Lalasa: p F?
Manasa: - l.
Lalasa: u p-C.
Manasa: u ---, F correct u. -*--LqC y.
Mohan:
Did
he
tell
you
so?
, would
(F
p?)
Lalasa:
, ... . yC College
have, should have,
notice board -.
could have a
Manoj: He would have told me if we had met.
imaginary past forms
Manasa: - V- College
( --- p-).
Eo- n, uA- .
Mohan: Who told you then?
h-E.
Lalasa: y x-L phone --
( F p?)
Might have been/
M. SURESAN
-p. p-C
Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have
might have + PP
F.
N--E h, C -Eo uh---hC
told my brother.
Manasa: Correct. Eo --- FC J-T-, E---a.
( brother p. Madan broth-- Congrats LEo.
Now, the imaginary past form we are
er p-).
going to study in this lesson is:
Lalasa: Thanks again. l -LqC y.
b) vA { J C. roads
* breakfast miss u---E-Na) Must have been (be form)
.
-.
b) Must have + past participle (action)
It
must
have
rained
last
night.
Otherwise
the
a) Must have been=
Manasa: Don't worry. F Prize -
roads would have been dry.
( *a-) C/
treat (N).
/
c) Something must have gone wrong, otherANSWER
She must have told you of it

Vipula: I told her I would meet her here at 4.00.
There was a traffic jam because of a
procession. So I couldn't be here on
time. She must have waited long for
me. She must have been very angry
with me at the delay. She must have
told you of it.
( -E-\ -T- ----E

p. T x traffic T u-iC. -x time
\ ----.
a-L. F p
C.)
Charitha: She did tell me that she was waiting
for you, but she didn't appear angry.
She said she would call you after
reaching home.
(F h-o-E pC. F
---. x J--y
F Phone h-C).
Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.
(. cell -C. --L)

p--- Imaginary past forms:

1) Would have been, would have + pp
2) Should have been, should have + pp
b) Must have + past participle=
wise he could have been here an hour ago=
( *a-) E J C/
E- .
Must a Imaginary past forms ,
N Imaginary past forms -- u. N l:
Verb 'go' different Imaginary past forms
a different meanings d- :
- J C,
\ --L--.
d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your foreign trip.
( F
-o)
No.
4) Might have been, might have + pp.
- Opposite meanings hE . verb No. 4, might

have been, might have + pp, -Eo L---hC . last lessons
--o.
Let's now look at the following sentences
from the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson:
Sentence
Verb form
1 a) He would have been there
would have been
b) He would have gone
would have + PP
2 a) He should have been there should have been

b) He should have gone
3 a) He could have been the CM
b) He could have gone
should have + PP
could have been
could have + PP
4 a) He might have been there might have been
Meaning
--\ -
- x-
\ -LqC
x--LqC
- CM --L--
x--L--
\ -a
Nature
E (Opposite)
x- (opposite)
(opposite)
x- (opposite)
F (opp.)
F x- (opp.)
----a
(doubt)
1) She must have gone.

b) He might have gone
might have + PP
(R}- C)
x----a
(doubt)
2) She must have reached home by now.

5 a) He must have been there
must have been
( x C)
3) She must have waited long for me
b) He must have gone
( - C)
- xa
must have + PP
Lalasa: Who told you?

Manasa: Just guess
Lalasa: Lasya must have told you.
J* x--
Verb: Go
3) Could have been, could have + pp
Spoken English
foreign trip
Manasa: Congrats Lalasa. It seems you have

got a prize.
-\ *a
()
- x () .
Manasa: Your guess would have been correct

if I had met Lasya. You should have
thought better/ guessed better.
Lalasa: Then... ah... I know. You must have
seen it on our college notice board.
Manasa: I haven't attended college for the past
two days.
Lalasa: You phoned my sister this morning
when I was away, didn't you? She
must have told you.
Manasa: Correct. If I had met you I would have
congratulated you earlier.
Lalasa: Thanks again. You should have come
to my place this morning, you would
not have missed a good breakfast.
Manasa: Don't worry. Your getting the prize is
itself a treat.
-- j---
II
Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where
are they sold?
( h- E -o. \
---N?)
Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books.
Name the book you need, and it is found
there.
(-\?Books, Books 'n Books .

F\--Lq h p, C F-\
--C)
Udai: Yes. Now I remember. Certain varieties of
books were offered by them last month at
discount of 15% to 50%.
(. h-*aC. x
Eo h- O 15% *
50% discount a)
Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month
too. They have all varieties of books.
Infact all books in our college library have
been supplied by them.
( discounts a y--o. x _ Eo h --. college

library o books Fo x supply -)
No.
verb
verb form
5. have been supplied
Vijai: OK, let's start for college now.

(college
have been (be form) +

PP of supply
6. is going to be held
is going to be
(be form) + PP of hold
7. is closed
is (be form) +
PP of close
8. has been declared
has been (be form) +

PP of declare
-E- , j verbs Fo 'be' form

+ past participle (PP) o . (be
forms h-C-. -J h
---. am, is, are, was, were; * 'be'
a shall be, should be, will be, would be,
can be, could be, may be, might be, must
be,
been
have been, has been,
had been, will have been, would have been,
shall have been, should have been, can
have been, could have been, may have
been, might have been, must have been
'be' forms.
N Fo
1) Where are the books sold?
\ t---?
2) ... It is found there
\ ---C.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered at
discounts
Discount
Eo h-
--f.
offer
4) Such discounts will be given next month too
Discounts
y---.
5) ...all books in our college have been supplied

by them
-x--- 145
Udai: A book exhibition is going to be held in

town next month. A wide variety of books
will be on display and sold at discount.
(a h v-z C
x. h- v-Jz--
, discount h)
--v 21 --v- 2006
Eo h- x- - --f.
6) A book exhibition is going to be held
h v-z Ey-----C.
(Future)
h----Lq N: Verb, 'be' form + pp

C Passive voice. , Spoken
English course -d-- ---oC
English Verb 6 Forms -E, x
'be' from + pp, passive voice E, N 5
forms active voice E.
English Passive voice \
d E J* ---Lq -
- C.
English passive voice u newspapers reports \- E--hC. (-
passive voice -- E--hC d,
lesson v-- E conversation active voice .)
English passive voice, E D
L---p, p d-p \ -.
When was this road laid?
-l- .)
Udai: Vijai, what are you talking? Don't you

know that college is closed today?
( x---o?
E L- F?)
college
Vijai: Really I don't know. But what for?
( L-. ?)
Udai: The college cricket team has won the
finals of the cricket tournament, and our
classmate Vinai has been declared Man
of the Match.
college team cricket tournament finals
friend
Vinai
Man of the Match
L-*C.
v--
.)
Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am!
May our college win many more matches.
( classes -o-.
- ! college
matches L.)
All the verbs above are 'be' form + past participle.
7) The College is closed =
Important: Verb, 'be' form + past participle
8) Vinai
has
been
declared the man of
the match
p C PASSIVE VOICE
C. j list E 8 verbs
passive voice o-x-? (English
verbs past tense, past participle
. -x be form \ oC past
tense , past participle -
a. h--. English
be form \ -p- past tense
form . d be form \ a--p
past participle v.)
Verb passive voice , verb be
form + pp - n ' E
h-C. :
1) The college has been closed

college
--C
Man of the match
v----f.
M. SURESAN
y---. - u
- Road p--? F
Road p --C ?
x, o --? E ?
English C Common.
English
Passive
voice
Conversations
Passive voice
i) When was this road laid?
- (English - college -C. p --d)
2) The man was killed yesterday (Passive)
Eo --f. ( C
L-, So passive)
3) He was elected MP
o---f (--o--o--C u )
4) Students will be given bus passes
bus passes y---.

(-J-h C u )
Active voice verb L E p J-TC
-Eo d tense (verb form) J-x, passive voice verb form --C.
Students
ii) Has the food been cooked.
t t t t t
lesson * English conversation

h N --o. \ *
h vh -.
j conversation sentences :
1) Where are they sold?
2) ... and it is found there.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered by
them...
EXERCISE
C sentences passive voice verbs,

active voice verbs, identify /
h--d; passive voice verbs
- v-Ao-.
Tarun: When was your college closed?
(O
college
p )
4) Such discounts will be given next month too.
Varun: On 15th March
5) ... all books in our college have been supplied by them.
Tarun: And when will it be reopened?
6) A book exhibition is going to be held in town.
Varun: In the 3rd week of June
7) ... the college is closed today?
Tarun: So no classes will be held till then.

When will the admissions start?
8) ... our classmate Vinai has been declared the

Man of the Match.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above.
No.
1.
verb
are sold
verb form
are (be form) +
past participle (PP) of sell
2.
is found
is (be form) + PP of find
3. were offered
were (be form) + PP of offer
4. will be given
will be (be form) + PP of give
Spoken English
(p -h?)
( -- classes --o. Admissions p v?)

Varun: As soon as the college reopens.
(college
J-* .)
Tarun: Any idea when the results will be

declared?
(L- v- ?)
Varun: Only the Inter Board and the University

can say that. They are usually declared
in the 1st week of May. This time too,
they can be expected about the same
time.
(Inter board, University v p-. - May -- N ---. J
Time ----E P--a)
Tarun: Seats in your college are said to be in
demand
(O college seats T \--)

Varun: That's why they are offered on merit,
so only merited students are admitted
into the college.
(- vA - seats h,
d vA-- Nu-no a--)
Tarun: My cousin wants to join
cousin
-----o)
Varun: Well, let him apply

(apply
-)
ANSWER
Active
passive
Telugu Translation
was closed?
--C?
will be reopened? ---C?
will be held
Ey-----?
will start
--
college reopens
AJT v--C
will be declared v-----
can say
p--
are declared
v-----
can be expected
P----a
(possibility)
are said to be
p---
y---
are admitted
a---
wants
---o
let him apply
apply F
Passive voice - (--)
--, \-J n -- d
-E-.
are offered
-- j---
II
Laxman: Now that the building has been painted it looks beautiful.
(Paint
building
x
E--hC.)
sation above.
1) has been painted (has been - be form + past
2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)
(v p- h)
3) was painted (was - be form + PP of paint)
Laxman: When was it last painted?

paint
Now let's study the verbs in the conver-
participle (PP) of paint)
Bharat: It is painted regularly.
(*-J p
--C- 23 --v- 2006
(This is in a question)
?)
Bharat: I think two years ago. The painting is

done once every two years.
(x -. -x--J
--C)
Laxman: So it will be painted again two years
from now.
( Sx -x h--o-)
Bharat: Certainly. The house was built
decades ago. Still it looks new
because it has been maintained well.
Every care has been taken to keep it
in good condition.
(*a-. x -l dC.
h-C Ep-hC -
Eo -- d.
-Eo * nA --E Eo
v-h B--)
-x--- 146
4) is done (is - be form + PP of do)

5) will be painted (will be - be form + PP of
2) They play the game twice a week (I RDW -
paint)
6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice)
active - Regular action) = Weekly tests are

held (are held - passive voice - Regular
charge)
11) will take - will + I RDW (Active Voice)

Verbs No. 6, 7, 10 and 11 are in active voice.
The rest of the verbs are all be form + PP
regular actions
p-
am + pp / is + pp / are + pp L .
Active time -E past actions ,
J-T action , p complete
action have + pp / has + pp .
OE passive p- have been + pp /
has been + pp h.
10) think - I RDW (Active Voice)
passive voice o--o-.

-d -- translate h '
combination n h
-Eo-.
Important: Active voice o vA verb
passive form C.
I RDW (see, take, etc) and II

RDW (sees, takes, etc) regular
active voice verbs
actions
regular actions
passive voice verbs
I RDW / II RDW
am +
past participle, is + past participle, are + past
participle.
1) The building has been painted (has been +

pp) - Passive (--C)
= They have painted the building. (Active)
()
= l)
Laxman: Who owns the
building?
(-JC
L
--i-N,
build-
ing?)
Bharat: My cousin's.
M.
He is an engineer in the states.
--N
.
SURESAN
Verb No 2: The building is painted regularly
( cousin C. US Engineer)
Laxman: But who takes care of it here?
(\ Eo --?)
Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer very famous. Unfortunately he is not
in good health now. Only a few days
ago he was discharged from hospital.
He had been treated for knee trouble.
(x o. engineer . C. -%-d- -h
u p J--. Cl
V - L *q --E
pvA * a.)
Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I
think I'll take it for my office.
(GLf- --d.
DEo B--.)
office
ha-: Verb, 'be' form + participle

, PASSIVE VOICE -C. O E . j conversation
verbs, passive voice o . (F
- passive --
-E- . - passive voice
--, -- -u- C
d x -.)
Spoken English
.
(Regular
J action, passive form

ho is + PP .
(Building paint
---C v
p-)
Verb No 4: The painting is done once every
two years.
(-- vA -x ---C
C is + PP regular action ?)
Regular actions Passive
N am + PP / is + PP / are + PP hC.
1) I am seen here every evening -
May
Ey--h (-)
Time
L-
past actions
Passive
verb = was + pp / were + pp

1) YSR
-q Eo-x
-u
CM
Eo-
YSR was elected CM in the elections last
(o---f) (was + pp)

2) Tov- - x y
u .
Thousands of houses were destroyed in the
fire last month (were + pp).
Pavan: Hyderabad
news paper \ * --C? (Publish )

Pavan: j-- *.
Arjun: \ print --C?
Pavan: N--, N--o.
Arjun: W Eo copies t--- ?
Pavan: Eo ~?
Arjun: p v-G- Eo?
Pavan: 1980
Arjun: V- Cl late deliver
-C ?
Pavan: . x v u.
Arjun: Newspapers -- \
vu -.
Pavan: E! C -!
Arjun:
Arjun: Where else is it printed?

Pavan: Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
Arjun: How many copies are sold every
day?
Pavan: Some lakhs.
Arjun: When was it started?
Pavan: In 1980
Arjun: It has been delivered a little late for
the past four days, hasn't it?
Pavan: Yes. Some problem with their machinery.
Arjun: Politics get a lot of importance in
papers/ politics are given a lot of
importance.
Pavan: Correct. We read them only for that.
vo: uT CM --p a
has/ has been relieved
Relieving Certificate is/ was/

E --- h-. C d?
? NJ.
everyday
-y, x
E -)
---: a) uT C * (-u DEE
(vAW ~- copies t--- =

t---)
d Regular actions passive , am
+ pp / is + pp / are + pp active
voice I RDW / II RDW .
official language
with effect from such and such a date
relieve
Mr X has been relieved of his duties in
this office with effect from 4th April 2006.
-x -Lq-h
b)
uT D
relieve
u E
Mr X was relieved of his duties here on 4th April 2006.
1) The doctor checks me once in two months
Regular).
K-~
The exams will be held in May.
Arjun: Where is this paper published from?
3) Lakhs of copies of the Eenadu are sold
K-~----
ii)
Practise the following in English, using

passive forms where necessary.
vAW ---C ( h).
(Doctor
Hall tickets will be issued from tomorrow.
ANSWER
E-\ vA v ---.
two months by the doctor.
future actions passive will be +

.
i) Hall tickets * h (y---)
pp
EXERCISE
2) Pooja is done every day
(II RDW - Active) = I am checked once in
LC =
year.
---
3)
His hand has been burnt
Passive voice
of treat)
y--f =
ets to students.
action)
9) had been treated - (had been - be form + PP
Hall tickets
(passive) = The college has issued hall tick-
3) The school holds weekly tests (II RDW -
8) was discharged - (was - be form + PP of dis-
Nu-n
Hall tickets have been issued to students
week (is + pp - passive - regular)
7) takes - II RDW (Active Voice)
I am seen here every evening..

(Decade =
2)
active) = The game is played twice every
c)
D, V, N p-
is relieved, has been relieved
He is relieved of/ He has been relieved of his duties here.

has been relieved, better.
-a.
DE n relieve
J-T-E. \
-- j---
II
Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite
hero was awarded Padmabhushan.
( G - t--
G *aC.)
was awarded (passive) = y--f.
Award= -' \--- = (G, --, -\-- --N)
v -/--y.
Award = -A, -\, G
n o.
Divakar: The title was conferred on many others too.
( -- G a.)
Title = j = G.
Confer = -JE G-, -\-
\-J-.
They conferred on him the title = -
- vA d.)
Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your
heroes. You are both silly
( -? O, O heroes.
O x--- o.)
[
[
You must have observed that most of the

verbs in the conversation above are in the
passive voice because every one of them is
a 'be' form + past participle (PP)
The verbs are:
1. was awarded (was + pp of award)
2. was conferred (was + pp of confer)
3. were awarded (were + pp of award)
4. was (not even)
considered (was + pp of consider)
5. were given (were + pp of give)
6. will be honoured (will be + pp of honour)
-x--- 147
7. are given (are + pp of give)

In the last lesson we have seen that we use the
passive verbs am + pp/is+pp /are+pp for regular actions
E x G- \-J-.
Was conferred (passive) = y--f.
Damodar: I am happy that only deserving people were awarded the title.
(| L-T--x \-Eo
-Eo L-T-hC.
Deserving = -N = | L-T.
Deserve = = | LT .
He deserves the award = award
B----E - | C.)
Divakar: You say all this because your
favourite hero got it.
(F G- - *aC d
x---o.)
hC !
why you talk like that.
PASSIVE
1st Regular Doing

Word (give, take, like,
etc)
am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp
He
am given/taken/liked
etc.,
Padmabhushan-
2nd Regular Doing

Word (gives, takes,
likes. etc)
is given/taken/liked
etc.,
are given/taken/liked
etc.
The verbs (in the conversation above)
3) ... people were awarded
Damodar: Yes, I do feel so.

Divakar: Just wait and see. My favourite hero
will
be
honoured
with
Padmavibhushan next year.
(h . a -q G - t-N-- hC.)
will be honoured (passive) = \-J---.
Damodar: Such honours are given only to the
talented.
4) ... hero was (not even) considered.
J------.
(y) y-f.
h--. Active
past doing
word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc)
-- - u
time Lh.
1) She took the book yesterday
Eo h B-C.
2) He liked the movie (last night)
*v - *aC.
3) They gave us the information (last week)
(vA o--J \ GhC. are given (passive) = y--C.)

Divakar: True. Your hero will not get it,
because he lacks talent.
(E. C O , -
Spoken English
-C y--f.
5) ... you were given
( --o.)
--E--:
ACTIVE
from verbs No. 1 to 5 are: was+past participle
( -- F *a-x x--o. were given (passive)= y-f.)
English.
Spandana : Hi Chandana,
fan p ready
?
Chandana : ... Eo C repair uC.
Spandana : ?
Chandana : ... h Eo u-o-E hC.
Spandana : Eo Lights Fo -a?
Chandana : C h-C Eo.
workers Ko
REGULAR ACTION
(F G-- ---E -\--E (was+pp) / were+pp.

-F J--- d y J-T-- (time L-) actions
x---o.
passive was + pp / were + pp -.
Consider = 'Eq = J---
1) ... hero was awarded Padmabhushan
was not considered (passive) =
t-- y--f.
J------.)
2) ... the title was conferred
Divakar: You feel as if you were given the
G v ---C/--y--C.
award.
Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
t-- y-f. (-J- C

p d -E passive. Government
E pa. E vu
.
English Oj- passive *C. O -E
Spoken English 144 lessons
\ passive voice -.
passive - -o. passive voice (English )
pEJ p - -
*C. p English conversation
simple , - C.
The title was conferred
Damodar: Your favourite hero was not even

considered for the award. That's
--- 25 --v- 2006
was
C.
awarded
Padmabhushan.
Answer:
Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready?
Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.
M. SURESAN
C Simple -, He was awarded Padmabhushan

? was + PP/ were + PP
N Sentences l.
2) The title was conferred on many others too =
Many others got the title too / Many others
received the title too/ Many others had the
honour/ Distinction.
p--a .
1) He was awarded Padmabhushan
Spandana : Was it painted too?

Chandana : Yes. Everything was completed
Yesterday.
Spandana : Were
the
lights
also
fixed
Yesterday?
Chandana : That was completed too.
The Workers were sent away too.
Even the payments were made.
Spandana : Good
3) Were awarded (Passive) = got the award

(active)
1. Sachin is to play the cricket.
4) ... Hero was not even considered = They did
2. Sachin has to play cricket.
not even consider him for an award.
3. Sachin was to play cricket.
They
(\
-L-- d
passive a)
5) ... you were given an award = \
you got an award, simple ? passive
avoid ---a.
6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour
a.
passive avoid
7) ... honours are given to the talented (PV) =

Only the talented get such honours (Active
Expression)
past doing word active
passive equivalent was + past participle/

were past participle.
Past actions at a time Known.
- Rx-a.
N-- passive -- was
+ PP or were + PP . u EE
--L---, p d- i,
u --, p passive .
--C.
Spandana : Very good.
-D-Eo
Active Voice
simple pa. He
got
Payment
ACTIVE
Past
word
gave,
etc.,)
PASSIVE
Doing Was+PP/ Were+PP

(took, Was taken/ Were taken
liked Was given/ Were given
Was liked/ Were liked etc.
4. Sachin had to play cricket.
j u- n N-J-. 1,2 3,4 u

n L-T o L--.
N-- -, Et
1) Sachin is to play cricket
=
* Lq C, NC/--p-/---o v-/--o p-/--px

v -- .
2) Sachin has to play cricket = L. J
c x/duty/E - x-E --L--.
3) Sachin was to play cricket -
Lq C. . Dhoni was to
score 66 not out. (E 66 -
y d E).
Rama was to go to forest - -N
h , p--* JT E.
4) Sachin had to play - Lq --C
--L--.
-- j---
II
Ram: You are late again. You are expected to
be here by 10, and it is now 10.20.
(O Sx u --a. OJ-\ 10
L. p 10.20 C.)
Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is
supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10
minutes late. Some trouble on the way.
(Bus late
C. 9.45 Lo \---Lq bus 10 EN- -u-iC.

J E- trouble *aC.)
Ram: OK, OK. Let's get down to work. Only a

few files were cleared yesterday. Many
more have to be cleared today. We are
required to clear at least 15 files a day.
27 --v- 2006
1. You are expected to be here by 10.
(OJ-\ 10 ---. \ are

(----) C must
\ B-v, h
--Eo yE-d expression.
English language
manners
vu \. -E c---
must - - --,
-K E--, bossy -E.
Must -Lq -Eo--x expect,
suppose, require verbs passive forms
.
expected
(, , E v-Gl. Eo- Eo files

v Jh . - - files clear
L. V F 15 files Jh
L.)
-x--- 148
(iii) Trespassers will be prosecuted =
I.
l-O-J
P~-| (P~----)
E--, E-l -L-
-u passive voice .
N sentences (conversation ) l.
3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = Eo
files v Jh = We cleared only a
few files.
Verb: Give
ACTIONS
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Regular
1st RDW (give)
Actions
2nd RDW (gives) is+PP=is given
Past actions
Past doing
was+pp=was given
time known
word-gave
were+pp=were given
am+PP=am given
are+PP=are given
II. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,

might, must
1st RDW
form
verb - (shall give, should give, will give,
would give, can give, could give, may give,
might give, must give, etc)
passive form
shall, should, etc,
be
past participle
passive
You are expected to be here..

Sita: When
are
we
1) You are expected to be here by 10. (passive)

The superiors (
expect you to be
here by 10 (Active) = you must be here by
10. (Must
avoid
expected to com-
C--)
plete them, sir?
(--Eo-F
Jh -Lq-p, sir.)
h.)
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up by 9.45

(passive) = We (office staff =
suppose the bus to pick us up by 9.45 (active) =
The bus must pick us up by 9.45 =
must
avoid
sC)
Ram: They should have

M. SURESAN
been sent last
week itself. But we have been given
some more time because we did not
have the necessary information.
( ---LqC. E _
information -- x, - -h time
a.)
Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The
files will all be on your table a little after
lunch break.
tLo
9.45 -x \---L. \-
h.
5) We are required to clear files (passive) = The

require
us
superiors
to clear files (active) = we must clear files.
must avoid
(C--)
(\
(--)
h).
6) When are we expected to complete them

(passive) = When do our superiors expect us
to complete them? (active) = When must we
complete them?
sentence
must
(

( sir, --\ time -B. Lunch time
)
q- files Fo O table O
-s JEo l.
.)
(i) Smoking Jh El. Smoking is strictly
Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I
prohibited (passive)
know it will be done.
(O-\-J -o --o-, C --E .)
(ii) Strict silence should be maintained in the

library (passive). (You should maintain strict
silence in the library) = Library
Ezl
Let's continue our study of the passive

forms. The sentences with verbs in passive voice in the dialogue are:
1) You are expected to be here by 10.
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up.
-L.
use passive forms where necessary
(conversation O----- passive

3) Only a few files were cleared yesterday.
practise .)
4) Many more have to be cleared today.
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, y---j F x
5) We are required to clear.
d--.
6) When are we expected to complete them?
Prabhas: \ dL?
7) They should have been sent.
Venkat: \p -\-o. \ boss
8) We have been given.
x d--.
9) ... it will be done.
Prabhas: y -L-\?
Let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, 5 and 6:
Venkat: v 5 . Sx 10 \
are expected, is supposed, are required,
L.
are expected.
verbs -u passive official and Prabhas: E h---?
formal -s x --. Official lan- Venkat: E -C? x
-v-E h---?
guage passive voice
--- --.
Prabhas: ---i, ready.
Spoken English
4) Many more have to be cleared today (by us)

= We have to clear many more files today =
files clear
L.
7) They should have been sent (by us) = we

should have sent them =
-LqC
(p)
8) We have been given (by the superiors) =
They have given us =
time
a.
9) It will be done (by you) = You will do it =
y h.
passive voice --
o. N ---- C active
verbs - passive equivalents .
Active * passive , passive * active
a exercise (u-) practice -. h O English (spoken
form) free , fluent x--.
x---- O EE doubts *a
x------.
pE J-n-x impersonal (uh-
E) occasions (-sx) v
. passive forms ---
v --. - --L-x
Passive n ---L-?
-L
\
Jh C
-,
Ja
-C.
eg: They will give the book [verb- will givewill + 1st RDW- active]=
The book will be given (by them) [verb- will
be- be form+given (Past participle)- Passive]
verb, can do- can + 1st
He can give it RDW
passive
can + be
+ pp of give = can be given.
should
give - active passive- should + be +
given (PP of give)
\
d
-yL
DE
d j p verbs Eo- passive form,

shall, should, etc... -Eo- \ be d
E--\ past participle Jh C passive
-C .
They may give it - (active)
It may be given (by them) - (passive)
III. have + pp
end
active verbs
have
past participle
been
passive
Eo-,
-C.
They have given the books - verb have

given (active)passive have
given
been
have been given.
DE
d-
They have given the books (Active)

The books have been given (by them) (Passive).
ANSWER
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to
keep your things there.
Prabhas: Where else should I keep then?
Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The
boss keeps his things there.
Prabhas: How long are you expected to be
here?
Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10
tomorrow morning.
Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomorrow?
Venkat: How can the whole work be completed tomorrow? It might be completed
by the evening of the day after.
Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready.
vo: 1. W --
() W -d --.
2. F @ --\.
u- Tx- p
L---.
.y, jy--
---:
1. I tuck my shirt in. In shirt

English
2. I am heavier than you by 5 Kgs/

I weigh 5 Kgs more than you/
I weigh more than you by 5 Kgs.
-E 29 --v- 2006
-- j---
Ravikanth: Hi Prakash, who is this book meant
-I
Now let's take a look at the verbs in the
for? I found it here.
passive form, used in the conversation
( h J ? -\
-E-*-C.)
at the beginning of the lesson.

1) who is this meant for?
(verb- is meant- passive)
Prakash: It was left here by someone. I don't

remember.
2) It was left here..
(--Eo \ CL x.
h-- J)
3) No name is written..
(verb- was left- was + pp -passive)
(verb- is written- is + pp -passive)
Ravikanth: Who does it belong to?
4) I was asked..
(C -JC?)
(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive)
Prakash: No name is written on the book. Only

the bill of the book is found in the
5) Was invited...
(verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)
book. No name in the bill either.
Last lesson p-x E -J-x

J-T p d --, d- -,
E- vu --, Passive Voice
- -C. active always
preferable.
Passive voice questions practice
l:
1) Who is it meant for?
(h O . h
o-d Bill C. E .)
(C J l-P---C?
-x--- 149
Ravikanth: Ok. Let's no more worry about the

book. Were you, by any chance, in
Old usage -
for whom is it meant?)

2) Where are these shirts sold?
Let's remember once again:

1) Passive voice to be used only
when absolutely necessary.
2) Question structure to be followed
in passive voice too.
3) In most cases where whom was
used in the past, we now use
'Who'.
(N \ t---?)
college last evening?
When was the letter posted?
(, h J* C-l. Eo
v -y-o college
o?)
Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selections for the debate team. Someone
was invited to select the college
(verb- have been picked - have been + pp -
reserve member.
passive)
(college debate team selections
o-\- t-o. College team

select --E -J L- . o
reserve member B--o.)
Debate = h %y.
Pick up = choose. ---.
7) When will the contest be held?

(verb- will be held- will be + pp -passive)
8) you should be included
(verb- should be included- should be + pp passive)
j d- *a transformation principles
8 verbs in passive J---o
?
a) Active RDWs , passive, am/ is/
Ravikanth: Where will the contest be held?
( \?)
(Contest = d = )
are + past participle.
Prakash: It is going to be held this month end

at Rajamundry.
b) Active
PDW
passive, was/ were
+ past participle.
(--v -x C)
c) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st RDW
Ravikanth: Wish you should be include in the
active
final team.
(final team
3) How was he killed?
6) I have been picked up
team. I have been picked up as a
, O shall/ should, etc

Ja, past participle Ja passive.
be
y-E J)
etc + 1st RDW active

lllll
-J --f?
-Eo?)
M. SURESAN
5) What were you told?

=
6) When was the letter posted? =
post
Post
Active voice
passive
tion
verb
subject
Helping verb
main verb
subject
y p--f? (F --p?)
h p
--C? (p
?)
,
ques
,
y h.
,
u
hC. C - u -ELq N.
principles of changing verbs
- --
-- easy.
patterns
h--
ANSWER
(am given, is given, are given etc)
2. Past Doing Word
2. Was+pp/ Were+pp
(gave, took etc)
(was given / were given)

can/
could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st
verbs N- shall/ should/ will/ would...

\ be d, E Past Participle a.
RDW
shall be taken (shall + be + past participle) / will
(shall take, will take, would take etc)
be taken, etc.
Shall have/ should have/ will have/
3.
verbs
would have/ can have, etc + past
will have, etc
participle (would have taken, could
ple
have taken etc)
been taken, etc)
Spoken English
h.
Lavanya:
(would have been taken, could have
1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp.
gives, takes, etc)
Now practise the following in English use

passive forms only where necessary:
N- shall have/ should have/

\ been d, E past partici-
PASSIVE
1. 1st RDW/ 2nd RDW (give, take, etc/
2) Four were killed and ten injured in the accident yesterday.

3) Dowry has been abolished.
4) Four new rail lines were laid last year.
5) Candidates will soon be informed of the
date of interview.
--
-v--d
passive
h-?
Bhramara: . NTL C.
Lavanya: C p h--C?
Bhramara: u-o-E -Jha.
Lavanya: Invitations Fo post -u?
Bhramara: Yes - . O
addresses -Lq-N Eo o.
E O-p Jh--?
Lavanya: Eo addresses L. N
-h.
Bhramara: N O Jhh Fo L post
-a.
ACTIVE
ANSWERS
1) He has been elected the new president.
shall be/
passive.
. n
-\-J h---.
- -d ---.
C passive forms :
1) - u-~- Eo--u.
2) Eo accident -- E--.
-C C --f.
3) -o E-C- .
4) -q -- h jy -jx .
5) Date of Interview y- u-n- L-- --C.
--
should be/ can be, etc + past participle -
from active to passive
3. shall/ should/ will/ would/
4) Who were you seen

by?
(By Whom were you
seen - old use
=
d) shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be,
Prakash: Thank you.
Last lesson
EXERCISE
( --f?=
--Eo?)
Lavanya: Has the work been completed?
Bhramara: Not yet. some more work is left.

Lavanya: When will it be completed too?
Bhramara: It may be completed by tomorrow
afternoon.
Lavanya: Have all the invitations been posted?
Bhramara: Yes, most of them. But then there
are invitations for which the
addresses have to be written by
you/ you have to write the addresses. When can you complete it?
Lavanya: Some addresses are yet to be
received, once they are received, I
will write the addresses.
Bhramara: If you complete them, all of them
may be posted together/ we may
post all of them together.
-I-I
-- j---
Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in
your clothes today. Are they new?
(v, - dx -F-
o. N h?)
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I
don't look smarter than you, in spite of
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you
for the compliment.
(N h. --p-, F
smarter / -{-- E- . j-, F a--o- thanks.)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prabhat. They aren't mere flattery.
( E- -p-Jh- Eo a-o, - -a /
h )
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really
I don't like these clothes very much.
Dad bought me them from
Hyderabad. I wear them because I
don't want to offend him.
(- N- .
E d d-.
o OE j-- * a
. - ------E --)
-x--- 150
-- 1 - 2006
--Eo-F vocabu. p j sentences E

-Fo appearance
(E- B) , d- (u x d-) -C-*E -h C
? -Fo daily life situation spoken english d
practice .
lary
Underline
1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look
--J E--/ -. smart = -{--, /

E--. -o d
suit p smart. tip top
o smart.
b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic?

Picnic
Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad
isn't well
(y-h-o
?)
a) The army officer is really smart in his uniform.

Army officer,
Uniform
(o x - d
-E, p)
I'm afraid/ we're afraid expressions
b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
O conversation .
college anniversary = College J{--q 3) In spite of: --p. (though/ although/
-s Nu-n-- -{---i hx
even though/ but/ yet . o.
O----E--- C. -E
Dress and clothes: Dress --C -x.
v-h practice L.
-x --N clothes. -x d- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit dress/ dresses . He is
ed ( p- o-p-, y
always dressed in good clothes sen. Conceit= y)
tences dress d E
= Though/ Although/ Even though she is
d -- n . --C
great, she is not conceited ( p--,
p-.
y )
-o d Neat -J-
= She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
p smart.
= pC, E y / Jy-)
c) She smarted up for the interview
b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= y oInterview \ h-C.
p- (y ) -- ------o.
-{-- o.
I don't want to offend him
7) Offend=
a) I don't want to offend him=
(q, ) p-.
o p- d -.
b) The book has been banned because it
offends the sentiments of the minority community =
i-J _ - p-C
C d h-Eo E-C-.
c) You offend me if you talk badly about my

favourite hero=
G- o J*
x- o p--*--x.
8) tire= n, - L-T-/ - -. , bore d/ N-T-
n C. C p \ -
C.
a) The movie is tiring= E N--E--*C.
b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talking of his greatness =
_- }
d . p- J* x
N-T-h.

Nimisha: Hi Lipta,
Lipta:
h--d? -{- o! \---o?

?
F-p thanks. E -
combination?
Nimisha:
-pJh p-o. t?
-h---o-.
Nimisha: \, -\-o p-.
Lipta:
-. - *aC .
p Eo N-T- d-.
Nimisha: -\--E
?
Lipta:
? o-- -p-ho F L-. - gift
*aC --.
Nimisha: p--a.
N-T--C?
Lipta:
Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't

good. They really suit you well.
(N -E y ----o n. N F
p.)
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.
(E-. -)
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't
have the patience to choose what
clothes I wear.
(F-p d --.
d -- )
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
charm about you that makes your
appearance attractive.
stylish
( y h
E-h. F -{ C. C Eo
-{-- hC)
Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of

something else.
( . N-T-h-o. N-i x-)

v v v v v
dialogue above.
1) you look quite smart in your clothes
2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in
spite of my new clothes
3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment.
4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't
mere flattery
5) ... because I don't want to offend him.
6) I don't see why you think...
7) ... you are always well dressed
8) still you look stylish
9) Enough. You are tiring.
In the lesson, lets learn a few items of
vocabulary. Vocabulary
simple
hC .
n E ?
Spoken English
Though/ Although/ Even though he has a

fever, he is able to walk.
= He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk.
4) Compliment =
Smart --i
; Stylish,
trendy.
x Cl
fashion
v
\. d neat ,
-J- --, h fashionable p-N,
M. SURESAN
stylish, trendy.
Smart
a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him=
(Clever).
n L-j, -j.
v L-j--
-.
y o
b) It was smart of her to give such an answer
- L-N- *aC.
-sx smart L-N
y -*-- h o n hC.
c) Don't try to be smart with me=
_ F LN .
A smart restaurant = a fashionable
restaurant=
Food prices are high at this smart restaurant.
fashionable
2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid
x A--- \).

n -- --/
. F s I'm afraid
*A-h-o- n .
I'm afraid I am not smarter than you=
smart
Fo
--E *A-ho.
-d E N h p-E I'm afraid E / I'm afraid
v-Gh.
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed?
pass
Susanth: I'm afraid, no.
Pass
(v
u?)
(v
--E /
-d p)
p-, G--/ a-, G--C-.

-J-j a --F, -J-j
L G-----F compliments.
-J-j a--, G--C-, to com-
pliment.
a) My compliments to you on your high marks in
the exam=
marks
K-~ F a-o p
G---.
compliment y on hC.
Lipta:
O.K.
ANSWER
b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his

action in the movie=
p -
G--- .
c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his wonderful play =

d) He complimented her on her taste in the
choice of her dress = Dress
E vA-x a--o.
-
G--*E - E--.
h o -
o p, E flattery
-- E-------E, x-x
j v- --E h.
-h flattery.
Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you

look in the dress! Where did you
buy it and how much is it?
Lipta:
Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments.

Don't you believe me?
Lipta:
5) Compliment
flattery. Flattery
a) He flatters the minister to get his help.
v- vA-x -h -x.
6) sincere= -pJhi, *h--Cl-.
a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
F E- (-p-Jh)
------o.
b) No politician is sincere about servicing
people. = politicians
c) She is sincere student=
-v-- *h--Cl-.
-- *h--Cl- NuJn-E
I thought you were flattering me/ I

thought it was flattery/ I took it for
flattery.
Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and

how much you bought it for.
Lipta:
vA , Eo ---.
b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
Thank you for your compliment. Is

the combination really good?
I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I

don't want to tire you by telling you
of it.
Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy

it?
Lipta:
Why such words? You don't know

how much you offend me. I got it as
a gift unexpectedly.
Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is

there in to tire me?
Lipta:
That's OK.
-- j---
II
Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A
good bargain, isn't it?
( shirt 350 -- o.
* ?)
Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it.
I have a similar shirt. It cost me
just around Rs 250/-
-- 3 - 2006
Sentences E passive verb forms p- verb forms (passive) .

1) ... I have been cheated =
T---f = --.
--f =
F _ * .
2) Were charged =
3) is called =
(y K \ d---.
- shirt C. Eo 250
-- o.)
Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?
----C/ -h.
4) Wouldn't have been cheated =
-T----
o = ---o
-T-----o-. verb, list

j verb No 1 class - have/ has/
had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DE
active C? u been B-.
5) ... had been asked =
( ---?)
Cheat = / -
Cheater
-- / o-T .
6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =
Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were

charged Rs 100 more. Where did
you buy it?
(y-ox C 350 --j, 100

- \ d. \
o?)
Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop.
Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell
shop. Didn't you know that?
(Eo cheatwell
F L-?)
shop
AJT y---/ a--- = AJT a/

a--
b) has been used =
Devanath: How can it be, after it has been

used?
( a--, - ?)
Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be
careful in future.
( -Eo J* --.
Future v-h )
Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a
lesson.
shop
Cl pL.)
Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated

once more.
( v-o Sx -)
Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act
smart in these matters.
(J Eo B-h. Oy N-x
L-N----N)
Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.
( --. --)
Observe the use of passive forms in the
conversation above:
1) You mean I have been cheated?
-T---/ -
9) will be taken care of =
6) Verb b)
-
C. C
B--.
-x--- 151
(j -- C passive translation
-, E \ oC normal
() -)
All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be
form + past participle (pp), so they are all in
the passive voice.
hC ? --
lessons p points:
passive voice
ticiple, form
7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be

returned, No. 7 should
be taught, No. 9 will
be taken.
Practise the following in English.

Express the passive equivalents of the
following:
a)
X--hE ~ Q -h.
b) D-R V buildings D- -J-h.
c) *o x- - ---d. (passive pL).
d) road repair -J---.
e)
shall/ should/
can/ could/ may/
might/ must etc + 1st
RDW
passive form
M. SURESAN
have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past paractive voice verbs
Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged

(Active)
etc
Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) -
, E y a
u been d-.
past participle
DE active-C ? =
have/ has cheated
ANSWERS
a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The
passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-
1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated.

passive.
select -o , time
J application } x- .
f) h X Class text book prescribe a.
g) C L.
h) select LqC
i) road p -LqC.
j) C - -a.
(by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it
Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have,
low)- Active.
(Do) you mean that the shop fellow has
cheated me?
Kasi of the south.

b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on
the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali
Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) Passive - I will take care of it (Active)
day/ on the occasion of Deepavali.

c) Children can be made happy easily
d) Only half of the road has been repaired.
In the case of the verbs above, we have
e) I would not have been selected, if my
(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-
seen the active equivalents of passive
application had not reached in time. (This
ed me?
forms.
is imaginary past, isn't it?)
shop people (-x) -, p

\ pas-
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop =
Eo
7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson
by whom (J ) C \ L--. -sEo d -hC F =

by you E. d Active- You begin
u, If you had asked me -C.
passive by whom/ by what (J
/ E ) C ---L.
Passive J --x, by so and so, -x C omit h. C -E*
practice h, passive conversation effective C.
... I have been cheated?
6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it

has been used.
The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more.
5) ... if I had been asked.
Spoken English
has been used.

verb No. 1, verb No. 4
Passive
active
has been used
been
It has been used (by me)=
I have used it (active)
DE active- past doing word

? -p- sentence, active --C?
4) I wouldn't have been cheated.
9) It will be taken care of
(by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me

(Active)
--v-h B----C/ vh B-.
sive, were + pp.
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop.
8) ... don't be cheated once more
C verb No 4, verb No 1 C,
passive . DE active- had been asked ,
u been B--. If I had been asked
2) you were charged Rs 100/- more:
2) You were charged Rs 100/- more
5) If I had been asked -
p--L = pL.
8) don't be cheated =
(y p--LqC. --o .)
(o--, y shop hE
Lh p--. Eop AJ-T
-y--E--F a-----F ?)
I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the

shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not
have cheated me.
form of the verb

Imaginary past form .
--C/ .
7) should be taught a lesson =
Devanath: You should have told me of it earlier. Then I wouldn't have been
cheated.
Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked,

and if I had known that you were
going to that shop. Can't it be
returned or exchanged now?
4) I wouldn't have been cheated =
cheatwell shop
(v). \
Passive- is called, d DE Active,
I RDW/ II RDW ? (Past lessons E
tables ) p DE active - people
call it the cheatwell shop.
N v-h -E-.
Passive sentences , j
sentences ' E -J- --C?
C L- ? eg: I have been
cheated (--) -J- C clear
L- . --x -sEo
d ---L. -sx, Shop fellow
E ---a. p, Passive *
active a--- shop fellow sentence begin h. \?
If I had been asked - passive C.
f) The book may be prescribed as a text

book for X class.
g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done
at once.
h) He should have been selected (Imaginary
past)
i) This road should have been laid long ago
(Imaginary past)
j) This can be done easily.
-- j---
II
Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm
off. I'll be seeing you only after 10
days.
(Chandana,
relief !
-o. Sx 10 V y Eo
--.)
relief= Nh / Ah-O--* l
C*--x-
Chandana: What are you so excited about?
(Are you) on a holiday or what?
(E J* q- o?
-O h-o o?)
On a holiday= -O x
Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I
am going home, sweet home. All
these days I have been dying to be
back home, and I've the chance
now. I've packed up and am leaving.
(-- h-o-E - C.
--ho. --p--p h
--, p--*a -.
-xEo l--o, h-o.)
Look at the following words and expressions from the dialogue between
Spandana and Chandana.
1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a
holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home;
5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy;
8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient
you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month
grind; 13) get even with you.
Learn and practise these expressions
when you speak. Your English will be
very effective.
1) relief:
DE n --C
( * ) --. (u-, * ) N-, -x a
. What a relief!. s, !
d- i E h-, u *
Nh C, --E- , relief. (Also,
He is dying to become a minister=
vA E ------o
He is very eager to become a minister= He
is anxious to become a minister= He can't
wait to become a minister= He is impatient
to become a minister.
Fo n-Eo-h.
v---E %- oE/
------o-E.
- -sx n l.
relief from headache, fever, etc.)
i) Dying - --J --o
I'm off= I am off= I am going= Rx--o h-o-p, x---o-p - .
Dying to do something= -----.
xh \ nEo hC.
He's off. If you want to tell him anything,
hurry up=
Rx---o. o p-- p.
-x--- 152
--E- 6 - 2006
2) excited= you are excited when some thing

good happens to you/ when you are very
happy about something.
The child is dying to see its mother=
LxE --E Gf --C.

ii) eager= %- = anxious.
a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his
son also as an actor= hero
actor
-
-E %- C.
5) I've packed up=
x l-- v-E, x --E, etc.

a) Pack up and get out= x l-E Rx.
b) He was packed up and is about to leave=
x l-E x--E l o.
c) Time for us to pack up=
--x l- time *aC.

7) envy= Ey ' \ -= {u, -J-o
h - a \--x
C, p We envy them.
(x {u).
a) She envies her sister because she has more
jewellery=
sister
{u C.
b) I envy your health=
F u C, -x {u.
11) Laze (about)=
F -
What a relief! I'm off

Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I
can't get leave until next month.
How I envy you!
( --x-E %- , E
a - -. Eo-h
{u !)
Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is
anxious to see me back. So is dad.
Still two hours for the train and I
feel it's too long. I can't wait any
longer.
(t phone p.
o -E %- C. o
. Train --E
-C. -!)
Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So
would anyone be when they have a
chance. How are you going to
spend the days?
* ---o-p,
----o-p
L , q.
a) They were excited
when their favourite
hero talked to them=
x G- hero
x --J-*--p M. SURESAN
x ---f.
b) He felt excited when he got the prize=
prize *a-p- q-
- o.
c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie=
movie.
-hE -Eo L-T
d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull=
movie q----i--D-. -h-- C. (Dull= unexciting)

e) Exciting news= -h- N.
b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doctor=
T doctor --E % -C.

eager E n, anxious o
n -- ----.
(O . -E ----.
NtC E vLo C, NvA C . N-T-. A, Ev--, TV ,
E----x D --C.)
Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my
break. I'll get even with you then.
Bye then. See you.
(a hC break. p
F ---. Rx )
Spoken English
b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one

year=
-C NvA/ N -.
Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I
am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait,
and No. 10: How impatient you are.
O-Eo-
n % , %-
, ----, y--.
Dying= -s Dying , E
n --E .
\ dying ----.
lazy
(-J) .
a) I like to laze about on the weekend=
E--- -J -
d .
b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about:
Time,
s % h. -J .
c) Don't laze about. Do some work =
-J , E-.
12) The nine month grind:
grind
-- C n.
c) The mother is anxious about the child's condition
a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for

making chapathis =
Lx Gf J-nA (u) J*
----C.
\ anxious eager . n
. anxious , worried a.
- -B h.
grind past tense, past participle- ground.
d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious

about the loss in the profits of the company.
Company _- J* MD -
--o= l --o.
Anxiety= - (- )
e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her
anxiety=
- - N J*
- juo v-C-----C.
3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you
( -----o n
iii) Can't wait= * p --.
have break from your work for a few days.
. -j -
E
*
Eo
V
NvA
,
(wait -n ---)
h. ---o 10
N
,
You
are
on
a
holiday.
a) He can't wait to go to the US=
V?/ ----o?)
Holiday= , Holidays= u
-J- p--p l ---o.
Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do
Nu-n N-
anything. This nine month grind
b) He can't wait to meet his lover= v-Lo
has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a
p--p --- E o.
holiday= (EoV) E * N/
leisure. I am fed up with work. Just
impatient= n, p --,
NvA . x A- N- iv)
eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to
-- (opposite of patient)
-.
movies. That's what I am going to
do.
a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to

go=
- / -E -- Rx---E
-----o.
b) He ground the wheat into flour =
-- ()
L x-=
.
.
E \ grind n v, %.
Nine month grind - NtC v
flour = flower
pronounce
wheat flour =
c) I need at least a week's break after this grind
vy - F NvA
-.
d) Put him through the grind =
o d- E--F.
e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of
six hour =
vA trainee (P~ -) V - v Lq C.
13) get even = Ba--/ J--.
a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even
with the villain =
Indian movies *-
O Ba--.
b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in

the next match, Pak got even with India.
b) He was impatient at my replies=
------ p p-/ -
v-Jz-.
O expressions NN n,
. OE O conversation practice
. n-- C. N
A l.
hero, villain
India
match
--iC.
Pak,
match
c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get

even with you =
a holiday *a--p F J-----.
-- j---
II
-- 8 - 2006
Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?
E v-h -E--.
(N p--h-o ?)
Now look at the following sentences

from the conversation above.
Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where

he is now.
1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?
( M. \--o
L-)
Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from
me. He suddenly rang up yesterday to tell me he was coming. He
didn't make clear why he would
see me.
* L-. o-d Eo Phone

h-o-E p. o-
--------o pd
p-
Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him
2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is

now.
3) I do not know what he wants from me.
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me.
5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when
exactly he wanted to come.
x L- .
N 'wh' words C
--E )
7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his
8)
I don't know why =
C 2
1 a) why did he go there? I want to know
9)
Did you atleast ask him how he would be

coming =
b) I want to know why he went there.
9) Did you at least ask him how he would be

coming.
10)
about our work.
( correct p--h
y -- n
. - --C.
N\ wait E O
x M )
Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his meeting, but he would-
-x--- 153
I don't see how you could be so indifferent =
Ex-~u --L- n -
whether to wait for him here or to go

a)
h j -?
when exactly he wanted to come.

We have work now. We don't know
-ph-o F--o p? =
Has any one told you when he will be coming?
meeting.
8) I don't know why
d)
(Whether
choice express
6) We do not know whether to wait for him

here or go about our work.
11) I didn't know which phone he was calling

from =
sentence
sentences
L :
sentence question d why

.
b) sentences L o d
I want to know why he went there .
E
did he go?
2 a) where did he buy it?

I wish to know
Who knows what he has in his mind?
n't. I don't know why.

Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he
would becoming?
(F h -?)
10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent

11) I didn't know which phone he was calling
from.
12) I am not able to say whose fault it is.
Vikranth: No.
indifferent. you could have fixed a
.)
could not ask him all that. I was

about to. But then he disconnected.
'wh' clauses
very common.
daily conversation
- x---p
, -J, , -J, , --E sentences - . C
English xp C. -- j x I don't know where he is now
C B = -\--o
M. Where he is --\ o.
( -- . Phone d-.)
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
-?)
Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was

calling from. I saw the number on
my cell and called. He called from a
public Phone.
( Phone * x---o
L--. Cell number
phone . C Public
Phone)
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it
In most sentences above, they are clauses

beginning with 'wh' words (why, what,
when, where, which, who, whom, whose,
and how)
Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I
let us take the clauses which begin

with 'wh' words in the other sentences:
1) Any idea when vijai is coming =
N p--h F-o
3)
idea
I do not know what he wants from me =
question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh

word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb)
'wh' word
statement
statement structure. statement
subject
verb
wh word
clauses
wh word
sub+verb
structure
v--i, --. N
-E
-p,
p
h.
a
-E \
Eo-
L.
eg: p--\--o M.
O-- L C. english word
order -J sentence word
order --
opposite C.
C. -d j sentence
begin h? I dont know
I dont know when he will be here. (when will
he be here
* L- .
is.
4)
(C J - p--
o)
5)
have to do now.
(p a-- o)
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
(.. ax)
Prasanth: What a relief!
He didn't make clear why he would see me
a) I don't see why you didn't ask him =
y- -- n .
, ---, n -)
b).... when exactly he wanted to come =
p correct ----o
to go about our work =
E-O
?) .
-J-E -h--C C* N
= who he is going to invite (whom - old fashioned) is his business.
b)
- -J ?
who knows what he has in his mind?
(see =
6) We do not know whether to wait him for or
(s a !)
J * h advanced level of
conversational skills l. -
a)
- -o- -----o pd
-.
We are unable to decide what we
Spoken English
C J p
p-----o.
j underline M. SURESAN
clause Fo
'wh' word clauses. u N

N 'wh' words v----o, questions E -E- L. - N
A clause is a group of words with a verb.

(verb
group of words
clause
time for his meeting us.
( Ex-~u --L- n
. Lo --
time Eg-* a ?)
Phone
whose fault it is =
clauses J*
o . -J h -.
Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so
(Sx y-
phone * ho M-.
12) I am not able to say
who knows
question mark.)
(\
c)
question.
-E
-h \- F ? =
Do you know where the book is?
(Sx -E- where the book is = h

\ C? E n. 'h \
E
sentence L sentences p----C? I wish to

know where he brought it .
-C practice L conversation free, fluent
u -sx n --LqC 'wh' words v--uN p
questions --\---F, wh word v-u clauses statement structure
-E.
exercise: practise the following in English
Vilas:
y- AJ--h correct p.
Kailas: p--h correct idea
Vilas: kumar F p- -E time E?
Kailas: phone ----o.
-\--o M.
phone h--o. --
phone - n --.
Vilas: . phone Sx y-p p. p -l-
Eg--?
Kailas: Eg---- -p-h
L---?
Vilas: kumar phone
decide u.
Answer:
Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correctly when you will return.
Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself
have a
correct idea when I will return
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
it will take?
Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
he is. He said he would call me. I don't
see why he hasn't phoned me.
Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
can come back again. Have you decided when we should return.
Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
return
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.
()
-- j---
II
Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy
when I heard that our team had won the
match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
( team Eo L-*-E N-,

--f. h
N --h.)
Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we
always have your encouragement.
(O vq - -p
-)
Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you
should not lose confidence.
Clause Verb o group of words.

x---p sentences
Oj- clauses T_-- sentences
- -J n u-x-.
xV C-L---? Infinitives .
Infinitive ? -- ,
x N-J- -? Sx h--ho.
-E-: Infinitive , to + Ist RDW
(Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to
walk, to learn, etc.
infinitives.
Fo
Infinitive
(Sx thanks. -h---. h-Dl , -L

team -x .)
2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news

= (delighted
= - )
n-
1) E--u-E (to go = x-E)
(O - o , t- 2) E-- (to go = x)
N-y p---E.)
3) E----E (to go = x--E)
Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't

expect that we would win. But we
played to our capacity. The other team's
mistakes helped us.
3) We are glad that we always have your

encouragement =
We are glad to have your encouragement
4) I was telling you all along that you should not
lose confidence =
a) I want to go =
x-E C.
I was telling you not to lose confidence
b) To go now is not safe =
5) We didn't expect that we would win the

match =
p x ~ .
c) He stood up to go -
4)
Pp -- - C.
I am thrilled that I have seen such a beautiful statue =
I am really thrilled to have seen...
examples O practice .
Infinitive x , -
Nj sentences -Eo
practice .
... expect to win
x--E * E--o.
-sx l-l clause ,
Infinitive -- -a.
6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things

lightly and that you should be aggressive =
I warned not to take things lightly and to be
aggressive.
How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.
-x--- 154
1 1 - 2006

from the conversation above.
7) We.. that we have such encouragement and

advice from you =
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in
English. Use only infinitives.
Komal:
Syamal:
We are glad to have your..

Saran: I warned you too that you should not
take things lightly, and you should be
aggressive.
Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have
3) We are glad that we
you. We are thrilled that we have won
(E-. vq,
O -h-o- - -
C. d- i match L--E
-- C.)
Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear
about the defeat of our college team in
any match.
Varun: You can be sure that we will always do
(--h vo hE
O ta)
Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of
the lecturers talking low of our team.
( lecturers team
J* \- - x--E -f).
Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised
when they hear our team too can win
matches.
x--E-y, sir, team

----E ---o-p
a-u--).
Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( --F).
English conversation, simple , direct
- -E --* h
o. lesson C -J l.
Spoken English
Syamal:
Komal:
We are thrilled to have won this difficult
hear more such news.
match
M. SURESAN
always have your encouragement.

4) I was telling you all along that you should not
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about

the defeat of our college team =
match.
6) I warned you that you should not take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive
7) ... We are delighted that we have such
encouragement and advice from you
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our

lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our
lecturers ...
Komal:
11) They will be surprised when they hear our

team... = They will be surprised to hear...
Komal:
So, you have seen how an infinitive can

make your speech shorter, simpler and
direct.
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult

match
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the

lecturers talking low...
11) They will be surprised when they hear our
team too can win matches.
All the parts of sentences underlined
above are clauses, aren't they? We are
now going to simplify them by using
infinitives in their places.
n infinitives sentences
.
clauses
j infinitive replace x
\ that clauses. (that begin u
clauses ) OE u infinitive
replace , short -a.
.
1) y exam fail u-E N -- =
I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed
the exam =
simple --
infinitive x.
to hear
ANSWER
y xLq *a-- -f =
I was sorry that I had to leave so early =
I was sorry to leave so early
3)
v v- x --- =
I am very happy to hear that

you are going abroad/ about
your travel abroad.
Syamal: I am happy too that to know

that you too are coming.
Komal:
Mom and dad will be sorry to

know about my trials. It will
be difficult for them to be
without me.
Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first,

but I convinced her.
Komal:
I will promise to mom and

dad to return early. Soon they
will get used to it.
I shall be sorry to hear that you have...

2)
1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had

won the match.
I really felt happy to hear that our team had
won the match... to hear about our team's
success.
Syamal:
My only desire is not to hear the ... of our

college teams
5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about

the defeat of our college team
our best sir.
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult

match =
lose confidence.
this difficult match.
matches
...to have your encouragement and advice.
team had won the

match.
2) I shall be delighted if I
such encouragement and advice from
We are delighted to have such encouragement and advice from you =
1) I really felt happy

when I heard that our
(-N-t-Lo a-J- , Fo L B----F, - -F.)

aggressive= -, -
Komal:
y foreign --o-E NE
C.
y y \---ho-E L --ho.
vo O o-E
Lh t, o E
---. x
d
C.
o x-E-y t
d . F a-p.
t x y
AJT a-h-E h.
x y C --j-C.
o v
p-T-- -
*a-E N--E.
v-Aoh.
( get used = be used =
----)
Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I
got this opportunity.
Komal:
I'll try too.
I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such

a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have
a house in...
-- j---
II
Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yesterday
(Eo y--T h C)
Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find
it?
p (present day) (usage) whom

-Lq who -h-o.
Who? = ?; whom? = -JE?
a) Who did this? = C ?
b) Who sees such movies? =
(. F \ E--*C?)
Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in
the shelf.
(shelf
E- h?
O- ?
c) Whom do you know? =

d) With whom did you come?=
t- y d
hx C.)
y -J a?
So we know the difference between who and
whom, don't we?
Modern English
who
correct
Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there.

Nirmala wanted it.
(\ - -*-. Et-
C Lq *aC.)
Sampurna: Which Nirmala?
Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the
other day, on our way to the shop.
shop
( oV
h-o-p
F J- t.)
The other day = o--V
Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the college beauty?
college beauty
(y
t ?)
? -JE?
-h-o.
n--
.
Study (J-Q-L-) the following:
1. OJ-\ -JE ------o?
a) Whom do you want to meet here?

(Old fashioned and incorrect.
b) Who do you want to meet here?
(Modern usage and correct.
right).
2.
a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned
and wrong)
p)
p---
O-\ ? =
Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you

find to be very simple and humble
too.
-x--- 155
(. t
simple, EJy .)
humble= y
Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you
said.
( a--C t-
o y?)
--E 13 - 2006
b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees.

fees
ju. \
-:
B--.
He is a doctor who charges high fees.

c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her.
doctor.
p
-:
vA-x E d--.
She is a great doctor whom everyone likes.

'whom'
correct,
whom
who
She is a great doctor who everyone likes.
d) He is the person who I consult before taking
a decision.
consult
whom
who correct.)
whom
who
-p
.
-Eg- B---
C o. (\
---
-C.
ui N: --x
--. E
--o.
p - D - x-
--u.
(The books which you kept - old usage) =

shelf
3) The girl I introduced to you
d h-x C.
F J- t
(The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I introduced to you)
4) ... the girl you call college beauty? =
college beauty
the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call
college beauty?)
5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be
very simple and humble =
simple
(she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who
(right) you find simple and humble)
6) She is the one who all like =
y
(
E-Jy E- t
d- t =
She is the one all like (who
\--,
whom
p)
Who do you know here?
Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do

you think she is going to marry?
(y- Rx ---C. -JE

---o?)
Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an
astrologer? How do I know unless
you tell me?
(--o----o? u-
N? y p-- hC?)
Prapurna: My cousin Sravan.
Sampurna: Do I know him?
( ?)
Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer.
Software engineer in the US. He is
the guy we sent pickles to, last
month. Don't you remember?
summer
(.
y--E
. h, --
pickles = -- )
Sampurna: I remember him.

English conversation whom, which - interesting .
u questions. O questions
N- p-*aC. conversation, modern - OE \ - --- u.
I. Whom = -JE, -J (to ) C --J
.
1. Whom do you want to meet here? =
OJ-\ -JE ------o?

2. Whom do you know here? =
O-\ ?
3. Whom did she consult? =
-JE v-C-*C?
j questions N*v E--
-? Fo questions. -JE --E
English whom . j N
whom questions -/ begin
Jh old fashioned. English J_ x--o--- questions -.
-j questions -T N
NE--hC speakers of modern English .
Spoken English
b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct)

3.
a)
JE v-C-*C?
a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned

and wrong)
b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct)
Now observe the following:
1.
Who did you go to the movie with?
(Old form and incorrect with whom did you
go to the movie?)
2.
Who did you get the information from?
(From whom did you get the information?
wrong -old usage)
3.
Who are you talking about?
(Old form and incorrect: About whom are
you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?)
English conversation
questions
whom
who
correct.
a)
Who were you talking to yesterday?
(with/ to whom were you talking
b)
Who is he marrying?
(Whom is he marrying?
c)
Who are you helping?
(Whom are you helping
II. Who, whose, whom and whichquessentions
tences
sentence
? \
--. D
b)
7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =
doctor
She is a doctor everyone likes.

everywho/
one
whom
present usage.
O E -J }?
O - J * *aC?
vA-x d-
.
-JE Rx --------o?
(-JE o whom )
8) Who do you take me for? =
--oE ---o?
'Jo o-p-)
M. SURESAN
Eg B--- v-C uh
.
He is the person I consult before taking a

decision. (the person who/ whom I consult
who
c) Secretary
student
He is the student they have elected secretary
(student who/ whom
who
d)
teacher
He is the teacher I admire.
(who/ whom
who
III. Which
Which
sentences
(whom
9) He is the one we sent pickles to =
(to whom
-- --.
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English
Vasanth:
Hemanth:
Vasanth:
Eo y x---o---J?
y o chess P-
---C-p.
p-)
* game -. a-
x-o--oC
.
x --.
y -JE J* x---o?
Hemanth: . game n
)
a.
-- d . game
GE
---.
Vasanth: y a-- x --.
C v-h h---L
.
-a.)
d----x --.
. -JE E
--N .
Hemanth: E _- -l?
p
x. E

- -E
Vasanth: E a- p
.
lawyer. -ho.
Eo y -J x---o?
eg: He bought a car. It is blue.
x l.
car o. C blue
)
The car which he bought is blue.
ANSWER
-JE Rx ---o?
b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's.
Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday?
(F h a. C sister C)
)
Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day
The book which I gave you is my sister's.
y--J h-o?
before.
Modern conversation j sentences
x whom , which Jh C-- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among
)
those I admire.
h-o.
OE
Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to
a) The car which he bought is blue =
---E ,
understand the game he plays. He
car he bought is blue.

---E b) The
plays such a game.
The book I gave you is my sister's
.
sentences lesson v- Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from,

a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet.
and I like a lot.
-g, v-g J-T -- .
E-E . ---
Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow?
1)
Here
is
the
book
you
asked
for
yesterday
h ( o). sentences Vasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais(The book which you asked for - old usage)
l.
es. He is coming tomorrow. We will
= y Eo--T h C.
I saw a man who was taller than six feet
go the day after.
(----o \ h- E-E ) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf.
-- j---
II
Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight.
So what are we going to do?
(Bus D . Auto E- . l--?)
Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an
auto on the way we'll take it, or else I
don't mind walking the whole distance.
( l. u Auto J-
E l. h --E -u- .)
On the way = J
Chance upon = -- E--
Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising
since when did you start liking walking,
buddy?
(y -l---o! a-u! p-* O d L-TC F?)

buddy = v Nv-E -C N
(American)
Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid
walking only in hot sun or when I don't
have the time.
-x--- 156
-- 15 - 2006
eg. a) To walk
(-) is good for health

(-u-) = walking (-) is good
for health
b) To get up so early is not easy = getting
up so early is not easy =
y Ev-- .
c) I hate to get up late =
-u Ev-- E-d- - =
I hate getting up late.
d) He likes to swim in cold water =
Fo-x -E-d =
He likes swimming in cold water.
-E Infinitive x '-ing'.
j sentences N u
-Eh. sentences a), b) x Infinitive ,
'-ing' form independent sentence subject .
, c), d) x Infinitive , '-ing' form
hate, like verbs y .
a), b) x independent --p
infinitive '-ing' form -E
- p-j a.
6) I shall appreciate your walking =
2) I don't mind walking - verb mind

walking, '-ing' form. Mind
E y
u-
p.
She will appreciate your help =
I don't mind walking =
F -Eo J{-hC.
- -u---.
Mind y p '-ing' form hC.
- noun hC.
appreciate + help (noun)

Appreciate
Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy

walking. As you said I shall appreciate
your walking the whole distance.
(x. C- enjoy
l. y-od h
-/ Eo a-.)
Appreciate = --/ a--
Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out.
(, -l-. \ _
d .)
Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action.
Start walking
(- time % h-o. u
. v-G)
Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking
shall stand the other a drink, ok?
(C -l-. -
x --L--J drink p-L, ?)
stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink,
dinner, party, etc
p-)
Tarun:I am game for it.
(- l.)
J
verbs
English
lesson
clauses
simple
natural
verbs
conversation, bookish
Spoken English
'If' clause
a -u--- / a N
d--. Expenditure, noun .
'-ing' form : I don't mind spending the
b) I shall appreciate if you help me.

a), b)
appreciate + 'if' clause.
7) I hate backing out -
money =
-- -d - =
a) To waste time/ wasting time is never

good
s a--d -.
Mind \ 'if' clause hC.
I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate

Infinitive, '-ing' form
b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight

is not always safe =
He doesn't mind if I use his bike =
l--vA- -J
- ~ .
(c), (d)
sentences
Eo verbs \
bike
y ,
-a
- -.
\ waste
y C
h Eo p, y
hC.
a) He wastes time talking about others =
-- J* x-
h.
time waste
b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =
\ '-ing' form / noun/ 'if'

h. infinitive v .
Sentence No 3 'avoid' y 'ing' form
F, noun F hC. infinitive . [avoid
= (j E) - ]
d
8) You waste time talking waste

'ing' form
'mind'
clause
N-x _ % h.
\ infinitive .
Laxman: Hi Arjun,
N-?
J-T--C. F A
h ?
infinitive, '-ing' form
a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) =
Laxman: detective novel. --N Ja -. Eo
F-d ---?
- -.
verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. y- -N -
sions \ Infinitive
time waste --? -
money.
v F, '-ing' form v E
* novels o ?
( Govind p-o d -
-. C verbs \ -.
Laxman: E. F OE ---E \
p- A---o)
1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love
d---. Serious novels -
\ avoid = -JE - / --6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc.
avoid h. concentrate
.
1) He started to sing/ started singing
- .
Why are you avoiding me? =
---d
Arjun:
-- d C. o - o?
v-G. E d-- 2) She began to run = she began running =
\ avoid y Govind C noun .
--C.
-dC
Avoid y '-ing form'/ noun h. infiniLaxman:
D
v-Ao-. E d-----3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing =
tive .
.
u -d
c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the
Arjun:
S} v-Ao.
4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking =
after noon =
d
uo --- p .
ANSWER
N--- 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop y Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new?
6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pronoun/ ing form v h. infinitive .
Arjun:
Just getting on. What's that book in
pose (vA--C-). verbs \ infinia) He stopped singing - -
your hand?
tive, '-ing' form h .
stopped + singing ('-ing' form)
Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= ).
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Tarun and Kiran
Eo
.
Infinitive 1) Let's start walking.
C-L-- conversation 2) I don't mind walking...
,
-E. 3) I avoid walking
y '-ing' form 4) Let's stop arguing
Eo Eo
(vC-) 5) Let's enjoy walking
u--J- N-- C.
6) ... I shall appreciate your walking
Eo Eo -sx infinitive '-ing 7) I hate backing out
form (going, coming, walking N)
-. N sentence d --E 8) You waste time talking
-----. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing'
o nx , A, a-- after it.
(to write, to eat, to learn) . n 'start' y infinitive , '-ing' form
'-ing' form a.
a E .
a) I shall appreciate if you walk
eg: I don't mind the expenditure =
She likes dancing

( . - p d.
o-p, time -
v -.)
Avoid = !/ -
y - --h/ a--.
appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)
Arjun:
b) He stopped the song in the middle =
You don't like reading such books, do

you? / You don't like to read such
books, do you?
u -
stopped + the song (noun)
'stop'
infinitive
Arjun:
Sentence No. 5
'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form
or a noun, but not by the infinitive.
Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing'
form)
a) I enjoy music =
U-Eo
enjoy
enjoy + music (noun)
Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to

read these. I avoid reading serious
novels. I cannot concentrate so
much.
Arjun:
b) She enjoys reading books =
h- - -d
enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy
infinitive
Correct. Why do you waste time

reading them? Aren't there better
books than they?
It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading

them/ Begin to read them. You begin
liking them./ You begin to like them.
Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.
Arjun:
Try once again.
-- j---
II
Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear
much better than last week. There is
surely some improvement in your
health.
2) ... and I gave up smoking.
( o? _
E--h-o. *a F u V-o-dC)
5) ... I couldn't help feeling...
Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better

now.
(E. p -o, ---)

You can say that = y pa =
y d
Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect
seeing you earlier as fit as you are
today.
( ? p--o
u ----p -x
h-.)
recollect = h a--.fit = u
Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on

my giving up smoking, and I gave up
smoking, though I found it difficult in
the beginning.
( d x. smoking
--E d--d. x
d- i--p- .)
Thanks to my doctor = doctor x.
'x n Thanks to a, *
J-T, J-T. He died, thanks to
the doctor's negligence - E-, doctor -Ex~u x
Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?
(, y smoking -o?)
deny - -/ -
3) So (do) you deny smoking any more?

4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some
thing...
6) I now practise swimming too.
O -E- . j sentences E
verbs Eo \ '-ing' form . C
conversation -- - simple
express --E -----C. O conversation practice .
1) I don't recollect seeing you = Eo
h .(Remember =
h . Recollect/ recall = vAo* h a--.)
a) I remember seeing him somewhere = --E
-\ -x h-hC. ( vo
)
b) Let me recollect where I saw him = \
h a-F ( vo).
c) He recalled later that she owed him money =
- ox h a--o
( vo)
-x--- 157
Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing

something that costs my life?
( v-E E L-T E h--E -o ^-?) I don't
as I might, I am unable to remember if he

came here that day =
--, E
d )
Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw

lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feeling you were burning out your life
(. y p cigarette
d- , y F vLo
---d---o-
p-C-)
Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every
morning I go swimming.
(p
W ho)
practise
ho.
Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up

smoking. Better late than never.
(C. uj smoking -o. - o

u .)
Better late than never = C English -. n: E
- -o u
*C E.
[[[
lessons infinitives,
'-ing' forms J* Ja-ho . We have
seen how certain verbs are always followed
by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause,
or just by an '-ing' form.
Now let's see some more verbs followed by
the '-ing' form/ noun.
Look at these following sentences from the
conversation between Raghav and Madhav.
1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as
you are now.
b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or loving her =
u- -- F,
vN- F ---o.
denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms.
c) She denied the truth in his statement =
U a--a a--d p.
-d
z - x v
E x E C.
denied + truth - noun.
p.
d) The minister denies his statement =
vA
--o (----o).
e) The minister denies the media reports =
O h vA --o.
denied + the reports (noun)
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing something... =
C h --E ^-o---o?
to go on = ( E) h . go on
y , h n 'ing
form' v hC.
z - v
p.
:
DE y
u--.
hC.
h.
W
hC.
v-Ao-*
c a-----o, --V \--a, E.
Recollect y noun . '-ing'
form v .
I recollected the events of the day = V
-- h a-o. events =
-- - Noun.
2) ... and I gave up smoking = smoking
-o.
give up = -/ --- (-,
--x- E)
give up y '-ing' form F, noun F
. (noun Sx h a-..
j noun.)
a) I gave up smoking = smoking --o.
smoking '-ing' form
b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes
cigarettes - noun.
-o.-
J-a-v u --Eo
C--.
-
- Noun.
d) He was a fool to give up the job =

job
Job - noun.
---o-- ^.
3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore?

=
smoke
-,
--.
U u--hC.
C-h
So,
-?
deny + smoking. '-ing' form.

deny =
ing' form
-/ -. DE y 'F, noun F hC. That clause

hC.
a) He denied stealing the pen = pen
T-L----o.
denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.
verbs
v-h
practice
EXERCISE
b) In spite of the doctor's advice, he goes

on smoking = Doctor
smoke
Practise the following aloud in English:

Mithun:
-E x--?
p N.
M. SURESAN
Sachin: p. _ books
c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to
o. N a-- friendly
him or not = pC - No
L.
N---, x-- .
Mithun: ---E L y
a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form)
h----h ?
b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form)
Sachin: h- B- AJ-T-y- c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form)
. F xo * friend.
d) They went on shouting and throwing stones
Mithun: y x- - hat the police = x -h o, Police
-L-y-\---. (give up )
O x y- o. (Past)
Sachin:
xo B-o h--L-y-
Went on (past of go on) + shouting and
u h-.
throwing ('-ing' forms)
Mithun:
l-J L--.
go on y 'with' noun hC.
lo,
h o.
a) She went on with her studies in spite of disturbances = Disturbances
o-p-
--T-*C.
c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake

of truth :
Throne =
b) She practises music =

(practises + music - noun)
a) Though defeated, he
goes on arguing
b) They go on with their work whatever the trouble =

trouble
-.
o x E x --
a) Went on with + studies (noun)

b) go on with their work [with + work (n)]
5) I could not help feeling... =
expression
I cannot help going now =
help
cannot help
-- ph v-h -E-:
.
p x
,
p. (\
L
n-E \
n 'p E).
I could not help feeling = -- p-.
cannot help \ '-ing' form F,
noun F hC.
a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants

to learn music =
(expenditure =
noun).
a p.
Spoken English
b) She cannot help spending this money, if she

wants to learn music =
(Spending
'-ing' form).
c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have
a darsanam =
(cannot help + the trip (noun))
d) They cannot help going on the trip if they
want a darsanam =
(cannot help + going on the
trip (-ing form))
Practise
6) Practise
noun/ '... ing' form
I practise swimming =
practise
(practise + swimming - '-ing' form)
a) She practises running everyday =
practise
(practises + running - '-ing' form)
Let me recollect where I..

'Try to remember' , h
a--- v-Ao, n p-p C - ? Try
fear death but I don't like dying of

cancer. (
cancer
-- 17 - 2006
ANSWER
Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never listen to anyone.
Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my
books. Until I get them back, I have to
be friendly with him.
Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books,
when you know that he is that type?
Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books
he takes, but his brother is a good
friend of mine. (I don't deny that he
does not return the books he takes...)
Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need
not lend him books.
Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying
the return of books.
Mithun: They are very unlike each other.
U a---
a
-- j---
II
Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing
you, though after a long time. How's
everybody?
(- y Eo --o- . --?)
We have been discussing the use of the

'-ing' form for some time now, haven't we?
We have seen so far the verbs which are
followed by the '-ing' forms.
( ~. Eo
C)
v , Eo expresy '-ing' forms --.

C conversations ~-h --E
---C.
expressions Eo --.
Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so

long?
Now, Look at the following sentences from the

dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above.
Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing

you too.
(Ny-Eo--V o --/
-/ iCEo V?)
Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy preparing for the civils. I sat the last exam
the day before (yesterday). It's off my
mind now. Oh, what a relief!
(F - civils (= IAS, IPS,

BJ o.
o *J exam . -C. !)
etc., exams)
Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams.

You should have attempted them last
year itself.
(y u . y
-q- --LqC.)
(last year itself = -q-)
-x--- 158
--v 19 - 2006
verbs
sions
1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a

long time.
2. (It's) nice seeing you too
3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils
4. I think you delayed taking the exams
5. It's not easy preparing for the exam
6. ... there is no knowing what happens..
7. Civils are always worth trying
8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top.
9. Sometimes the results are long coming.
1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a
long time.
2. It's nice seeing you
too.
pleasure/
nice
'-ing' form
\
\
-E-.
O
--,
pleasure
meeting
you, nice meeting
you
--J
M. SURESAN
-E.
a) He delayed taking a decision =

taking - '-ing' form
b) They delayed coming to an agreement =
Eg
b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what

he had said =
pC n --
d- -C.
difficulty y '-ing' form hC.
p -a--- u .
(\-\-p difficulty + in + ing form
, delay y noun -aE.
hC. F p-C , 'in' C--h-o)
c) The government delayed the project =
9) ... the results are long coming =
vy project u C.
long + coming ('-ing' form) = -u---.
d) They delayed the completion of the bridge =
a) He was long/ He took long buying a house =
Bridge -Jh----Eo x u .
x u .
(c), (d) delayed y, project, comb) I won't be long coming = u
pletion, nouns .
. (long + coming -ing form)
5. It's not easy preparing for the civils =
c) He took long deciding what to do
civils prepare .
Eg------E time B--o.
Preparing- 'ing' form)
C modern English conversation
a) It is easy convincing mother = t acommon.
-p = It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying
er easy y '-ing' form a,
the young man she loved. vN-*----E
infinitive a.
Rx --- u -.
b) It wasn't easy operating the machine =
expressions Eo \ '-ing' form
machine - E--- =
p . practice .
B-- u .
It wasn't easy to operate the machine.
EXERCISE
Pranav: Hi Ramana,
It's a pleasure seeing you

Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not
easy preparing for that kind of
exams, is it?
(E. F h time --E-*C . / -F time --E--*C.

exams prepare
-.)
Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams?
Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then
there is no knowing what happens
until the results are out.
( %h . L-
---- O L-/ p)
Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well.
Civils are always worth trying.
(y -- . civils
p v-Ao---_.)
(worth trying = v-Ao---T)
Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are
quite tough. Even brilliant candidates
have difficulty making it to the top
ranks.
--J -sx pleasure, nice

y glad y '-ing'
form -E .
Glad meeting/ seeing you. (J---i--p,
introduction p)
Glad knowing you - (C- introduction
p expression.
( --Eo y, --J,
J- -s '-ing' form , infinitive a.
Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing
you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to
see/ to know/ to meet you.
civils prepare busy o/

BJ--- o.
\ busy \, x busy
o-p C '-ing' form .
a) She is busy making arrangements for the
dinner =
dinner
p-x BJ--- C.
(*a-. exams
d . L-N- u-n j
ranks a----E d-
---.)
tough = d
(exams N.)
quite = Jh/ .
brilliant = L-j. ( n =
v----i)
b) They are busy inviting people to their daughter's marriage =

busy
Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping

for the best, you see. Sometimes the
results are long coming.
a) I was busy with the arrangements for the

busy
meeting. (meeting
arrangements - noun.)
( *E P-- p-.
\-\-p results --E time
-C)
b) She is busy with the exams =

[busy with + the exams (noun)]
J J J J
Spoken English
x-t Rx---- x
o.
c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to

our new home.
x -
BJ--- o/ x - J--C.
busy with y noun hC.
p-x
K-~- BJ--
- C.
4. delayed taking the exams. Exams
a- u .
--o p -.
\ cheating , to cheat a.
6. There's no knowing what happens.
-- -J L-/ L O-.
There is no knowingEnglish conversation
frequent
There is no knowing = No
one knows/ No one can know.
a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no
knowing when =
C
--.
C --C,
. E p-C p-.
b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =
C --C -J L-.
3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils =
c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =
c) Ram: When is Laxman coming?

Syam: There's no knowing when he will
come.
7. Civils are worth trying= civils
worth =
worth
'-ing' form
noun
(L-)
v-Ao---_.
--T/ N/ N .
y
F,
F
hC.
a) The movie is worth watching =
E --_ (watching - ing form)
b) It is not worth spending so much time =
time
c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh
second hand car
(Rs 1 lakh = Noun)
d) The book is worth its weight in gold =
*a- N C.
~ - N
h E - N---C.
(worth its weight - noun)
8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top
rank
L-j u-n o
-E d- --.
difficulty + making ('-ing' form)

a) I had difficulty finding the address =
address
p h BJ

Ramana: ? W
A-- h. }-\--Lq
p-x time --C.
Pranav: -----E time p
--?
Ramana: u. -----E \
EN time - d C.
Pranav: Ld guests --h?.
Ramana: C -J L- x-p--h?
Pranav: Exams h-o . prepare
?
Ramana: h room B-.
p -a.
Pranav: * idea. C --_.
Ramana: o J-* AJT E
h. o u -
AJ--h- P-ho.
ANSWER
Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing
something or the other.
Ramana: What can I do? We have some
guests or the other everyday. I spend
the whole time attending on them. I
am busy arranging for their stay.
Pranav: When do you find the time for study?
Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty
finding a minute's time for study.
Pranav: When do today's guests go away?
Ramana: There's no knowing when they go
away.
Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not
easy preparing for them.
Ramana: I want to take room some distance
from home. I'll then be free from the
disturbance.
Pranav: A good idea. worth trying.
Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes
back. Hope he won't be/ take long
coming.
-----E d- -C.
-- j---
II
Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any
chance?
(y-o
Pradhan
?
By any chance = i-/- -o
-n-* n.
Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some
where an hour ago. I could have
stopped him, but I didn't like to.
(---. car
\- x . E
-a -F d --C.)
(driving = car x)
1) I saw him driving an hour ago =
car x .
2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this
time every day=
vA W time x
x h.
Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive

down our road everyday at that time.
4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more

and more active nowadays=
D. p v
E-h-o.
6) I have noticed you having a dig at him=
y--E d- -E-.
Look at the verbs in the sentences
above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find
5. observed 6. have noticed.
-E-: j verbs Fo /
E-, N, -E-, J-Q-L n o .
Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him

becoming more and more active
nowadays.
-x--- 159
(D A. - u
active -E-ho.)
nephew (= son of a brother or

a sister) yoga classes
Fo x, cvC-
-C-*-N.
O y p '-ing' form F, 1st
Regular doing word (go, come, etc) F,
that clause F hC. E--h-/
h- , -E-, J-Q-L-
J-T-, -/ - N
J-T-- n hC.
( see, hear, find, observe, notice- O-EoE verbs of sense perception .)
( cvC sense organs- eyes,
nose, ear, tongue, skin O
C-*-N.)
x y
_ -E-. ---o, ' _--?
E. Yoga classes . F
-E-*-- -.
y-od _ u F,
--o _--?)
Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might
not have slimmed down, but he hasn't certainly put on weight. Be fair to
him.
Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you

having a dig at him whenever you
find a chance.
(---v --. - J---p-x

E --d-h-E -p -E-.)
have a dig at= d--/- L
Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot.
( . d.)
Nothing of the sort =
'-ing' forms -Lq u-i -s x,
J-Eo verbs o. verbs \
p '-ing' forms F, 1st RDW (go,
come, walk, etc) F h.
the conversation between Chandan and
Nandan:
Spoken English
4) find:
a) The teacher found him working hard =
d- E-- (-)
.
teacher
b) We always find him sleeping =
p Ev--- h.
c) The engineer has found the machine going
out of order often=
machine - engineer
.
find \ 1st RDW . That clause
a.
5) observe:
a) The invigilator has
observed the student
taking/ take a slip out
of his pocket=
-* slip
- B invigilator -E- .
M. SURESAN
see, hear, find, observe, notice,

watch verbs \--x '-ing' form/ 1st
RDW/ that clauses (Eox) h.
O y -u 'that' clause -
better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective
C.
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
ALOUD IN ENGLISH:
Namratha:
F--p - d --
h. d fashion
p .
Charitha: . d
-- x
-E-.
Namratha: OK,
N -.
y--o v No?
Charitha: -----o?
I noticed her humming
( -?)
put on weight= / ----\
( nephew _ -E-)
(y pC E. vA-W
time --- --E
p No.)
Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on

weight?
active
5) He observed his nephew losing weight...
Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say

that he would go at that time everyday to attend yoga classes.
(Chandan, . E T_-- F, v --.

N- h u .)
come now = Informal conversation
come now= .
fair= -J-x u
time h-E Pradhan p

No.
( . vA-W time
car j h E--h
/ car x h .)
Chandan: He observed his nephew losing

weight after attending the yoga
classes. So he thought, 'why shouldn't I as well?' and joined the classes.
But I notice him gaining weight. He
is more active as you have said, but
has he lost any weight?
car
3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that

time every day... =
Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me

today.
(? Fo-V -----o.)
--C 21 - 2006
1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching /

watch the TV /
I see that he
always watch the TV =
--p TV / h- h-o/
--p TV h E--- .
b) 11 - - /
police -x / 11
- - h E-- police =
The police saw him coming out/ come out at
11 a number of times. A number of times the
police saw that he was coming out at 11.
c)
restaurant -E--d o-xC.

\ A -x =
He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw
him eat/ eating there quite often.
hear y '-ing' form / I RDW

h. \-\-p that clause a.
3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing =
-- No.
b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about
something-
x E N- x--- No.
c) She heard him say / saying that he was
going to buy a house =
x ---o-E
h- / h- NoC.
(Invigilator= K~
rooms --N
-- teachers)
Observe y 'that' clause hC=
Namratha:
-C. E-
cinema music director
-E-. E-x
- a.
The invigilator observed that the student
Charitha:
E-- -Ewas taking out a slip from his pocket.

.
F p -----b) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes
.
quite often:
classes _-d -E-. Namratha: E-- y-
N.
c) She observed him looking/look at her =
Charitha:
Y U CD N
-j -E-*C.
-E-. (watch )
6) notice: -E--/- %-d
Namratha:
%d -L --E Pl.
a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out
together=
x L - x - - C.
b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=
- x-
-E-h./ -E x-
C.
c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one
house in the old town at midnight=
uh l-vA old town

x -E-/ x --C.
verb 'watch' (-E-)
a) She watched him water / watering the garden
patiently =
_ F--d -E-*C.
b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for
an hour=
ANSWER
Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the
same style of dress/ dress of the
same cut always. No change in the
fashion of her clothes.
Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dresses of different style once or twice.
Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not
talk of her now. Have you ever
heard Sunitha sing/ singing?
Charitha: Why do you ask?
Namratha: She sings very well. A film music
director observed her sing/ singing.
Very soon she may get an opportunity to sing for movies.
Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming
(E-
but I
didn't think that she was a good
singer.
-/ -- -)
- u x A--.
c) The thief watched the inmates of the house
going out/ go out, waited for some time,
broke the lock and entered the house =
x-x (inmates) - x
-E-. -T l--d E
v-P-.
Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing

for movies.
Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to
classical music CD's.
Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.
-- j---
II
Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike.
How much is it?
bike
congrats.
Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How
do you find it?
(Road
Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My

impression is that the new ones are a
bit difficult to handle, because of their
pickup.
bike
bikes
Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your

choice of colour. She is gleaming and
is a real beauty. What do you feel about
its performance?
colour
Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel

for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike,
I'm sure.
bike
drive
bike
(h
o-
-C?)
OC--a--p- 47,250 --jC.

C?)
( o -hC. F
-
G---. C v---,
C. -E-B -- --E-h--C?)
Sleek = -, polish -x =
sleek. u vehicles . A sleek
bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vd E-E-- - Ny C sleek
hair. English -- 'she' . 'I
bought the car last week. Isn't she a real

beauty? =
-- o.
E C ?
Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph,

and carries a two year warranty. What
do you think?
Litre
75 km.
warranty
(* ---o.
hC. E-- x
C. -?)
-x--- 160
-- 24 - 2006
(o
C. p--ho
y V- x
h
E E-vA- d- E G-v)
(-.
-- -. F
C-L---)
Nothing of the sort = -/ - .
get rid of = -L--- --x h
English J G-v L l-A
Eo \. --, p-,
y-----o? G-v-
-- o. N
p l.

dialogue between Anand and Milind
1) How do you find it?
2) I find it quite sleek
3) What do you feel
about its performance?
4) What do you say?
5) Can't say
6) ... I have a feeling ...
7) I think you are right
8) My impression is that...
M. SURESAN
9) I'm sure.
ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone
\---x -------o.
iii) Find out where she was hidden the money
( s \ * \)
Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with
vh. N deal F d
E---a). D find , find out .
Let's come back to 'find'.
2) I find it quite sleek =
polished E--hC/
E--hC .
a) - movie - %h -- = I don't find
it satisfactory (%h E-.)
b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find
it acceptable=
C %h- C/ *aC. friend

v ---u E-- .
D find -Lq -s, B.
3) What do you feel about its performance? =
E E-B E--hC?
find = feel about = E--/ E--.
j pd-i N L-------p,
--l d-x E p - x
d --, --L--x p- d--- j expressions .
1) How do you find it? C E J-j J Gv ---- ---i vo.
(p-.
E -What do you think of/ about it? / what's your
C. u *a J* opinion? How do you find it?
L-. F y---, _
\- NE--hC.
_ .50,000 h\ --o.)
Can't say - D p---p/ Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday.
How did you find it? =
G-v -p .
Eo y movie E--*C F?
I have a feeling = I feel = -E--hC,
(- simple, how was the movie yesrather on the high side = h \. On the
high side = \. rather = -d
EN
terday? a, F How did you find?
h \, --E . The movie is
- --.)
rather dull = E h N. She is
Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting.
rather short = h d. rather costly
( -od, q---- E--*C.
= h K.
( -)
*--F --d- i F, y,
Mom to saw it. She finds it good too.
C --E, fairly .
( t C.
The movie is fairly good. E y.
---C)
C. The movie is rather dull. She is
\ 'find' -\- n-E
fairly tall. (y-. ). She is rather
. Find out= -\-/ -short (h d).

.'Find' E----- E---/Milind: You can't get any other brand at that
- E n.
price for that mileage.
a)
Where
did you find the book? =
( i@ a v
)
F h \ E--*C?
Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the

hostel?
(Hostel food
Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on.
E--hC?/ C?)
Spoken English
J -- -E C.
jFo --E--*-N, --p- G-v-
J* ---E, p--E .
( *a ---o-E p, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain
E )
\-J G-v-Eo *a- uh--; - x a, N-Eo
J* Jh -- ----x
a. --p, I can't say .
5) I can't say.
Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do
you) think he is good?
(Lx- J* ----o?
*--?)
Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two
days
b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?
( E ----?)
Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this
type of job before.
(p d / p. E ---p ---.)
So, can't say, difficult to say-
pd-i G-v -o-.
Now practise the following aloud in English
Mahesh: Hi Ganesh,
Ganesh:
Mahesh:
(feel/ find
j * p AJ--a?
Eo.
I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find
\ - o?
(that) it is OK.
.)
4) What do you say? = y--?/ O-- Ganesh: j-- y-o E-? C J G-v-Eo -----E
*C. , j-- --\ y-----i vo.
- d. v} x EWhat do you say / does your father say?
-hC.
C \- N ?
Mahesh: \ Nu--- \-- -?
What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: p-, F N J-Q-L-do the students find the new teacher?
. \ -E.
= h teacher J* students G-v Mahesh: --*aC F Gv?
N? ----o?
Ganesh: o Vx \ T-L x-
(6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that:
business p x--. Education
6) I have a feeling = -E--hC.
vu y--d-E--*C.
(----E--hC. l---a = -)
I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high

for a two wheeler =
Cyv --E 50000 ---\---E

-E--hC.
a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't
treating her properly =
d J ---E --
C/ E--*C.
b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you?
y d--E -----o?
N What's you feeling? question
I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it=
answers -.
E- -- o. E--8) My impression is that... o/ -p-
/ --.
G-v... E n.
(y
-. G-v- b) Find out= -\-/ ---.
i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrange - --Lx-N. y
ments. What do you feel?
-h- F L-L.)
about the thief=
(p-xFo -) -E--hC?
Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For
J* police u N- Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have
one like mine?
--o/ ---o.
taken too much trouble.
(h bike B--- -?)
Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is outdated. You change bikes often. You
must know.
correct
bikes
c) His impression is that he was not treated

properly.
(p-/ p?
V-- ).
How do you find it?

Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I
don't know much about the recent
brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a
feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather
on the high side for a two wheeler.
bike
( C. F y K \ trouble
B--o--E--hC/ -p- G-v
y K \ trouble B--o---E.
Answer
Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from
Mumbai?
Ganesh: The day before (yesterday).
Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/
heat there?
Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad.
My feeling is that though Hyderabad
is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel
the nights are cool.
Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities better there than here?
Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't
pay attention to it I have a feel that
they are better here.
Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so?
Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay
talked only of business. My impression was that they didn't give importance to studies.
-- j---
II
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
you?
F Sekhar h-o ?
(sentence *x don't you? C
question tag. ? -
columns OE
J* --o. ? ?
? ? n- hC.)
Meena:
Of course. Isn't he that police officer? He helped us a lot when we

had an accident last year?
h ----? (= ofcourse).
police officer ? q accident --p
.
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a
good friend of his. He has phoned
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
went and invited him.
cousin Govind
friend. Sekhar
Phone
- *
\ a-E
. - Rx dinner
L-.
Meena:
You've done a good thing.

Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the
hospital. That doctor friend attended
on us immediately, because of
Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a
stranger to us till then. Surprising he
took such an interest in us.
* E . hospital doctor friend o.

x ju .
--, - - L-.
-N--- interest
B-- a-u.
Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that
day. He saved our lives. But for him
there is no knowing what would
have happened to us.
V -x
a. vLo -.
- ---u-
L-.
Meena:
My brother has just sent us a basket

of mangoes from his garden. We
will serve Mr.Sekhar those mangoes. We will serve him to Jangri.
I made it yesterday.
ou/ t p
* N---x -. E
- fl. - vT
fl. Eo .
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He
saved our lives. Let's do our best to
satisfy him.
- A--u-E-j |.
v -. Eo %h----E Eo v-o l.
Meena:
OK then. I will be on the job.
E O .
J
Oj---- conversation simple easy

*a- G----. C
Eox u --a . D
-Lx h d- i sentences x-
n ----L . -E J
* conversation h extended
sentences practice l. p-* advanced level conversation/
Spoken English practice h-o--o-.
Spoken English
--v 26 - 2006
Clause
with a verb.
hC ? A group of words
sentences *o *oN
N N sentence h
lC conversation effective - *C.
: He is the same teacher. He taught
us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.
sentences - *o-N, -
o. F -- He, repeat
s-d . n ax C sentence .
He is the same teacher who taught us this lesson interestingly.
( interesting pC teacher).
j sentence ? ---o
sentences , 'who' L-.
p sentence uC. so,
advanced level conversation , who,
which, that, whose , p--p 'whom'
--a.
l?
His brother who came here yesterday has
Eo *a
brother
p x.
c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.
C h. C -- Eo a C
s-d C? u-
- 'which' -. (a) , (b) x
- d who . h h
? -E which L.
sentence groups
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot

when we had an accident last year.
Isn't he the police officer who
-:
helped us a lot when ...

2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here =
This is the book which I gave him yester-
My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his
day=
has phoned me ...
Eo ----*a h C.
d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me.
-x--- 161
Conversation
1st group
* B
l.
just left.
\ \-C. C o E
v-Ao-*C.
\ 'which' join .
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately.
L-,
Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who
attended on us immediately at the hospital.
This is
. the book which I
the dialogue above.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
when we had an accident last year.
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately because of Mr. Sekhar.
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
saved our lives that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve them to
Mr. Sekhar.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each
group of sentences above. We can do so by
joining them with who, whose, which and
that.
But before that
O n, - l:
a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.
h o-
n j-. F - . : h --
o- --E --.
DEo sentences -- n
--a: The man wrote the book. He is
my friend - C ? The
man who wrote the book is my friend, C
?
The man wrote the book. He is my friend
C N- E-hC N-.
-E The man who wrote the book is my
friend - C NE-hC.
b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
left.
brother Eo a. p x
2 sentences , .
Here is the dog

which tried to bite
me.
e) This is Hari. His parents are here.
J. E LxM. SURESAN
-v-L-\--o.
-. This is Hari whose parents are
here. \ Lx--v--o- J.
\-\-p who/ which that
.
Now practise the following aloud in English
(OEo who, whose, which and that

L- sentences .)
Pramila:
y Eo h a. C C?
Pratyusha: Eoo h v-R _
* a, Eo J
y--C?
Pramila:
v-R h v _ *
*aC. C F-*aC.
Pratyusha: v English novels
C t-?
Pramila:
. t- u
English essay writing Ist prize
*aC.
-v-o: i) Future perfect tense N -T-L?ii) Vocabulary & word power

--L?iii) Helping verb
y to infinitive ?
plain (bare) infinitive ?
.V, j, --C-
---: i) Future --E
h - E future
perfect . shall have +
past participle/ will have + past
participle
a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached
home =
--E-/- --
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He

saved our lives that day.
Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped
us that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar.
Join the sentences: My brother has just sent
us a basket of mangoes which we will
served to Mr. Sekhar.
who, whom, whose, which and that

L sentences N- o.
ANSWER
Where is the book which/ that
you brought yesterday?
Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book
which/ that I brought from
Pravalika.
Pravalika gave you the book which
Pramila:
she borrowed
that book) from Prasuna.
Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always
reads English novels?
Pramila:
Yea. That's the girl who got the
Ist prize in English essay writing
competition.
Pramila:
( *aC)
x J -- x
--C.
b) They will have come back by this time
tomorrow =
time
-- x AJ--a
. (
AJ-T-- --C)
ii) You can improve your vocabulary by

regular reading - of English newspapers, books, etc. That's the only way.
iii) Help
-
y to infinitive/Plain infinitive
j correct.
a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped

me get the tickets - both right.
-- j---
II
Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called?
Nikhil
Phone
Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike
last week, you know. Nikhil wants him.
bike
mechanic repair
Nikhil
. --

.
-.
Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his

bike?
bike
Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it
repaired it only the day before. It has
trouble now again. Few mechanics are
honest. Few know their job well.
o J?
-. F au N
Eo o repair . Sx
p E trouble. E-B o
mechanics . E L-
mechanics .
Obviously - evidently = clearly = -h/
E-h/ h n u C.
Few = /
A few - Cl-/ o.
C . Few Mechanics are honest,
fewer (mechanics) still know their job..
(-J fewer y mechanics p\-. mechanic E-B

. -o \ (Fewer) x E
. expression practice
for effective conversation.
-x--- 162
--C 28 - 2006
Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too

are well trained.
mechanic.
E *
vx P~ ox.
Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has

repaired their bikes. They are all happy.
He repaired my cousin's bike six
months ago. It has not given him any
trouble since then.
friends
bikes
repair
cousin bike
repair
trouble
sentences
effective
sentence
practice
Who, whom, whose, which and that
practice
conversation
sentences
repetition
-C
-
h -%h --.
. p*

y-.
L

a
ho
L.
C \
h
K *o *o
h C. p
advanced level of conversation
o E h-.

dialogue above.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who called?
2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week.
Nikhil wants him.
3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trouble now.
4) His shop is next to the
fast food joint. It is very
close to his rooms.
5) ... he is out with
another customer. He
is buying a bike. He
wanted this mechanM. SURESAN
ic's opinion.
3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble

now.
Eo o repair ---o.
p-C trouble hC. \ sentences E -L? h d
'which'. .
The bike (it) which he got repaired the day
before has trouble now.
repair
trouble
C.
--o
bike
Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic?

His shop is next to the fast food joint. It
is very close to his rooms.
mechanic
centre
Shop. Nikhil
rooms
Rooms = Bachelors
rooms
Room
Singular
Kailas: It seems he is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted
this mechanic's opinion.
customer
bike
mechanic
F
-u?
\
x
_.
-x l
(
.
E
BE CE
n)

-
-o.
x. -
G-v ----
-E B--x.
Kedar: So what are you going to do?
y ---o?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He
will fetch the bike to the shop. The
mechanic will attend to it.
mechanic Phone
p. x
v-E . B--h
mechanic Eo repair h.
Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His

knowledge of mechanism is sound.
mechanic
Mechanism
h.
x - o --
*.
Sound = good; Sound Health sound knowledge knowledge
sound sleep sound financial position -
* u
*
* Ev
* Jn J-nA.
Spoken English
O--Eo-F
L *o
l.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called?
C - conversation -Lq/
NE- expression E" L-*C? n E"
L-*C? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called?
- not . \ who/ that -
j a. v-E h-
N- who , that v hC.
Which hC.
shop, centre _. C
C _. fast food joint - C correct
English,
English E
--o .
p -, j -F. which ,
h d.
His shop is next to the fast food joint which
is close to his rooms.
C _- o fast food joint \
eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want?
(F -- h C ?) \
who, which etc join -Lq ---.
2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
him
mechanic bike repair

, Nikhil L.
\ who/ that sentences
---a-, . effective
.
Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that
repaired my bike last week.
bike
L.
repair
mechanic Nikhil
= He is sending his boy who will fetch the

bike.
7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound.
mechanic
Mechanism
h. -
* c C.
sentences N-
-a 'who', 'whose' .
a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has
a sound knowledge of...
Mechanic
c C.
Mechanism
b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of

mechanism is sound does his job well
= Mechanism
Mechanic
* knowledge o
h.
8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their

bikes. They are happy.
shop.
5) He is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion.
customer x. customer
bike -o. - -E G-v
L.
Combine the above. Use 'who' - -
d.
He is out with another customer who is buying a bike and wanted his opinion.
GBike o customer
v --- (-E) -
x.
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English.
who, which, whose, that
Preethi: Hi Prema,
Prema:
practice
doctor
(C x
v-E -h-o. bike

B-h.
Fetch= Rx B---
bring = o * B---
4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is

close to his rooms.
He is sending his boy who will ..

6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike
to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it.
7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound.
8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their
bikes. They are all happy.
9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given
him any trouble since then.
who, which, whose and that
sentences
6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.
)
O t- o?
o. \
_- B--x.
*a E--.
h - o.
Preethi: -p ju d .
prescribe
E--h. uC Eg (diagnosis)
p-E doctors --
(whose )
Prema: to Eo treat E
doctor --\. area N
Doctors t-E -x.
Preethi: u x vl - L
O.
Prema: .
C friends o. x
bikes repair . x - o.
'Whose' -. n, J bikes
repair ... o-x hC.
- .
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
has repaired, and they are all happy.
9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
- \
?
which
--a-
My cousin's bike which he repaired six

months ago hasn't given him any trouble
ever since.
repair
p* trouble y-.
Ever since = p*
N x practice --.
cousin
bike
ANSWER
Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
practises by the temple. The medicines which he gave had a good
effect. He is better now.
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
The medicines which he prescribes
work. He is one of those whose diagnosis does not go wrong.
Prema: He was the only one who did not
treat my brother till yesterday in this
area. The others in the area have all
treated my brother.
Preethi: You must take still greater care of
him.
Prema: That's our worry.
-- j---
II
Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks
rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your
haircut.
( -? F N*v --C. F.. n-iC... y

--o hair cut)
-E N Cl
(rather - --d
\ Ep-*--p rather . - lessons DFo Ja.
. Odd- / N*-vi (\ n) Odd Number =
u Rs. Two thousand odd =
- *x (, a N p)
Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My
barber is an expert hair stylist. He
always gives me the latest in hair cut.
Any thing looks odd if it is the latest
hair cut
barber
latest hair cut
(y
J* x-- E-. o?
h. hj
p
N ---C.)
Hair stylist - barber

Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you
should have gone to my barber. Every
one likes him a lot. His shop is just
across the road from your man's
barber
(--. y
_---x--Lq--C --E -----o.)
Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair

cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know
your hair stylist.Why should I go to him
at all?
barber
(.
.
%-h C. O-
-- 30 - 2006
hC.)
deal with/deals with (Present)
dealt with (Past tense & past participle)
Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I
find them interesting. Shall I take
them? I promise to return them promptly within ten days.
(\ h- h L-T-N o. E B-?10
Vx p AJT ahE -ho.)
Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?
E-o --o?( B E.
- F F, E-o x. ---- , E)
O conversation practice .
Neeraj: Thank you.
lesson
what, whom, whose
a-o who,
, N--E h s-dE- d d Sentences
Sentence -- a-o. J-Eo
N- p...

conversation above.
1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He
always gives me the latest in hair cut
barber
Hair cut
latest fashion
2) You should have gone to my barber.
Everyone likes him.
hair dresser
E-.
h.)
(
_-J y x--LqC.
vA \ Eo d---.)
He is just across the road from your man's

shop.)
3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satisfied with it.
(O s --
Sentence group No. 7:

This book is different. It deals with the
future of Kashmir=
This book which deals with the future of
Kashmir is different.
Sentence groups
who (whom
Who)
lessons
o.
--E
--
2) You should have gone to my barber.

Everyone likes him.
barber
(vAx -JE d
_-J
y-x-LqC. - DE
vA-x d- barber _-J... E
. p -JE --E whom
who -.)
You should have gone to my barber who

everyone likes.
3) My barber gave me
a hair cut. I am satisfied with it. My barber gave me a hair
cut which I am satisfied with.
-s x
C- -j--C.
which
M. SURESAN
The author is a great historian who...
show me - You didn't show me the books you

bought yesterday.
last sentence
which
correct 6) These are the books I bought them at a discount of 30% to 40% each. = These are the
books which I bought at a discount of 30% to
40% each =
These are the books I bought at a discount
of 30% to 40% each.
sentences
which drop
-E-).
*J
d.
--
8) The author is a great historian. All scholars

respect =
The author is a great historian who all scholars respect=
The author is a great historian all scholars
respect.
last sentence correct)
(who
9) There are two or three books here. - I find
them interesting =
There are two or three books here which I
find interesting =
There are two or three books here I find
correct).
interesting. (which
o
p- Sx .
1) t--i uh- h-o =
( -J-j t-- uh-
h-o.) =
I am looking for a person who (whom

I can trust (trust =
I am looking for a person I can trust.
she wants is
2) The man who (whom
here = The man she wants is here =
)
=
t).
-x--- 163
-L--. - xL _-J?)
Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me.
There are more interesting things to
talk about, aren't there? You bought
some books yester day.You didn't show
them to me at all.
( p-l. - -h---i
N---o ? Eo y o
h - )
Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each at the book
fare. They are interesting books.
( h--LN. v-B-C 30 * 40
T_ o)
Neeraj: What are they about?
(
Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is
different. It deals with the future of
Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a
great historian. Great Scholars respect
him
fictions Fiction Kashmir
deal with =
subject/
etc.
Eg: Zoology deals with animals =
N E J*?)
(Fo h-.
.
Lp.
(Lp-*-N d)
C v . C
Nuh Ja-hC.
-u/ h/
Ja-.)
u--
(Y -- J* Ja-hC/ u-
Spoken English
( barber %-h
C.)
4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I
go to him at all?
hair dresser
(F
(C )
L-. ---xL -E--_?)
5) You bought some books yesterday. You

didn't show them to me.
(Eo y Eo h- o. E
--.)
6) These are the books. I bought them at discount of 30% to 40% each.
(O h-. OE \-Eo 30
* 40 Discount o)
7) This book is different. It deals with the
future of Kashmir.
Kashmir
(- h -v-u-i--C. C
-N-x--*-C.)
N-
8) The author is a great historian. All scholars

respect him.
(- p Jv. ----E
-N-h.)
9) There are two or three books here. I find
them interesting.
(OE h- -h- o.)

Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ---E, who and which p-E-J -Lq.
Sentence group No 1
My barber is an expert hairstylist. He
always gives me the latest in hair cut=
My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives
me...
My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied
with.
it
(with
4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go
to him at all.
Why should I go to your hair stylist who
(whom
I don't know at all?
Why should I go to a hair stylwho
ist I don't know at all-
y Sx ).
-:
)
(C a.
C--
-E-).
5) You bought some books. You didn't show
them to me =
You bought some books which you didn't
3)
---o - \--o.
F Eo *a pen \?=
Where is the pen which I gave you yesterday? =
Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?
4) -o h =
This is the book which I've been searching

for=
This is the book I've been searching for.
practice
who (whom),
which
sentences join
conversation
modern
d v-h
--
h
C.
-a.
,
EXERCISE
Answer:
Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yeswho

terday? (whom
Saran:
Eo F o -?
Varun: friend Tarun. Majority students
support student leader .
Saran: vA- u C \ - photo . -E
.
Varun: u interesting ,
- -Ah--N .
Saran: C -E- . Lecturers
d- student -.
Varun: -? * book reader.
C books serious books.
h --E *a.
Saran: students -
h
?
).
Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader

majority of students support.
in
Saran: I read his article
some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's
why I am asking.
(vA-x u)
Varun: The articles he writes are interesting

and thought provoking. (Thought provoking =
-- -Ah)
Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student

the lecturers like too.
Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too.
The books he reads are serious ones.
This is a book he has advised me to
read.
Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?
-- j---
II
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes
from is closed. What shall we do now.
( - cakes
C. l?)
bakery
4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
friends
( x o cakes l---Lq)
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends
we are going to have for the party?
to
time 5.30
5) The time we are left with is rather short
( NT-L
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with

the cakes we have at home.
time
\)
6) Two of the guests we have invited have

called...
L-*
guests
phone
7) ... The two girls you like so much.
(y d- --l-t-)
, j sentences Eo
/ clause (English *J clause) n
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end
h:
of the street is open.
1) cakes bakery = ( bakery
(OC * o bakery J*
cakes C n) =
l)
The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is
from which we buy cakes E clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are
F modern English spoken form
left with is rather short. Let's hurry.
.) x from which
( friends to time 5.30
expressions -.)
p- 4.30 --C. 2) x o cakes =
NT-L time \ . y )
With the cakes we have at home
(F party a
J--?)
friends
-J N
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have

called to tell me they aren't coming.
(modern for with the cakes which we have at

home - which present day English
Rajita:
( L-* x l ---E
Phone .)
Who are they? (x-)
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like

so much. One is down with a fever and
the other doesn't like to come alone.
(y d- l--t- u,
u. -J- y, --J- J d )
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(C E--. --
L?)
cake
/ NE--)
3) ... The friends we are going to have =
friends
(modern for
'the friends who/ that (whom =
we
are going to have Spoken English
who/ that drop
whom
-o
J-.
NE-- )
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes

cakes
here.
(\ x
J_ )
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No helping it.
-x--- 164
friends
time =
The time I told our friends to come at (the time
at which I told them to come - at which
expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at
to
d .
.)
called =
guests
phone
(Two of the guests who/ that (whom
we invited have called - who/ that
old
fashioned -
L-*
.
)
\
(\ -Rd Lq. p)
Eo lessons who (whom -)
p )
which short sentence - practice
7) ... y d- l--t-
ho .
= The two girls you like so much (The two
N. -sx who (whom
girls who/ that (whom ) you like so
) & which sentences join --p
much- old fashioned. Who/ that drop
who (whom) and which E C- join
-h-o.)
-uaE hC ? C - j -E-* N
-E j conversation sentences short sentences - Ja xp
modern spoken form whom n .
study .
C p -Lq-h who/ that .
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police -E-C -E=
( cakes bakery C)
He is the man who/ that the police suspect.
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we
better.
have at home.
( x o
He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that

cakes
l---Lq)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are

going to have for the party? =
party -o
J--?
friends
-J N
drop -ho). which .

b) \- d- pen C=
This is the pen which I like a lot (old fashioned). Which
spoken
English
= This is the pen I like a lot (which
p u
.
Spoken English
c)
Oj-Eo -sx, English x--p, whom Jh -.

-JE n 'who'
--
'that' --o. which drop
This is the channel I watched the pro-h-o.
gramme on. \ -E--_ N,
preposition 'on' C----.
Whom who , that -
C-p. which . N
d) room u jC. =
-, we can join two/ more sentences
This is the room in which he was murdered
into one E j examples .
(in which- old fashioned)
a) vA x a- ---=
Modern: This is the room he was murdered
in. ('In' sentence * -E-)
He is the leader every one admires.
e) y x Ah -jC=
(Who everyone admires ).
The knife with which
b) vA-x -_ *v-C=
Channel
programme
C=
This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which
you cut the fruits is

sharp. (with which old fashioned)
That is a movie every one must see.

(Which every one must see
c)
Modern: The knife you

cut the fruits with is
sharp. ('with' fruits
y -E).
v-
car
)
K-jC=
The car he travels by is expensive.

(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
M. SURESAN
\ 'by' preposition ---.

-, the car he travels by E by .
This is the pen I like a lot
(C h--- y-E-
u d C. F
4)
40, L)
(... tu. bakery J C.)
Thank god = A- = - u--
-J
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests

we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg
more.
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bakery is open.
1 -W- 2006
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't

tasty.
Praneeth:
Eo Ao fish * .
Vineeth: \ Ao.
Praneeth: y - x, y p
x restaurant .
Vineeth: \ complain --E
Ep--?
Praneeth: - . Eo
Eo B xLqC.
y ------N x f
p.
Vineeth: V B\x. l.
Praneeth: _-o s .
J s- y V
-----o.
Vineeth: y- complain C.
Praneeth: restaurant
x -h.
-v-o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet.

ii)
-d ~ l-Eo vA--C-.
- u- subject, object,
verb ---. (, Tx-x)
iii) simple, complex, compound
J* J - C-.
--, ---
---:
i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
subject - the uses of adversity.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?

Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
to, and talk so much about.
Vineeth: I haven't found anything to complain about there.
Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
taken you there yesterday. You
would then have known the quality
of food they serve.
Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
enough. Whose money do you
wish to use to prove your point.
Vineeth: It's you who complained.
Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restaurant.
verb - are
sentence
Verb, 'be', form

'be' form.
object
object
.
- 'are',
ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity

a) subject - Einstein b) verb- propounded
c) object - the theory of relativity
- subject - Einstein, verb - vA-C-, object - ~ l.

iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence
x - N-J-h o, clause
N-J-*--p-x E .
-- j---
II
Pranai: Are you going to meet Sekhar today?
\
(y V - -----o?)
clauses:
1) If he comes here=
Vinai: If he is in town, I will meet him.
--E 3 -W- 2006
-E-\-h (If clause)
2) They will discuss the matter with him =
( x , ---)
Pranai: He is in town, ofcourse. He has been
here since yesterday.
N x-- Ja-h.
(Main clause)
b) If he walks fast, he will reach on time.
( y h, --E --)
E clauses.
1) If he walks fast y h
( x o. Eo * \ o)
Vinai: If I had known it, I would have met him
yesterday itself.
('If' clause)
(C L- Eo -----E)
2) He will reach on time =
Pranai: If you want to go, I will tell him you want

to see him.
--E -- (main clause)

j sentences , main clause
verbs: will discuss, will reach - N
(y x---, - y -------o-E .)
Vinai: If you do that, I will be happy.
(yC h --h)
Pranai: I'll ofcourse. But if I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
(-E h. F F n
--E -----E v-Ao-.)
Vinai: Why wouldn't you? (?)
Pranai: You are very hopeful of his help, but
I am afraid he is not the helping type.
( y
o, F )
Vinai: If I had his power, I would help everyone that came to me.
7) If I could, I would.
(--L-T, h =
-, )
future tense. 'If clause verbs - comes, walks

- present tense.
8) If you take me to him, I shall be grateful.
verb combination o sentence p

N J - C. (probable)
Sentence No.1 a - D,
x-- Ja -- C.
Sentence No. 2 y --a, --E ---a.
J-C
(probable) d j
sentences E
9) If my boss grants me leave, I will take you.
(y- _ o B---R, %-Vc-E)
probable
( boss leave h, Eo B---)

\ Sentences No 1, 3, 8 and 9 Fo
-- 'probable present'
situations- sentences L N-
J - C.
Sentence No 2 situation, Imaginary past
- DEo . C
-- N, a, J . sentences
o.
. C
lessons
--o.
Now, look at the sentences No 4, 5, 6 and 7

and notice the verbs in the 'if' clauses and
the main clauses in them.
situation,
present
(-o h _--a vA-x - h.)
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you

to him.
M. SURESAN
If I could, I would
Verb Combination: If clause - were/ past

doing word.
Main clause, would/ should/ could/ might.
a) If I were the CM, I would make you the
Finance Minister.
( p CM , () Eo Finance
Minister h. ( - )
b) If he were here, I would consult him.
-\ p ,
( - )
consult
h.
Look at sentence No 5:
If I had his power, I would help every one
( h - p ; ,
-J h. If clause verb - had - past
tense, main clause verb - would help.)
eg: If he consulted me, I could advise him
( Eo-p v-C- J-T

(C -) -- y--. =
o v-C-, y .)
Sentence No 6
If today were a holiday - -y- -
(E y .) I would take you to
him ( _- B---.) = y
, Eo- _- B x --
.
Sentence No 7
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
-x--- 165
Pranai: If I didn't know him so well, I wouldn't
tell you all this.
( J* L---,
F- p)
Vinai: Thank you. Then I won't go to him. But
unfortunately he is the only man who
can help me.
( o---o. F --. y - Eo -
_- B--x--. -?)
Vinai: If I could, I would, but the matter is
urgent. If you take me to him today,
I shall be grateful.
( J-n /- ---L-T -. F
urgent. Oy-V o- _-
BR, F %-Vc- .)
verb combination.
C vh a. d DEE probable present .

Look at the following:
a) If he had studied well, he would have
passed.
b) If he had come here, I would have told him of it
a)
b)
n: CN , (--), pass
u- (pass -)
situation, -EC (past) J-TC. J-T-C. C , J , ---E.
n: -E-\- *a , F N
p--E ( , p-)
C past. a--EC.
situations, --
Imaginary past .
(probable present, imaginary past)
situations L sentences --
lessons N- N-J .

the dialogue between Pranai and Vinai:
1) If he is in town, I will meet him.
(Probable present)
Pranai: Ok. Let me see. If my boss grants me

leave, I will take you.
2) If I had known it, I would have met him yesterday itself
( h. boss leave h,
Eo B---.)
- Conditional Clauses
Ja, hC . j - L
clause conditional clause .
conditional clauses
. examples.
(C L-, Eo --o Imaginary
a) If he comes here, they will discuss the matter with him.
(-E-\- h, -xN - Ja-h.)
Spoken English
5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
Main clause - will/ shall/ can/ may
( - _- x. -%-d- -h
--- -\.)
Pranai: I know another friend of mine who can
help you. If only today were a holiday, I
would take you to him. Can't you wait
till tomorrow.
sentences
If clause - Present tense,
(-
y-, -E -- vo )
past)
3) If you want to go, I will tell him you want to
see him.
(y x---, N - h
Probable present)
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
( y-, -E ---- vAo-)

5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
h , --J h.
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you
to him.
(y -, Eo-
_ B--x--)
7) If I could, I would- --L-T, h.
j sentences vh -E
- --. -E sentences
E situation , improbable present (-E
vh) . C . E y English conversation .
F English frequent -.
-E Spoken English C - u.
Sx h--. sentences N-
p (present ) --EN.
Sentence 4: If I were you = y-
(p) y- --- y J-n-A, I wouldn't try to meet him =
-E -- vo .
1) C present situation --p- 'If' clause
were -E-.
2) 'I' singular --p-, plural verb were
-E-. (N -sx I was )
vh -E EE p-p p, 'If'
clause, were F, past doing word (came,
went, sang, tried verbs) h.
eg: a) If I were CM = E-p CM ,
(E-p CM u -- )
b) If she were here. ( p--\ / O-x)
c) If I bought a car = (E-p car
J-nA .)
Sx h--. situations
N vh (present) , If clause
, past doing / subject, singular
, were .
If I could, I would. -L-T (F ), I would (h E - d

- )
\ p J-nA (present situation)
J* x---o-p-, 'if' clause 'could'
-E-.
main clause would -E-:
p C :
Improbable Present:
'If' clause - verb - were/ Past Doing Word,
Main clause verb - would/ should/ could/
might.
Now Practise the following aloud in English
Raghu:
~ t p--\ E
v-Ch.
Ram: . N - Lh
h--\-.
Raghu: - F cell phone u.
Ram: cell , F _--- ?
Raghu: F cell iC?
Ram: C C.
Raghu: C cell y -d--.
y v-h , cells ?
Ram: v-Ao-h.
Answer
Raghu: If Laxman were here, we would consult
him.
Ram:
If he knew about this, he would immediately come here.
Raghu: Call him over your cell then.

Ram:
If I had my cell, I wouldn't come to you.
Raghu: What's happened to your cell?

Ram:
I have lost it.
Raghu: This is the third cell you have lost. If

you were careful, you wouldn't lose
them.
Ram:
I will try.
-- j---
II
Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How
nice the car is, but how poorly kept!
car
car,
(\-- . *
E -u ---o!
poorly kept = badly maintained =
J ----)
Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car.
The owner doesn't seen to care a bit
about its upkeep.
car.
owner
car
(. K--
E
J* d---ox )
Jagdeesh: If I were the owner, I would keep it

cleaner than I would keep my own
home. You wouldn't see even a
speck of dust on it.
car
( -E-j, Eo v
-. t
EO E-- O) (speck of
dust = t-)
Ramesh: If I had enough money, I would first

buy such a car.
car
( L- s,
)
Jagdeesh: Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they

had the money?
car
(s
?)
Naresh: OK. Leave the car alone. Are you

attending Mahesh's birthday party this
weekend?
car
Mahesh birthday party
leave alone =
(

O-h-o?
-)
N .
Ramesh: I hear it's going to be a grand affair.

But I'm afraid I can't make it. I am taking mom to Hyderabad that day.
grand
(
---E No.
F . V t
j--- B--h-o)
-- 5 -W- 2006
Main clause verb: would/ should/ could/ might.

'If' clause verb: were/ past doing word (went,
sung, took, gave, etc.)
\ u -E--Lq N- :
1. Subject singular , verb, were
2. Sentence x-C p N- - i,
verb, 'if' clause past doing word.
points, p h---L. -, main clause would, should,
could, might.
N: vh -E N-- C
hC. (- . -E
Eo v-h)
p O o \ -E-o
J-T, ---? (
---) (saw.. would)
a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for
e) Ny-p u--vA , d--
it again and again = y- p
h? = If you were the CM, what would
A J-T (A - ), Sx
you do first?
Sx --. (y A- - f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he
Sx Sx --- -)
would know our secret = -\ --
sentence 'if clause' verb 'ate' past
*--C, u tense --p- p N-o hC.
hC. (were.. would know)
b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. =
If I were you - y- C com -j p (- ?) Lx mon expreso AC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O -
singular subject 'I')
conversation c) If he were here, I could consult him.-E-p
E .
\ , -Eo v-C---/ a. O, improbable pres(-E-\ p )
ent express senNow look at the following sentences from
tences. N-- i)
the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and
Jagdeesh:
probable present, ii)

imaginary past.
M. SURESAN
2) If you had told me earlier, I would have

brought enough money =
O p
, L- s a--. ( - ).
situation p past.
verb combination . Main
clause - would have been/ should have
been/ could have been/ might have been
OR
would have + pp (past participle)/ should
have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp
a) If she had been here yesterday, he would

have talked to her =
EEo-\ o-x-,
x-- ( -)
b) If they had taken him to the doctor, he would

have been alive.
(x-Eo doctor _- B--Rx--x-,

A -)
If you were the CM...
Naresh: What about you, Jagdeesh?

Jagdeesh: If I didn't attend, he would be disappointed.
( x-- E--
-x--- 166
--)
Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have
postponed mother's journey.
(
p t vEo -o.) What are you
going to do Naresh? (y --o, )
1) If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner

than ..., you wouldn't see a speck of dust on
it.
owner
(E-p E
j, Eo -
v y E-O t
. F E owner .)
Naresh: No idea as yet. If I have my interview

on saturday, I will come to the party on
sunday.
interview
( p-. E-
, C- h)
2) If I had enough money, I would buy such a

car =
car
Jagdeesh: If we present him something, he will

be happy. Let's buy the present
now.
3) Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had

enough money? =
car
( j -h
----. p j
l.)
Naresh: That's right. Let's go. If we start now,

we will be able to finish off before it
gets late in the evening.
_ p L- s (E
_--), .
s (p
?
4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy =
x-- (h) E---h.
(-E- C future - , if clause
) --
verb - did attend = past tense)
Fo improbable pres -xE 'if' clauses

p N--O vh (In the present)
J - . If clause N- J-T,
Ramesh: If you had told me earlier, I would
L u---, Main clause N-.
have brought enough money. I don't
J-Eo examples .
have the money now. (O
p s a--E.. p a) If wishes were horses, beggars would ride =
J- v-j, d-x yK h J-
_ s .)
v-u - . (were.. would ride)
Jagdeesh: Don't worry. We have enough. You
b) - J-T (E -), *acan pay later. (y--. _- pass - = If he studied well, he
o. y y ya.)
would pass. (studied.. would pass)
All: Ok. Let's go. (l )
c)
o v- Lxh (- ?)
lesson Improbable present
- -o --.
vh -E N-- p clauses
If
everyone
paid taxes properly, India could
verbs . Improbable
be
rich
(paid..
could be)
present situation L sentences If clause,
d) What would your father think, if he saw you
main clause verb combinations N last
here? =
lesson . S} -J h -.
(. l
. p ---J vA
u u E T---a.)
Spoken English
sentences
ent situations -
OE J* -- N- --o
. -\-J l.
Probable present: vh J - o
-s- -C.
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will
come.
interview
party
(
- E-
h.)
C J - C. Interview E-
-a, p sunday party a.
situations.
a) If he studies well, he will pass =

pass
Probable present.
C-N
- (J - C) d
b) If he studied well, he would pass =

pass
Improbable present.
- J-T,
p - d)
p
-. (
c) If he had studied well, he would have passed

pass
Imaginary past.
() C-,
.( --) d
u--
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
: Hi Suma, Eo E--x. y x
2) If we present him something, he will be
Eo Bxo.
happy --j h --h.
-: Eo t shopping x. x-C u a.
, O *a Eo B--x-Eo.
2 sentences talk of a situation probable
-J x?
(--a) in the present or in the near
o. y h E-
future.
Sx h.
a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = C
K-~--o. K-~ --E

Lh, --h.
.
b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the
train = h y h train ---. : N- phone -u.
-: Phone - --E. cell
(probable = --a)
C. land phone out of order.
In the sentences above, Main clause verb : Eo ---.
will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/
are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present
forms.
a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy
b) If she comes here, I can help her
c) If they write to him, they may get some information =
-E h (h) x--j a.
Fo probable present.
II. p Imaginary past L sentences
from the dialogue .
1) If he had told me earlier, I would have postponed my journey =
p
v ----. ( - past )
ANSWER
Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had
been at home I would have taken you.
Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not
gone, I would have come to your place
and taken you to the movie. Who did
you go with?
Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will
see it again this saturday.
Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would
be ready to come.
Rama: Phone me and let me know.
Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've
lost my cell. Our land phone is out of
order
Rama: I will meet you then.
[-
II
Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen
and our favourite is in town for the
celebration to honour him and we
have this rotten class to attend. I
wish I were at the theatre.
( \--q- _---E
h---[, G----[
x o[. p[
E L x xL.
C-- --E--hC.)
Rotten = J-T--
Eo p[ AdE --T-h.
Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this
class now. I'd rather we were in
his presence than in this boring
class.
] 7 W 2006
p[ ---o-
were/ Past Doing Words
vh -E (-) N
L--h.
conversation correct [-E C
u. e.g.-
'If clauses'
1) If he were here, he wouldn't allow this.
\[ (-E-\[ p[ [) C
-E-y[ (-E-\[ p[ [ d C
--C). - 'If Clause' he- singular,
verb- were- plural.
2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint
you the finance minister.
p[ u--vA (p[ u-vA

]) , Eo Jn vA E-N-h.
3) If he came here now, his mother would be
happy.
1) Compare sentences (a) and (c):

a) I wish to be in the US.
V j C!
( x p[ -
]E--hC. N d
x o ]_
-?)
Pratap: This is the second time for us to
miss the chance of meeting him.
When he came here last october for
the silver jubilee of his movie we had
exams. How I wish we hadn't had
those exams. We could have seen
him at least then.
c) I wish (that) I were in the US.
[ p[ \ h ([ p[
\[ [), xt --hC.
([[ xt - ]).
4) If she were here I could tell her of this.
\[ ( p[ \[ ]), F
N p [a ( ],
p-).
(Eo - p-[
C -J. d--
#v --q J-T--p[ K. K- - -C. p[
- [---.)
Sundeep: We should have thought of all this

before joining this college.
(Fo -@ -#-L.)
Pratap: OK. OK. Now let's hope that our hero
will be here in the evening. I only
wish his programme were delayed.
We could then see him towards the
end of his celebrations.
( v -[E
Pl. u-v u
[. #x Eo
- C.)
Sundeep: Let's hope so. I wish I were rather
at the function than here. But
there is no helping being in the
class.
( Pl. \--o { -C. F x

[ p].)
No helping = p]
[ lessons 'If clauses' were
(Singular Subjects )/ Past Doing
Words (came, gave, took, etc) ]-s
2) Compare sentences (b) and (d).

b) He wishes to be a collector.
[ -d L/ y-E --o[. J - C (---]E

p).
\[ wishes y 'to be'.
They wish (that) today were a holiday.

p-[-p[ I wish ], 'Oh' begin
-a.
I wish I were at home now!
Oh, I were at home now!
p[ x -LqC/ x C. (p[ -\ o. \-[-[[

d ])
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I wish I were at the theatre.
p[ C-- C
(x ).
2) I wish we didn't have (past tense) the class
now.
x p[ -
-C ( C- x-x)
3) I wish we hadn't had
the exams.
p[ (in the
past)
K-
-C C M. SURESAN
p[ ]. - N ]-E had + past participle.
x 167
[ p---p[, -d-
( , ]N-). p---p[ [ -d
[ -.
\[ wishes y he were.
(c), (d) x were [[ BE J L--x C .
( @ x! K-,
N-x Ox J . \ x _-d--E
]. \[ -
-! o J# -
\[ -E ].)
(V j --C. @ - K \. a-x
-] [-. \ x
]-.)
p---p[ ( ) -J-
-C. (p---p[ J [[ - )
\[ wish y 'I were'.
d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.
Sundeep: All this because of this college. It's

very strict about exams and attendance. We can't cut even a single
class. I wish I hadn't joined this
college. But for my father, I wouldn't have joined here.
Pratap: How I wish today were a holiday! Too

few holidays in this college.
Lecturers rarely go on leave here.
No class is let free.
-J- -E J. (C J
C --a) \[ wishes y 'to be'.
today.
x V j -C --o.
Have you seen Suma's dress today?

p[ 'If clause' were (singular subjects )/ Past Doing Words [
vh E (present improbable) N- L--h.
were (singular subjects )/ Past Doing
Words (gave, wrote etc) J-Eo ]-sx
[. ]-sx (If clause
) N vh -E N-- L-h. OE [:
a) I wish to be in the US.
( -J- -----o/ --o.)

b) He wishes to be a collector.
( -d- -----o[/ --o[.)

Compare the sentences above with the following:
c) I wish (that) I were in the US.
d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.
sentences (c), (d) I, he, singular --p 'were' -E- ]-s
C p ].
Spoken English
Jayaram: What a beautiful building this is!

Who lives in it?
( ] GLf! ]?)
Janakiram: The forest officer.
(-O- C-J)
Jayaram: How I wish I were a forest officer!
( -O- C-J
p[
A n p[
- -O- C-J [ !)
D Singulars 'were' ]s.
]-s- Past Doing Word
[.
a) I wish to travel in such a car.
v -E J.
\[ wish y to travel.
b) I wish (that) I travelled is such a car.
- travelled (Past Doing Word)
(p---p[) - v h-E J/ v h C! (-).

c) He wishes (that) he owned such a house.
x (p---p[)
-C E ---o[.
d) They wish (that) that they had a holiday
u x ...
4) How I wish today were a holiday.
V -C!
5) I only wish his programme were delayed.
u-v ui -C (x
y xa).
6) I wish I were rather at the function than
here.
\[ o {- [[ d .
Very important:
BE J- L----E
:
a) I/we/you/they wish I/we/you/they were...
OR I/we/you/they + Past Doing Word (went,
came, etc).
b) He/She wishes he/she were... OR He/she
+ Past Doing Word.
(\[ Eo x wish ] 'oh'... E v-
G--a.)
Prema: V v ? -
C ---! ...!
-C o .
C a-].
Prema: v Fo t d hC.
h yv h C.
Hema: yC p-- -C.
Prema: t-C ni -C. o
d -Eh \ [s [E .
Hema:
Answer:
Prema: Have you seen Suma's dress today?
How nice it is/ I wish/ How I wish/
Oh, I had a dress like that!
Hema: I saw the same kind of dress in some
shop. I didn't like it much.
Prema: The trouble is mom selects all my
dresses. How I wish/ I wish/ Oh, she
gave me the freedom to select my
dresses.
Hema: I wish you didn't agree to it.
Prema: I wish my mother understood it. Her
fear is that if I selected my dresses I
would spend more money.
-- j---
II
--v 9 -W- 2006
Sharmila: I bought this book on Physics

Yesterday.
(Eo Physics book o.)

Urmila:
1) I wish I were not here =
Oh, this one! I wish you hadn't

bought
it.
(? --y-C - C)
Sharmila: Why? (?)
Urmila:
I have bought it too and I find it utterly useless. It is very badly written.
( h-Eo o. . --.)
utterly = totally, Jh
Sharmila: Oh, I wish you had told me earlier of
it. I wouldn't have bought it.
(y p C / p-.
h-Eo Eo .)
Urmila:
--o (
lessons ).
(Ep \ ----E-hC/ --
-C)
p--\ o
2) He wishes he were consulted =
( p x v-Ch --E
---o / v-Ch --E --o.)
p x v-C-
3) She wishes she bought such a necklace=
( p necklace -\ ----C)
p -\-- -
C -E-.
a) were/past doing word (came, went, etc)
hC. -j E- B-E-
--E --o).
o-p B.
- present
b) had been / had + past participle - past
Now look at the use of had been, and had +
Sentence (a)
Sentence (b)
1) He is buying
He has bought
Sharmila and Urmila.
(opast)
1) I wish you hadn't bought it - verb
(-o)
2) He took
He had taken
past participle in the dialogue between
had+past
participle
She wishes to buy such a necklace
p B
o-p
(PP) - past (
necklace
C)
(
)
B
- (past))
When I showed it to our lecturer she
(y- --
-\-a - C
l p E/ -E -
said I had made a mistake in buying
--C/----LqC
-J-* p- were/ past doing word She wishes she bought such a necklace =
this book. I wish I had known you
--o) .
were going to buy it. I would have told
( necklace -\ -- E --o. Sentence (a)
l -E JT / J-T 2) I wish you had told me
you not to. Can you return it and get
EhC.)
of it earlier - had+pp - E p- had been/
the money back?
M. SURESAN
F J- nA / - p .
past- -
had + PP (Sentence (b) ) -.

( DEo lecturer . a) She wishes to have such a necklace
p--LqC.
3) I wish I had known you were going to buy it
She bought such a necklace

h E - -E
C. y ---o-E -Lh
-C. -lE p-Eo. C
AJ-T-a s a---?)
Sharmila: I wish I could. But no shop would
agree. At the most they may agree
to an exchange.
( h AJ-T*a s
a---L-T- . F
shop
( necklace ---E --C

-\ - C)
b) She wishes she had such a necklace -
p- ?
h j h y-E p--a)
(At the most = )
Urmila: The author doesn't appear to know
how to write a book useful for the students. I think the poor sales would
1) The mother wishes that her

son were here.
necklace - -C p---- necklace .)

l(C Eox repeat E ...
I wish I were, She wishes she were
expression correct meaning and use - L--.)
p h N .
Observe carefully.
-x--- 168
Study the following:
Compare the sentences (a) and (b) below:

a) He is buying car. I wish he took an expert's
2) He wishes that he were

selected(p --- j
--E ---o/
-j --E E
J.)
3) She wishes she did not see
advice.
( -o. -j E-
B *C)
B- .
( p \
--E Lx -C.) (p \ )
him.
(expert)
(
b) He has bought a car and it is giving him
--\ --- -E
--C. p ---o)
(past ) L- -C lE
p Eo.
4) I wish I could - AJT a-L-T (p)
---C...(past could have +pp)
5)... poor
sales
would
make him wish he
son had been present at the
had not written the
function last night.
book =
-vA J-T function
----- (-- - \- - - t- C E Lx past)
-- h -- He wishes that he had been
- -- - - E- h)
selected jFo past -C( - (-- ) --j -- *N d, had + past
-----o--)
participle form.
(
(had been selected)
She wishes she had not seen
DEo, I/ we / you / they
him last monday.
wish /He / she / it wishes

+ were/past doing word -
( - --- --E / -- -Lq-E -C)
That's the difference between the use of
advice.
were/ the past doing word, and the use of

trouble
The mother wishes that her
trouble. He wishes he had taken an experts
( -\-o, C
- had known - had+pp-
had been / had + past participle-
present
had
been/had+past participle
- past
.
OE practice
O conversation . N -s
.
make him wish that he had not written

Prabha:
the book.
(Nu-n- -- h
-- L--x .
t \- ... h
--- --E
- --E-h-C)
Sharmila: So what do I do now?
( ?)
Urmila: Exchange it for
Prof Bhoutik's
Manual of Physics.
(
DEo a
Prof Bhoutik
Manual of Physics
a)
lp -E N- ----E 'If clause'
were/ past doing word
-
Spoken English
j -C?
college holidays .
E-\ student --- C.
Prabha: F x F college . Eo
--J-- -C.
Subha: y o --
-C.
Prabha: college N \--d. hostel --E- . Hosteller
---E J.
Subha: E- --E free -E
J. p- - E- miss
u. Fo --Lq-E --
Subha:
(C
past
had+pp)
o.
Prabha: C p. x \
L.
Subha: I wish you hadn't asked for my dad's
Answer:
Prabha: Let alone this College. I don't feel like
Prabha: (How) I wish today were a holiday

Subha: No holidays at all in this rotten college
- rotten =
J-T--, Ad \-
--).
I wish I were not a student
here.
Prabha: I joined this college because of you.
I wish I hadn't (had not) followed you
advice.
(C
past
had+pp)
being in the hostel. (feel like =
-)
-E
Oh, I were not a hosteller!
Subha: I wish to be free to see movies. We have

already missed a number of movies. I
only wish we had seen all of them.
Prabha: (There is) no helping it
(p)
we
have to be here for two years more.
-- j---
II
-- 12 -W- 2006
Nandan: Santan, I'm afraid that something is
( y h - -*C.)
seriously wrong with me. I'm unable
to concentrate on studies.
( --o-d-E--hC. O
%d d-----o.
C.(I'm afraid.) (\ E n
.)
concentrate = vD--J--/-v-l--.
Santan: I've observed that. Of late you haven't
been as serious about studies as you
were in the past. Your scores too have
been low. Something wrong with your
health, perhaps.
Look at the sentences (a) and (b) below.

a) It's time for him to start for college. The time
has come for him to start for college.
college -l--Lq time C./--*aC.

b) It's (high) time (that) he started for college =
Time he started for college
Subhash: Time I repaid the money. I borrowed
(It's, high, that
o , -- )
College p -l--Lq--.
( -l-- E n)
He should have started for college before
( -E- C. O F
- o vl u -E--.-\- _. F u
o --.)
Of late = lately = u.
O late = 'u-i .
now =
college
time
--C.
Sentences (a) (b) -E-.
(y K-~- ----E -
* p Lq-C.)
(verb - were)
sentences E construction practice
. O Spoken English, natural C.
Exercise: Practise the following
aloud in English
from you already. How can I borrow

again?
Prabhas: Don't make me angry. Tell me how
much you want.
Subhash: Rs. 10000/Prabhas: Have it. come home to me.
Nandan, Varun conversa- - -G-@ o?

tion E sentences
home.
Subhash: . t x .
-E-.
x Lq- -i- C./x -Lq -i- Prabhas: y d -p- - -LqC.
Nandan: My health is OK. I eat well and sleep
'Shall I do that then?' (shall
*aC.
u .well. No illness at all. Had there been
I see the doctor then?)
d) (It's) time (that) he were at home.
Subhash: E O -G-@ o. --vA anything wrong, I would have know.
-Kb- K \.s ho. 'You had better do it!
= x ---/--p -LqC,
( -u-E.. C.
(C better.)
-.
Prabhas: - Subhash .. \ F
Ao, Ev--o, s-. j
yC *C
n you had better do it
.
c) It's time/the time has come for him to be at
Prabhas:
\-j-Dl \ -*h!
Sentences (b), (d)
L-C ?)
Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you
saw a doctor.
verbs
-E-.
Verb in sentence (b) = started - past doing word

Verb in sentence (d) = were - plural verb,
( p. Ny-
-d -v-C--LqC.)
though the subject 'he' is singular.

sentences vu- were, past
.
.
e) p Rx -E ---LqC.
Nandan: Shall I do that then?
doing word
( ?)
Santan: You had better. Exams are round the
corner, time we started serious preparation.
(It's) (high) time he got married/he were married
( -- E)
He should have been married before now.

f) Time he learnt manners.
-x--- 169
manners a---/---l j-p- -- manners M.

g) Time (It's high time that) he consulted a doctor.
( *C. K-~ _---a-h-o.

-v-- p dLqC.)
Nandan: It is time my father were here. He told
me a week ago that he would come
here in two or three days. If he were
here now, he could take me to a doc.
(o p- -\, p -Lq--. V- h-E

-- p. E- --
--o -d _- B--x-.)
Doc = present day English short
form for doctor.)
Time you were free from all worries to
( - * p -- -K~ -v - ---LqC y)
1) It's time you saw a doctor.
y -d -v-C--LqC/
u .
Prabhas: Time you took her to a doctor.
am looking for money.

Prabhas: Look here, Subhash. Time you knew
you have a friend who can help you.
Subhash: Just don't worry. I will get it some
you had better do it
better.
He had better not go there now.
think .
\-j-Dl, \ -*h.
b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.
\--j Dl, - \---C/ \

---.
C sentences English
practice .
1) l x---Dl, - --C.
2) -v T, --E--hC.
ANSWERS:
1) The older you are/ you grow, the more is your
experience.
how.
Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from
2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like
drinking it.
me.
(Verb - saw - past doing word)

2) Time we started serious preparation.
-K~- -J- -v p -G--Lq-C/--u C.
o p \---Lq-C/--u C
(Verb - were)
4) Time you were free from all worries to pre-
Spoken English
well.
charges in the hospital are high. I
3) It's time my father were here.
Santan: The earlier, the better.
Subhash: What shall I do? Mom is not at all
He should have consulted a doctor much
(Verb - started - past doing word)
prepare for the exams.
( h.)
Prabhas: What makes you so busy?
-v-o:
Santan: Call him and tell him of your problem.
Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
ANSWER:
Subhash: That's what I am busy doing. The
earlier.
E -a.
--\- } *C.
- o-- o-E p - sentences .
----LqC --y. -o-. Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
Santan: The earlier, the better.
L?
The earlier, the better= y h
Subhash: l. a-.
*C.
Prabhas: _ -Lq -i- *aC.
type of sentences practice .
u . -p - ?
Subhash: E- F _ Bo s --, bowl --.
p AJ-T-y-LqC. Sx = The taller a person is, the better can they
bowl.
B?
-sx -E--LqC.
Prabhas: p-.
1)
The
use
of the comparative.
pa ?
2) The inversion of the verb.
Subhash: -C-- ---
a) The more angry you are, the less do you
Prabhas: B\. .
p -d v-C--LqC, .
Now look at the following sentences
from the conversation between
Nandan and Santan
It is better for you to do that
M. SURESAN
pare for the exams.
-- -u- -x ---.
What is the difference between "found" and "discovery"?
-d , -N---
---: 'Found' means to establish (n-). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR
TDP E n- .)
2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ---, -E-,
n. I found him working very hard = d- E-- -E.
3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first
time N--j o ---J ---, n --, E.
Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding
of nature. u-- -y--{ hE -\- (-J-o -- /n -) v%-AE J* --- p *aC. Find
out discover n--hC.-
-- j---
II
I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they
new?
(F d -o. N h?)
Pramod: Yes. They are. ()
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.
Madan: But it doesn't to me.
( O E----)
VI. Balu: I must start at once, or I'll be late for

office. (
office
-- - -l-L. --
u----C.)
(N K-j----)
Pramod: Yes. They did.
Prasad: You look quite smart in them.
(y dx -{-- E--h-o)
Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment.
(? F -h
Giri: So must I. I've to reserve tickets for

my journey.
tickets reserve
( xL. v--E
--L)
Balu: Have you the key to lock the room?

Giri: I have.
thanks)
Balu: Will you lock the room then?
Pramod: We shall.
Giri: I will. Don't worry.
Ravinder: Yes. I have.

Srikanth: Do you know where he is?
Ravinder: No, I don't.
Srikanth: Will you meet him again?
Ravinder: No, I won't. I've important work.
Srikanth: Do you expect him here today?
(V h-----o?)
(--)
Ravinder: I'm afraid no.
j short conversations ?
O -E . -u daily conversation informal situations
questions, a answers j-Fo.
II. Srikanth: Have you met suman?
Carefully observe the questions and the

replies in the dialogues above. you find the
responses (replies) very brief and expressed
in a word or two.
(j passage E --Fo xh
-- \ --
-E-.)
III. Naresh: The shop hasn't yet opened today.
(V
shop
1) Ramu: Do you take coffee?
English speech
practice
-J--x-- N
--- LT L.
N --:
- study the short responses in the short
Prasad: Then shall we start?
-- 14 -W- 2006
conversations at the beginning of this lesson.

1. Prasad: ... Are they new?
Vanaja: Yes, he did/ No he didn't (did not)
(\ response, -C x, yes, EE,

yes, they are new EF . correct conversation j response: Yes, they are.
Answer , No, they aren't. \
, No --F, No, they are not new
E Jh -, standard spoken
English .
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.
Prasad: Shall we start?
-x--- 170
- time J--C)
sentence shall, will, can, could, may,

might, need h, responses
repeat -, Yes, not , No
, not Ja.
a) Kavya: Will you buy the book?
Navya: Yes, I will/ No, I won't (will not)
b) Kiran: Can he walk?
F,
F )
Mahesh: Yes, it hasn't. It is usually open by

this time.
Eddy: Yes, she does/ No, she doesn't (does

not)
3) Sarala: Did he meet you yesterday?
Pramod: Yes, they are.
Pramod: Yes, they did. (Yes

Yes, they cost me a lot
--)
Somu: Yes, I do/ No, I don't (do not)

2) John: Does she sing well?
Pramod: We shall. (short response) (We shall

start
Shyam: Yes, he can/ No, he can't.

c) Ram: could you understand that?
Das: Yes, I could/ No, I couldn't.
4) Have, has, had sentences
es
respons-
h.
May I come in? - Please do.

Naresh: So it is. But I don't know what's
happened today.
short responses English conversation/ spoken English
Passage II
--y-Eo-h.
a) Yes, I have (met

b) No. I don't (Know
c) No I won't (meet
d) I'm afraid no
expect
Mahesh: There they are coming to open.

But I think it will be some time
before they start selling. I can't
wait.
(C x ---E h-o.
t v-G---E time
-C. wait -.)
IV. Bhaskar: Why did you come so late yesterday?
(Eo -u a?)
Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time.
(-? E-\
time
Bhaskar: But you weren't. I noted the time.

It was 8.15.
Bhavani: But it wasn't 8.15. It was only 8.05.
(p 8.15 . 8.05 v)
Bhaskar: Even that makes you late.
V. Chetan: Madan, we have been here before.
(, \- a.)
Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken.
( . y ----o)
Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place
seems familiar to me.
( ----. -
v -- d
E--hC)
Spoken English
, u
-
v E
xh .
j conversation passages \-\ ,
--x G_- CN practice .
short responses O n--C. Look at the following exchanges.
I. Balaram: May I come in?
\ come in E F, please come in

E F reply -- -E-.
II. Ramana: Australians play well.
Kamala: Yes, they do/ No, they don't.
yes, they play well/ No, they
don't' play well
play
English
natural practice.
E,
(p y -u--?)
Bhavani: So it does. (-x)
Spoken English
questions
non 'wh' word quesM. SURESAN
tions
what,
when, why, where, who, whose
questions)
responses
Rajaram: Please do. (Have a seat)
o.)
E-. D
--- -
III. Teacher: Can you sing, Radha?

Radha: Yes, I can, Maam/ No I can't/ I'm
afraid I can't.
dialogue
repeat
E response sing
-- -E- .
(I'm afraid; \ afraid n E
. N--i p--E -f/ d--- I'm afraid .)
short responses v spoken English --yEoy-.
short responses E conversation bookish
, A--*-x C.
short responses
-E-.
(. V i L- )
)
(\
)
vh- )
Passage III: a) Yes, it hasn't. (opened

b) So it is. (open
c) Nor can I (wait
)
)
)
Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late
?) b) But you weren't (here ) c) So, it
does (So it makes me late )
Passage V: a) But we haven't (been a-) b)
But I'm not. (mistaken a-) c) But it doesn't
seem, to me (familiar repeat )
Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat
) b) I have ('the key' repeat )
c) I will (lock it )
j passages Fo G_- 3, 4 x practice
. Short responses ----.
Short responses C---E C
form n -. v-LN:
a) Are they students? DE short response x students , Yes, they are students
E Jh , yes, they are
h. -, No, they aren't (are not)
. \ easy short response a-p sentence verb --L.
Eo-d response C. sentence
'Are' C d, So they are E
response.
Ramu: Yes, I have/ No, I haven't/ I'm afraid

I haven't.
b) Balu: Has he come?
Somu: Yes, he has/ No, he hasn't/ I'm afraid
he hasn't.
5) Kesav: He had seen me before he went out.
Kumar: Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't.
EXERCISE
Now practise short responses for the following aloud.
Srinath:
Eo y E ---o?
() .
Srinath: -j ---?
Srikar: --, C.
Srinath: phone h?
Srikar: h. F x o C
- .
Srinath: y E last time ---o-p
Oy N p----o.
Srikar: p. N F p ,
h---.
Srinath: hC. -J Eo Sx p F
u- ?
Srikar: -. p- h.
Srikar:
ANSWER
Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday?
Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't.
Srinath: Will you meet him at least today?
Srikar: I won't. I have work.
Srinath: Will you at least call him?
b) Ramarao: Are you a student?

Balaram: Yes, I am/ No I'm not. Sentence
verb, Are, response
verb 'am'
tense
L.
c) Sentence 1st Regular Doing Word (go,
come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word
(goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular
Doing Word (went, came, sang..)
do, does and did
*a--
p, -C-*
.
a) Venu: Have you understood it?
Srikar: I will, of course. But I doubt if he is in

town.
Srinath: When you met him last, I think you told
him of it.
Srikar: I did. I told you that I had told him of it
too. Hope you remember it.
Srinath: I do. But would you mind repeating it?
Srikar: No, certainly not.
-- j---
II
p
l.
Bhanu: Hi Sarat, how do you feel now?
(, p- C?)
Question tags
form
--v 16 -W- 2006
DE Question tag form

L.
(*a- _ C, Jh --- 1) verb L sentence * (she
---p-)
was here, was ...)
Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?
2) sentence not . d verb y not
( F- C, ?)
verb L n't L.
Sarat: Certainly much better, though not allright.
She was here.
Sarat: Yes, I do. I look week, don't I?
She was here, wasn't ...?
( F- -E-h-o, ?)
Bhanu: That you do. The Doctor has treated
you well, hasn't he?
(. Doctor Eo ?)
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly. Otherwise I
couldn't have recovered so quickly,
could I?
3)
sentence subject, 'she'

Question mark
wasn't she?
dL. p
sentence
h, question tag she was
here, wasn't she?
-x--- 171
Bhanu: You will resume duty next Monday,

won't you?
Sarat: Bye, then.

Bhanu: Bye.
lesson English y----

short responses . short
responses J* J- ----
Question Tags J* ---L. C--
---o-Eo -J h---.
- N p, E *,
, , , ?
English - question tags
.
eg: He is a great actor, isn't he?
=
p , ?
Sentence * o 'isn't he?' question
tag .
- sentence *-j,
question tag, ? ? ? ?
-T- j . p-.
English question tag, sentence subject
d, verb d sentence, sentence
J---C.
eg: 1) she is here, isn't she?
( \ C ?)
not
tag not (n't)
.
eg: She wasn't here,
was she? sentence
not
tag
not
is. Question tag: isn't she?
x,
.)
Sarat: Yes, I do.

hasn't he?
M. SURESAN
Kedar: You have to, ... at least for the present.
(, . vh--E-)
? --hE d n--
Eo Short responses y-a,
\- Short responses - -L-T English O --d-ox.
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly
L-h- ?
-.
C ?
E .
--E --o? N F
?
3) Bhanu: You will resume duty next week,

won't you?
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Kedar: I did. But I doubt whether I could have

got it for a lower price.
Madhukar: No. I can't.
f) He could pass, couldn't he?
.
y a-p-?
p--. F ... y -E
Sarat: I hope I will
x-----?
4) Sarat: You are going straight to office,
,
Madhukar:
aren't you?
),
)
Subhakar: y E _ x-a-?
Bhanu: Yes, I am
h.
Madhukar: x-.
sentence
a
short
response,
a) They study (I RDW) well, don't they?

sentence E verb form , tense d Subhakar: F u- \-----o?
(They do not study well, do they?)
C E -E- ! Short respons- Madhukar: . \ xo .
b) She sings (II RDW) well, doesn't she?)
es , I'm afraid ..., I wonder ..., of course ..., Subhakar: - Fd
?
(She does not sing well, does she?)
certainly, I doubt whether ..., E
Madhukar: . -J vo u.
c) They came (PDW) yesterday, didn't they?
a; \ I , we, you, they, he, Subhakar: OK. .
she,
it a. Look at the following:
(They did not come yesterday, did they?)
ANSWER
Kesav:
Did
you have enough money to buy the
Madhukar: Do you think he wouldn't come if I
regular doing words, (I RDW, II RDW)
book? ( h - L-
called him?
past doing words v do,
s-?)
Subhakar: I doubt/ I'm afraid, so.
does, did Question tags h. N
Of course, I had.
Madhukar: He respects me, doesn't he?
practice L. N verbs Kedar:
Kesav: You seen to have got it cheap. (FC
Subhakar: Ofcourse, he does.
will, would, shall, should, can, could,
*a--xC)
Madhukar: Then why do you doubt his commay might, must verbs question tags
Kedar: No, certainly not. (-)
ing? Do you know him well?
repeat -.
Kesav: Why? Did it cost you a lot?
Subhakar: Yes, I do.
a) She will come, won't she? (won't = will not)
(- K--,)
Madhukar: Can't you persuade him?
b) They would help me, wouldn't they?
Kedar: Of course, it did. (- )
Subhakar: Yes, I can, but must you talk to him?
c) I shall go, shan't I? (shan't = shall not)
Kesav: You should have bargained. ( LqC) You would have got it for a lower Madhukar: Yes, I must
d) He should know this, shouldn't he?
Subhakar: Then you can as well go to him.
price. (F--o \ aC)
e) She can sing, can't she? (can't = cannot)
rare)
i) He must go, mustn't he?
hC)
Pramada: Is your knowledge of English good?
Spoken English
( F u-i h -
l--?)
Sentence
verb, 1st Regular doing word
(come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular doing
word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past doing
word (came, went, sang, etc)
question tag
do (I RDW
does (II RDW
did (Past doing word)
Study the following:
Kesav: Then have I to go without such an

important book?
She wasn't here, was she?
(\
( --o (p--E --
I'm afraid.) F shop )
EXERCISE
2) Bhanu: The doctor has treated you well,
subject - He, verb - comes.

Question tag - doesn't he?
verb
comes, II RDW
question tag
'does'
Sentence 2
learnt at school. (y school

a--oC J-*----o-)
Narmada: No, I haven't ()
: - responses \ yes,
no -, yes, I can; yes, it is; No, I
haven't E sentences o helping
verbs repeat -E .
1) Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?
h) The people might like it, mightn't they? (very
(-E-\---h ?)
: Sentence 1 , subject - she. verb -
Pramada: So you haven't forgotten what you
the lesson.
g) They may help you, mayn't they? (very rare)
2) He comes here, doesn't he?
Kedar: I'm afraid so ... at least in that shop.
()
(Sentence
(y . (Get well soon - C

s--f--x ---E -
C.) -. F ?)
Bhanu: Yes, I am.
Narmada: Yes, it is
Now observe the following short responses
Bhanu: Get well soon. I'll make a move then.

You don't need anything more, do you?
Sarat: No. Thank you. You are going straight

to office, aren't you?
question tag
h ...
(*a-. E y --L----E ?)
(y a - Sx office h
?)
(resume = Sx v-G-. Resume pronunciation Wu (Wu size z
). spelling Vu (Vu size
z ) E pronounce h biodata/ cv E
n. Job applications ---C)
Sarat: I hope I well ( P-ho)
aL. y
Pramada: Can you speak English?

Narmada: I can, of course.
(x---)
Kesav: I need two copies of the book, one for

me and another for my cousin. Can I
get them?
copies
cousin
( h
L ,
--?)
Kedar: I wonder. (-)
Kesav: You mean you got the last copy?
Subhakar: You feel it lowering yourself, don't

you?
Madhukar: No. I don't. But his brother will be
there.
Subhakar: Don't you like him?
Madhukar: No. I don't. Just try once to get him
here.
Subhakar: OK. So I will.
( y-, y a--oC, \
*J copy ?)
-- j---
II
Gowtham: How was the movie yesterday?
(Eo E C?)
Uttham: I didn't like it one bit at all. You saw it
the day before. How did you find it?
( (\ -j) a- .
y o . F E--*C?)
Gowtham: I didn't like it either. It had too much
of violence and sex.
(- a-.
x NA-O-J , %
C.)
Uttham: So have most movies nowadays. But

unfortunately there are people who see
them. No wonder that only such movies
are produced. (
Eox . -%-d- N- E-- -x

o. -E E
(EJt--) a-u .
Gowtham: The story line is very thin and

dances and fights are a plenty in all
of them. (
dances, fights
-Eox \,
\)
lessons short
y --o .
p
-, (no) -,
--.
responses
lesson
(yes)
spoken form
a) Prakash: He appears to be worried.

Vikas: Yes, he does.
1st sentence
verb appears
Vikas's response, 'yes, he does'
appears (2nd RDW) = does +
appear.
he does
'yes'
d,
E hC
-,
-E \,
y.
b) Sunil: You see movies quite often, don't

you?
Kiran: Yes, I do.
Sunil
verb, see. see (1st
RDW) = do + see.
response, Yes, I
do.
negative response
Kiran's response
No, I don't.
(do + not)
x
-E
-. p,
C?
c) Ganesh: You went to a movie yesterday,

didn't you?
(y Eo E x,
Uttham: So they are.
?)
Mahesh: Yes, I did/ No, I didn't.
-x--- 172
--C 18 -W- 2006
(,
x/ , x-)
Ganesh's sentence verb, went (Past
doing word) = did + go. -E response,
yes , Yes, I did. no No, I didn't.
He/ she/ it
Yes/ ofcourse, he/ she/ it
must/ should/ has to
No
response
response
needn't.
must/ should/ have to/ has to
opposite- needn't (needn't = need not) you must do it
you need not
(needn't) do it
Ramesh: Has he to start the work now?
.
,
(h--
(y-C--L $
(yC --\--)
(-E-p E v-G-?)
Naresh: Yes, he has to/ yes, I'm afraid he has
to/ ofcourse, he has to/ so, he has to
(OR) Oh, no, he needn't.
1) I didn't like it either!
2) So have most movies nowadays!
3) So they are!
4) So they do!
5) No, it doesn't.
Prakash: So what? So is mine.
( ? C foreign watch)
j dialogues . Dialogue (a)
- , Klupta response, I am
also happy E -. dialogue
(b) Mine is also a foreign watch E
-. F spoken form -.
So response -C also
--.
a) --, o
--=
He studies well, so does his brother.
- His brotha. com-
(His brother too studies well

er studies well too
mon
b)
)
school , x \u
School JC.
He joined that school, and so did his sister.

II a) Akash: Sunil doesn't study well.
I am not going - Nor am I
(F J -)
Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does
his brother/ His brother doesn't
either.
Gowtham: Our heroes and heroines just dance

in the movies. They act little. (
heroes and heroines
dance
E-x
h. x - C
)
Uttham: So they do! The weak story line offers

them no scope for action. (
x
-. x --- x
\- )
Gowtham: No it doesn't. Nor do most of the

audiences seem to expect anything
other than that. (
-.
v~-x -C - -x )
Uttham: What do you think of Hindi movies?
(C E-- o--?)
Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All
Indian movies are alike. Perhaps
the music in them is better. (
-o
-----o? -B *vFo -B. D E-x
U h --?)
J_ -)
negative
Spoken English also () n
j N C. Sx .
- --F, E too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' ( Lx )
--F, not -E --
Anil: (x )
lessons --o.
Sentences (b), (c)
question tags
o, (Don't you?
and didn't you). E \ response
y--E, - x
-- helping verbs (do, did)
M. SURESAN
o.
Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go,
sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes,
goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came,
went, sang, etc)
responses
do,
does and did
- h. C
v-h h--d--L.
N verbs N- (will, shall, would,
could, etc ...) N E--h . d,
short responses .
Now look at the following.
d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink.
Vikranth: Yes, it is.
eg: a) He knows English; he knows Telugu too/

he knows Telugu as well. (
He also
..., spoken form
not
also
not either (n't either)
\
.)
Lq h,
.
He doesn't know Telugu; he doesn't know

Tamil either.
(- , Tamil )
I didn't like it E Gowtham ,Uttam
a-, n - I didn't like it
either -E-.
N--Fo : So have most movies
nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it
doesn't
2) So have most movies nowadays.
(, , Vx E-x
E p--)
Yes, it is C \ - a short
response. milk au L- 3) So they are (-- -)
Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a
T (, ! n
(C yes, so are they ) C
hero's action in a movie is good. All that
ax) , p response: Yes, so it is!
(
, ---o,
we hear them say is that the hero has
e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall?
)
danced well in the movie and that his
Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is!
4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do
steps are good. (E- hero action
(ofcourse = -h C )
p---ox ,
-E v~--- N.
f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today?
-E---D n ax.
N hero dance -F,
(V
L
x
o?)
5)
No, it doesn't C - --
'steps' -o-E.)
--o short response.
Ananth: No, I'm afraid he isn't.
Gowtham: That's true. All that they care about
t t t t
g)
Ram:
Must
I
take
the
exam?
is the hero's ability to dance. (E
Now
look
at
the
following.
(
exam
L
q
?)
x - dance hero vA
I
a)
Santhi:
I
am
happy about the results. (LRaghu: Yes, you must./ Oh no, you needn't.
v)
N
- o)
Must, should, have to/ has to N- h
Uttham: So they do! OK. Let's hope for better
Klupta:
So
am
I.
vh -. Response, 'yes' days for our movies. ( x--C.
u-. - p , Yes/ b) Prabhat: Mine is an imported watch.
*v- * V- -h-E
(C imported/ foreign watch).
ofcourse you must/ should/ have to .
Pl.)
Spoken English
brother
Negative Sentences
response
Nor did the children/ neither did the children/

The children didn't either. (The children also
did not come
Not also
-).
III a) Ramana: I didn't like the movie.
(--E a-)
(F *aC)
b) Raghav: He has passed. ( pass
u)
Sumana: But I did.
Sekhar: But I'm afraid his brother hasn't.

brother pass
(F
-)
. sentence p--E uA--i response y- 'But' begin
h.
three types of response -J l.
I. Both positive
Prem: My watch shows the correct time.
watch correct time
Syam: So does mine.
-hC)
(C )
II. Both negative:

Radha: I am not going
(-x )
Sneha: Nor am I/ neither am I/ I'm not either.

III. Statement & response opposite each other.
Hitesh: He is quite happy.
( -- o)
Nitesh: But his brother isn't.
\ -E--LqC So, nor, neither,

v--u responses verb ,
subject y .
eg: So do I, nor do I, neither do I. C u.
order J response J-.
-- j---
II
Archana: You were late to class yesterday.
Rachana: But I wasn't
(yes, it is
-- 20 -W- 2006
E )
b) Sailaja: Bhramara's necklace must have

cost her a lot.
Archana: The day before?

Rachana: The day before? yes, I was. But so
were you too.
(o? -u-iC. F\- !)

Archana: I am not usually late. You are rarely
on time.
( - u -. y
- --E--h)
Rachana: So would you be if you had to come
from a long way off and depend on
city busses.
( O x -- city bus O
-Lq-h -u -t)
Archana: But I wouldn't. I would start early
enough to avoid being late.
( . u -
-l--)
Rachana: You can't do it (y -)
Archana: But I can (--)
Rachana: You often tell me that you don't get
(v necklace Kj -L/-K-j-C -C.)

Viraja: Yes it must have/ So it must have
(, Kj L)
C) Rahul: One of your shirt buttons has come
off.
Sasir: Yes, it has/so it has.
a)
b)
Jalaja's response: yes it is/ so it is

Viraja's response: yes, it musthave/ so it
must have
c)
sasir's response: yes, it has/ so it has

O-Eo- yes begin u response ,
so begin u response h-o
! correct , so bigin u
responses, ( so it must have/so it is), yes
begin u responses \ *a,
a-uEo uh---h. (, d n yE-x) d p--
\ p so begin u
response better.
Passages a), b) and c)
(j *a-N)
p---E, ' responses
. J-Eo --- .
-x--- 173
d) Lasya: Divya speaks English well.
(Cu
English
x--C)
Priya: Yes, she does/ so she does.
)
Vinod: But I've been.
Suresh: a)
-/-- l.
Yes, it is/so it is!
b) lC But it isn't
(-a)
opposite responses 'but' v-Gh. Do the following examples:
N h--.
1) h bore
p opposite responses , neither, nor, a) -/--, bore! b)
n't either (not either) --.
2) -:
( English not h also sentence a) -/--, E- -:
E lesson - (Not only, b) :
but also N--)
3) -- feel --o:
a) Lakshmi: Snakes don't fly
a)
E--h-o-/- -,
( )
E--h-o:
Lalasa: Neither do cats/Nor do cats/cats
b) , y fresh E--h-o
don't (do not) either. (x -)
4) E--h-o:
b) Manasa: Suseela wasn't late
a) -/--, E--h-o:
(Q -u )
b)
Rajita: Nor was I/ Neither was I/ I wasn't
5) F Coffee d--E :
either.
( late )
a) , d :
b) -d
:
6) Eo Eo -:
a) :
b) Eo -:
7) Eo y u a:
a) , -u- a:
b) -u :
8) h C:
C last lesson .
a) EC. b) o:
u h----Lq N not c) -:
also .
9) x teacher :
Summary: p
a) C: b) :
the points we have
10) Fo \ o:
learnt
a) : b) :
a) Questions
Answers:
state1) This book is a big bore

ments
a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't
px
Yes, it has/so it has

up before 6 in the morning. Its possible for you to start early?
Lasya: In fact she speaks better than most of

us
( p -, J--
-E, u F -l-)
( \--C
x--C.)
Archana: But I would, if I had to start early
(- -l-Lq h -y h)
Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want
me to believe that you'd get up early.
Priya: Yes/of course she does/so she does
(, --?)
e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in
the world.
(v- Australia h cricket team C)

(y \- Ev--. o tSyam: Yes, it has/so it has ()
-... y y h-)
Yes, it is/so it is.
M. SURESAN
j dialogues responses Fo pC
Archana: My policy is sleep while you sleep,
(
\
is
subU-J responses. pC ---E

work while you work.
negative responses ject d, time of action of the verb d
(Ev---Lq-- Ev--, E-verb -- N O .
l.
Lq E--, -l-A)
So it is, response, yes, it is o
a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you
Rachana: You can say all this, but action is difstress \ (\--p-/- au uh--explain
this?
ferent.
(F Tamil . C N-J) ! ox)

(---Fo , E--Lqp E-b) p--E negative response
Suman: But I don't.
)
hox C 'but' begin h.
(F L-)
lessons questions ,
a) Keval: She appears fat
b) Kesav: You go there everyday. Why don't
question tag o sentences short
Kesav: But she doesn't
you take me there today?
responses --o , ?
b)
Kumar: She is not beautiful
(y W \---h. y a) Answer, yes , short response,
Krishna: But she is
?)
i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/
c) p negative statements negKedar:
But I don't
may, etc.
ative responses Neither, nor, n't either
(W) x. ( V-
ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/
a)
may, etc
Anand:
I'm not hungry.
Dialogues a), b) responses
b) Answer, no short response,

p-Eo - -. \ negative Vikram: Neither am I / Nor am I/ I'm not either.
i) No, I/ we/ you/ they don't/ didn't/ haven't/
response, 'but' v O - (Neither, nor begin h-o-p, verb ,
can't/ could't/ may it etc.
subject y -E-.
E .
ii) No, he/ she/ it doesn't/ didn't/ hasn't/ can't/
c) Madhav: You can't understand this, I'm sure.
couldn't/ mayn't etc.
p practise , conversation
--o short responses, p- -E (Question ) ---/---
E. C lessons .
p J- N- l.
a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good.
Jalaja: So it is
Spoken English
(NyC n ---E t)
Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.
(F n ---/ F n --- t C)
d) Anand: I haven't been here before.
( -p \-
Exercise: Now, practise the following aloud

in English, using short responses
2) He plays well
a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't
3) I feel very tired
a) Yes, you look so/you do look so
b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh
4) He looks very angry
a) Yes, he does/so he does
b) But he doesn't
5) I know you don't like coffee:
a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee
6) I didn't see you yesterday
a) But I did
b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I didn't see you either
7) Why did you come late yesterday?
a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't
8) Vanaja has bought the book
a) Yes, she has/so she has.
b) So have I
c) But I haven't
9) They are not afraid of the teacher
Translate each statement into English, and give

the response, both positive and negative.
a) But I am
Example:
10) I have been here long before you
Ramesh:
-- v .
Table lC. DE
English p:
b) Neither am I/nor am I/I'm not either

a) Yes, you have/so you have
b) But you haven't
This table is very big.
-- j---
II
Himesh: Hi Mahesh, congrats.
Mahesh: What on?
(?)
Himesh: I hear that your score is better than all

the others' scores in the class. (class
score
-J- F--\
No)
---E
Mahesh: Thanks a lot. But I feel happy that I've

got very good marks, and not
because my score is better than the
others. I don't like comparisons.
thanks.
marks
*
*a-- -----o-F,
- \ *a-- .
L- d ).
(Comparison = L, compare a)
- 22 -W- 2006
Mahesh: OK. OK. We've had enough argument. Let's talk of something different.
(, , x. --E J-j x-)

h--, --, v--, --
La x/ xx -
--i !
The minute we see two or more things/ people of the same nature, we compare them.
Comparisons are very common.
We usually compare the qualities of people
and things.
Degrees of comparison grammar exercise

-, h- -,
practice --x v- .
~-- h. --J N n -E -i-p,
, ~-- L 'Adjectives'
precision (*a-y) -s-E T-x
E. -u , ---, , L--E v a-.
T--- E n a , adjectives.
Himesh: They say you are the cleverest in the
ui N-:
Comparison adjectives .
class. Doesn't it make you happy?
1)
adjective positive
-u ', '-? vo-
( Eo class --u- Lj
degree
C. tall (), short
adjective.
,
-. C Eo ----?)
(
d
)
high
(kh), large (l-j), etc.
.
a)
Kumar
is
tall
=
Mahesh: I am certainly happy to get a high
Fo
positive
degree. positive
score, even a higher score than I've
Answer: -j-- (tall) d, tall, adjective.
degree h/ E Eo --C.
got this time. But I don't care whether
b) Tendulkar is a great cricketer =
DEE L o, -- .
my marks are better than those or
--\ p cricketer.
others or not. ( * marks
a) Chandra is tall (positive degree - a--)
-. p--*a marks
- cricketer? vo, great cricketer b) Surya is not so/ as tall as Chandra (positive
\ E answer d, 'great' \ adjective.
degree - -ho v, u)
. - o \, \
Positive degree E adjectives , + er/ + r
C - ----).
a--x, - more a--x
Himesh: But Mahesh, comparisons are quite
comparative degree - (--N
common, aren't they? When we talk
\ n).
174
of two or more things or people having
2) Your score is better than all the others'

scores =
marks
marks
(Better - good
comparative.
Best, - good
superlative)
3) I am happy to get a higher score.
(higher - comparative)
4) ... whether my marks are better than those of
others
marks
F
-o.
Mahesh: So they are. But I don't see why I

should feel happy when my marks are
higher than the others' marks. I am
happy If I get marks that I deserve.
I don't like to be compared with others.
marks
(E. ---
\
h - -- n . |- -o
marks h )
Himesh: Then why do we have competitive

exams? Why ranking in exams? Isn't
the purpose of competitive exams,
choosing the best candidates? What
is it if not comparison?
competitive exams
(-
Spoken English
N , C...)
5) ... my marks are higher than others' marks

marks
higher comparative)
(-
N \.
positive, comparative, superla-
Eo
tive degrees
pa l.
AP is the biggest state in South India.

superlative.
AP
(The biggest - superlative
'The').
~ -
Z.
C
u l
AP is bigger than any other state/ all other

states in South India - bigger - comparative.
~ --E Z/ Eo
Z lC.
He works harder than...

c) It is a foreign car.
eign car 'foreign'
---- car? Answer:

d
C adjective.
for-
d) Dravid is the Captain of the Indian team =

Dravid
Captain.
Indian - adjective.
(-B) d
e) A dark room =
room?
Answer: dark room; so dark - adjective.
(< C). -
f) A clever student:
student?
Answer- clever, so clever - adjective.

tall, great, foreign, Indian, dark,
clever - adjectives
verb
jFo
(-, ~-- L
).
- --C
J-/ -- E L
ADVERB.
a) He walks slowly - verb - walks = -h.
Mahesh: Oh, Himesh, you are talking about
-h Answer - slowly.
some thing entirely different. All that I
d slowly, adverb.
say is my marks make me happy and
b) She sings well - verb: sings = -C.
not my being better than others.
-C? Answer - well ()
(y x---o. ---Nso, well - adverb.
, --Eo-aN marks
adjectives L ---, adverbs
v--F, ---o -_
L E N-- -h.
o N )
a) Kumar is taller than Kesav=
Himesh: But you said you were against comparisons. How can you escape com. \ ,
parisons? When you buy something,
-ho C Comparison of an adjective
for example, a shirt, don't you com( L).
pare a number of shirts, their quality,
b) He works harder than Karim = K
their price etc. before you settle for
\ d- -- C Rx-l E
the 'cheapest and the best'? (L-
L comparison of an adverb.
uA---E y o-. a
daily conversation comparison (La
* p---- @N-? j
) - --C. d
h --p, shirt -,
degrees
of comparison (--x,
two shirts , u-,
J
- ) p.
- a-, 'A _ A *
E correct --L-- p
shirt --E l---?
conversation precision (*a-y)
(settle for = j h - l--/
p---o correct p-.
--)
(J
K-~ --ox?
u-nx h-- -- ? C a -
?)
same similarity we compare them.

Comparisons are only natural.
(,
, a C y----i-
N- ? h--xF, uh-x-F j u --
a - ?)
---J
Comparative
Comparative
than any other
+ singular/ than all other + plural
a) Chandra is taller than

Surya (Surya
Chandra
(tall +
er
comparative
degree of tall)
p-Lqp -E--Lq
y
.
Eo Positive, , 'big' p-a.
N
No other state in South India is as/ so big as

AP.
AP
b) Surya is braver than

Chandra
M. SURESAN
brave
+ r - comparative degree of brave =
(v
u ju-h
ju-)
c) Kashmir is more beautiful than any other

state in India.
( Z -o Qt -iC)
(more + beautiful - comparative of beautiful)
adjective * + est/ st Ja, E-

most Ja superlative degree -C.
a) Chandra is the tallest in the class.
Chandra
(Class
tall + est - superlative of tall)
b) Surya is the bravest in the class.
(Class
brave + st - superlative of brave)
-J-o
u u ju-h
c) Kashmir is the most beautiful state in India

(Kashmir
u --i Z.
most + beautiful - superlative of beautiful)
h-- -h-o-p/ --
-h-o-p -s-Eo-d Eo,
positive, comparative, superlative degree x
E--j p-a.
(~ - Z
lC .)
Positive -E- -Lq N: 1) No
other v-Gh. Positive degree big
, so F, as F, E y, as
-E-L.
class -J C
Superlative degree
---. -
superlative - tallest. E- 'the' L
.Sumanth is the tallest (boy) in the class.
~-x L -iC. C Comparative
---. -i - comparative - more beautiful. Comparative yp than, any
other singular/ all other plural L
(than any other bird/ than all other birds). The
peacock is more beautiful than any other bird
(singular)/ than all other birds (plural).
Dictionary dictionary
---- . DEo positive ---.
p L? No other dictionary begin
L. Positive degree 'useful' ,
, so/ as ... as L. p sentence,
No other dictionary is so/ as useful as this.
Look at these sentences from the conversation between Himesh and Mahesh.
v-:
1) ... you are the cleverest boy in the class.

cleverest adjective.
est
superlative degree.
superlative
the
2) Comparative degree
than any other +
singular/ than all other + plural.
\
C d C
h----Lq N
p- L.
DE * +
p
,
1) Superlative degree
, the.
y
3) Positive degree:
Positive degree
v no other .
, so/ as, y as.
The Eenadu is the largest circulated Telugu

Daily. (The + Largest - superlative)
-- j---
II
Pavan: Why all this excitement about football?
What's there in it?
Suman: I wish there were more encourage-
( football J* - q-? - -C?)
ball is a mega event and India is no
Suman: You know, it's the most popular game

in the world. Yes, people watch this
game more than any other game.
tion India is not able to have eleven
ment for football. The world cup footwhere in it. With such a vast populaplayers.
(football
\ vq
-C. vt--i world
cup matches --, -E
n C. o
---C x -u.)
(v- \--C G--E

v -. N --o
\-- C h)
Pavan: But we don't see many playing the
game in India. I often see more people
playing cricket than football in India.
(- \--C football
cricket -- - -Eh-C.)
Suman: That's true. No other game is played
so much as cricket in India. But it is
surprising that in a poor country like
India people are more interested in
cricket than in football. Cricket is a
costlier game than football. Football is
much cheaper than cricket. All that it
needs is a football. It is not so expensive as cricket- cricket equipment
costs a lot more than football.
Pavan: OK. Let's watch this evening's match.

Bye.
( v match l. Bye)
lesson degrees of comparison
J* --o ? --J-Eo-a--- -N -J ~-h:
1) Three degrees: positive, comparative and
superlative.
2) Degrees
of
comparison
adjectives
K--\
h) There are more football fans than cricket

fans in Bengal =
x cricket G----o football

G----\ comparative degree
i) Cricketers are the richest sportsmen in India
v--x u -- v-x.
- superlative degree
j) Indian cricket control board is the richest in
the world =
-- v v f v- u
E--iC superlative degree
a) formation of comparative: By adding + er/
k) ... but they are not so highly paid (as cricketers are) =
(cricketers
Hockey players
adverbs
er to, or more +
b) formation
of
superlative:
By
adding, + est / + st
to
(E - cricket -- N
game . N-N- --
- v football cricket
\ h -. Football o
cricket Kj v. Football, cricket
a \ game. -Lq--x football. -D-E cricket a-. Cricket
- football K hC)
g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than a

football. cricket
football
comparative degree.
before the adjective
-x--- 175
--E 24 -W- 2006
the
adjective/
adverb or most +
before the adjec-
M. SURESAN
tive/ adverb
Some irregular formations:
Good better best
well
bad worse worst

ill
Lx-) Lx-.
? -sEo d degree
--C, practice x hC.
po -Eo d, degree select
-.
English --o, l-J-o \
E/ CE La-- sentence constructions , -E/ l-JF v La-p sentence construction
C.
u-i : -E/ l-JE v
La--p, superlative .
Cricket is a costlier game than football
Now look at the following sentences:

a) Suman is not so/ as tall as Pavan.
\ l-J -ho.
sentence adjective 'tall' - positive degree
-E-.
Positive degree sentence:
A is not so/ as (adjective... tall, short, etc.,)
as B.
b) India is not as/ so rich as America- Positive
(America is richer than India)- comparative
posi-
(, America o
tive/ America -o-i-C)
c) Kedar does not play as (so) well as Kesav

(Kedar,
d) Bhavan is as tall as Sravan-
( v )
Positive degree.
e) Sravan is not taller than Bhavan

(Sravan
)
comparative .
( N- L).
Of Bangalore and Hyderabad, Bangalore is

the cooler.
(Bangalore, Hyderabad x Bangalore \
x C)
(Imp: j sentence comparative y
than ? --p, comparative
'the' -E-.)
Of the two, this is the better. comparative.
( -x C )
u O conversation
effective x h.
This is good, but not so (as) good as
the other. (Positive)- C C, F
.
This is the best of the lot- superlative.
(comparison of more than 2
Pavan: In Bengal football is more popular than

cricket. Most of our great footballers
are from Bengal, particularly Kolkata.
There are more football fans than
cricket fans in Bengal.
3) a) Superlative degree
'the'
*a-
L
b) comparative
than any other + singular/ than all other + plural
L.
c) positive, no other begin -C.
(- cricket football 4) -sEod degree Eg--G- \. p football v. -F --E degree *
--- -M, u --
degree a exercise --.
x. Bengal cricket G---- Now, look at the following sentences from the
football G----\.)
fan = G-E
a) It's the most popular game in the world.
Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian
v- u-C v-G- o v.
sportsmen. The players of other
games do not earn as much. And our
cricket control board is the richest in
the world.
( v--x cricketers u E. v-- -C--. cricket control board

v-E Eo cricket boards
E--iC.)
Pavan: That's true. Hockey is our national
game, but hockey players are not so
highly paid, unfortunately.
(. Bv hockey. F
-%-d- -h x- s Lx-.)
Spoken English
(superlative degree)
Look at sentences (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h).

comparison
cricket, football.
superlative
Ox
N-- v
-E O
h) There are more cricket fans than football

fans in India
c) I often see more people playing cricket than

football.
N-- La--p superlative

. j u-Eo comparative
-E-.
e) ... people are more interested in cricket than

in football - comparative degree.
f) Cricket is a costlier game than football =
football
cricket
K-j
Football is much cheaper than cricket.

Comparative degree.
o x C
practice

Pranav:
! h--
h-o?
.
Vinai:
- C E -*-ho.
c) I often see more people playing cricket than
Pranav:
v
cover --o - h . C,
football =
C h---Eo--
football --x- cricket -x \
.
E--h.
Vinai: F _-o h p?
e) People are more interested in cricket than in
Pranav: p-. Eo- C p-E.
football.
Vinai: lecturer .
f) Cricket is a costlier game than football.
Pranav: -o-\ t-?
g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than footVinai: J.
ball.
b) People watch this game more than any other

game - comparative degree
d) No other game is played so much as cricket

in India - much - positive degree
u-h)
sentences a-E
Cricket is more popular than football in India.
N-- La--p, comparative

y than, E y N (foot
ball) , -E-. (... than any other/
all other .)
N sentences ( N--
La--p) than y N
(than any other/ all other ).
Answer
Pranav: Why are you looking at those two
books?
Vinai:
I am just wandering which of the two is

the better.
Pranav: Look at that book... the one with the

red cover; that is the best of all/ the
best of the books in its class/ category.
Vinai:
Is it as good as the one you have?
Pranav: I told you. That's the best of the lot.

Vinai:
I'll consult our lecturer.
Pranav: (Do) you trust him more than me?

Vinai:
Ofcourse.
-- j---
II
Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate
yesterday?
classmate
( , Eo y O
L-?)
Hema: I did. We met yesterday after nearly five

years. She looked a little older than she is.
(---o. x y Eo
---. o l-C
E--*C.)
Hema: Long since I saw him.
( VC)
Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving
for the states.
states
( y-Eo
-?)
x-
Hema: Yes.
, lessons degrees of
comparison N- ---o .
Rupa: Are you the same age?
lesson J-Eo N- l.
(OJlJC ?)
Eo Eo x comparative, positive
Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she).
degrees I, we, he, she, they , me,
But now she looks older than me (I).
us, him, her, them confusion
h C. Look at the following:
( l. p
a) (Comparative):
l E--hC.)
He is taller than I/ me (?)
Rupa: What is she?

b)
( u o h?)
Hema: She is a government officer.
Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you
because of her responsibilities.
(Officer )
(D A. u- x
F h l-C E--hC)
Hema: I have responsibilities as well, as the

President of the local women's club.
women's club president
(nE
u---o.)
-x--- 176
-- 26 -W- 2006
t- E-d- E-o
\ d---C ( t-
sister \ d).
b) My sister likes my younger more than me =

sister
t-
\ d.
- *o =
He is younger than she/ her (?)

c)
clever
They aren't cleverer than us/ we (?)
d)
He is older than she/ her (?)
In the sentences above, sentence
(a)
I
(b)
she
her
us
we
(d)
she
x -
a) My sister likes my younger brother more than I.

sister
- l =
*-x
, me
-a -:
, , , (c)
, , , her
E.
Correct sentence n v,
(a) taller than I, (b) younger than she,
(c) cleverer than we, and (d) older than
she L.
c) He likes the mango more than she =

mango
l-J
d. F - -E-
--\ d.
d) He likes the mango more than her =
- , N - -E-d .
d --p h vh -.
Positive .
a) I don't like my brother as much as she =
brother
b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her.
brother
Positive Comparative Superlative
Old
Older
Oldest
Elder
Eldest
d--f
d-.
d .
He was junior to me...

Rupa: But your responsibilities are not as serious, are they?
( F u u-- Bvi-N ?)
Hema: I wish I were in such a position.
(o nA -
E--hC)
Rupa: Why so?
Hema: A government officer's position is certainly superior to that of a home maker,
isn't it?
position
government officer position
Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to
being a job holder. A home maker is in
no way inferior to an officer.
( %
o
pC .)
(E v u-T
%- - d. % officer
o \ .)
Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any
more. Everyone is great in their own way.
(\ \- J* x
l. J p x.)
Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening.
Hema: Who? Your brother?
Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few
days ago. He is coming to stay with me
for a few days.
(States
* V
AJ--a. v-V --E
h-o.)
Hema: I've often wondered is he older or

younger than you?
( L-E N F *o,
l?)
Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so?
( o l/ o.
E--?)
Spoken English
a) Imported cars are superior to Indian cars
x o NQ x
b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary
Collector
c) He is senior to the others in the group
u u-Jz o
\ ()
% -q/ -- l.
d) He was junior to me at College =
College
Class
e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.
-.
(-E R} y t )
N- conversation at the beginning of
the lesson -E-.
a) I am slightly older than She/ her
b) A government officer's position is certainly
superior to that of a home maker.
c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official
d) He is my elder
American English
elder
older brother
brother
N:
--.
EXERCISE
Pratibha:
a) He is taller than I (am)

=
Old has two comparatives and

two superlatives
Old
Older, Oldest
( _ o--E -o -\ E n hC
English .)
(b), (c), (d) :
b) He is younger than
she (is)
c) They aren't cleverer
than we (are)
-n ? \--/
\
. d
n --, n
h .
M. SURESAN
d) He is older than she (is)brackets

verbs (a)- am,
(b)- is, (c)- are, (d)- is
omit
h.
-u
h.
spoken English sentences
comparative than y me, us, him,
her, them p y-----i-C. C l p J--- .
u, comparative than y both,
all N --p, we, they
us, them \- NE--h-.
a) He is cleverer than all of us/ all of them.

b) He is cleverer than both of us/ both of them.
they, we
--x
1) a) Janaki is older than Lalitha

(Lalitha
b) Rama Rao is the oldest man in the village.
o lC)
---?
y,
Positive degree
as
I, we, he,
she, they
me, us, him, her, them-
( v h-o.)
J-Eo comparatives o. y
than . to hC. comparatives,
Superior (p), Inferior (\), Senior
(, -- l), Junior (-
-- *o), Prior (time ) OEo y 'to' v . than .
\ NE--h-o. OE p
J--- .
a) He is as tall as I am/
He is as tall as me (both are correct)
b) She is as old as he/
She is as old as him. (both are correct)
c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever
as us.
(\ v as clever as us )
Eo Eo x than I/ we/ he/ she/
they , than me/ us/ him/ her/ them
n . p -s-Eo-d
C a--L.
( v - -J l)
j -- J*)
c) This house is older than yours =
F o x C
d) This is the oldest building in the town buildings
(c), (d)
2. Old
Comparative, Elder;
Superlative eldest.
xE
Eo- C C.
h J*

O n - l
E v. -, --
(-- --) v . C
--E C x v
.
a) Sri Rama was the eldest of the sons of

Dasaratha.
Same family
--E x X ---J
C .
b) Dharmaraja was the eldest of the Pandavas.
---J t-V l
Elder : Important: Elder y than
F, to F . Comparative --p-
C N .
a) X- ~ t- o l
Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder.
(Elder than/ to Lakshmana
b) My uncle is my mother's elder -
t l.
c) My brother is my elder by two years
brother
elder
(o) o x l.
N.
O l-J --, y
E?
Pratima: -- E . F
- x
_ E-h.
Pratibha: E-l-J --?
Pratima: question? y -!
Pratibha: E
Slimming machine
o-xC ?
Pratima: . F -. F
_o machine E- -jC.
Pratibha: y
F Eo-
. O classmates -.
Pratima: . E-o class \.
-q -q l
.
Pratibha: . F
J.
Pratima: - E-\- *aC.
ANSWER
Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or
Anitha?
Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but
because she is fatter than me, I look
taller than her (she).
Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two?
Pratima: What question is that? You certainly
are taller than me (I)
Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slimming machine. Have you seen it?
Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good.
Sunita's machine is superior to it.
Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you
classmates at College.
Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I
am senior to her in age too by a year.
Pratibha: She knows this place better than you.
Pratima: She came here prior to my coming
here.
-- j---
II
Sekhar: You are up so early. What's the matter?
( y ?)
\-/ )
(be up =
Venkat: Yes, I am. Infact I got up earlier than

you by half an hour.
(, . F -
-E-)
Sekhar: But, why? (?)
Venkat: Our lecturer is holding a special class
today. He insisted that everyone of us
turned up for the class.
( lecturer special class

--o. vA \ p -E
d p.)
Insist = Eqd 'Eq \ - =
d--d/ N d
Sekhar: I don't know about you. But I am fedup
with these extra classes.
(F A L---F,
v extra classes N
C.)
be fed up = N--E--
Venkat: Why so?
-- a group of words
o ).
DEo J* -- -o. p verb E group of words
J* --.
Clause
with a verb. (verb
A group of words without a verb is a

PHRASE.
-s h----Lq
N-: CN verbs .
i) Infinitive (to + 1st RDW - to go, to come, to
sing, to walk, etc)
ii) '-ing form' (walking, singing, going, coming,
etc.) (- ing form
'be' form
be
form + ing form
verb
am
coming, was going, will be dancing, etc.)
,
-C.
N-
u N--- Jd
N- v-yEo -Jn-h.
b) He is totally with his friend on that issue =
a) The teacher insists on silence in the class
N- Jh E
o- --N-h.
x Ezl N- teacher d-
o. (Insist + on + silence (n)
C.
-C.
English phrasal verbs, verbs y
prepositions a x p--: sit on a
chair, get into a bus; put on shirt, put off an

event, etc.
-x--- 177
( N U--J-. N
-. d .)
(-i v d-.
Lo --a.)
Venkat: Who is forcing you? I find our lecturer's
classes interesting. Infact everyone
does. They feel the classes worth
attending.
( E --.
p-x extra classes x x
-d-----E.)
Sekhar: OK. OK. Have a good time in your
class. Do by all means attend all classes and get good marks. I shall be
happy.
(. . - R} class .
Eo classes \ Rx *
\ a. -h.)
Venkat: Don't be cross with me, buddy, I just
like to attend the class, and you don't.
That's all.
(p- Nv; class

x d, Fd . .)
(buddy = friend)
Sekhar: OK.
Venkat: I am off
phrasal verbs
Now look at the following expressions

the lesson.
1) I got up earlier than you

2) You are up so early
3) I am fed up with these extra classes
4) They rob us of our leisure
5) I am not with you
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
7) You are left with little time
8) I am off
The word groups underlined are all
phrasal verbs:
1) I got up earlier than you =
get up
get up
wake up
F
- Ev--
.
n -.
\- --
\ .
n,
When do you wake up everyday , When
do you get up everyday \ .
5) I am not with you there =
( ho),
Bye.
Spoken English
1) Insist =
b) I insist on starting immediately
---- d-
Rx--- N--- p--o E, E Lx--v tA
v .
Leave alone C English conversation
- NE- . n = C--,
disturb - , J x
C-- E.
(Insist + on + starting (ing form)

Insist
form
- j (Nouns/ ...ing)
-, that clause a.
c) The teacher insists that the students

remain silent. Students silent
(... that the students remain
silent - that clause
-E
d-.
?)
I am not with you there
:
(Eo- ------o? lec- 1) Phrasal verbs o verb, E y-
turer classes -h--
preposition - N. (sit on a chair,
. -, x -J
jump over the wall etc.)
--- E--hC.)
2) verb + preposition x p- phrasal verb
Sekhar: When you attend special classes like
n-E, E verb, preposition n-E
this, you are left with little time to study.
\ N.
( y special classes h
eg: He put off his trip.
F -----E time N-)
(--- v-Eo --o.)
Venkat: You talk as though you didn't waste
\ phrasal verb - put off. . put ntime at all.
E, off n-E, E L put off E -p E n-E ( ) \
(y- time waste -x x- . phrasal verbs n-
-?)
practice
x, J-
Sekhar: Don't talk as if you were a sincere stu-- x -h. N
dent.
spoken English --p
(y Cl -- Nu-Jn
- C. Eo l.
x-.)
Venkat: Far from that. All I wish to say is we
lose nothing if we attend extra classes.
c) He is with her upto the point of marrying

her, but not without his parents consent
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
(N BJ h.)
Venkat: I am not with you there. They are useful. I like them.
There are some other expressions in the

conversation between Sekhar and Venkat.
They are not phrasal verbs, but useful
expressions. Learn them as well.
d--d Know how to use it.

Insist y on h, E y noun F
'...ing' form F hC.
iii) past participle (done, sung, seen, etc.)

verbs
be form + past participle combination, verb (passive voice)
have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall
have + past participle
verb
C simple and useful expression.

be with some one = p---E
N-/ Jo -Jn-. ( pC
n -- )
a) I am with the government in ending child
marriages =
Sekhar: They rob us of our leisure.
Sekhar: Not me, any way. Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
--- 28 -W- 2006
N- F --N-.
a) Please leave me
alone. I am studying. =
d) He insists that we follow his orders.

He insists on our following his orders. E
c --E d----o.
(He insists + that clause = He insists on +
ing form -E-)
o-C-.
---o.
(Don't disturb me.)

b) Leave
movies
alone. Get going
with your studies
2) As though/ as if =
M. SURESAN
E N
C- (p ?) A
.
c) Leave alone which party is good.
Let's talk of something else - Kd
*- N C-. N--i
x-.
7) be left with/ leave with: N- (time,
money, food, etc. N)
a) There is a little milk left in the glass = glass
h NT-.
b) His work at office leaves him (with) little
time for his family
E
time
office E - ---E h
N-a.
c) Hurry up. We are left with just an hour to

finish this whole work =
y F. hE Jh----E v
NT-LC.
d) That leaves you with the only option of

going =
} Eg- F NT-LC.
8) I am off = R}-o.
Phrase= to be off.
x *a--ip, x---op . I am off. Rx- n .

Fo conversation daily life
NE- expressions. N practice
O---p-x . N simple
expressions. d
-. It shouldn't be
difficult.
DE n, -x, F .
You talk as if you didn't waste time at all =
time waste
time waste
y
? (y
\ 'as if' clause
-x x--h)
verb -E. did
waste (didn't waste) - past tense . D
important. C-p --- d, past
tense hC. singular subject were
hC.
a) He feels as if I were responsible for his
troubles -
E d- --i-x
(F ) ---o.
b) He behaves as though he could not get on

without servants
servants
- ----ox v-Jh-h.
c) She talks as though she were born rich =
d- E---L d-x x--C.

C common expresDE n, - pC correct E.
3) Far from it:

sion.
Pranav: Is he a good player?

(
-- * ---?)
( )
( h-oC, --E
from it .
Prabhat: Far from it.
far
'Is Vijayawada a cool place?
(N-- x v-?)
far from it. ( )
expressions practice O conversation - . simple
effective C.
-- j---
II
Navya: I'm afraid I can't stay here any longer.
(E \ ---E--hC.)
--v 30 -W- 2006
Now look at the following phrasal verbs in

the conversation between Divya and Navya.
1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
Divya: Why? What happened?
2) I threw up all the food I had eaten.
(? iC?)
Navya: The food here doesn't agree with me.
(\ J-- )
Divya: Anything again?
(S} o u?)
Navya: Yea. Last night as I reached our rooms,
I threw up all the food I had eaten. The
food in the restaurant upset me.
(. Eo-vA room AJT ,

restaurant Ao --C. \ A Ap-C)
Divya: So you want to pack up
3) So you want to pack up.

4) I can't get on any more.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job?
6) You can't be so silly as to throw a good job up ...
7) There's no use keep on telling me.
8) If only you went through what I have been
through.
9) You have made up your mind.
j underline Fo phrasal verbs. Let's

now know their meanings and uses.
1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
(d R}----?)
Navya: Yes. I can't get on any more with this
kind of food. I am afraid of permanent
damage to my health.
(. food -
d . u y- s-A---E C.)
( C, -u /
u -----o.)
b) Sudheer: How are you, Sumant? Long

time since we met.
( o? --E
V--C)
The phrasal verb here is agree with. we

know the usual meaning of 'agree with'.
Dn, J --N-/ U--J-.

(The father doesn't agree with his son on the
type of house they want to buy -
x
N- x -G-v )
, \ expression: The food doesn't
agree with me - \ agree with n 'J- (does not suit) E.
a) The climate here doesn't agree with me -
-x--- 178
Prakash: (I'm) getting on well. No problem.
\ -- --.
b) Hot stuff doesn't agree with her
Sumant: Just getting on
( J-T--C.)
c) Stop talking and get on with the work.
a) Pratap: I had a lot of difficulty getting the

MRO's certificate.
(MRO _ certificate a--
d- -C.)
Pramod: I have been through all that/ I
have gone through all that =
-Fo --N-.
I know how difficult it is =
C d .
b) He is going through a difficult period in his
life =
- E -T-.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job.
Phrasal verb - give up =
-,
C--, ---, -.
a) She wants to give up her job and start
business =
u C- u ----C.
d --N-h-o.
c) I don't want my son to go through the difficult I have gone through =
---N-* d s --N -d -.
go through - E
C.
a) Did you go through the paper today?
The food here doesn't agree with me

Divya: Does it mean you want to give up your
job, just because the food here is not to
your liking? Come now, Navya, you
can't be so silly as to throw a good job
up as yours and go away.
(\ A J--- v *
u C- R}----? Fo
-* u C- R}--
L-N--\ -E--)
Navya: There's no use your keeping as telling
me to adjust with the food here. I've had
enough of it. I have to go.
(\ A l- E y - x v- .
. -Rx---Lq)
Divya: I still don't understand why you wish to leave.
(y R}---E ----o
n --)
Navya: If only you went through, what I have
been through, you wouldn't be here for
a minute, job or no job.
( -- F y-\-~
\ )
Divya: So you have made up your mind to
leave.
\ h .
j expressions Eo not agree with
-E-.
n- N
\ .
2) I threw up all the
food I had eaten =
b) He hasn't given up smoking in spite of his

doctor's advice =
Doctor
c) He gave up his rights to the property =
hj \ ---o.
d) He gave up his attempts =
v-o -.
M. SURESAN
Ao- A -o.
\ phrasal verb: throw up = A - = vomit. vomit o throw up
C better, vomit h u. throw up
C u--J. Spoken English throw
up .
a) She was sick after eating the cake. she
threw up = cake
A-
dC. A -C.
(sick = 's E n. Sick
/ A L feeling E
- )
b) The child is throwing up the milk=
\-hC.
3) So you want to pack up =
verb, to pack up.
\ phrasal
Dn v--E/ R}-E l--. (d l--)
( }-E Ea----o--o)
Navya: That's it. ()
a) He has packed up =
Divya: You can cook for yourself and avoid eating out.
b) When are you packing up? =
R}--- l o.
y p--h-o?
(y ---a-. p
A -a)
Navya: That's impossible for me. ( x )
Divya: Ok
phrasal verbs J* ---o

. p J-Eo l. hC
Phrasal verbs n, practice x, x hC. j * dictionary j / u verb
n --p E- verb, E y
a preposition n -hC.
Spoken English
l-o-p- smoking -.
c) We are waiting for him to pack up =
6) You want to throw a good job up

phrasal verb - throw a job up = job
throw up
\
- A -. (
- n --o . u/
- N --- throw up.)
a) Who will throw up such a good job? =
* u --?/
---?
a) He keeps on smoking though his health is bad =
u ----, smoke h .
b) Though the teacher punished him, he
keeps on talking =
Teacher
E P~-*, x--
4) I can't get on any more =

phrasal verb- to get on =
(= He continues to talk) = He keeps talking.
T--/ -/ l---/ J-T-- n -s-Eo-d 'get on' -.
I can't get on any more =
------o.
a) Pranav: How is your new job?
(F h u C?)
paper
C-?
N-
report CM
-Lq C.
9) You have made up your mind.
y Eg----o. \ verb - make

Eg----
up ones mind -
a) Please make up your mind whether to go

or not =
} l Eg---.
b) I have made up my mind to buy that car =

car
- Eg---o.
lesson *a phrasal verbs, lesson *a phrasal verbs, spoken English
common NE--. OE
practice . -x *o-*o sentences O conversation , n- C.
EXERCISE

Mahesh:
wash basin _---}--J,

A ---o.
b) He threw up a good job and a good family
Naresh: ?
and took to drinking. =
-, Ramesh. Eo *
* u, Fo --E Mahesh: A
---- E complain h
---d.
o-?
7) There's no use keeping on telling me to
Naresh: l------o ?
adjust with the food =
\ coffee -. --o A l---tE Mahesh: x
\ Ao --E--hC.
x v- .
Naresh: - .
Keep on doing something =
C -, E J-n-A.
E-E --E h .
.
present day English keep y
on --. He keeps on talking
--p--p h E ho.
Rd
b) The CM has to go through the committee's

report.
c) Don't keep asking me silly questions =
*a *a vo -
8) If only you went through, what I have
been through.
phrasal verbs, 1) to
go through, 2) to be through.
Dn, ---N-* d,
y---Nh E. \,
ANSWER
Mahesh: When I went to the wash basin the

poor fellow
was throwing up.
( )
Naresh: Who?
Mahesh: Who else? Ramesh. He has been
complaining since yesterday that this
food doesn't agree with him.
Naresh: But we are able to get on with the
food.
Mahesh: He takes too much of coffee. That's
why even if he eats a little too much,
he feels sick.
Naresh: He keeps as drinking coffee. Until he
gives it up, his condition will be like
this.
-- j---
II
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes
from is closed. What shall we do now.
( - cakes
C. l?)
bakery
4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
friends
( x o cakes l---Lq)
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends
we are going to have for the party?
to
time 5.30
5) The time we are left with is rather short
( NT-L
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with

the cakes we have at home.
time
\)

called...
L-*
guests
phone
7) ... The two girls you like so much.
(y d- --l-t-)
, j sentences Eo
/ clause (English *J clause) n
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end
h:
of the street is open.
1) cakes bakery = ( bakery
(OC * o bakery J*
cakes C n) =
l)
The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is
from which we buy cakes E clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are
F modern English spoken form
left with is rather short. Let's hurry.
.) x from which
( friends to time 5.30
expressions -.)
p- 4.30 --C. 2) x o cakes =
NT-L time \ . y )
With the cakes we have at home
(F party a
J--?)
friends
-J N
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have

called to tell me they aren't coming.
(modern for with the cakes which we have at

home - which present day English
Rajita:
( L-* x l ---E
Phone .)
Who are they? (x-)
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like

so much. One is down with a fever and
the other doesn't like to come alone.
(y d- l--t- u,
u. -J- y, --J- J d )
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(C E--. --
L?)
cake
/ NE--)
3) ... The friends we are going to have =
friends
(modern for
'the friends who/ that (whom =
we
are going to have Spoken English
who/ that drop
whom
-o
J-.
NE-- )
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes

cakes
here.
(\ x
J_ )
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No helping it.
-x--- 164
friends
time =
The time I told our friends to come at (the time
at which I told them to come - at which
expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at
to
d .
.)
called =
guests
phone
(Two of the guests who/ that (whom
we invited have called - who/ that
old
fashioned -
L-*
.
)
\
(\ -Rd Lq. p)
Eo lessons who (whom -)
p )
which short sentence - practice
7) ... y d- l--t-
ho .
= The two girls you like so much (The two
N. -sx who (whom
girls who/ that (whom ) you like so
) & which sentences join --p
much- old fashioned. Who/ that drop
who (whom) and which E C- join
-h-o.)
-uaE hC ? C - j -E-* N
-E j conversation sentences short sentences - Ja xp
modern spoken form whom n .
study .
C p -Lq-h who/ that .
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police -E-C -E=
( cakes bakery C)
He is the man who/ that the police suspect.
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we
better.
have at home.
( x o
He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that

cakes
l---Lq)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are

going to have for the party? =
party -o
J--?
friends
-J N
drop -ho). which .

b) \- d- pen C=
This is the pen which I like a lot (old fashioned). Which
spoken
English
= This is the pen I like a lot (which
p u
.
Spoken English
c)
Oj-Eo -sx, English x--p, whom Jh -.

-JE n 'who'
--
'that' --o. which drop
This is the channel I watched the pro-h-o.
gramme on. \ -E--_ N,
preposition 'on' C----.
Whom who , that -
C-p. which . N
d) room u jC. =
-, we can join two/ more sentences
This is the room in which he was murdered
into one E j examples .
(in which- old fashioned)
a) vA x a- ---=
Modern: This is the room he was murdered
in. ('In' sentence * -E-)
He is the leader every one admires.
e) y x Ah -jC=
(Who everyone admires ).
The knife with which
b) vA-x -_ *v-C=
Channel
programme
C=
This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which
you cut the fruits is

sharp. (with which old fashioned)
That is a movie every one must see.

(Which every one must see
c)
Modern: The knife you

cut the fruits with is
sharp. ('with' fruits
y -E).
v-
car
)
K-jC=
The car he travels by is expensive.

(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
M. SURESAN
\ 'by' preposition ---.

-, the car he travels by E by .
This is the pen I like a lot
(C h--- y-E-
u d C. F
4)
40, L)
(... tu. bakery J C.)
Thank god = A- = - u--
-J
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests

we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg
more.
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bakery is open.
1 -W- 2006
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't

tasty.
Praneeth:
Eo Ao fish * .
Vineeth: \ Ao.
Praneeth: y - x, y p
x restaurant .
Vineeth: \ complain --E
Ep--?
Praneeth: - . Eo
Eo B xLqC.
y ------N x f
p.
Vineeth: V B\x. l.
Praneeth: _-o s .
J s- y V
-----o.
Vineeth: y- complain C.
Praneeth: restaurant
x -h.
-v-o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet.

ii)
-d ~ l-Eo vA--C-.
- u- subject, object,
verb ---. (, Tx-x)
iii) simple, complex, compound
J* J - C-.
--, ---
---:
i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
subject - the uses of adversity.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?

Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
to, and talk so much about.
Vineeth: I haven't found anything to complain about there.
Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
taken you there yesterday. You
would then have known the quality
of food they serve.
Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
enough. Whose money do you
wish to use to prove your point.
Vineeth: It's you who complained.
Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restaurant.
verb - are
sentence
Verb, 'be', form

'be' form.
object
object
.
- 'are',
ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity

a) subject - Einstein b) verb- propounded
c) object - the theory of relativity
- subject - Einstein, verb - vA-C-, object - ~ l.

iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence
x - N-J-h o, clause
N-J-*--p-x E .
-- j---
II
Sharath: Hi Vasanth, I look forward to the study
tour we are going on, this weekend.
( * x--o study
p--p E ---ho.)
tour
Vasanth: So do I, but am a bit worried about

mother. She has taken ill suddenly.
Dad is away on camp and will be
back only this weekend.
( -- C. E t
o-d s C. o camp
* - AJ--h)
Sharath: So you are worried who will look after
her if we start before your father
comes, aren't you?
( O father --E --J O t --

-E F ?)
Vasanth: Exactly. But I've called my elder sister
and told her of the situation. I told her
to come here two days before our
departure.
In this lesson too, we continue our study

of phrasal verbs. We have in the last two
lessons seen some of them commonly
used in conversation. Let us now look at
some more of them.
Now look at the following expressions at
the beginning of the lesson between
Sharath and Vasanth.
1) I look forward to the study tour.
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
x - Lx--v- L .
5) I am happy you are making it after all.
He came up with the idea that we could get
b) In features she takes after her mother, but

in traits she takes after her father. =
6) He can be a handful.
the accommodation by bribing the TC=
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
TC
b) In traits he takes after his dad.
( h-ox. \
u. ----o.
x--\.)
Sharath: I've seen him. He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
-x--- 179
Sharath: So he did. My cousin and he are room

mates.
cousin,
mates.)
Spoken English
room
seats,
A.
(y ----o- )
To make it to= expression --i-C. n j ---.
a) He made it to the IAS=
IAS
t LxE, x vE
L C.
--L-/ .
-, x L o/
- x .
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
N o-x Eo vu-~--u/
E--.
a) After weeks of absence, she showed up
yesterday=
y, Eo E--*-.
He can be a handful
b) The team made it to the finals, after all=
1) I look forward to the

study tour.
Look
forward
j-,
-C.
to=
-/ %-
---. Look
forward to y
noun F, ...ing form
F hC.
team finals
---L-TC/
c) I doubt if he can make it to the place on

time=
M. SURESAN
a) He is looking forward to the match=
Match
p--p _- E
---h-o. Participating- 'ing' form.
(Look forward to y 1st RDW . He
is looking forward to meet you p)
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
To take ill= to fall ill=
s--
( -- s C)
He made it to the seat.

6) He can be a handful =
u -.
-j, u x Lx-v- u , he/ she is a handful
. Handful o x- Lx--v
-cx d .
To be a handful=
a) Purnima: Can't your sister lend a hand

with the cooking?
sister
F -?
.
(lend a hand =
x Jl -a-
.)
a) He took ill after eating the food on the

train=
jx Ao--x -E s C.
b) If you go out in the cold you may take ill=
L AJ-T s -a.
3) Who will look after her ...?
To look after= to take care of= to care for=
(-, x-, A--

/ --
time \ ---- ---.

d) Election ---L-=
He lent me a hand with tidying up the home=
etc)
-u
a) When I fell ill, my sister looked after me=
(. . j--
Rx--p ---o. --p Eo-V x u x o.
y rooms -E ---o)
5) I am happy you are making it after all.
b) He is looking forward to participating in the

match.
Vasanth: Yea. I know. I met him when I went to

Hyderabad. He put up at his uncle's
for a few days. He said he would be
taking rooms, and moving into them.)
---a-
c) In being tall, he takes after his grand father
berths; 2)
Vasanth: Only in features. In traits he takes

after his dad. Quite mischievous.
(ox Eo o-x Vinod E-. civils prepare -o. --- Hyderabad

o)
seats
9) He put up at his uncle's place.
match p--p E --h-o. Match - noun.
Sharath: By the way, you know, Vinod showed

up suddenly yesterday. He is preparing for the civils exam this year. He
has been in Hyderabad for six months
now.
A j
- -E-a.
Accommodation= 1) Train/ bus
( o x. a O \ L
?)
(, -x. ~--Fo x
o. x--\.)
features = -R-, .
traits = ~-,
y.
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
Sharath: I am happy you are making it, after

all. I was afraid you might not come.
Vasanth: I am coming, of course. But the trouble is my sister's son. He goes to

school. He can be a handful.
a) Children usually take after their parents =
-j j -
h ---
(F, -i y-h-o .
y --E -f)
To come up with=
4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.
Vasanth: I called dad and he came up with the

idea.
phone
4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.
3) ... who will look after her if we ...
(. \ Phone p.
-----E V
--tE.)
Sharath: That's a good idea. ( C)
( o
*aD idea)
--C 2 -V-j 2006
h o-p sister -C.

(u C)
b) There is none to look after the child=
Gf ----E --.
c) He is an important guest. Look after him
well=
Chitra: She can't. Her two children are a

handful for her.
----E -E -
vu-~---.
c) Sekhar promised to be here last sunday,
but he hasn't showed up so far =
C- \ -o Sekhar,
p--- Sx E---/ -.
d) He hasn't showed up for the class.
class
9) He put up at his uncle's place (for a few

days).
uncle
x \-L- o.
To put up = ( Cl V-) ,
Hotel, lodge x.
a) They put up at the nearest lodge, after getting off the train =
Train
lodge
C-, station A _- o
--/ C.
b) As she had nobody known to her in the

city, she put up at a hotel.
-. l x- ----C
b) The boy is a handful for the teacher =
teacher x l u. N-
d .
[Handful = 1) Eo v/ Cl-C v.
2) A-E no.
- L----x- ---
hotel CTC.
-E-:
-J A - = put some one up:
a) I put my friend up in our spare bed room =
a) Only a handful of students were present =
Cl-C
students
v a.
b) He has a handful of grapes =
A-E v~ x-o.]
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
O \u L , x-s?
b) In traits he takes after his dad
~-x x o L.
u-i AC, v-h .
b) Kumar shows up at the least expected

moment =
To take after = to resemble =
friend
room
x S o
A a.
bed-
b) He put me up in his uncle's place =
x uncle x A Lp-.
N common phrasal verbs conversation. practice .
t
tt
-- j---
II
Bhagat: Hi Jagat, why are you putting on a new
shirt and a new pair of trousers?
( , h shirt, h
---o. N?)
Jagat: Not certainly. I can't sit through the two

and half hours of loud songs, dance, sex
pants
and violence that an Indian movie is.
(C v . -B E o , u, %,
h - x .)
Jagat: Today is my birthday.
( d--V).
Bhagat: Many happy returns of the day. But
why not a word of it to me earlier? I'd
have had the pleasure of presenting
you something.
(Oy d--V -x --E

J. F Oy N \ -. F-j -*a
----o ?)
Jagat: That's precisely why I've put off telling
you of it until now. I am against receiving birth day gifts. First of all, I am not
for celebrating my birthday.
Bhagat: But so many watch them.
(F -C E h.)
Jagat: Sorry. Anything but that. I can't put up
with the boredom.
(C-p -o --.
N- J--.)
Bhagat: OK. Thanks for the treat at least.
(F
dinner
h-o.
Thanks)
Let's continue our study of phrasal
from the conversation above:
1) ... Why are you putting on a new shirt and a
new pair of trousers?
2) ... Why I have put off telling you of it.
3) ... I am against; I am for/ I am not for/ I am all
for.
-x--- 180
c) You come across the likes of Gandhi rarely
b) She is particular about this sari =
verbs. Look at the following expressions
(*a- -x F --
p . d--V -
y-J- d .
d --V- - --- d .)
-- 4 -V-j 2006
4) I've come across very few that don't celebrate their birthdays.
-
< --C/ < d--C. p phrasal verbs N--E-l:
1) Why are you putting on a new shirt and a

new pair of trousers?
To put on =
(d) --/ -\-.

J- wear. p---p d -/ -\- v to put on. J- = to wear.
a) If you are going to the marriage, put on the
new clothes =
Rx h-o-x- h d .
b) He is putting on a sweater because he is
going out in the cold weather =
sweater
L ---o.
h-o d
J-. He wears expensive
K-j d J-h--.
Wear =
clothes =
I don't see eye to eye with ..

Bhagat: That's rather odd. I've come across
very few that don't celebrate their
birthdays.
(
C h N. d--V
-x ClC .)
---E-
Jagat: Well, I don't mind your taking me as

one of those few.
5) I don't see eye to eye with.

6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone.
7) Are you going to give us a treat?
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances,
sex and violence.
9) I can't put up with the boredom.
expressions meanings, use --- --Eo n

--.
Bhagat: I don't see eye to eye with you on this.
1) Precisely = *a- (N
What's wrong in enjoying yourself on
-p, p p (Olympic v-x) -the day you entered the world?
-x time *a-, x
( N- Fo --N---.
--C precise.)
v-- d V
2)
Odd
= Nj. Go o.
- ---- p?)
He
doesn't
like curd. That's odd. (--C
Jagat: Is it any achievement of yours if a year
-E d-. C N.)
rolls on? Time passes and it can't be
credited to anyone. I am all for a per3) Mind: n
son celebrating an achievement, but
-*, L-N E--i v.
not for the passage of time.
\ Mind u- .
( -q - C CDo you mind waiting for a few minutes? =
----. -*--C. C
h wait --E O-o u--?
J p-- . ( @N-
I don't mind it at all = u- .
-q p -- .)
Never mind = E J* d--l.
j C-*C Eo (-j sorry -N never
- Jh d, E
mind
.)
-*--E .)
4)
Achievement
= C N .
Bhagat: Then why did you put on the new
Achieve
=
C
-.
clothes?
a)
A
score
of
a century in cricket is an
( h d-- --o?)
(F. Cl--C --oE
y-- u---.)
Jagat: Mom was particular and sent me them.

So I put them on- just to please her.
(t d--dC. d C.
t ---d--E -o.)
Bhagat: OK. OK. At least are you going to give
us a treat?
Jagat:
(F No h?)
We'll have it, don't worry. ().
Bhagat: What about a movie after that?
( y E?)
Spoken English
C- .
5) Time rolling = x
6) be particular about =
d-- ( N-)
a) I am particular about vegetarian food =
-- L (d--d)
Rx N-
v -- -G-v---o.
b) He doesn't see eye to eye with his wife on

many matters =
N-x u--h- U- .
6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone =
E-- -- ( p-
-J-D-)
a) Indian independence
Mahatma Gandhi =
is
credited
to
yvu *a
/ p- DC.
b) The profits of the company are credited to

the General Manager =
company
General Manager
7) ... are you going to give us a treat?
a) I shall be happy if
the exams are put
off until the next
week =
a) The movie is a real treat after a long period of bad movies =
( )
M. SURESAN
a-- K-~ --- .
b) Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do

today =
V --L-T-Eo
l.
Put off y till F, until F .
3) I am for/ I am all for/ I am against.
To be for/ to be all for = N--x
-/ Jh - /
N -Jn-.
a) I am for/ I am all for starting early =
y -l---E - o.
d .
b) She is for attending the function =
function
x--E - C.
c) He was not for his son joining politics =
--x --d
.
Against = uA-.
4) I've come across very few that don't
celebrate their birthdays.
To come across =
rank
a) The father and the son don't see eye to

eye with each other on the matter of the
son's marriage =
treat =
---.
--N-.
u expression --N-----E - not see eye to eye with E.
( pC - p------E \
-.)
To put off = to postpone
Century
b) Getting a good rank is an achievement =
to see eye to eye with =
2) Why I've put off

telling you of it.
achievement =
d (C-* N).
D---x - E--h.
5) I don't see eye to eye with you.
, --N-,
a) We come across camels only in deserts =
- --x h --x N
E--h.
b) The doctor says he hasn't come across
such a case so far in his practice =
practice --
----o doctor.
case
----i/ x----i N
treat.
E--E *v
y *a E E
C. x--- C.
b) To give a treat = N y.
He gave us a treat on his birthday =
d--V -s NC-a.
c) The treat he gave us on his wedding
anniversary was grand =
Rx J{--q
-s -E-*a N p C.
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, ..

To sit through =
(_) *-J- a-.
a) He can't teach well. I can't sit through his

class =
class
J_ C--.
*-J- a.
b) (Do) you want to sit through the discussion? I don't have the patience.
( a *-J- o a--?
.)
Sit through, -u not -.
(a- n).
9) I can't put up with the boredom =
N J--.
To put up with = -/ J-
a) Sita was a great woman. She put up with
a lot of hardship =
p Y. d- J*C.
b) I cannot put up with the noise =
J--.
c) She has put up with all the trouble her husband gave her =
h--d --Eo-F J-*C.
-- j---
II
Badari: Shall we go for lunch? Don't you think
it is time?
(Lunch
l?
Time
C ?)
Kedar: It is only 11.30. I feel its too early.
(-p- 11.30- --v- --C. - y --R}--x---C.)

Badari: Hei, Both of us have forgotten. Hasn't
Amareswar asked us to lunch today at
his home?
(, l -*-.
--y Lo --E --?)
Kedar: That's right. So he has. This is the third
or fourth sunday this year he has
asked us to eat at his place. He seems
to keep open house on Sundays.
( E. L-. -q C C--,
C- Lo --E
-. --p C--
-JE L C)
Badari: That's correct. You remember what
happened last time. He kept us too
long after dinner. There was no bus at
that hour. No auto was in sight. So we
had to foot our way back.
(. F -- hC
? y -
a--d. time bus O-.
\ auto E---. \
* - *aC)
Kedar: Of course I remember. But that was a
good dinner that he gave us that day.
What if we had to walk back? That dinner was worth the walk.
- y-E- invite E
. Conversational
simple invite ask
-.
He has invited me to dinner =
He has asked me to dinner =
o --E L- / y-E-
(- u--J- y-E-
L- \ ?)
No auto was in sight
Auto
E---.
(in sight = %d / E-h)
\- not --- - .
Not a policeman was in sight.
\ police man E---.

-Fo practice .
(au N- E u Au
y- -E J--.)
Kedar: In that respect they are cut out for each
other.
( N- x -J-- J_
J--)
Badari: So they are. The way they serve us
makes us feel at home.
Kedar: I think I hear him calling. Shall I tell him
we are starting?
phone
h-o---/ E
phone - NE--hC. ----o-E p?)
Badari: Do. (p)
Here are some more phrasal verbs we hear
frequently in daily conversation. Like the
phrasal verbs we have seen in the earlier
lessons, they can make your conversation
very effective.
Now let's study them.
conversation between Badari and Kedar.
1) He seems to keep open house on Sundays
2) We had to foot our way back home
3) In that respect they are cut out for each other
4) ... They make us feel at home
5) That dinner was worth it
OE J* Ja--, J-Eo
n, use --.
He asked us to lunch today:
Lo
y-E-.
lunch
L- /
Spoken English
3) In that respect they are cut out for each

other.
be cut out for (something)/ be cut out to be
(something) be
'be' form (am,
is, are, was, were etc)
expression.
N- -J-- J--.
\

-a.
C *
n E
--E T n u, -- LT .
4) They make us feel at home =
x o L-T-h x.
( A-Lo ----o-)
To make your guest feel at home=
A-CE N- -----
a) He treats his guests well. He makes them
feel absolutely at home =
a) Are you sure you are cut out for the army?
Now let's look at the following.
ju --E T n u F-E
t--o?
1) He seems to keep open house =
p A-- Lxo. (Au

y--E --p l ---).
b) He is cut out to be a teacher =

His teaching is excellent = teacher
T
n u -E C. E
-C.
c) She is cut out to be a doctor. No doubt

about it =
Doctor
Doctor
-x--- 181
-E d--d E--hC.
--E J_ J--C. Eq-.
A-- h. x
x o L-T-h
b) Don't be hesitant. Feel at home. Ask for
whatever you want=
----l. O x -.
T B. (A-C
)
5) That dinner was worth it =
dinner
Lh -Lq l
-O-.
They are cut out for each other

phrasal verb:
keep open house =
( h-? E V \
C. h -C? - - l
v-.)
(worth n, use -- .)
Badari: The wonder is his wife is as hospitable
as he.
6 -V-j 2006
to
A----p x J
/ Au y-E p l.
a) Come Sunday, they
keep open house =
M. SURESAN
C- h-J, Rxx
A----Lq.
b) We keep open house. You can drop in at any time
A----p x J C.
y-p--- p a.
They keep open house on sundays. You are
always sure to see there some guest or the other
C-- Rxx Au p C.
AC \ -- u.
EXERCISE 1
Syamala:
< d--o?
Nirmala: classmate birthday -s
N hC.
Syamala: - < d
?
Nirmala: d. < ---
--.
Syamala: \ E-l-J . <
A-d -.
Nirmala: j vu s <
d.
Syamala: , d-V Eo-o?
Nirmala: Eo, E dinner v -Rd
---C.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
ANSWER
Syamala: Why have you put on a sari?
Nirmala: Our classmate is giving us a treat on
the occasion of her birthday.
Syamala: Can you be in the sari all the time?
Nirmala: I like saris. So I can put with it for any
time.
Syamala: That's where we don't see eye to eye
with each other. I don't like saris much.
Nirmala: I am for saris only for special occasions.
Syamala: But didn't you say the birthday was
yesterday?
Nirmala: Yes, it was, but she put off the dinner
till today.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
2) We had to foot our way back home =
* Lq *aC.
foot one's way = -/ walk.
a) As his vehicle broke down, he left it there
and footed his way to office =
---, o-\ CL,

office * x.
b) Foot your way as much as possible and
you will be healthy =
O----- h u
-C.
(you y, O, F, O n
v , general -j, -J-j
n -.)
Foot your way as much as possible sentence 'y/ O - h
, -j/ , h
u -C E n. :
You cannot extract oil from sand =
--* B. \ you
y/ O n-E J-N .
c) I can't foot my walk for such a long distance =
EXERCISE 2
Ganesh: Hi Karthik,
F- -
---x E--h-o?
Karthik: bike u --C. Eo
--- *a mechanic *a,
\--* -O-x *
a.
Ganesh: phone *a lift a-E ?
Karthik: y ----E
. x rooms x
F rooms a. vA E-\-
--a?
Ganesh: --o? C F x .
Karthik: Thank you. maths h-o?
od, O h maths lecturer
o?
Ganesh: p lecturer. -- d
ox maths lecturer J_ J--.
Karthik: .
ANSWER
Ganesh: Hi Karthik, you look so tired and
weak, why?
Karthik: My bike broke down on the way. I
walked it up to my mechanic, gave it
to him for repair and footed my way
for 2 kms here.
Ganesh: If you had phone me, I would have
given you a lift.
Karthik: I know you are the helping type.
That's why I came straight to your
rooms without going to my place. can
I stay here for the night?
Ganesh: By all means/ you are welcome. Feel
absolutely at home.
Karthik: Thank you. You seem to be doing
maths. By the way how is your new
maths lecturer?
Ganesh: Excellent. He is cut out for the job.
Karthik: Happy to hear it.
--.
-- j---
II
Akhila: How is your mother? Is she improving?
Akhila: If only she takes medicines properly ...
(O t C? --?)
( J B-- ...)
Nikhila: She is, but she is too weak to move about.
Nikhila: Oh, my! It's already 7.30. I have stayed
(--C E -x- F-/

-- C)
here too long. I'm afraid I'll be late for

the hospital. I must hurry. Bye.
Akhila: She is taking too many drugs perhaps.

May be that's why she is so weak.
(t! p 7.30 --C. K

\----o-E-\. --vA ui
-C. y xL. Bye.)
( K \ B---.
-x F- a)
Nikhila: On the contrary she avoids even the
medicines she has to take. She hates
them too much to take them regularly.
Hence her slow recovery.
--E 8 -V-j 2006
Varun: It's OK, but it is too big.
Too
- -- J.
1) Too -u 'also' () n
?
( . - uA-. B--Ramya: Has she come? ( *a?)
Lq J B-.
Priya: She has. (. *aC.)
v--l B--- y)
Ramya: Has her husband come too?
( h a?)
( C. F x u
\ x \ C J- lC -x u s
\ n.)
3) Too - u-u E-o
\ n C.
a) He is too clever for a boy his age =
Priya: Yes. He has come too.
-x--- 182
Akhila: Who is treating
her?
(/ doctor h-o?)
Nikhila: We put her in
Readycure
Hospital.
(Readycure
Hospital
M. SURESAN
a)
(. a)
Spoken English ' n also
- -. \- 'too' . 'Too' p verb y better. She too has come o She has come
too, better. -x
Not also --.
2) Too - l lesson
N
Too K/ A E - n
p--a.
q x-- L-N---.
(- N* L-N----o.)
b) She is too tall for a girl her age =
t- K -- t.
c) She is too red for an Asian =
- - v .
Cl n :
4) Too
a) She is too young for marriage =
Rx - K \.
Sx \ = She is too young to
be married/ to get married.
She is too weak to move ..

Akhila: But isn't it too expensive and too far off
a place?
(E, C K K, ?)
Nikhila: It is. But mom's cousin is a doctor
there. So we admitted her there.
(E. E t cousin \
doctor. ---\ a)
Akhila: You must be spending a lot on transport to and fro. You must have spent
quite a lot already.
(A---E a d-L O.
p- a L.)
Nikhila: You can say that again the tests they
have prescribed as alone have cost us
a lot. The medicines are expensive too.
( y Sx Sx a. x
* K-~ -auC.
K)
Akhila: These days medicare has become too
costly. Only the rich can afford it. The
Poor have to make do with substandard treatment.
( Vx ju K-j--C.
o--x C -- C. E-x
\ ju J--d---Lq.)
make do = l--/ J--d--
Nikhila: Mom is too impatient. She wants to get
out as soon as possible. The doctors
however insist that she stay there for at
least four more days. She feels it too long.
(t K -- C. O-
y -vA * ------C. F doctors v F
V-----o.
v -C K \-- E--hC)
Spoken English

a) He is tall =
*.
b) He is very tall =
*.
c) He is too tall = K
\ x sC -a.
(K -- x, E- E-----, C--j x--p y
--, K T v-P---Lq -- s- a
h T u -\--a!)
Too A n \- x,
E v-- *-N ---a.
a) He drives too fast =
K drive h. -x
v -N--a.
b) She talks too much.
---i E- \ xC.
c) It is too costly =
C K K. (-x ---a.) DEo

C-- a.
i) It is costly = C K (a)
ii) It is very costly =
C K (--p- a.)
iii) It is too costly = C A/ K K
( - --a)
b) He is too fat to walk fast-
- sentences uA--n hC.

- -u-E -n=
y --- .
N n --- *o x t.
d) In the past children were married off when
they were too young to understand what
marriage was =
x N n-E *o x- Rxx -x.

5) \-J too positive meaning C
sentences .
a) Pavan: Are you ready for this job?
u--E y l-?
Vinod: I shall be only too glad to accept it.
b) He will be only too pleased to assist you=
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a

place?
5) Mom is too impatient.
6) She feels it too long.
7) I've stayed here too long.
1) She is too weak to move about =
--- F- C =
She is so weak that she cannot move about.
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps =
- --- K \ ( J-)
B---
n too .
a) You are a minute too late =
y \ EN -u--u.
(\ EN --a FE uC)
b) This passenger is one too many for the
bus. Bus is full. It can't take even one
more.
( \ v-- \. q E-C. \-J -)

3) She hates them too much to take them
regularly =
- v--p- --- Ed./ E-d -x ---i

B-. C sentence no.1
C .
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
place? =
C J--- K-jD, x--

?
It's too expensive =
K K--\ ( J--)
It's too far off (K \, x-)
t K -- C. (\ ---C)
6) She feels it too long =
c) She'll be too ready to leave the place =
\--* - Rx--C/ x--E-

--p l.
6) Too \- C n -.
a) It is too much for him =
b) Working for such long hours is too much

for the boys =
(O h J x C?)
3) She hates them too much to take them

regularly.
F --- - .
( suitcase d--f.
- -?)
e) Kiran: How do you find your new home?
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps.
5) Mom is too impatient =
Eo y-J-
/ -
C -- d / J---
v/ .
C K C. ( - . -x -.)
1) She is too weak to move about.
c) She is too young to understand all this =
d) Sarat: You liked the suitcase. Why didn't

you buy it?
Bharat: Oh, it's too heavy.

the conversation between Akhila and
Nikhila at the beginning of the lesson:
Eo E-- x -E/
J--E v (x d.)
K \-E --C. (---)

7) I have stayed here too long =
- \---o
--- o.
C -- :
a) The box is too heavy for me =
the box is so heavy that I cannot lift it =
h-- -d.
b) The TV is too costly for me =
The TV is so costly that I can't buy it.
c) This question is too much for the little girl.
-- K-- O.
*ox p-- d- i v-o
--C.
-- j---
II
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready
to go out.
Compare the following pair of sentences

from the conversation above:
(d a, ---x--E --y)
a) Swarna: Rajitha, get dressed and get

ready to start.
Kamala: What is Swarna saying, Rajitha?
(d a, ---x--E -y)
(yg -D?)
Rajitha: She is telling me to get dressed and
get ready to go.
b) Rajitha: She (Swarna) is telling me to get

dressed and get ready to start.
(d a-E ---x--E --E yg hC)
(d a-E ---x--E ---E

yg hC)
sentence (a) C: yg, >-
l-P* (direct) , >- p
N.
sentence (b) C: >, yg
o---, x -
p/ report .
sentence (a) direct yg >- o
--. d C Direct speech.
sentence (b) >, x yg- --
- report d C Reported
Swarna: Go to the market and get some vegetables. There aren't any left.
(Market
--R} -- B-.
x .)
Kamala: Don't you hear, Rajitha? Swarna is

telling you to go to the market and get
vegetables
(NE---, >? Market --R}

tE hC ?)
Rajitha: What do you mean? (--o?)
Kamala: You have heard what Swarna has
said. So do what she says.
(Indirect) speech.
(No yg pC. p-x

u.)
-x--- 183
Rajitha: Are you both telling me to go to the

market and get vegetables? Kamala,
are you telling me to do what she says?
Kamala: Don't stand there. Get going. Swarna

has told you to cook too.
Look at the following too:

1 Swarna (to Rajitha):
Go to the market and
get some vegetables
( Ea. E F. y-g -- -
--u----C.)
Get going= -l/ E-F, etc.
Swarna: Why are you still here? Kamala is
telling you not to stand there but get
going.
( \--o? Kamala p-C, Ea--lF, -l--E.)

Rajitha: Stop it. Don't think I am your servant.
Don't order me about, you stupids.
(. O servant --.
c-L-y-, ^-x?)
Swarna: Look, Kamala, she is telling us to stop
it and not to think she is our servant.
She is telling us further not to order
her about.
( , -E,
servant ---lF, c K--lF C.)
Kamala: Come now, Rajitha. Don't be angry.
We have just been joking. Please
don't think we are serious.
(Rajitha,
p-. J- joke
ho. serious o-E
-. J Eo---d--)
Rajitha: You've carried the joke too far.
joke
Kamala: You still look angry. Swarna has told

you to take joke and not to be angry
but enjoy it. Come laugh it off.
( E--h-o. yg pC
joke B--F, p--lF,
y enjoy u-E. y )
Rajitha: OK. I excuse you. I will have my turn too.
(. NtLo ~N-h-o.
hC -. p h.)
Rx v
?)
M. SURESAN
(Market
Kamala: Swarna is telling

you to go to the market
and get some vegetables
Rx tE yg C F)
hC d reported
Kamala report
speech)
(C
2. a) Kamala (to Rajitha) ... Do what she

(Swarna) Says.
(yg --pC u
Spoken English
Direct speech
?)
b) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala)

Are you both telling me to go to market
and get vegetables? Kamala, Are you
telling me to do what she says? (Direct
speech)
(
o Market Rx t--o?
, yg pC -- o?)
3 a) Kamala (To Rajitha): Don't stand there.
Get going. (Direct speech)
Ea,
-l)
Swarna is telling you to cook too
A C)
(p-. Joke B. y
--.)
(Market
Direct speech
(Reported speech -
Swarna: Come, come, don't be angry. Take a

joke. Enjoy it, girl.
(-Lo- -F, servant --lF, d *a-x c-L-y-lF >

C Indirect speech)
5 a) Swarna to Rajitha: Don't be angry. Take a
joke. enjoy it, girl
(
p-.
Joke
-C
3 a) Kamala (to Rajitha): Don't stand there.

Get going (Direct speechimperative
sentence.
Ea-,
-l) c C d
3 b)
Direct speech)
b) Kamala: Swarna has told you not to be

angry, to take a joke and enjoy it
(Swarna
pC p--lF, joke
-C--F Reported speech)
j sentences 1 (a) 2 (a), 2 (b) , 3 (a)
4 (a), 5 (a) - Fo direct speech o.
Sentences 1 (b), 3 (b), 4 (b) and 5 (b) - Fo
reported (Indirect) speech o.
C Kamala, yg Lo reported speech p: Kamala is telling you

not to stand there but get going. \
Kamala, yg --, to C to
stand there... \ direct speech
Don't (do not) E not C d,
reported speech , not to E hC.
a) Suseel: Make good use of your time,

Sumant. (Sumant,
Direct speech
F -Eo
Cy-E-
.)
Swarna is telling ...
(l o market Rx
t? , --
C --?
Swarna: And cook too. ( u)
(O
-- 10 -V-j 2006
yg Eo
--C)
b) Swarna: Kamala is telling you not to
stand there but get going.
( Ea--lF, -l--E hC
F Reported speech)
4 a) Rajitha (to Swarna & Kamala): Stop it.
Don't think I am your servant. Don't order
me about (Direct speech)
(, O servant --. O d
*a-x c y- Direct speech)
b) Swarna: She is telling us to stop it and not
to think she is our servant. She is further
telling us not to order her about. (Indirect
speech)
1) Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get

ready to go out.
Indirect, Suseel is telling Sumant to

make good use of his time.
C Direct speech C . 'Get dressed

and get ready to go out -
Imperative sentence - -JE c-/
u-Jn (request)/ E -E
sentence imperative sentence .
Swarna, >- d-- -a, ---x--E
l E --C/
chC. d 'Get dressed and go out',
imperative sentence -C. Imperative
sentence direct * reported (indirect)
a-, imperative , to
a-. ,
b) Suseel: Don't waste your time, Sumant

(Direct speech - Imperative - Don't =
do not
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get

ready to go out -
DE
reported speech:
Swarna is telling/ asking (tells/ asks) Rajitha

to get dressed and get ready to go out.
get dressed and get ready to
to
So, impergo out
ative sentence indirect speech
'to'
-E-
, d. -.
a-,
E dh.
-- --o say y infinitive ( to go, to come, to sing )
E. Tell/ ask \ infinitive hC.
-E reported speech tell (somebody)/ Ask (somebody) + Infinitive hC,
Imperative Reported speech Ja-.
Look at the other pairs of sentences from

the conversation.
1 a) Swarna (to Rajitha): Go to the market and
get some vegetables (market
Imperative sentence)
Rx
B- C
DE Reported speech, DE--
x 1 (b) .
Swarna is telling you to go to the market

and get some vegetables
Kamala, Swarna
reported
'to'
speech
She is telling you to go to the market...
,
Lo
- -p
C
a-
C)
Reported speech: Suseel is telling

sumant not to waste his time.
4 a) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala): Stop it.
Don't think I am your servant.
Don't order me about. (Direct
speech-imperative with don't = do
not)
b)
- Swarna reported speech

Kamala : She is telling us to stop it, not
to think she is our servant and not to order
her about. (Reported speech beginning
with 'not to', because of don't in Direct
speech)
Orders, requests, asking

imperative sentence, direct speech
report
to
don't
not to
:
Eo
L
,
--p, v-Gh,
v-Gh.
a) Kamal: Krishna have something to eat.

Direct speech - imperative.
Kamal is asking Krishna to have
something to eat - Reported speech
b) Teacher: Don't read such books. (Direct
speech- Begins with don't)
Teacher is telling (the students)
not to read such books.
j examples - -- p
---o correct L- d
Indirect (reported) speech tense
-a.
j examples , Reported speech ,
is asking/ is telling has asked/ asked/
has told/ told -a.
That is how we change imperative into indirect speech.
-- j---
II
lesson
1st sample of direct
Direct
speech and reported speech
and reported speech
Quotations/ Inverted commas (" "),
sentence
verb/ verbs quoverb
tations
columns
Spoken English practice.
English
quotations,
.
- h-aC,

o
,
o
N.
\ h----LqC,

hC
x-. x--p
, E -- N
. Spoken English h----Lqx, uh uh p
direct speech. uh p N-Eo
uh x uh p/
report
,
reported speech.
Conversation/ Spoken English practice -p N h---L. Quotations,
reported verb
.
Reporting verb reported speech vG-- tell, ask, request, order,
advise, hope E -sEo d
-. English x---p
C reported speech d, ---Lq--x uh o N-Eo --J
pd NE--L C v. -,
lesson Swarna, Rajitha and
Kamala conversation C. practice l. -.
- 13 -V-j 2006
Rakesh: They were talking. Naveen told

Ramani to leave her book with him,
and to take his book and return it the
next day.
(x x----o. h-Eo
-*a, h-Eo B-E, -
>-y-E O - o.)
Mahesh: I heard Ramani's words. She requested him to let her have both the books.
( No. h B--x-E-y-E u-Jn-*C)

Rakesh: Naveen then told her to take both of
them but to make sure she returned
them the day after next.
(p h- B\-}-F,
*a- x (v-V y)
AJ-T-y-F, Naveen - o.)
Mahesh: I was sitting next to Ramani. So I
heard her. She requested him to
allow her to keep them for at least
three days.
( \ o. pC
No, F V-o
--E-y--E -TC.)
Rakesh: Then the teacher ordered them both
to stop talking.
(Teacher
xE x- -E
c--.)
lesson p
J-T -- p report h tell/ ask/
request/ order/ wish verbs I Regular
doing word/ II Regular doing word/ am+ing,
is+ing, are+ing/ have+pp/ has+pp (past participle) form
begin
h.)
j O J-T - , reported speech
h-o. Direct speech * reported
a--p, -sEo d C p
h.
DIRECT SPEECH
I, You
We, You
Me, You
Us
You
My, Your
REPORTED SPEECH
(--, y)
He, She
(--, --, O) They
(-, --o, F, Eo) Him, her
(Lo, / --t-Lo, ) Them
(O)
Them
(-, F)
His/ Her
She requested him to ..

Mahesh: Then both of
them requested the teacher
not to be angry
and to excuse
them that once.
-x--- 184
I. Naveen: Leave your book with me. You take
my book and return it tomorrow.
(F h-Eo\ . y
h-Eo B-E AJ-Ty)
Ramani: Please let me have both the books.
(-F B--Ey)
Naveen: OK. Take both of them but make sure
that you return them the day after.
(, B, x-
*a- AJ-T-a)
Ramani: Please allow me to keep them for at
least three days.
(F V-o --Ey)
Teacher: Stop talking, both of you.
Rakesh: The teacher was still angry. He

ordered them to concentrate on the
lesson, to keep their mouths shut or to
get out.
(Teacher
lesson
o, x
O %d d-F, E ---}-F --o-.)
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with
the teacher again not to be cross.

(OJ-l x--)
Naveen and Ramani: Don't be angry, sir.
Excuse us this once.
(p-- t-Lo \--J

~N- )
Teacher: Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your
mouths shut or get out of the class.
( O %d d. -- ---Rx-)
Naveen: Please, don't be cross, sir.
(- p-- )
Ez-l )
Naveen: OK. Sir. ( )
Teacher: Be silent, then (

II. Mahesh: Why was the teacher angry with
Naveen and Ramani?
(Naveen, Ramani O
*aC?)
(x-p p--lE, -J M. SURESAN

~N--E
teacher u-Jn- )
teacher
Spoken English
Observe: I) The conversation between

Naveen and Ramani, and II)
Mahesh and Rakesh reporting the
conversation between Naveen and
Ramani.
O -E Part I O,
--, Part II Mahesh, Rakesh
reported (indirect) speech p--.
C -E-. Part II ,
- -T vo: Why was the
teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani?
was
,
x -ho
N: O, - -
J-T-E, N-Eop Mahesh, Rakesh
vh-N-h-o-E.
J-T -- reported
speech a-, told, requested,
ordered E Past doing word v-Gh.
Our, Your
Mine, Yours
Ours, Yours
This (
These (
Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow
(-, --, O)
(--C, FC)
(---C, OC)
--C)
--N)
Their
His/ Her
Theirs
That
Those
That day, The
day before, The
next day
Then
- passage Report
(English G_-).
Kowmudi:
F birthday -s a o E BRx
dinner y.
Kavitha: y punctual -
uo 2:30 .
Kowmudi: J_ V -
h-,
.
Kavitha: a-p O xLo
B-!
Kowmudi: xL N d--.
y -- Eo
.
Kavitha:
N -C-.
y-J p.
Kowmudi: .
ANSWER
t Kowmudi asks/ asked Kavitha to take
her to a movie and give her a dinner on
her birthday next week.
t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to go
home to Kavitha exactly at 2.30
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
remind her at 2 that day and see if she
(Kowmudi) doesn't/ wouldn't come.
t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to bring

her sister along.
j p-Fo -sEo-d
-Lq p. E -Lq
- . u English x---op. p OJ N -E-:
O, --, imperative (c,
u-n-, -- L sentences- d
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to

leave her sister alone or call her herself.
Now
Important:
reported speech, to + 1st Regular doing word

lesson
direct
indirect speech
speech
t Kavitha then tells/ told her to leave the

matter to her, and just to tell her sister
of it.
t Kowmudi said OK.
v-Gh
-x.)
O-, - J-T --,
,
- -d-
.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
1. Naveen (to Ramani): Leave your books

with me. You take the other book and return
it tomorrow.
Naveen told Ramani

to
leave her book with him and take his book
and return it the next day.
2. Ramani (to Naveen): Please let me have

both the books.
She (Ramani) requested him to let her have

both the books.
3. Naveen (to Ramani): Take both of them

and make sure that you return them the day
after.
Naveen then told her to take both of them

but to make sure she returned them the day
after.
4. Ramani (to Naveen): Please allow me to

keep them for at least three days.
She (Ramani) requested him to allow her to

keep them for at least three days.
5. Teacher (to Ramani & Naveen): Stop talking both of you.
(C d)
The teacher ordered them both to stop talking.
6. Naveen & Ramani (to teacher): Don't be

angry, sir. Excuse us this once.
Both of them (Naveen and Ramani) requested the teacher not to be angry and excuse
them that once.
7. Teacher (to Naveen and Ramani):

Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your
mouths shut or get out of the class
He (the teacher) ordered them to concentrate on the lesson, to keep their mouths
shut or get out of the class.
8. Naveen (to Teacher): Please, sir, don't be

cross with us.
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with the

teacher not to be cross with them.
--E 15 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Pridhvi: Hi Akash, I am very happy today.

Akash: Are you, really? Why so?
(? ?)
Pridhvi: My exam results are out and I have
passed with a very high score.
(
exam results a.
*\- pass u)
Akash: Congrats. That makes me really

happy. You owe me and Varun a treat.
(Congrats.
C o ---hC. y , NC-yL.)
Treat- N; Owe- .
He owes me Rs.100 = .100
He owes his greatness to his father =
Varun: Have you heard what he has said? He

has told us to decide and let him know
where to go and when to go and he
will take us there. He has told us too
not to bother about expenses. How
generous he is!
(--o No? p- \x
Eg* G Lo \ B---E o. a N
d----lE o. p -!)
Akash: He is back. Pridhvi it will be tomorrow.
We will to go the matinee show of
Chilipi and then have a dinner at
Shadrasa restaurant.
(%Cy a-.
%Cy, *L uo - Rx,
v restaurant dinner l)
( p-E x o )
Pridhvi: That's OK, then.
-x--- 185
Pridhvi: Who is coming here? Oh, it is Varun.
( h-? ... .)
Varun: I heard you both talking about results
and treat. What is it?
(OJ-l results, treat J*

x----o. C?)
Akash: Pridhvi has just told me that his exam
results are out and that he has passed
exam results
with a high score
marks
pass
Pridhvi
(
a-F, *
u-F p
p.)
Varun: That's great. Congrats Pridhvi. How

about a treat then?
Congrats.
treat ( dinner)
( p
N.
-N?)
Pridhvi: Akash has said that it really makes him

happy and that I owe you and him a
treat. I am ready. Just fix the date and
time.
treat (dinner)
(C E ----F, , F
y-F -- o.
ready. Date, time O Eg--)
Akash: Varun, you have heard what Pridhvi

has said. He is telling us that he is
ready, and to fix the date and time for
the dinner.
treat
date,
time
(, No-. %Cy
p. a
Lo
Eg----o)
Pridhvi: Mom's calling me. I'll be back in a

minute. You decide and let me know
where to go and when to go and I will
take you there and then. Don't bother
about the expenses.
( t
hC. *- AJ-h. p,
\ x O Eg-*
p. \- B---. a
J* d---)
imperative
3. Pridhvi (To Akash & Varun): You decide
and let me to know where to go and when to
go and I will take you there and then.
''You decide and let me know......to go..."
imperative.
I will take you there-
statement.
Spoken English
(Imperative)
C.)
(d , x C.
C.) (statement)
Pridhvi (to Akash): My

exam results are out
and I have passed
with a very high score.
M. SURESAN
direct speech
sentence, statement form
statement
sentence.
lesson
report
imperative
etc.
sentence)
%Cy o
E j
C;
N-Eo p
(
a(c, u-n-,
-oC
L)
p p statement report -p (Reported speech a--p),
that v-Gh.
j %Dy o -, ,
report .
(Akash to Varun): Pridhvi has just told me that
Doctor: Take these tablets and you will be

cured by the evening.
( xq B-. vE-x
O C) (Imperative +
statement)
3. Doctor (To patient): Take a cold shower
before breakfast if you
want to keep fit.
passed with a very high score
INDIRECT (REPORTED)
t Rama Rao asks his son to wait there till he
comes back.
Vinai asks/ requests his father to come back
early. He says that he is hungry.
( AJ-a \ -E
- -o. N x o
y tE ---o, -L
E -o.)
t The patient has complained to the doctor that
she has a temperature and a severe cold.
The doctor advises her to take those tablets
and says that she will be cured by the
evening.
(Patient
tor
temperature, E doc pC. Doctor tablets B--E

*a, vE-x ----E o)
4. Sumathi (To Sumanth): You've wasted your

time and money and that's why you
are in trouble now.
t The doctor tells the patient to take a cold

shower before breakfast if he/ she wants to be
fit.
breakfast
doctor,
t Sumathi is telling Sumanth that he has wasted
his time and money and that's why he is in
trouble now.
(y time, s, % . -x y dx o) statement
(Sumanth s, time % -F, --x dx o-F Sumathi C.)
5. Teacher (To students): Imitate my pronunciation if you want to speak well.
t The teacher is telling/ is asking the students to

imitate her if they want to speak well.
(O x-- -a
--J-) Imperative
( x-- --J--E
Nu-n teacher C.)
(u
Fox o )
breakfast
Imperative
his exam results are out and that he has
(u -
Fox
T -o)
o -E
He says that he is ..
EXERCISE
-E-: Akash p (%Cy

o N-Eo) that begin ; N
p-Fo .
Look at the following table.
CFo
statements, imperatives.
1. Akash (To Pridhvi): That makes me really
C
statement. Just fix the date and time - C
( AJ-a \ .)
2. Patient: Doctor, I have a temperature and a

severe cold.
INDIRECT SPEECH
Just fix the date and time. - I am ready -
DIRECT
1. Rama Rao: Wait here till I come back.
(y ---o, L
t Pridhvi reporting Akash's words to Varun:

Akash has said that it really makes him happy
and that I owe you and Akash a treat
tAkash reporting Pridhvi's words to Varun: He
is telling us that he is ready, and to fix the
date and time. 'he is ready' - statement
that
'fix the date and time' imperative
to
begin
t Varun reporting Pridhvi's words to Akash: He
has told us to decide and let him know where
to go and when to go, and that he will take us
there.
'He has told.. to go'
imperative
to
'he will take us there' statement
that
begin
2. Pridhvi (To Varun & Akash): I am ready.
-- Imperative sentences -, statements Reported (Indirect) speech a

) --o. J-Eo examples l:
(Report
Vinai: Please come back early, dad. I am

hungry.
(Imperative + statement)
Now look at the part

of the conversation
between Pridhvi and
Akash at the beginning of the lesson.
DIRECT SPEECH
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat
II
,
d,
-.
\,
d ,
d
h.
Rajani:
h. --o d-- p
Sujani: Dozen --- l. \j l.
Rajani: y AJ--h-E --l.
Sujani: y-p--*a --. C
B...
Sujani: F, y market x-x-
Rajani: *a y y.
dozen N--x B- please.
Put the following first in English and then
report it (change it into reported speech. Use
reporting verbs only in present tense. is
telling/ tells/ has told/ is asking/ asks/ has
asked etc.)
DIRECT
REPORTED
Sujani: Rajani, If you are going to the market,

get me a dozen mangoes, please.
t Sujani is asking Rajani to get her a dozen

mangoes if she is going to the market.
t Rajani says she will, but is asking Sujani to tell
her how much she wants her to spend.
t Sujani tells Rajani not to spend more than
Rs.100.
t Rajani tells Sujani not to expect her back early
t Sujani replies that it doesn't matter when
Rajani comes back and asks her to take
Rs.100.
t Rajani tells Sujani to give to her after she
returned.
Rajani: I will, but tell me how much you want

me to spend.
Sujani: Not more than Rs. 100 a dozen. Don't
buy if it is more than that.
Rajani: Don't expect me back early.
Sujani: Doesn't matter when you come back.
Take this hundred rupees.
Rajani: Give it to me after I return.
-- 18 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Be quiet.
p Past pC, p (NF, , Ez-l .)

-x v-Gh...
Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, mom.
He/ she/ they, told/ asked/ said/ ordered E
( - y-x yt.)
past tense
v-Gh . p h
Kavitha: You've already had a quite a lot. Be a
vh -.
good child.
-J-d ho x -xE Verbs Fo
(p- L- Ao/ A-o-C . Past tense forms ah.
* --t-N )
(\ -- y. Sx -)
Kavitha: That'll be one too many, child. No. Do
your home work first. If you eat any
more, you will fall ill.
Vinitha: Let me just one more piece of

Kalakand. I will not ask for more. (
\ -- y. E Sx -.)
Vinitha asked her mother to let her have one more

piece of kalakand and said that she would not ask for
more.
'I will not... more'- statement d, report -p that - begin h. will - would a .
v u-i--E F o)
Let us now try to report the

conversation at the begining
of the lesson between the
mother and her daughter.
(See above table )
Exercise:
M. SURESAN
Kavitha, her daughter conversation (at the beginning of the lesson) N

Eo d U, report .
Reported/Indirect Speech Ja, -G_ -vd
---.
d)
b) Ram: Come in Shyam and have a seat.
Ram told Shyam to come in and have
a seat. (Imperative, direct E come
report --p to come in
E infinitive h.-
N types of sentences report

--, Reporting verb told/ asked
past tense , report xE verbs Eo Verbs, past tense
aL; C N: -
Vinitha: Please... mom. Let me watch the TV

for some time. I will do the home work
later.
Direct
Reported
am, is, are
was, were
was, were
had been
1st RDW (come, go etc)
Past Doing Word
2nd RDW (comes,
(came, went etc)
PDW (came, went etc)
had + past participle

(had come, had gone
etc)
shall
should
will
would
tell/ tells/ is, am, are telling/ have, has told/

ask/ asks/ is, am, are asking/ have, has
asked.
can
could
may
might
has to
verb tenses
a) The guests will be here in an hour. Meanwhile let us prepare a good meal for
them =
A a-h.
* -l.
b) I will be leaving in 10 minutes. Meanwhile I want to call
my friend =
10 EN-x Rx--o. -v- --J -- ---o.

2) --- u..
y ------o.
(-) -b - E-O j x-q-*aC.
b) I met him five years later. Meanwhile he had
got married =
-E x y ---o. -
Rx --o.However
However n but (F, ). u but sentence -G. however sentence -G--a. ( p
However sentence u -a.

a) The book gives very valuable information.
However it is very expensive =
h N-j - hC. -F/ \.

b) I lent him my book, which, however, he
never returned =
h a. E Sx
AJ-T-y-.
So that
So that - E n.
a) He worked very hard so that he
might get a rank =
* rank h- l-
d- C-.
b) She started early so that she
might not miss the train =
j- -p---- l- -y
-l-JC.
a) Inorder to: In order to pass you must study
well = - u- -L.
b) In order to qualify for IIT entrance test you
should pass Inter in the first attempt
IIT entrance exam | --E --
v-o- - yL.
, In order to -v-A -- to a. C
simple, In order to u. -
*C. to . In order to \-x-.
By way of ( )
He received Rs.10 lac by way of dowry =
o 10 ~ - -Bo.
b) Drona demanded Ekalavya's thumb by way
of 'gurudakshina'.
v --~- --u -- -.
Spoken English -- -u- -x ---..
had to
have to
x- J -xE
h.
-v-o: Mean while, However, So that, In order to,

By way of - n, L--.
. --y--, CL.
Mean while
---:
1) vh--E, N-u -- u
( )
N--E -G-o, uA-- j N pLq-h, N-Eo however h)
should
must
* --t-N !
a) We agreed to meet the next week. Meanwhile I

had to leave for Mumbai on urgent business =
goes etc)
-- Imperative sentences ,
statements reported speech a-p Reporting Verb, present tense
.
report
(Indirect) speech p-a. ( told/
asked/ ordered/ said verbs ) op J-T - -J-d ---.
* --t-N . A.)
v u-i-- E C)
(--\ F. h- a-E - d. y K \ x--o)
mother and daughter conversation
Kavitha told Vinitha that she had already had enough.

She told Vinitha to be a good child and not to eat any
more. 'You have already had...' C statement. d,
that you had already had -C.
Subodh told Suketh to put it off to the next day and

added/said that he had some important work in the
evening (Eo ----V --E,
Kavitha: Come on. Get your books and start

doing the home work. You are talking
too much.
past tense reported verb
Kavitha: You have already had

enough. Be a good child and don't eat
any more. (p- L- Ao.
2. Subodh: Put it off to tomorrow. I

have some important work in the
--\.
evening. (
Vinitha: I will tell dad too that you aren't giving

me any sweets.
Vinitha asked her mom to give her those sweets (

- y-q tE NF x-t---TC) Imperative- to give
- infinitive.
, - v -E-o E- B- -L tE -E v E- B-x
----E ----.)
- E p)
The teacher asked Ram to show

her, his home work. Direct speech
E 'show' reported speech
to show -E infinitive
h. (Imperative sentence
(, E-)
Vinitha: Give me those sweets then,

mom ( - y-q -y)
Suketh told Subodh to come in and said that his idea

was to take him to a movie that evening ( -
( V-- / V y-q
--. y K \ y-q ---oE o ---.)
You must have observed that the conversation

between the mother and her daughter has only
imperatives (c, u-n-, --) and
statements. ( N-Eo L sentences)
Kavitha asked (Past tense) Vinitha not to make a

noise and be quiet. (-N-, NF- ulE, Ezl -E pC) Imperative d, to
make and be quiet --N infinitives.
1. Suketh: Come in Subodh. My idea is

to take you to a movie this evening (
a) Teacher: Ram, show me your home work Direct speech.
Kavitha: OK. Go on then.
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise.

Be quiet ( , Ez-l )
Reported (Indirect) Speech
today. I'm going to tell dad you are

asking for too many sweets.
(t.. t... --O --E-y?

y --\ h.)
Reported
Direct Speech
. Suketh, Subodh -
report -p reporting verb, told, said
(\ \j \-j-x. . past forms L. -E Suketh, Subodh
--\ u. A, -xE Present tense verbs is, have
--u -h-C.)
E was, had past forms a.
Vinitha: Then give it after I do my homework.
u-i N
( --\ y y.) Direct * reported a--p, Imperative
Kavitha: You are not getting any more for
Sentences E Verb tenses v a.
(y- y-q y- --E o

h)
Direct
Vinitha: Let me have just one more piece of

Kalakand. I will not ask for more.
-x--- 186
II
j N
--v 21 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Manasa: Hi Lalasa, come in. Have a seat.
2) Reporting verb past tense

said/ was, were saying/ told/ was/ were
telling/ ordered/ was, were ordered/ etc
lesson
report
verbs
past tense forms
3) Imperative sentences
report
verbs
'to'
infinitive
tense
Eg: See the table.
(, a)
Lalasa: Thank you. I am dead tired.
( --)
Manasa: Have some coffee then. It won't take
more than a minute for me to make
it.
( h coffee B\. ~x h)
Lalasa: Sure, that'd be most welcome.
(p-)
Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you
are so tired.
(coffee
-C. p p, --y
-----)
(brew = coffee N . J-T
vv- brew )
Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She
wanted me to walk with her to her
home for company.
( boss evenings -hC. - R}- o --C)

Manasa: So you walked. How far?
(-E y -. -?)
Lalasa: Oh, my! It is nearly four kilometers.
On the
way back I dropped in here.
(s, -O-x).
(AJT
)
--x
h-o-x -xE
Eo-E
ah.
p -E
d
h. d Ox
p v-h-.
DIRECT
1. Kanya: Stop
talking,
you,
Sirisha.
(Imperative)
1. a) Kanya is asking (present tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
2. Kavya: Sravya, I am
going to town
with
sister.
Please come
with us.
2. a) (Present tense reporting verb)

Kavya is telling Sravya that she (Kavya) is going to town
with sister and requests Sravya to go with them
b) (Reporting verb - Past)
Kavya told Sravya that she (Kavya) was going to town
with sister and requested her to go with them.
3. a) (Reporting verb - present) Suman is asking/ asks Kiran
to take the book and read the lines underlined on page
23 and says that he will find what he need.
3. Suman: Hi Kiran, take

the book and
read the lines
underlined on
page 23. You
will find what
you need.
ap \ )
-x--- 187
Manasa: Don't regret. You have had a good
exercise
(*A--, *
exercise
Lalasa: Try it yourself now. You will then

know what it means to walk four
kms.
(y * . p -hC
-O-x -
N?)
Manasa: Don't be angry. I said it just for fun.
Here's the coffee. Have it and relax.
(p-, ---o-.
C . T h NvA B)
Lalasa: Thank you. You make very good
coffee.
(Thank you.
h)
Manasa: Choose good coffee powder. Have
fresh milk about. That's the recipe
for good coffee.
(* coffee .
a. * coffee C
v.)
recipe = --E v
Lalasa: Thanks once again.
lesson
imperative
sentences
statements
sentences)
report
---oC,
(c, u-n-, --
,
(
L)
N L
.
--o Eo u N-:
1) Report h-o-p says/ am, is, are
saying/ has/ have said, tells/ is telling/
are telling/ have told/ has told/ ask etc
present tense reported verbs
report
verbs tenses
p
xE
.
h-o-x
a-Lq E-
Spoken English
REPORTED SPEECH
b) Kanya asked (past tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
b) (Reporting verb - Past)

Suman asked Kiran to take the book and read the lines
underlined on page 23 and said that he would find what
he needed.
p imperative combination
statements v report
l.
Mallesh: Our friends will be here soon. We
are going to have a jolly time with
them.
( friends Cl--x \--.

- -a.)
jolly= .
A jolly fellow= - -
Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner
with us. We can go to a movie after
that.
(x h-E P-ho. y E---}a.)

-- statements ( N-Eo
L sentences) .
That'd be most welcome

La . Reporting verb present tense o-p,
reported part verb tenses . reporting verb past
tense , reported part verb tenses Fo past
--.
p C reported part ( x -
pC report ) imperative sentences, and statements.
p at the beginning of the lesson conversation report l.
DIRECT
INDIRECT
Reporting verb present tense
1. Manasa:
Lalasa,
come in, have a
seat.
2. Lalasa: Thank you.
I'm dead tired.
1. Manasa asks Lalasa to

come in and have a seat
2. Lalasa thanks Manasa and
says that she is dead tired
3. Manasa:
Take,
some coffee. It won't
take more than a
minute to make it.
3. Manasa
asks
(offers)
Lalasa some coffee and
adds (says) that it won't
take more than a minute to
make it.
4. Lalasa: Sure, that's

most welcome.
4. Lalasa assures Manasa

that it is most welcome
5. Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why

you are so tired.
6. Lalasa: My boss is
an evening walker.
She wanted me to
walk with her to her
home for company.
M. SURESAN
Reporting verb past tense

1. Manasa asked Lalasa ...
(No change, because the reported part is imperative)
2. Lalasa thanked Manasa and said
that she was dead tired.
Mallesh told Kamesh that their friends

would be there soon and that they were
going to have a jolly time with them.
Kamesh said that he hoped they would
have their dinner with them and that they
could all go to a movie after that.
Mallesh, Kamesh
statements
and that
Another point:
4. Lalasa assured Manasa that it

was most welcome
DEE
C
)
5. Manasa tells Lalasa that it is

brewing and asks Lalasa to
tell her why she is so tired
5. Manasa told Lalasa that it was

brewing and asked Lalasa to tell
her why she was so tired.
6. Lalasa tells Manasa that her

boss is an evening walker and
that she wanted her to walk with
her to her home for company.
6. Lalasa told Manasa that her boss

was an evening walker and that
she had wanted her to walk with
her to home for company.
j table study practice . -E: to come, to go, to see-

E infinitives . Infinitives report --p infinitives .
tense . d tense a . -- Imperative sentences , statements report (Indirect speech a) .
a) Imperative sentences report --E, - xE verbs to d E infinitives report h. Don't E , not + infinitive h.
b) Statements report -, report part that v-Gh. O J*
C-- --o.
j
o
L.
- -:
3. Manasa asked (offered) Lalasa to

take some coffee and added
(said) that it wouldn't take more
than a minute to make it.
(Oh, sure! direct speech

report
assures/ assured
--p
statements L report
Lq *a--p, statement
statement u and that . Table
-E-. statements
\--o-p statements , he/
she etc, added/ said further . p
Mallesh, Kamesh conversation report l.
Reported verb, past tense .
Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner

with us report
Lq--p,
Kamesh said that he hoped o . --

vv- ,
Kamesh hoped that --a. C simpler,
natural.
p
report
more than two statements
--u-a l:
Suresh: Hi Manish, I am happy that I finally got the book. I searched the
whole of the market finally I found
it in a small shop. This was the
only copy available.
four statements
report (Indirect speech)
tense, reported verb
\
OE
-E-.
l. past
--Tl.
Suresh told Manish that he was happy that he

had finally got the book, and that he had
searched the whole of the market. He added
that finally he had found it in a small shop and
that that was the only copy available.
--C 23 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Bhavan: I called your home twice last evening,

but there wasn't any response.
( Eo v O
-x Phone , E
B-)
Mohan: We were all out at the exhibition.
exhibition
You see that there are a number of questions

in the conversation. Bhavan puts a number of
questions to Mohan.
We are now going to see how to report questions. (Questions
indirect speech
lesson
l):
u N- . p
u?)
Mohan: There are two matches. What match

are you talking of?
( matches o. u
J* x---o?)
Bhavan: Which of the two is this weekend?
1) 'Wh' questions - questions beginning with

'Wh' words what, when, where, why, who,
whom, whose and how.
begin
questions
O
u
.
'Wh' questions
eg: What is your name?

2) Non 'Wh' questions: 'Wh' words
v--E
J 'Wh' questions report

(indirect speech a) l:
-x--- 188
\ --o?)
(d vq)

1. Do + 1st Regular Doing
Word: do come, do know,
do take etc.
Come, know, take etc.
2. Does + 1st Regular Doing

Word: does come, does
know, does take, etc
comes, knows, takes, etc
3. Did + 1st Regular Doing

Word: did come, did know,
did take, etc.

Came, knew, took etc.
(Past Doing Word)
(I RDW)
came, knew, took, etc.
(II Regular Doing Word)
came, knew, took, etc.
had come, had known, had

taken, etc.
(had + past participle)
Are you happy?
Bhavan: Who are our bowlers?

bowlers
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT
eg: a) Is he your friend?
Mohan: At the stadium grounds.
o questions report --p, Eo p L

N-). See the table.
questions.
Bhavan: Where are we going to play the

match?
match
Direct speech
(do, does and did
Where is he?
( C u?)
team
b) Are you happy? etc.
Mohan: It's the match with the team of 'The

Nedu' group of publications.
You know there are two types of questions:
})
Bhavan: I called you to know the details of the

match. When is the match?
( C ' v--
?)
Mohan: I don't have the list.
( G _ )
Bhavan: Then who is the list with?
list
J _-C?)
Mohan: It is with our captain Arya and the

coach Guruprasad.
( captain Arya _,
o)
coach
Bhavan: I want to see it.
( ----o)
Mohan: Why do you want to see it?
( -----o?)
Bhavan: I want to be sure that Manoj is on the
team.
( o E El-J-
---.)
Mohan: Don't worry. He is on the team.
(o. --)
Bhavan: OK.
--, imperative sentences ,

statements report (indirect
speech p) .
a) Imperative sentences (c, u-n-,
- L sentences)
p u. p Bhavan, Mohan conversation report l?

'Wh' questions, statements L o--? Direct speech E questions, reported
speech statements --E h-- ( sub + verb word order -C).
Direct speech
question
o
report
-p Eo statement structure (sub +
verb)
Question
verb
M. SURESAN
subject
helping verb main verb
subject
ah.
hC :
p
E y
h-C-. --
,
hC.
- u
1) Where is he? [Where + is (verb) + he

(subject)?]
2) What is he doing? [What + is (helping verb)
+ he (subject) + doing (main verb)]
p questions report --p

'Wh' word y statement word order
ah. verb + subject/ helping verb
+ subject + main verb order , sub + verb
h.
Kesav: Where is Shyam?
Karuna: I do not know
Let us report the conversation above:
eg: i) Get out (order)

ii) Please come in (request)
iii) Sit down (asking)
sentences (imperative) report -p verbs to d infinitives

h.
b) Statements ( N-Eo --L sentences)
Reporting verb
past tense
Kesav asks/ is
asking Karuna
where Shyam is.
Kesav
asked
Karuna
where
Shyam was.
-E-:
speech
Where is
Shyam,
report
where
Shyam is
reporting
verb past
where Shyam is
where
Shyam
was
--C.
Direct
i) He attends classes regularly
ii) They do not come here often

iii) I had a tiresome journey
p,
Statements report
-s x 'that'
v-G* N p h.
Fo --C-- lessons .
Now observe the conversation between
Bhavan and Mohan at the beginning of
this lesson.
Spoken English
Reporting verb
present tense
Karuna replies
that she does not
know
(C
statement)
d,
Karuna replied
that she did not
know.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED
Reporting verb (present)
Reporting verb (past)
Bhavan tells Mohan that he

called his home twice the day
before but there wasn't any
response.
Bhavan told Mohan that he

had called his home twice
the day before but there hadn't been any response.
2. Mohan (to Bhavan): We Mohan tells Bhavan that they

were all out at the exhibition. were all out at the exhibition.
(Statement)
Mohan told Bhavan that they

had been all out at the exhibition.
Bhavan says he called Mohan
1. Bhavan (to Mohan) I called

your home twice last
evening, but there wasn't
any response. (Statement)
3. Bhavan (to Mohan): I called

you to know the details of
the match. When is the
Match? (Statement + 'Wh'
question)
to know the details of the

match and asks him when the
match is.
Bhavan said he had called

Mohan to know the details of
the match and asked him
when the match was.
4. Mohan (to Bhavan): There

are two matches. Which
match are you talking of?
(Statement + 'Wh' question)
Mohan says to Bhavan that

there are two matches and
asks him which match he is
talking of.
Mohan told Bhavan that

there were two matches and
asked him which match he
was talking of.
5. Bhavan (to Mohan): Which Bhavan asks Mohan which of

of the two is this weekend? the two is this weekend?
('Wh' question)
Bhavan asked Mohan which

of the two was that weekend.
6. Mohan (to Bhavan): It is with Mohan tells Bhavan that it is

the team of 'Nedu' group of with the Nedu group of
publications (Statement)
Publications.
Mohan told Bhavan that it

was with the Nedu group of
publications.
7. Bhavan (to Mohan): Where Bhavan asks Mohan where

are we going to play the they are going to play the
match? ('Wh' question)
match.
Bhavan asked Mohan where

they were going to play the
match.
j -E- Statements, 'Wh' questions L report , 'Wh'

report . Questions Eo-E reported speech statement word
a -E-.
Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of this lesson N Eo j -*-x,
reporting verb, present tense, past tense - report .
questions
order

25 -Vj 2006
-2
[ j]
x Fo x Lq ].
p Lo , x px Ja pLq hC. [
]sx [ ]lLo Th. vu pC,
uh o[E pC. x
Eo aL. uEo ]lA # ]lA
aE u v ElP#C.
B?
Visala: Where are you

starting off so early?
(Nv Lo L[. Cx -l-L.)
Where (wh word) + is (helping verb) + he

(subject) + going (main verb)?
Questions (a), (b) report --p[ N
p h question E wh word
, N question part statement
word order (verb + subject) a-L.
\[ 'that' ].
1 [.
[ --x
Question word
order report -p[ Wh word d
N Part statement word order
a-[ -E-.
Vinod: OK. I'll be back in time.
(\ ] ----o?)
(j --E AJ--h.)
Study carefully the conversation above.
You find a number of 'wh' questions in it.
] lesson --C:
Vinod: To our maths lecturer's.
( uq a- .)
To our maths lecturer's
lecturer's
's
'to' ]
# Rx- n
hC.
To my friend's =
friend
M. SURESAN
x 189
Which maths lecturer do you want to go to?
Visala: What do you want

from him?
( ]_ # -L?/-]?)
Vinod: I want to have tuition from him.
( o-x C ]_-
, ]-E \ o.)
Visala: How much does he charge?
( B--?)
( ]_ u ---o.)
Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to
go to?
( uq a- ]_ x---o?)
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.
Vinod: I have to find out. That's what I am

going for.
( -\-L. ]- p[ o.)
Visala: When do you think you can come
back?
'wh' questions report [, (indirect

speech a[) C 'wh'
questions Jd --p[ question
statement form ah.
Question:
a) Where is he?
question word order ( -J)
Where (wh word) + is (verb)+ he (subject)
b) Where is he going?
question word order:
Let us now try to

report the conversation
between Visala and Vinod at the beginning of
the lesson. Note that we have to report both
statements and 'wh' Question (table -2).
2 Question structure
statement structure a .
Exercise: Lesson E N conversation between Visala and Vinod report
Reporting verb, present tense, past
tense . O practice
v ]. O C, O friends
-J--j G_- [ [ x x-[--ox practice .

Reporting Speech
Direct Speech
Reporting Verb (Present)
Reporting Verb (Past)
(p[ AJT -----o?)

Vinod: Why do you want to know?
( . x p-[.)
Visala: Who suggested him to you?
(y-] --------o?)
( J# F- p?)
Vinod: Most of my friends go to him, so I am
going to him too.
Visala: Vikram has invited us to lunch. We

have to start here at least by 10.
Reporting Speech
Direct Speech
1. Krishna: Where is your father?
(O o---\[?)
Sathya: Why do you want to know?
(] --------o?)
2. Madhavi: What are your goals?
Prasanth: What do you advise?
Krishna is asking/ asks Krishna asked Sathya

Sathya where her father where her father was.
is.
Sathya asks in reply why Sathya asked in reply why
he wants to know.
he wanted to know.
Madhavi asks Prasanth
what his goals are.
Prasanth questions her
what she advises.
1. They have been

able to keep their
promise
Structure: have been
above to + P.V.
vo:
2. He might have been

able to do the job
structure: might have
been able to + P.V.
3. She must have been
able to persuade him to
marry her.
structure: must have been able to + P.V. j
u Jh nEo, --Eo N-J---.

. --Dl, o
Madhavi asked Prasanth

what his goals were.
Prasanth questioned her
what she advised.
1. Visala: (to Vinod) Where are you

starting off so early?
Vinod: To our maths lecturer's
Visala asks Vinod where Visala asked Vinod where

he is starting off so early.
he was starting off so
early.
Vinod replies that it is to Vinod replied that it was to
their maths lecturer's.
their maths lecturer's.
2. Visala: What do you want from

him?
Visala asks Vinod what he Visala asked Vinod what

wants from him.
he wanted from him.
Vinod: I want to have tuition from

him.
Vinod tells her he wants to Vinod told her he wanted

have tuition from him.
to have his tuition from
him.
Visala asks Vinod which Visala asked Vinod which
maths lecturer he wants to maths lecturer he wanted
go to.
to go to.
3. Visala: Which maths lecturer do

you want to go to.
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in

the town.
Vinod says/ replies that he

wants to go Mr. Ganak
(and adds that) he is the
best in the town.
1. They have been able to keep their

promise = They have kept their promise.
([xFo o. vA { J L
J-C).
vo: 1. Gup n N N-J#, EE
(x E--d---L- E--d-N] --T-h L---.
o)
2.
Past participle (V3) N-J#, --2. He might have been able to do the job =
L--.
Perhaps ()he did the job/ did not do the
B Nu--C, h
job.
: 1. Gup L-----
([ E -LT [a,
]. Guppy C -i .
[a -- [a .)
2. Past participle: Object o Verb Past par3. She must have been able to persuade him
ticiple E n hC.
to marry her.
a) The man seen here yesterday.
( Rx----E - a-p
(Eo \ [-- uh j -
L ] Rx --o[)
Eo \[ O/ / x uh.)
Compare: The roads are
wet. It must have rained
Spoken English u x ...
Vinod replied that he wanted to go to Mr. Ganak (and

added that) he is the best
in the town.
b) The money stolen from the bank.
during the night.
(u # T-L- [s.)
Past participle, verb ]. Be form
(am, is,
are, was, shall be, have been, etc.,) + Past
participle verb -C. p[ verb,
passive voice.
a) Salaries were paid yesterday.
(@ Eo y--f/ Lx---f.)
b) The college will be closed from tomorrow
onwards.
(@ # --[-C.)
Past participle adjective [.
jo Jg---E [.
a) The murdered man was related to her.
( uh d.)
PC--i
b) The ruined fort =
- 27 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Arjun: Hi Nakul, well-met. How busy are you

this evening?
( , ---o-
-C. v -y-i- busy ?)
Well met - expression conversations
practice -
n. How busy - C Practice
.
Nakul: Why are you asking?
(-----o?)
Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it?
(E B-------o. --?)
feel like - E--
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take
me to
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema
Pellam'?
---oC: 'Wh' questions

Jd --p, 'Wh' begin , E
y a Vb + Sub/ HV + sub + MV order
Sub + Verb order ah. Eg:
a) Arjun (to Nakul): How busy are you this
evening?
report
i) Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul how busy he
is this evening. (Reporting verb - Present
tense)
ii) Arjun asked Nakul how busy Nakul was
that evening (Reporting verb - Past
tense)
DEo
C L- N---? Sx
sample l.
(E d h)
('\ }
l?)
b) Nakul (to Arjun): Why are you asking?

Reported speech:
i) Nakul asks Arjun why he is asking.
ii) Nakul asked Arjun why he was asking.
report
(a) & (b) questions
report
Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul (Present
tense), Arjun asked Nakul (Past tense)
begin
p j
--p,
-x--- 190
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema

Pellam'?
Report: Arjun suggested 'Sarkar Mogudu Seema Pellam'
conversation at the beginning of the
lesson exercise
practice
Now look at the conversation below.
Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do you fancy classical music?
( -C?)
practice hoC Spoken English

d, - reporting verbs
}? p- 75
V-jC)
Nakul: OK. But what's the occasion for your
taking me to the movie?
(C-. o s E-
B----o?)
Arjun: O Nakul, why do you forget things so
early? I've got admission in Sanketic
college of Engineering, one of the best
in the state.
( y Ja-- y?
Z p--x j -A
Engineering college seat
*aC)
Nakul: Oh, sorry I forgot it. I will make it. Don't
worry
(-*---- ----o.
p h. --)
p--- Imperatives, statements,
'Wh' questions report .
'Wh' questions report J- practice
l.
TABLE 1:
tell, ask, question

etc.
bookish

n- variety M. SURESAN
wants to know/ wanted to know/
wished to know E
C.
, tell, ask, question p-.
Correct. F wish to know/ wishes to
know/ would know/ wants to know -N
p--p variety ,
C.
See table 1: report simple
E--hC. OJC practice h ---C.
(Y U---o N?)
d
fancy =
Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?
(, y-o NE---o?)
O-F, CD O-F
NE--.
Play - Two in one
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take me

to.
Report: i) Nakul said it depended on the
movie he took him to (Reporting
verb - said - Past tense)
ii) Nakul says it depends on the movie
he (Arjun) takes him to (Reporting
verb - says - present tense)
Report
Direct Speech
Reporting verb - present
Arjun: Hi Nakul, Wellmet. How busy
are you this
evening?
Arjun, happy to meet Nakul

wants to know how busy he is
this evening.
Reporting verb - past

Arjun, happy to meet Nakul wanted
to know how busy he was that
evening.
Nakul: Why are you

asking?
Nakul wants to know why he

(Arjun) is asking.
Nakul wanted to know why he

(Arjun) was asking.
Arjun: I want to take

you to a movie.
Feel like it?
Arjun wants to take him to a

move and asks him if he feels
like it.
Arjun wanted to take Nakul to a

movie and asked him if he felt like it.
\ straight he wanted
\ Arjun tells Nakul - , I want he told
- 'I want' 'he wants' Nakul -.
a. a
C.
Spoken English
Preethi: Do you like to listen to some of MS

Subbulakshmi's?
(MS Subbulakshmi
U o
N?)
Sruthi: Have you any of Balamuralikrishna's
latest CDs?
(
CDs
Preethi: Don't you like MS? (MS
Sruthi: Of course I do, I have listened to
plenty of hers. I have yet to hear
some of Balamurali's
u *a ---S-%g U
o?)
F-d -?)
Are you interested in

cricket?
Sarala:
Don't you know?
( h -?)
Sruthi: Have you to search for it?
(C - y)
Preethi: Yes.
Sruthi: Go ahead then. Can I have today's
paper in the mean time?
paper
F. -- V
y.
O -E There are
many
questions in the conversation above.
There are all non 'Wh' questions.
'Wh' questions report
Non 'Wh'
questions report
'Wh' questions
What,
which, when, where, etc.
'Wh'
questions.
Non 'Wh' questions
Sankar: Are you interested in cricket?
Sarala: Don't you know?
Non Wh questions report
(Indirect Speech
1. Reporting Verb, is asking/ asks/ is quesif
tioning/ questions/ asked
Whether
Sankar is asking Sarala if/ whether...
questions word order (verb + sub2.
ject/ helping verb + sub + main verb)
statement order (sub + verb)
See table.

--o. p
l.
hC :
,
-u v--u
NE vo.
p) ?
y
F v-Gh.
F,
ah.
N p h.
REPORT
DIRECT
Sankar (to sarala):
Preethi: Will you wait for some time then?
Are you going to play any?

Nakul: How good is it?
Arjun: Why haven't you seen the posters?
(It's) seventy five days gone.
(Posters
(*a- d. --R
U h NL )
Reporting verb - present
Reporting verb - past
Sankar asks Sarala if/ whether

she is interested in cricket
Sankar asked Sarala if/ whether

she was interested in cricket
Sarala asks Sankar in return if

/ whether he doesn't know
Sarala asked Sankar in return if/

whether he did not know
Look at the following. We are going to report part of the conversation between Preethi and
Sruthi. Observe how we are going to report non 'wh' questions:
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH

Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do
you
fancy
classical
music?
Preethi is asking/ asks Sruthi

if/ whether she fancies classical music

Preethi asked Sruthi if she fancied
classical music
-E-: Report --p verb

sub + verb .
Sruthi: Why? Are you
going to play
any?
Sruthi wants to know (is askif Preethi

ing/ asks
is going to play any
Preethi: Do you like to

listen to some
of MS Subbu
lakshmi's
Preethi asks Sruthi if she likes

to listen to some of MS
Subbulakshmi's
Sruthi: Have you any

of Balamurali
Krishna's latest CD's?
Sruthi asks Preethi if/ whether

she has any of Balamurali's
latest CD's
+ sub, HV + Sub + MV
Sruthi wanted to know (asked

if Preethi was going to play any.
Preethi asked Sruthi if/ whether she

liked to some of MS Subbulakshmi's
Sruthi asked Preethi if/ whether she

had any of Balamurali's latest CDs.
--C- 30 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Pramod: (It's) days since I saw you. Where

have you been?
Vinod:
Vinod:
Congrats. What prizes did you get?

Did you participate in debate?
( V-jC. Eo V--
--\--o?)
(G---, F --
a? _-o?)
I had been away at the NCC camp

and returned only this morning.
Hasn't anyone told you of it?
Haven't you called my home?
Pramod: I got prizes in three events - light

music, debate and mimicry. Won't
you see my prizes? Come in.
( x prizes a--o.
L U-, debate, mimicry .
a-o prizes ?
-L- .)
Event () n -.
\ n .. v,
x.
( NCC camp }. V
AJ--a. F p? --y -?)
-x--- 191
Vinod:
Do you want
me to see
them
now?
Mom's calling
me
over
phone. I have
to be at home
M. SURESAN
urgently. Show
them to me when I come tomorrow.
Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leaving? Your college and home are so
far off that I couldn't get any information. Moreover I was busy too,
with our college cultural festivals.
It's days since I saw you

(} p-? O
O x -x N L--. - college \%A -q- BJ - --C.)
(p E --? t
hC.
xL. E -- -*a--p
.)
college,
Vinod:
Pramod: Do come down tomorrow. Just not
Did you participate in them? Did you

get any prizes?
to see the prizes but to give me your

company. Don't disappoint me.
(y-o _-o? F-o

----a?)
( p . prizes --E
E , h --. o
E----)
Pramod: I did ofcourse, and won prizes too.
(_-o.
a.)
--
Vinod:
OK. Bye then.
1. Imperative
(c,
u-n-, --
L) sentences
Method of Reporting (Reporting

Report
( NEo L sen-
tences)
eg:
Sushma: Sumanth,
where are
you?
4. Non 'Wh' question
eg:
(\,
Report
to
lA)
infinitive
h.
Kamala asked
-Lq Eo
that
to go away
hC)
v-Gh.
Report:
a) Srikanth tells Rani that his sister has come back
b) Srikanth told Rani that his sister had come back
Report
question
'wh'
word order (vb + sub/ Hv + sub + Mv)
(sub + verb)
-Lq
Eo
v-G* question
statement word order
Report: a) Sushma is asking/ asks/ has asked Sumanth where he is

b) Sushma asked Sumanth where he was
Report
question word order
Kesav: Kedar,
are
you coming?
Lq , If/ whether F d j example

statement word order h.
Report: a) Kesav asks/ is asking/ has asked Kedar if he is coming.

b) Kesav asked Kedar if he was coming
Spoken English
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH

1. Pramod (to Vinod): It's
days since I saw you.
Where have you been?
Pramod told Vinod that it was

days since he had seen Vinod
and asked him where he had
been.
(1st sentence - statement, 2nd sentence 'wh' question.
Pramod tells Vinod that it is

days since he saw him and
asks him where he has been.
-x 1st sentence that , 2nd sentence where +

statement word order report .)
2. Vinod: I had been away
at NCC camp and
returned only this morning. Hasn't any one told
you of it? Haven't you
called my home?
Vinod says he had been away

at NCC camp and returned
home only that morning. He
asks/ is asking Pramod if any
one hasn't told him of it and if
he hasn't called his home.
Vinod said that he had been

away at the NCC camp and
had returned home only that
morning. He asked Vinod if any
one had not told him of it and if
he had not called his home.
Pramod asks Vinod why he didn't tell him before leaving, and
says that his college and home
are too far off to get any information. Moreover he was busy
too with their college cultural
festivals.
Pramod asked Vinod why he

had not told him before leaving
and said that his college and
home were too far off to get
any information. Moreover he
had been busy too with their
college cultural festivals.
(statement+non 'wh' question)

3. Pramod: Why didn't you
tell me before leaving?
Your college and home
are so far off that I couldn't get any information.
Moreover I was busy too,
with our college cultural
festivals.
-E-: Wh questions, statement combination \.

4. Vinod: Did you participate
in them? Did you get any
prizes?
Vinod is asking/ asks/ has

asked Pramod if he participated in any of them and if he got
any prizes.
Vinod asked Pramod if he had

participated in any of them and
if he had got any prizes.
Pramod replies that he did,

of course and won prizes too.
Pramod replied that he had, of

course and had won prizes too.
Vinod congratulates Pramod

and asks him what prizes he
got, and if he participated in
debates.
('Wh' question, non Wh question combination)
Vinod congratulated Pramod

and asked him what prizes he
had got and if he had participated in debates.
(Only non wh questions)
EXERCISE: Report and practise aloud the rest of the conversation. Use both present and past
tense reporting verbs. Compare your answer with ours:
ANSWER:
Kamala is asking/ asks/ has asked Neelam to go away.
eg: Srikanth: Rani, my

sister has come back
3. 'Wh' questions
verb
lesson, (between Pramod and Vinod) has mixed sentences (Imperatives, statements,
'wh' and non 'wh' questions)
6. Vinod: Congrats. What

prizes did you get? Did
you participate in debate?
Report:
eg: Kamala: Neelam,

go away.
2. Statements
-Lq -xE
p Imperative, statement, 'Wh' question, non 'wh' question L o passage

report h l. O -E . The conversation at the beginning of the
5. Pramod: I did, of course

and won prizes too.
(Statement)
-- report -- o sentences ,
E report l-:
Type of sentence
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Pramod: I got prizes in

light music, debate and
mimicry. Won't you see
my prizes? Come in.
Pramod tells Vinod that he got

prizes in ... , and asks him/ is asking him/ has asked him if he won't
see his prizes. He asks him to
come in.
Pramod told Vinod that he had

got prizes in ... , and asked him
if he wouldn't see his prizes. He
asked him to come in.
Vinod: Do you want me

to see them now?
Mom's calling me over
phone. I have to be
urgently at home. Show
them to me tomorrow.
Vinod asks Pramod if he wants

him to see them then. He says
that Mom is calling him over
phone and he has to be urgently
at home. He asks Pramod to
show them to him tomorrow.
Vinod asked Pramod if he wanted him to see them then. He

said Mom was calling him over
phone and he had to be urgently at home. He asked Pramod to
show them to him the next day.
Pramod: Do come
down tomorrow, just not
to see the prizes but to
give me your company.
Don't disappoint me.
Pramod tells/ is telling Vinod to

come down tomorrow, just not to
see the prizes but to give him his
company. He asks Vinod not to
disappoint him.
Pramod told Vinod to comedown the next day, just not to

see the prizes but to give him
his company. He asked Vinod
not to disappoint him.
--- 1 -d 2006
-- j---
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's nearly a year
since we met.
-N- , x L_-).
(grove - x-oC)
Kundan: Yes, I smell them. How tempting their
very smell is!
(, y . -
Eo ---E! -q--iC
q-E)
(. hC. -{ ! tempting =
-J{.)
Kundan: How pleased I am to be with you

again!
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.
(Sx F --E -
-)
wh word + noun + Sub + verb
(C, B).
Ranjan: What a smart fellow you've grown into

in just a year! (\ -q-
-{-- !) (smart = * -
Kundan: Haa.... how delicious it is! At my

place of work, we don't get such fruit.
How sweet!
2.
(--s... * ! E-
x -. Au
!
3.
h- -{-- --)
-x---
Ranjan: Take some with

you when you
go.
192
Kundan: Thank you.

--, imperative sentences, statements, 'wh' questions,
'non wh' questions report
(Indirect
speech p)
(vA V -hx --y

N Fn . Sx -E- Rx-L.)
How sweet the song is!

'wh' word + adjective + Sub + Verb
( - !)
How fast he bowls!
'wh word + adverb + Sub + verb.
(Noun: E-j a . AdjectiveEo L . Adverb - verb p E
J-T p )
n exclamation word order:
(y-x-p Eo B\x)
Kundan: My job requires that I appear smart.

What a bore it is to turn out in these
clothes everyday! You don't know.
I have to get back again in a week.
(D p -!)
M. SURESAN
. p
exclama-
wh word + noun/adjective/adverb + subject +

verb.
What a leader Gandhi was! = C Gandhi was
a very great leader E N p.
The Taj Mahal is very beautiful -
statement N explanation
p-
Ranjan: Here's something for a change, don't

worry.
(-p- h p --L-T---C --C-.

--)
- !
Kundan: What is it?

Ranjan: You are here just when I am about to
have a mango. Happy. Let me treat
you to some wonderful mangoes.
They are from our own groves! fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
(* time a, N
tions
(a-uEo p u/ -h
L - p u) report
l:
Let us first study the word order in an exclamation.
( exclamation word order-
A---o-p. * N x F
N F. N -. -N,
, oN. treat = n,
( - x -B) doctor,
patient ju . \ n
-J l)
Look at the following exclamations:
1. What a leader Gandhi was!
STATEMENT
The day is very cold
( L V)
( L C)
2. What a beautiful Car it is!

( car !)
The car is very beautiful

( Car C)
3. How well she sings!
She sings very well.
( h!)
( -C)
4. What a building it is!
It is a very good/beautiful/big building.
( */-i/l d-!)
(C */-i/l d)
2
Direct Speech
The Tourist: How
beautiful the
scenery is !
DIRECT SPEECH
Report
Reporting Verb-Present
The tourist exclaims
that the scenery is
very beautiful.
Reporting Verb-Past
The tourist exclaimed
that the scenery
was very beautiful.
http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
EXCLAMATION
1. How cold the day is!
(--- 1 .)
Spoken English - -x ---. URL:
INDIRECT SPEECH -REPORT

Reporting verb Present tense
Ranjan: What a pleas- Ranjan exclaims (to Kundan/on

ure it is to see you!
seeing Kundan) that It is a great
pleasure to see him..
How beautiful the Taj Mahal is! - a.

( ! C exclamation- Do statement h,
The Taj Mahal is very beautiful .
Direct SpeechE exclamation report , E statement a-.
Reporting verb Past tense

Ranjan exclaimed (to Kundan/on
seeing Kundan) that it was a
great pleasure to see him)
-E- -. What a pleasure it is to see you! exclamation statement form

a: It is a great pleasure to see him. Eo report . exclaims/exclaimed reporting verb-
- report -Lq exclamation

statement Ja, y statement
report --d that begin report L.
The Tourist: How beautiful the Scenery is!
-- - j exclamation - report L.
- - exclamation statement
h. (The scenery is very beautiful)
ANSWER to the exercise
DIRECT SPEECH
Ranjan: Here's something

for a change. Don't Worry
Kundan: What it is?
p statement report L. ('that'

, exclaimed v-G--L)
(--- 2 .)
p conversation at the beginning of

the lessonE exclamations report l:
(--- 3 .)
The conversation above (table-3) is a mixture
of exclamation and statements.
( lesson v- o Conversation
Statements and exclamations L--o )
L--o- report .
exclamation statement Ja,
E statement report
h.
eg: Direct Speech:
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's a year since we met.
Report (present tense - reporting verb)
Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims
that it is a great pleasure to see him (and
adds/says) that is a year since they met.
Report (past tense- Reported verb)
Rajan surprised at seeing Kundans exclaimed
that it was a great pleasure to see him, (and
added/said) that was a year since they had
met.
Exclamation report full stop - ,
statement part h sentence
pa.
Eg: Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan
exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him.
He says that it is a year since they met.
Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of
the lesson N Eo h (Statements
) Present tense and past tense reporting
verbs report .
(--- 4 -)
4
REPORT
Present tense Reporting verb
Past tense Reporting verb
Ranjan tells Kundan that there

is something for a change and
asks him not to worry.
Ranjan told Kundan that there

was something for a change
and asked him not to worry.
Kundan asks him what it is.
Kundan asked him what it was.
Ranjan: You are here just

when I am about to have a
mango. Happy. Let me treat
you to some wonderful
mangoes. They are from
our own groves - fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
Ranjan tells Kundan that he is

there just when he is about to
have a mango. Ranjan is happy.
He wishes to treat Kundan to
some wonderful mangoes. They
are from their groves - fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
Ranjan told Kundan that he was

there just when he (Ranjan) was
about to have a mango. He was
happy. He wished to treat
Kundan to some wonderful
mangoes - they were from their
groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.
Kundan: Yes. I smell them.

How tempting the smell is!
Kundan (says yes) and that he

smells them. He exclaims that
the smell is very tempting.
Kundan (said yes) and that he

smelt them. He exclaimed that
the smell was very tempting.
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.
Ranjan offers the mango to

Kundan
Ranjan offered the mango to

Kundan.
Ranjan: What a smart Ranjan exclaims that Kundan has

fellow you've grown into! grown into a very smart fellow.
Kundan exclaimed that he was

very pleased to be with Ranjan
again.
Ranjan exclaimed that Kundan had
grown into a very smart fellow.
Kundan: Haa... how delicious it is! At my place of

work we don't get such fruit
how sweet!
Kundan exclaims that it is very

delicious. They don't get such
fruit at his place of work. They
are/it is very sweet.
Kundan exclaimed that it was

very delicious. They didn't get
such fruit at his place of work.
they were/ it was very sweet.
Kundan: What a bore it Kundan exclaims that it is a big

is to turn out in these bore to turn out in these/those
clothes every day.
clothes every day!
Kundan exclaimed that it was a

big bore to turn out in these
clothes everyday.
Ranjan: Take some with

you when you go.
Ranjan asks Kundan to take

some with him when he goes.
Ranjan asked Kundan to take

some with him when he went
Kundan: How pleased Kundan exclaims that he is

I am to be with you very pleased to be with Ranjan
again!
again.
3 -d 2006
-- j---
Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see

you! How is everybody in your village?
( - o Eo , O x o?)
Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are
you?
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news?
Did the local body elections go off
well in your place?
(. Thank you. N-?

nE Eo-- J- O x?)
Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the
papers? What did you watch on the
TV?
(
vA-x -- -Eo J*?

TV ?)
Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to
hear about them from one like you on
the scene.
(C-, . E -
n o F x _--*
N .)
Mahima: Get me some water first.
Pratibha: Have some coffee too.
(
coffee
report
sentence word order
statement word
order
report
sentences word order
statement word order
report
--p N Eo
-h-E --o. C
--p. -C
u
J*, E
-
aL
E ---o. C L---
u.
sentence , -C N--
spoken English --C-- lessons
N- L. -C lessons miss
u-- l- p S} NJ-ho. -E* h--.
---u \-o n
. E
u B-. DE \- * n . E
/ --E
- u Ja n
.
-p- English try :
Rama killed Ravana-
-x--- 193
:
, y-
-
-
N

. d
-
ii) Where are they going?Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) +
they (subject) + going (main verb)
M. SURESAN
question
4 word orders o:
i) Verb + Subject
ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb
These politicians, oh, God!

-E English sentences
-Lq C L. --J n
I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what
J--C. Word order ( -J)
have we been through! You just can't
u. C l p.
imagine.
English 4 sentences .
(Eo------E - C.
N -- y - 1. Statement ( N L sentence)C C/ C uL
)
n-
Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me
2. Questions: N -J vo
about them.
:
(- Eo p-C)
Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections.
Mahima: Many people didnot find their names

on the voter lists. Liquor flowed
freely. Money- lots of it- passed
hands. There were group clashes
and faction fights. We passed
through the worst of the tension.
(
-C x x G- .
u - JC. -l--h
s JC. _---
J-. tension -N)
Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic
Country.
( v-yu -E y-)
Mahima: These politicians, oh, God!
(
- - .
-!)
-- Imperative structures,
a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where,

When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and
how
Wh
'Wh' Words
vo-n Fo
--- d OE
.
b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words

questions.
3. Imperative sentences:
-- L
4. Exclamations:
sentences.
a-uEo, -s--
L-N:
Let us now study the word order in each
of the four types of sentences and how
they can be changed into the statement
word order. (This is very important for
Reporting, direct speech).
1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject +
verb.
statement
Subject
mations report
a) He is a singer - word order-
Spoken English
Very important: Wh questions

Wh questions
subject
helping verb
questions
verb
p
h. p :
He (Subject) + is (verb) + ...
Kamala to Karuna:
Sita came here yesterday (statement)
Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita
came there yesterday (Reporting
verb - Present tense)
b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come
yesterday.
report
wh +
2) 'wh' question
verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject +
main verb
wh word + subject + verb
structure
--p,
,
ah.
3) Imperative sentences
imperative part
to
report -,
d infinitive h.
4) Exclamations report --p E
statement word order Ja,
statement that report v-Gh.
Exclamation: a) How well she sings!
( -!)
n DEo statement a:
She sings very well.
( -C.)
b) Exclamation: How tall he is!
F, Non
F
p, verb
-y-F hC .
-L. p correct.
Exercise: Report the conversation at the

beginning of this lesson.
3) Imperative sentences:
Fo c, u-n- L-N
eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)
-v-o:
b) Please help me (you please come in- request)
What is the difference between ..
c) Get out (you get out) - order.
a) The Eenadu was published first from

Vizag.
subject 'you'
(O-Eo-
C-h)
. --
b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag.

c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.
4) Exclamations:
What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you
(sub) + are (verb)
---:
c) How well he plays!

How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) +
plays (verb)
4 kinds of sentences word order
Statement
G. -, x.
ux The Eenadu was published from Vizag C d. N

J-. publish v-J vA- N- --
E n. vA- --- v -p-, \ * Nx -
d published from .
b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good

(adj) + he (sub) + is (verb)
Subject + Verb
Word Order in ..
statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla-
p) .
iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb
a) What a fool you are!
c, u-n-,
, -
(Indirect speech
Method of reporting: 1) statement
( !)
n DE statement form:
He is very tall. ( )
iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject
y--F,
Ravana killed Rama

-
Direct speech
report
quesstatement order
report
tion
subject
verb
Imperative
sentence
to
Exclamation
statement
report
--p,
h.
--
.
h.
d v-Gh.

Ja
h.
question word order:

i) Where are they?
Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject)
D,
n y--
uA n--E-h-o
.
b) They play well They (Subject) + play (verb) + ..

Statement
subject
verb
2 a) Non Wh question:
i) Is he a singer?
[Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...]
verb, Are playii) Are they playingingverb
helping verb,
main verb
Are they playing? Word order:
Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing?
(main verb)
2 b) Wh questions:
u x a
n J--
O -hC.
Rama killed Ravana
-
B)
n:
Question
Imperative sentence
1) Verb + Subject
You (subject
2) Helping Verb + Subject +

Main Verb
verb.
3) Wh word + Verb + Subject

4) Wh word + Helping Verb +
Subject + Main Verb
Exclamation
Wh word + noun/
adjective/ adverb +
verb sub + verb.
p) +
--
E--hC.
Question -
You p subject. \ sentence *
N-- .
verb .
--E 5 -d 2006
-- j---
Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?
2)
({ hC. x?)
Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we
can't get the tickets and we shall be
missing the movie.
- , requests, permissions question form shall L.

a) Shall I help you? (- ?)
b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?
(-- --?)
(-j xL y. q
a-, E miss ).
Rohit: You're not ready yet.
(Ny ---)
Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't
you? Take his help to get the tickets
(F Theatre friend o .
q B)
Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the
hall?
(p -- Rx q B-E F
_ ?)
-x--- 194
c) When shall we start?
(tLo p -----?/
p ---L?)
First type of questions E shall report
--p, reporting verb, present tense
, shall will hC.
a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?'
Santhi: You will, of course.
DEo
report
l.
Pranav is asking/ has

asked Santhi, if he will
ever become rich.
Santhi assured him he
will.
reported verb past
tense
shall
would

hC.
M. SURESAN
Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever

become rich. Santhi assured that he would.
( -. -C- _- , Example:
Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job?
F h. E-l ---a.)
Ramani: You will be, certainly.
Bike
B-?)
Rajat: How shall I come then?
( ?)
Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?
( AJ-*a Eo B--x?)
Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.
(y--. h.)
Rohit: I shall get going then.
Reporting Verb
Present tense
Reported Verb
Sankar is asking
Ramani if he will be
happy if he accepts
the job.
Sankar
asked
Ramani if he would
be happy if he
accepted the job.
Ramani assures him

that he will be, certainly.
Ramani
assured
him that he would
be, certainly.
Past tense
( -l-)
p shall -- -l-A:
Rajat: Do. (F.)
p--- Eo sentences Kumar: Shall I help you?
C Kumar ho offer. Reporting verb
report N .
present tense , Kumar is asking her
shall o questions report - Nif he can help her. -s
vh -.
(spoken English ) He is offering to help
Present day English usage shall
her --- h.
will -h-o.
reported verb past tense .
shall -Lq x, Eo-x will
Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her
-h-o. Shall, will --u - -p-
-C. --x, -
d-----. I and we
N-, shall should
questions v \- shall
hC.
- o.
Prasad:
When shall I see you again?
Shall I and we question form
- :
Pramod: You can see me whenever you like.
1) Indefinite future- *a --E/
Prasad asked Pramod when he should see
future --/ - E
him again. Pramod told him that he could
J_ L-E N-- J* question
see him whenever he liked.
h shall L.
Now look at the following conversation at
a) Shall I ever become great? =
the beginning of the lesson:

1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go?
-j p-----?
b) Shall I be happy there? =
Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go.

(Reporting verb - past tense).
-\ - ?
c) Shall We need these books after we complete the course? =
Rohit asks Rajat how he can go.
q h- y - q --?
can
Spoken English
Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go
wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the
hall.
hall?
hall.
Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should
take the bike.
bike?
take the bike.
Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would
come then.
then?
he will come then.
Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should
and pick you up?
should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.
It is raining now...
Rohit: Shall I take the bike?
Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call

you and we can meet each other.
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
(Reporting Verb - present tense -
-)
Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.
Answer to exercise under lesson 193

REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank

you, what news? Did the
local body elections in
your village go off well?
Pratibha told Mahima that she

was very glad to see Mahima and
asked her if everybody was well in
her village.
Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all
OK. She thanked Pratibha and
thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was.
Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine
thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked
She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in
her village had gone off well.
tions in her village went off well.
Mahima: Didn't you read

about them in the papers
what did you watch on
the TV?
Mahima asks Pratibha if she didn't read about them in the

papers, and what she watched
on the TV.
Mahima asked Pratibha if she had

not read about them in the papers
and what she had watched on the
TV.
Pratibha: I did of course.

But it is different to hear
about them from one like
you on the scene.
Pratibha says/replies that she

did but it is different to hear about
them from one like her on the
scene.
Pratibha replied that she had

done but it was different to hear
about them from one like her on
the scene.
Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to

glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if
is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village.
lage?
Mahima: We are all OK.
Thank you. How are you.
Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water.

water first.
Mahima asked for some water
Pratibha: Have
Coffee too.
Pratibha offered some coffee too.
some Pratibha offers some coffee too.

Mahima thanks Pratibha. About
the elections she (says she) is
happy they are all over. She says
Pratibha cannot imagine what
they have been through.
Mahima thanked Pratibha. About

the election she (said she) was
happy they were all over. She said
Pratibha could not imagine what
they had been through.
Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she

asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about
them.
about them.
Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people
not find their names on did not find their names on the
the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed
flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of itof it changed hands. changed hands and that there
There were group clash- were group clashes and faction
es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through
passed through the worst worst of tension.
Pratibha said that was why she

had asked her to tell her all about
them.
Mahima: Thank you. Now

about the elections. I'm
happy they are all over.
Oh what we have been
through you just can't
imagine.
Mahima said that many people

had not found their names on the
voter list that liquor had flowed
freely that money- lots of it- had
changed hands and that there had
been group clashes and faction
fights. they had passed through
the worst of tension.
of tension.
Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being
a democratic country.
being a democratic country a democratic country.
Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of
politicians.
Oh, God.
of politicians.
(y/--u)
-- 7 -d 2006
-- j---
Darsan: How about eating out today?

(--\-o (hotel) --l?)
Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the
change.
( t-. h p )
Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to?
( restaurant l?)
Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today.
advice?
(o ---N-p? F -N-?)
Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?
(F-d- i \. p--?)
-- Kumar report ---
N- -a
1) rules v.
2) Spoken form of English ( English
--) informal report ..
Compare the following
( N -N- --)
Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's
threatening to rain. I am afraid we
might get drenched on our way back.
(C ? { a-d C. AJ-a--p -h--). threatening to rain - {- . threaten

n C-J-. Don't try to threaten me =
o C-J---E v-Ao-l.
Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's
not far off.
(Eat'nJoy --x--. -- -
.)
Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of
it. The food there is rotten.
( -j y, E -J-* -*-.
Table -3
(---- -1 ---)
DIRECT SPEECH
-E-: Informal ( --
) report - .
--- : rules
v report practice -- spoken form informal
report practice
: p j -- past tense report
l:
(---- 2 ---)
English x--o-p report
M. SURESAN
-x---
Ad \ h.)
Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way
off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good
food. So where shall we go now?
('N --. Eat'n'Joy
food --- --\---l)
Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet? (Manpreet h?)
Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then.
(-d . -ll.)
-- Eo sentences
report a-o .
Spoken English - - report
--p Eo x strictly grammatical
report v-C- -E--
-- ---C. C report --E v-Ao-:
Samir: What shall I do now? What's your
Table -1
Direct Speech
the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

strictly according to the rules and informally,
with the reporting verb in the present form and
the past form as well. (---- 3 ---)
Spoken form informal report

simple
, natural Ep-
Kumar's Report In present Tense

According to Rules
Informal (---)
Samir is unable to
decide and is asking for
my advice.
Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it

you like. What can I if he likes and am asking
him what I can say.
say?
I am telling him to buy it

if he likes and that
there is nothing I can
say / for me to say.
Direct Speech
Samir: What shall I
do now? What's
your advice?
Kumar: Buy it if
you like what can I
say?
195
simple C . -- told, asked reporting

verbs, he added, he further said
h sd C. K-~x (X
Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech - direct
speech Ja--p correct.
p -p--o-C Spoken English E,
written English . Practice h-oD
Columns . -E natural NEp spoken
forms practice l. Let us now try to report
Samir: What shall

Samir is asking me what
I do now? What's
he should do now and
your advice?
what my advice is.
Table -2
REPORT
Formal (According to rules)
If I were you...
food h- ----C).
(rotten - -n J-T--.
h.
Direct
--p
Speech E
O - --v-h -L.- N
informal report
-
vocabulary
() -.
C informal
report .
Exercise:
Report
Kumar's Report (Past Tense)
aloud the rest of the
According to Rules
Informal (--- ) conversation at the
beginning of the lesSamir asked me what he Samir was unable to
son. both a) accordshould do then and what decide and asked for/
ing to rules b) in the
wanted my advice
my advice was
informal
(spoken)
form, and also a) in
I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and
liked and that there was b) past form
liked and asked him
nothing for I could say
what I could say
(---- 4 ---)
/ for me to say.
Darsan: How about

eating out today
a) Present Tense
Darsan asks Vardhan how about eating out that day.
b) Past Tense:
Darsan asked Vardhan how about
eating out that day.
Vardhan: That's OK
with me. I welcome
the change
Darsan:
Which
restaurant shall we go
to?
Vardhan: Let's try

Vindu Vilas today
Darsan: Isn't it a long

way off? Moreover it's
threatening to rain. I
am afraid we might
get drenched on our
way back.
Vardhan: Why don't

we go to Eat 'n'joy?
It's not far off.
a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and

that he welcomes the change
Vardhan said it was OK with him and
that he welcomed the change.
a) Darsan asks which restaurant
they will go to.
b) Darsan asked which restaurant
that would go to.
a) Vardhan suggest that they try
Vindu Vilas that day.
b) Vardhan suggested that they
try Vindu Vilas that day
a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a
long way off, and says that it's threatening to rain and adds that he is
afraid they might get drenched on
their way back
b) Darsan asked if it was not a long
way off, and said that it was threatening to rain and added that he was
afraid that they might get drenched...
a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to
Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off.
b) Vardhan asked why they
didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds
that it is not far off
Informal (Spoken Form)

Present Tense
Darsan suggests that they eat
out that day.
Darsan suggested that they eat
out that day.
Vardhan is for it and welcomes
the change.
Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it
and welcomed the change.
a) Darsan asks about the restaurant they will go to.
b) Darsan asked about the
restaurant they would go to
a) Vardhan suggests trying
Vindu Vilas that day/suggests
Vindu Vilas
b) Vardhan suggested trying
Vindu Vilas.
a) Darsan feels it is long way off.
Moreover it is threatening to rain
and is afraid they might get
drenched on their way back
b) Darsan felt it was a long way
off. Moreover it was threatening
to rain and feared (that) they
might..
a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests
Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off.
b) Vardhan proposed/suggested
Eat 'n' Joy. It was not
far off.
Table -4
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT
according to rules
Darsan: If I were you,

I Wouldn't even think
of it. The food there is
rotten.
Vardhan: You say

'Vindu Vilas' is a long
way off. Eat'n'Joy
doesn't serve good
food. So where shall
we go now?
Darsan: Why not the

restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet?
Vardhan: That's Ok
for me Let's start them
a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan

were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls
the food there rotten. He has no
that the food there is rotten.
b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there.
b) Darsan said that if he had been
had been he, he woudn't have even
vardhan he wouldn't have even
thought of it and that the food there
thought of it and called the food
was rotten.
there rotten / he had no good
a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there.
says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a
off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy
doesn't serve good food, so
food. He asks where they will go
where will they go now.
now.
b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas
said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy didoff and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where
would they go Now?.
food. He Asked him, where they
would go.
a) Darsan asks why they spend not
go to the restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet?
b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't'
go to the restaurant...
a) Darsan suggests the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet.
b) Darsan suggested the restaurant...

a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests
and suggests they start.
that they start.
b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggesthim, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.
10 -d 2006
1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again.
(, Sx y u -- a-)
Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5,
and here I am at 5.
( u --. y -C-
-t-o-. C- -\--o)
Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30
itself?
(4.30 \---E -y-?)
Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough
If I was here by 5.
(E E y o E-\ -
C-- E)
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have
some coffee?
(h coffee B--?)
Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee.
(B---E---. p coffee
Bo)
Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I
get you a drink, perhaps some orange
juice?
(y-- -B-Lq. orange
-- j---
Malli?
( -E-o 'Lx E - --d- ?)

Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini.
That is how I like it.
( -. o LE - --.
d )
Nothing of the sort= - n DEo
- --s -a. Purely conversational. O conversation practice .
( h E . 500 h-. -?)
Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work.
I don't like the amount at all, but I
need money now, so I agree to do it.
( E - \?
d . p s -. -E
p--o.)
-- lesson Direct
speech - strictly according to rules, formal (v
v, v--C) report
M. SURESAN
REPORTING
DIRECT SPEECH
Formal (According to rules)
5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the

whole job?
Reporting Verb Past tense

1) Hemanth: Sarath,
you are late again.
Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath

was late again.
late again.
Sarath: But I'm not.

You wanted me here at
5, and here I am at 5.
Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted

late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as
him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.
Hemanth: Didn't you

promise to be here at
4.30 itself?.
Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his

promised to be there at 4.30 itself.
promise to be there at 4.30 itself.
Sarath: I did but then

you said that it was
enough if I was here
by 5.
Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded

said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him
that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there
there by 5.
by 5.
I don't feel like..
\ Informal reporting complained, protested, reminded, agreed

-E- . reporting - x -h
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj,
would you like to have
some coffee?
juice --i y?)

Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the
same .
(p --l thank you.)
just the same =
3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this
evening?
( v exhibition
l?)
Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much.
(p-. - d)
Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30?
( 6.30 -l--?)
Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly
at 6.30.
(--. E-\ correct 6.30 )
4) Hema: How do you like my calling you
-x---
--E, ordinary spoken form ( u-J ) -E -E.

p, --u- -v-- --o ----
--E--. O- Fo strictly
according to rules report h - --,
n - h s-C C. -E
j ---- - report
--. --L---J -J_ -n-i- --.
Let's try to report this conversation
(\ --- ---)
marks.
Now practise the following

Report the direct speech both
in the Formal and Spoken form.
Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are
clever students.
Vineela:
That is the thing we have to do.
Let's work hard and get good
Kalyan:
teacher that they were clever students.
You haven't done the homework.

Won't the teacher punish you?
Pavan:
What do I care? Let her.
Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please.

Vignata:
ACCORDING TO RULES
Prameela suggested that they show their
196
Be sure I'll be prompt.
Neeraj: I don't feel

like it, I've just had
some coffee.
Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had
and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.
Dheeraj: But you

must take something.
Shall I get you a drink,
perhaps some orange
juice.
Neeraj: Not now,
please. Thank you just
the same.
Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take

something. He asked him if he
should get some drink, perhaps
some orange juice.
3) Komala: Shall we
go to the exhibition
this evening?
Komala suggested that they go to

the exhibition that evening/ Komala
suggested their going to the exhibition that evening.
Vimala: Sure, I like

to, very much.
Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked
to go very much.
very much.
Komala: Then shall

we start at 6.30.
Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start
at 6.30.
start at 6.30.
Komala: That's OK
for me. I'll be here at
6.30.
4) Hema: How do you
like my calling you
Malli?.
Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would
and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.
Malini: Nothing of the

sort. Call me Malini.
That's how I like it.
Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of
asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call
added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she
liked it.
Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for
do the whole job for Rs. 500/-.
the whole job.
INFORMAL
Prameela wanted to show their teacher that
that they were clever students.
Vineela said that that was the thing they had to

do, and suggested that they work hard and get
good marks.
Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his
homework and asked him if the teacher wouldn't punish him.
Pavan said that he did not care, and did not
mind her punishing him.
Vineela agreed and suggested their working

hard and getting good marks.
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay.

urge = Strong request (d Nch).
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay.

(formal & Spoken form - same).
Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she

would be prompt.
Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be
Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his

homework and warned him that the teacher
would punish him.
Pavan said he didn't care.
5) Subbarao: How
about Rs. 500/- for the
whole job?.
Apparao: That's too
little for such a lot of
work. I don't like the
amount at all, but I
need money now and
I'll do it.
coffee.
Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take
something. He offered to get
drink, perhaps some orange
juice.
insist = d--d
Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing
have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the
same.
Neeraj, just the same.
Komala suggested that they go to
the exhibition that evening/
Komala suggested their going to
the exhibition that evening.
Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she
like her calling Malli/ Hema would
calling her Malli.
call her Malli. How would she like
it?.
Apparao said that it was too little for

such a lot of work, and added that he
didn't like the amount at all, but that
he needed money then and that he
would do it.
Apparao complained that it was

too little for such a lot of work. He
grumbled that he didn't like the
money at all but to do it as he
needed the money, he would do it.
grumble =
-.
prompt.
Prompt =
Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj.

Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would
Neeraj refused Has he had just
like to have some coffee.
had some coffee.
--E .
--E 12 -d 2006
-- j---
Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?
( C-! p--a?)
Divakar:
Hardly a few hours ago, by the

Howrah Express.
(p Eo-- ,
q-v a.)
Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you
feel happy, don't you? But why
- -E- ? Fo----,
\- short sentences, exclamations
o . OE spoken English
report --p, -h formal report
--p \ --\ rules v
report --\--. J - xE , -y E---x report --L-T
-C. :
Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.
are you out so soon?
Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.
(- y AJ--a. C ? p S}
---a-?)
Divakar:
Oh, just think of it. What do I find
Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking

the exam next week, and Kesav
wished him the best of luck.
4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast?
Now look at the following expressions &

sentences.
Amar: I was late for class.

(class
as I step into home? Mom down
Study this table carefully and practise the

spoken form well.
(- -?)
-u--C)
Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?
Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't

dangerous?
with a fever.
-x--- 197
(. x C-
--N? t y.)
Dn: y train a--o?

pC J N--, S} p- .
a) O -N--o, S} J p.
( y- . v
?)
What did you say your name was?
You are welcome

Prabhakar: What train did you say you came
by?
train
ao y?)
Didn't you
Express?
say
the
Howrah
( q-v o ?)
My uncle must have come by the
same train.
( u
a-L).
train
But why are you out?

Divakar:
I told you. Mom has a fever and I

am going to get some medicines.
What a bother?
words
(Indirect
p)
-E-. -
, Kesav said that
Report:
report
speech
a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why

Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was
late for class. Ashok advises him not to
do it and warns him it is dangerous.
he wished him the best

of luck
formal
spoken form
b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar

had driven so fast. Amar said he was late
for class. Ashok advised him not to do it
and warned him against it/ of the danger/
that it was dangerous.
1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help.

Anamika: You are welcome.
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an

ordinary fever.
thanks
you are
welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome
Divakar:
bother)
Report:
Suppose we want to report the conversation

above. How do we go about it?
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(, )
Damn these heavy rains! They are
the cause of all these.
a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks

Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika
appreciates his thanks.
b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika
a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated
it.
2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting
the top grade. Keep it up.
Prakash: Thank you.
a) Reporting verb - Present tense:
Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his
getting the top grade and adds a word
Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to

congratulate you on your getting
a new and better job.
( A----x -*--.
F -- *, h
job *a-- vq.
Thank you. But I must rush. I've
been too long with you. Mom must
be wondering where I am. See
you later. Bye.
(Thanks. F }L. F K
\----o. O-\--o E
t ---C. y
l.)
Spoken English
a) I wonder if he knows this =
-C L-? (n --)
b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?
( p--h?)
( j -
report
Supriya: I wonder.
(h , ---)
Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversation at the beginning of the lesson, both
according to rules and informally.
h?)
Reporting - Present
Formal (acc. to rules)
Reporting - Past
Informal (spoken)
Formal (acc. to rules)
Informal (spoken)
Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was disa pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped
it was ordinary fever.
is ordinary fever
is ordinary fever.
it was ordinary fever.
Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish
were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that
he suspected it was some
it is some viral fever.
it is a viral fever.
viral fever.
Divakar wished it
had been, but suspected it to be a viral
fever.
of encouragement. Prakash thanks him.

b) Reporting verb - Past tense:
( {. O-x Fo.)
-\--o E t ----- - ---C.

- wonder n --J
a-u---i N E.
\, Mom must be wondering/ I wonder--x wonder n '-u-D,
-a E. j N-Eo J*
-- E.
(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's

some viral fever.
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's

some viral fever.
p--p,
(\ d--o Eo?)
2) Mom must be wondering where I am.
Now look at the following part of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
( y
--C. viral fever E - C .)
Divakar:
- ,
.
C
Do N
(-j
(E %d.
y ?)
Divakar:
Where did you keep

it?
spoken form
you kept it
where
common.
Where did you say you kept it?
Kesav's
E Lq
M. SURESAN
hC.
F,
F, (formal
spoken form \-) - C. -E -
j L--x report better.
You kept it where?
Sumanth: I kept it on the table.
(p . t y
E, B-----E o. ! N What a
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an
ordinary fever
Divakar:
b) Srinath:
Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his

getting the top grade and added a word
of encouragement. Prakash thanked him.
3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble.
What a bother!
(What a bother=
*)
Report:
a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike
often gives him trouble.
b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often
gave him trouble.
report --p He said that,

etc., N - Eo --L-T
.
b) Do=
1. Make
, Do N-
--T-L?
2. Xerox , photocopy
u -.
.V, C--
h-o (j E)
He is studying= ---o.
ii) You do your duty = F NC y- u (Ey-)
1. a) Make means to produce / manufacture. Make
Do work, harm, homework, business, a course,

one's best, etc.
j o
---, pAh
n \- .
i) Mother is making coffee =
t hC.
ii) The student is making an
attempt to understand the subject =
NuJn -bd n ---E vo h-o.
j E--/ Ey--
i) What is he doing? =
Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc.,

2. Photocopy Photostat
photo
copy
Xerox company
machine
photocopy
Xerox copy
photostat machines
E-j
B-x
x
O
.
v---dD, p- u
l company . -LqC photocopy .
Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O -B copy
. photocopy correct.
a
B
,
E.
-- 14 -d 2006
-- j---
Naresh: Where are you coming from?
versation practice .
Nabh: That makes us equally tall.
(y-\-o* h-o?)
Ramesh: From my uncle's.
( E-l h-o-)
( u * -h-o-)
Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't
you?
Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still

taller than you by half an inch.
(- - - - o- Nv , F - - p 1/2 - \- h - - o-)
(y-\- - ?)
Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite
often.
(. o - --E
-h.)
Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?
(- -C ?)
Ramesh: What're you driving at?
Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so.
( - F --i, -
.)
3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come
with you wherever you want.
( chapter Jh - -y-
y-\----t \---h)
(N y-C?)
drive at = P-l * p . I still don't
understand what she was driving at =
- - - o l N p -
- l . 'drive at' - - - O- conversation practice -.
Naresh: I've been wondering all these
days why you go there so
often. Now I know.
Prakash: Murthy will complain we

are late. ( late E
Jh p---)
Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomorrow is more important
than this outing.
M. SURESAN
( y \-
(p-dF. -
test - - u)
Prakash: you're right Let him

understand that.
I'm sorry I'm going ...

---o -Eo V n .
p L-C)
Wonder = n a-u--
-s, n ----E v-Ao--/n --)
-x---
198
Ramesh: What do you know?
(y C . C n L.)
( F L-C?)
direct speech report - ---aNaresh: A marriage in the offing.
E - lessons . 1) - formal
(Rx ----E) (In the offing = --o) (rule v) 2) n - (informal )
Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint
spoken form ( u--J-).
you. My uncle does have a daughcolumns l spoken English a-ter, but she is already the mother of
d, x English -, two babes.
-, spoken form report -
(Eo E-q-h--o- --, -vd - --u- -.
C. -u -C, F j passage \ Spoken form report
l x Lx)
- -E - -- - -Eo -E- . According
2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown
to rules practice
- - - -- . --C since I saw you last a year ago !.
E-.
(-q Eo --p... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them
-p- C-!)
with the reporting verb in the Present Tense
Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2
inches taller than I was a year ago.
What about you.
and in the Past Tense as well.

* reporting verb present tense
practise O -E .
(E -C p -- DE u-- x -sx -J-. --J F A?)

- -~ x report
Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all.
-s \-- . (-- . That's all =
sx present tense report h ?
Is this all? = ? That's all = . O conp l:
Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other
year
Every other year he goes to the US =
- N? Eo p
-T-L?
, j----.
i) Year by year = Every year.
vA -q E. Year by year, he is growing richer and richer. (-q -q--E,
J-T--C).
-q N* -q -J
-.
Q) a, e, i, o, u -u
An L ! University,
European 'A'
?
N. D -, -h-.
: a/ an - , , , , , , ,
, , l- v--u English
'an' . N-- 'a' .
q- -, jo, d University, European, , j
E--h o.
p l- v ? -E
Year after year his study continued =
an (European= --; University =
-q-- u- TC.
E--Jq ' l *
Every other year = alternate year
lx .)
-q Ja (N*) -q
ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake.
Year after year passed, he continued to work
hard, though he was getting older and older
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTING (Only Spoken Form)

Reporting Verb Present
Reporting Verb Past
Naresh wants to know where Ramesh

is coming from.
Ramesh is coming from his uncle's
place.
Naresh observes that Ramesh goes
there frequently and asks him if he
doesn't?
Naresh Wanted to know where

Ramesh was coming from.
Ramesh was coming from his
uncle's place.
Naresh observed that Ramesh
went there frequently, and asks
him if he didn't.
Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there

me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there
often.
quite often.
Ramesh agreed that he went

there often as his uncle asked
him to eat there quite often.
Naresh: Hasn't he a
daughter?
Ramesh: What are
you driving at?
Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daughter.

Ramesh wants to know /wonders what
Naresh is driving at.
Naresh wondered if he hadn't

a daughter
Naresh: I've been

wondering all these
days why you go there
so often. Now know.
Ramesh: What
do
you know?
Naresh has been wondering all these

days why Ramesh went there so often.
Now he knows.
Ramesh wanted to know/ wondered at What Naresh was

driving at.
Naresh had been wondering
why Ramesh went there so
often. Now he knew.
Ramesh is asking Naresh what he

knows.
Ramesh asked Naresh what

he knew.
Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the offthe offing.

ing.
Naresh hoped for a marriage in

the offing.
Ramesh: I'm sorry I am

going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh.
My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter
daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two
already the mother of babes.
two babes.
Answers to the exercise under lesson no:
Ramesh was sorry to disappoint Naresh. Ramesh's uncle

did have a daughter but she
was already the mother of two
babes.
Naresh: Where are

you coming from?
Ramesh: from my
uncle's
Naresh: You go there,
frequently, don't you?
DIRECT SPEECH
197
Reporting Verb Past tence

According to rules
Spoken Form
Prabhakar wanted to know

Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he
when Divakar had come.
had came.
When did you come?
Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a
hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah
ago, by Howrah Express
Express
Howrah Express.
Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar
a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be
don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time,
out so soon?
He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out
Divakar: Oh, Just think of it
what do I find as I step into
home? Mom down with a
fever.
out so soon.
Divakar
disappointed
asked
Prabhakar to think of what he
found just as he stepped into
home- mom down with a fever
so soon.
Divakar was disappointed that
as he stepped into home he
found mom down with a fever.
Prabhakar wanted to be sure

what train Divakar had come
by and if it wasn't Howrah
Express. He wanted to know
why he was out.
Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him
a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was
some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to
bother!
get some medicines.
was not at all happy about it.
Prabhakar: What train did
You say you came by? Didn't
you say Howrah Express?
But why are you out?
Prabhakar asked Divakar what

train he had said he came by, and
if he hadn't said Howrah Express.
He asked him why he was out.
Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for
being the cause of all these.
rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those.
all these.
Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory,
memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate
Divakar on his getting a new
late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job .
and better job .
better Job.
Divakar thanked Prabhakar
Divakar,
thanking
Prabhakar
said
Divakar: Thank you, but I
and wanted to rush. He had
he
had
to
rush
and
that
he
had
must rush. I've been long
been with him long and his
been
with
him
long.
Mom
must
be
with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering
would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see
later Bye.
him later and bade him bye.
him.
--v 18 -d 2006
-- j---
report
C.
Spoken English let
\.
-. -E C
o sentences
report - - -.
let - C report
n C.
1) Let = allow (t-A/ E u-E-y)
d, Eo
Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are travelling by and on which date?
( -v- , D h-o
F *a ?)
Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the
AP Express on the 30th. Let there be
no doubt about it.
( L-? 30- -.. qv ho.)

(Of course I am -L----
? E.)
--F/--F.
c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =
-L F (t).
us let (let us...) C vA-/ (proposal/ suggestion) -C.
a) Let us go now = -- .
b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat
= h j A.
(C vN -x u. - E
x -L.)
( . .-.
-Lq N C.)
Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi
c) Let us not trouble him
----E --dl.
3) Let Warning y--E (a-J---E)
.
a) Let him not come here again
----E S} \- F-/ -lE p/

-.
b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him
( --Mx- Eo V--L?)
Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's
stay there for two or three days after
the conference. We can do a bit of
shopping and sight seeing too.
( v-Eo Cy-E-
. - y \
V-. h -,
j-- l.)
Make the best of = -E-j-
Cy-E- -.
DIRECT SPEECH
l -- *C.
d) Let order/ command .
a) Let him finish the work in an hour
- E Jh L.
b) Let them clear all this mess -
S x v---L.
5) Ex-~ uEo -E
.
let
a) Let him complain to the police.

What do I care = Police complaint - / F.
u- n .
Vinamra: Won't the director object?
.
b) Let the government do it =
C vy -Lq E.
N let o n, --.
let o sentences report -p E nEo, -sEo d reporting
verbs, order, warn, request, ask N L.
I. u let o sentence u
Imperative C. d Eo imperative
sentence report -x, let
to let d v-Gh J--C .
M. SURESAN
Vismaya: Let him. But why should he?

We are going to stay there for the
extra days, at our expense.
(pF. u-
pL? v-V a
O .)
Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting
leave for the two days will be easy.
( N - -
---. p --V-
B- --- C.)
Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let
him not grant leave. He will see what
happens.
( ---o? -N-y F l. -
-hC.)
j Conversation let -x *aC. Let
o sentences report --p v-h
L. Let -sEo d, E-o nEo
assignment.
(Observe the use of suggest in the sentences
above)
Let Warning Warn/ Warns/
Warned, Command Command/
Commands/ Commanded F Spoken English
report begin h.
- E ----E n-F.
c) Let her know her limits
Sight seeing =
(J jd u--G--?/ jd u-
p?)
movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie.

/ Suggested to a movie.
Kamal then suggested that they finish the
assignment first/ suggested finishing the
Lecturer: Let all the students take the test

without fail.
( Nu-n K~ L C
command )
Report:
a) The lecturer orders that all the students take
the test without fail. (Reporting VerbPresent)
b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again
(-EC S} -- warning)
Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not
do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present)
b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it
again (Reporting Verb - Past)
Let us not trouble him
(J- -J-y-- --?)
(--J -jd -v-- -p-x -A?)
200
-x---
2)
Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let

them do it.
Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (personal assistant) take care of them.
Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (

assignment Jh-l.
Report: (Reporting Verb - Past)
Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a
a) Let him go = Allow him

to go = -E xF.
b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil =
Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.
Vinamra: What about the director's travel

arrangements?
Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do.

Pramod: Let me know first when we have to
start.
Report (Reporting Verb - Past)
Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had
work to do.
Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know
first when they had to start.
II. Let, suggestion , suggest E v-G-
-a.
Vimal: Let's go to a movie
(El /E---l?)
(Let's - Let us)
let -sEo d Reporting

verb L E n-iC .
Let's now try to report a part of the conversation
Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at
the beginning of the lesson with the reporting
verb in the present and the past tense.
REPORT (Spoken Form)

Reporting Verb Present tense
Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure

which train we are which train they are travelling by and
travelling by, and on on which date.
which date?
Vinamra asked Vismaya if she

was sure which train they were
travelling by and on which
date.
Vismaya is of course sure that they

are going by the AP Express on the
30th. She assures Vinamra that there
need not be any doubt about it.
Vismaya was of course sure

they were going by the AP
Express on the 30th. She
assured Vinamra that there
need not be any doubt about it.
Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the

about the reservation? reservation.
Vinamra wanted to know about

the reservation.
Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the travtravel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must
take care of it.
Let them do it.
Vismaya pointed out that that

was the travel dept's business
and they had to take care of it.
Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to

the director's travel know about the director's travel
arrangements.
arrangements?
Vinamra liked to know/ would

know about the director's travel
arrangements.
Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busibusiness. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take
care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of
take care of it.
it.
Vismaya dismissed it as not

their business and said that the
PA had to take care of it/ it was
for his PA to take care of it.
Vismaya: Of course I
am. We are going by
the AP Express on the
30th. Let there be no
doubt about it.
(dismiss =
n, u-- --* --u-T-E-/ \-, -- - -* Nu-JnE B-.

\ n = ----/- -d---).
It is for him to do it = C - -Lq E. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or
not = -N-u-Jn L-j-- E p-LqC --.
Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they
are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi.
Vinamra wanted to know how

long they were to be in Delhi.
Vismaya suggests that they (should)

make the best of their trip and that
they (should) stay there for two or
three days after the Conference.
Vismaya suggested that they

(should) make the best of their
trip and that they (should) stay
there for two or three days after
the Conference.
Vismaya: Let's make

the best of the trip.
Let's stay there for two
or three days after the
Conference.
C 20 d 2006
Pramila: Please remember that the party is at
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be
no delay.
(Kd [---. h-. J

-. u u]l.)
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's
call her and tell her that she need
not worry about conveyance. We'll
pick her up on our way to the party.
(o N h
l. \-
x E - -]lE .
Kd x-p[ J
B-.)
conveyance = y-q = v u
car, bike, scooter, cycle N.
The company provides conveyance to the
manager.
(-- F v u Lp-hC
F hC.)
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more
time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
( ' --[].
- ---L.)
Have our faces done up = o
A-- E-- facial.
facial - - \ -.
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it
just yesterday.
(-p[ - \-x]. Eo
--o.)
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM
too. We have to draw some money.
( u--F, --F xL.

[s B-L.)
ATM -- Automated Teller
Machine - Bank card --T# [s B--] o machine.
draw money = Banks # [s
B-[ = withdraw.
Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company

do it.
(-] L? F L.)
a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
for the company to do it.).
b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
that the company had to do it.
Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
was for the company to do it.
4) \-J let command (c)
[. p[ report should/ must/ have
to/ has to/ had to hC.
Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10.
(C x x E Jh L.)
a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the
work by 10.
b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had
to finish the work by 10.

5) Let u-n (request) [.
Prasad: Vinod let me have some money
please.
(N h [s y.)
Prasad requested Vinod to let him have
some money/ requested Vinod for some
money.
6) Let Exu L-h. p[ report
not care, not mind hC.
(E-p[ [s B---Lq ? F ]_-o [s

J---]-?)
Pramila: I think the money I've should be
enough. You needn't bring any.
Hema: Let's go home.

Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we
(should) go home.
2) Let j u y-E [.
p[ call/ urge report - h.
Leader: Let's all be united.
( .)
The leader called/ urged the followers to
be united.
Reporting verb calls/ urges E present
tense a.
3) a c. E x
--a. p[ report must hC.
Spoken English
Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now

itself? = C p u?
Need report past form must
had to h.
Naresh: Need I do it now? DE report:
Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Need not (need not Lq -
] n --p[), report past
tense reporting verb --p- need not
h. wouldn't have to (would not
have to) E a-a.
did not have to
(o ] ---a?)
[-a.
(-j ---o-p[ -[] E]l.)

Report (Past reporting verb):
x 201
a) Ganesh: How long

have I to wait?
( L?)
Mahesh: You need
not wait.
Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
had to wait.
Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
M. SURESAN
(p[ [s Lx--Lq - ?)
(\x]. ]_-C [s.)
( \[ \-- [--[].
---E y AJT L.)
I. p let o NN] n, o sentences report
. E -J xh h
.
1) Let u j #---E/
--E/ vA--]- [ p[
report suggest [.
n C.
Policeman: You must not cross the road

against the red light.
Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman

had stopped him.
The policeman said that he must not cross/
was not to cross the road against the red
light.
3) Principal: Students must not be late to
classes.
Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal
said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were
not to be late to classes.
E-Eo L- n must not
, C report must not
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up.

Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you
have it?
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time

there. We have to get back to make
other arrangements.
with him.
Syam said he would n't as he must not
leave office then/ as he was not to leave
office then.
2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped
me?
pp[ LET?
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash.
( ]_-o [s J--L. F
B---- ]!)
-1
[ j]
Let us remind Sneha of it too...

Satish: He may report to the police.
Rajesh: Let him.
When Satish said he might report to the
police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't
care.
Let conversation ]-s
h. a.
need N l.
Need
Direct Speech
Pramila: Let's remember that the
party is at 7. Let's start by
6. Let there be no delay.
N.
II.
] ---C: Must,
should, have to, has to o direct speech
report -p[ past tense reporting verb
had to h. C NC, -
x had to h.
Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech.
Kesav said he had to go then - Report
(Reporting verb- past).
must not E direct speech E
-[]E y E] o-p[ report ,
reported verb past tense --p- must not
must not . wasn't/
weren't to + 1st RDW [. Reporting verb
present tense u ]. Verb form
a.
1) Pran: Why don't you come with me?
Syam: No. I must not leave office now.
(E-p[ CL -[] \[
-[] C E-Eo L--hC.)
u x ...
Report: Reporting verb past tense.

Pran wanted syam to go
must
Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa

now.
(y j Lx--Lq - ].)
Report:
Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
need to pay a single paisa then.
O must not, need, need not reporting
verb past tense report p[ h-
Lq N-.
Now let us try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson (see
table)...
Report (Spoken form)
Pramila reminds Lakshmi

that the party is at 7 and
suggests that they (should)
start by 6. She wants no
delay.
Pramila reminded Lakshmi

that the party was at 7 and
suggested
that
they
(should) start by 6. She
wanted no delay.
(suggest/ sugested
E/ \ 1st RDW
y p[
F hC.)
should + 1st RDW
Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it

too. Let's call her and tell
her that she need not
worry about conveyance.
We'll pick her up on our
way to the party.
Lakshmi suggests they

(should) remind Sneha of it
too. She suggests that they
(should) call her and tell
her that she need not
worry about conveyance.
They will pick her up on
their way to the party.
Lakshmi suggested that

they (should) remind
Sneha of it too. She suggested that they (should)
call her and tell her that
she need not/ did not have
to worry about conveyance. They would pick
her up on their way to the
party.
Pramila: OK. We must not waste any

more time now. We must
buy some present for the
bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done
up too.
Pramila agrees and says

they must not waste any
more time then. They must
buy some present for the
bride and the groom. They
must have their faces done
up too.
Pramila agreed and said

that they must not waste/
were not to waste any
more time then. They had
to buy some present for
the bride and the groom.
They had to have their
faces done up too.
C 20 d 2006
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
west. In what direction was he actually

travelling?
1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43,

what code no can be given to SANTACRUZ ?
A) 123
B) 120
C) 85
D) 75
2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called

silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is
called emerald, which is the cheapest
jewel ?
A) Diamond
B) Silver
C) Ruby
D) Gold
3. If water is called blue, blue is called red,

red is called white, white is called sky,
sky is called rain, rain is called green and
green is called air, which of the following
is the colour milk?
A) White
B) Sky
C) Air
D) Green
4. Find the missing number ?
5
? 15
3
9 89 5
3
18
4 50 1
8
A) 69
B) 93
C) 99
D) none of these
3
6
12
9
5
10
20
15
4
8
16
?
A) South
B) North
C) East
D) West
12. One evening before sunset two friends

Sham and Ram were talking to each
other face to face. If Ram's shadow was
exactly to his right side which direction
was Sham facing ?
A) West
B) North
C) South
D) Data in adequate
13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and

thirty eighth from the bottom in a class.
How many students are there in the
class
A) 46
B) 47
C) 48
B) 10
C) 12
D) 20
(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alternative as the answer.
D) 45
14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice

that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth
from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of
kunal, how many boys are after him in
the rank ?
A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 12
15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 minutes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
clerk told a passenger that the bus had
already left 10 minutes ago and the next
bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time
did the enquiry clerk give this information to the passenger ?
A) 8.55 am
B) 9.05 am
C) 9.10 am
D) 9.15am
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the beginning of each hour and rests for a while
when, he slips back 20 feet before he
again starts climbing at the beginning
of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am,
at what time will he first touch a flag at
120 feet from the ground ?
A) 5.00pm
A) 8
B) 6.00pm
C) 7.00pm
these
D)
None
A) Nurse
B) Bed
A) 128
C) Doctor
D) Telephone
B) Animals
D) Height
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh finished before Manoj but behind Gajanan.
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but
behind Manoj. Who won the race ?
A) Rakesh
B) Gajanan
C) Manoj
D) Ashok
o
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the
o
clock wise direction and then 145 in the
anti clock wise direction. Which direction
is he facing now ?
A) East
B) North
C) North to East
D) South to West
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then

turns right and walks 40 meters then
again turns right and walks 20 meters,
than again turns right and walks 40
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ?
B) 10
C) 20
D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the

crossing. Due to an accident the pole
turns in such a manner that the pointer
which was showing east, started showing south. One traveller went to the
wrong direction thinking it to be the
2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is

a Psychologist .
A) 42
B) 40
C) 36
D) 44
A) 876
B) 786
C) 785
24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will

MAN be coded ?
A) 13-1-14
B) 12-0-13
C) 12-0-14
D) 13-0-14
B) 10
C) 13
D) 11
26. If 10th of a month falls three days preceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of
the month fall?
A) Tuesday
B) Friday
C) Wednesday
D) Thursday
B) 16
C)25
D) Non of these
28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the

right in a line of boys and 14th from the
left, how many boys should be added to
the lines so that there are 28 boys in the
line ?
A) 12
B) 13
16
C) 14
20
A) 60
B) 50
C) 25
D) None of these
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger

then me by 11 days. This year, independence day falls on Monday. On what day
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
A) Monday
C) Sunday
29. A bus for Delhi leaves every

thirty minutes from a bus
stand. An enquiry clerk told a
passenger that the bus had
already left ten minutes ago
and the next bus will
leave at 9.35a.m. At what
time did the enquiry
clerk give the information to the passenger ?
R R B
12
B) Wednesday
D) Can't say
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so

rich as mohan then Sham is ?
A) Poorer than Ram
A) 9.10 a.m
B) 8.55 a.m
C) 9.08 a.m
D) 9.15 a. m
30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar

was standing facing a pole. The shadow
of the pole fell exactly to his right, which
direction was he facing?
A) East
B) South
C) West
D) Data inadequate
31. In an examination Raj got more marks

than Moti but not as many as meena.
Meena got more marks than Ganesh
and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than
Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
the group. Who is second in ascending
order of marks ?
B) Richer than Mohan
A) Meena
C) Poorer than Mohan
C) Raj
B) Ganesh
D) Cannot be determined
D) Richer than Ram

20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
one above the other if A is above B, C is
above D but below E and D is above A,
which bag is in middle ?
A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
32. what is the profession of the E

A) Doctor
B) Manager
C) Psychologist
D) None of these
A) Brother
B) Uncle
C) Father
D) Grandfather
34. How many male members are there in

the family
A) One
B) Three
C) Four
D) Can't determined
35. what is the profession of A
27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday

of the month which begins on Monday
what is the birth date of Raju ?
A) 15
4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.
33. How is A related to E
25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and

how many persons are in the queue?
A) 12
3. The Manager 'D' is married to A

5. B is the mother of F and E ,
D) 867
D) 20
16
D) 173
23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands

for ?
KASEEM JAGATI
C) Snow
C) 1270
of
7. A hill always has

A) Trees
B) 120
22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?
Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,

Doctor and Engineer.
21. 3,10,29,74, ?
6. A hospital always has a
A) 0
II
[ j]
(Directions 32-36) Read the following

information carefully and answer the questions given below:
1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
D, E and F from a family. They are
A) Doctor
B) Lawyer
C) Manager
D) None of these
36. Which of the following is one of the

pairs of coupe in the family
A) AB
B) AC
C) AD
D) None of these
. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully

the following series and answer the questions based on them.
A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE
6QUNFBKV8
37. Which is the seventh letter from your
right ?
A) H
B) Q
C) T
D) None of the above
38. If the first half is written in the reverse

order then which number / letter will be
third from the right to the 21st letter
from your right ?
A) P
B) U
C) L
D) W
39. Which amongst the following will be 5th

from the 12th from the left if every second position is removed beginning
from 2 ?
A) M
B) V
D) 3
C) S
E) None of these
40. One day immediately after sunrise,

Gandadhar was standing in front of a
pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
exactly to his right. Which direction was
he facing ?
A) East
B) South
C) West
D) Date inadequate
E) None of these
1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
38) C 39) E 40) A .
K 8) B
D
E 14)
20) C
Y 26)C
32) D
( j]E q dJ\ jd)
-- 22 -d 2006
Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something?
(j
A--?)
fancy = d/d--.
Conversational English x x
vo----p- Do you/ would you- (question
v- ) C---a. j
brackets (Do you) N.
eg:
-- j---
trip to Tirupathi and other places in

South India? (Do you) Know any thing
about what he is doing about it?
(C . A--A x
x---o . - -N -J-* -E-" --o? E -J-* ho?)
Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime =
says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime?
with the travel agency which his uncle
Mind =
runs.
u-
b) Like some coffee =

Do/would you like some coffee?
( J- o xF,
serious conversation --p F, Do
you/ would you C- x- - xx -- Eo--uEo
--C.)
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't
you? And how about some real good
coffee to go with it?
(. A- -C. F\ ?
- * B-?)
p--- do, does and did -J-*
---o -N---- --J ----.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)
not F, question F --p do hF,
(Eo N-- -J-* *a -p- -----o-.)

Confirm - - bird .-
\ She does sing well

*a --E \ p.
I did see him yesterday (I saw him
yesterday) p- --E -E d
(Emphasis ) p. N O conversation
practice u. ---h
O effective C.
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place
where we get real good stuff
(-d . l .)
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our
wants us to be careful during the

journeys.
(
It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
Sumanth: He has given us permission but
by this weekend, he says. That'll give us
Vikas
Says- present tense
-x--- 202
Vikas: He expects to have everything planned
report h-o.
- report --p He says
v-Gh. \ he says, reported part *
-E-.
, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. sentence - he has told me
-u - L. F \ u *aC
. C -x---- j--.
a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
----A a. -F
pal says.
enough time for preparation.
'- - ... 'u-

( E -x- h---E
o. --y--E -J--
C.)
Suhas: What were the places we would be visiting, did he say?
( } -v---- -N---i- p-?)

Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he
will be meeting us this evening.
( *a h . -i
Lo v ----o.)
Direct Speech - report
-. Reporting verb present
tense, past tense - -- -J-d --- --
-.
p O ----N vh -E--
v-x vh --o).
( n ---o.)
conversation -?
Principal --o English
What does he say - Present -o.
He wants us E S} present -o. -C
h----Lq N. Spoken
English past conversation report -p present tense h. C v-h
practice h English ,
C.
C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come,
MBA.
( y --G- --o--o-).
Rajesh: Yes. I am (.)
B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about

your excursion programme?
(O
N--v -J-* O -v-Eq-
b) The students answer was wrong, the

teacher says.
p--p -- -J-j x
-J p-. -D-E - x ---p-p J N--- -- NE J-*-- x. p. O ---o? / OJ-\--*a--p--o? vo \ .
a) What did you say your name was?
Look at the following words of Suhas from
the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
but she says she will not come.
things?
(-- t- t-o. F
-C (-C -
)
a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do
(*a. * -,
Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad
J j * p)
about it? ( N O
(Real good stuff- E
ax * h.) M. SURESAN
oJ x-?)
Rajesh: Yes. I have (x-.)
(\ -, . S} h
ho. English . -/- Nagesh: What does he say?
(----o?)
-E j English Snack/ refreshment.
- Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to
to eat? . Any eats? Let's have some
doing MBA.
eats E informal .
( MBA o MCA better
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi'
E -----o.)
is the place for good eats and coffee.
-- Rajesh Course N xShall we go there?
- J-T N. Nagesh --E ------o? What does he say? E.
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' * ---,
coffee j (The place) E
(\ does say ) (=says) present tense
E" -. \- -E-. Rajesh x o
l? Cafe' - pronunciation - p N-Eo He says E presu u bank ba = -- ent tense p -O -E . C
-. E pronounce English y-. -- --- p
.
h- J-.)
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go
(.)
(--E-J-* --- --o?)
things?
Nikhil
p N
report h-o?
Sundar: What does he say about it?
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
etc)
She does sing well (She sings well)
Sumanth: He does
( u --o--. x -- -v-- ---Fq v-C-h- o-x

p.)
Be in touch - d--/ x / Contact .
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,
not F question - F --p

does h-F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) not F question F --p
did h-C --E ---o. do, does, did
not -p, question -p v-h -E-.
I do know him well - \ not . C question . do know o. C p
- (--L------?)
N-Eo d \ p. I know him well
o I do know him well
E d p.
?)
( - --Eo N- *a
p h--o?)
ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
sentence 'I have asked my mother... not
visiting, did he say?
come; Kumar
xt p x- -
xt -p report ho, she says
-E-L. Eo N pa
Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she
said she would not come.
d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor?
(d-Jo -v-C--?)
Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not
serious.
( x } E p?)
When did you say the meeting would
be? (Meeting
p-----o?) (S} p
E)
h--.
1) Spoken English form \--J
J-T- ---- report --p
Present reporting verbs He/she says,
They feel; they want; he/she wants
(-L. C Bv-i-O -o / -o.)

C (Past event Present report )
-.
Now look at the following part of the conversation at the beginning of the passage.
Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our
E -C.
2) Conversation report --E
He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
N sentence - sentence
*, u F a.
3) -J-j -j -J -----op
trip to Tirupathi and other places in
What did he say his name was?
South India? What is he doing about it?
sentence pattern
-.
Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
says. He is in touch, he has told with the
tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs.
reporting verb in the present as well as in the
\ ho .
a) Nikhil -p E" -oD,
-o?
What does Nikhil say about...?
past tense.
Suhas
- 24 -d 2006
-- j---
Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a

beautiful dress you are in! Who selected it for you?
(--V y
-E-ho---. F -v !
-d -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: ' ' \ -) = -{-- o. \ American usage.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
(C .)
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you
wore for Kavya's birthday party.
(
-u -d--V --Kd -y --o v o C C.)
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day.
(F V u-v Eox
C.)
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
us too. That made her the lovelier than
any other girl there.
( --J -
. -x --V -J-
-\-.)
Lovely= beautiful= -i.
. n h-- uh-
- -- Eg--.
La
These are the comparisons made in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson.
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
day party.
dress
Kavya birthday party
(C Oy-V -o
-o -v o
C.)
2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful

that day=
V J -vx --u -v
u C.
3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too.
est
superlative degree forms.
'st'
b) finest, simplest, nicest, etcsuperlative degree forms.
c) Y
Y
* a
N *
-u N- *
( --J u -.)
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
C --- - o C.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends
who took the test.
-x---
( --d -v-q
-J u L-jC).
203
6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she.
--o-u Lj.
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so
(as) good as his.
x uJn u - u
*C .
iest
superlative form
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
costliest (costly) etc.
d) ful
B,
-C.
-u --Eo-,
Lasya: We have another party coming.
( y-- Kd C.)
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occasion?
(-J-h-o? s ?)
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
rank in CAT.
Common Admission Test
(CAT)
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the
cleverest girl among our friends who
took the test.
(Cu hC.
25 u *a--.)
(--- -au . -d
v-q -x u L-j-C.)
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in
the IIT entrance test.
( --o-u L-j-.
-C --- --v-q -d - 18
u *aC.)
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the
town is so good as his.
p -l-A ...!
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
%-d- --j Lx--v .

9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them
but not so hard working.
x \ x-J L-jC F
v--C .
Comparisons: a English
N-. -- degrees h.
1) Positive degree
2) Comparative degree
3) Superlative degree
(Degrees of comparison adjectives
adverbs
Adjectives
,
.
h--, u-, v-, --, ---j--- -- L
.)
most
superlative form
i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative )
most
e)
superlative
Interested - most interested; jealous - most jealous)
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
-er -r -ier
more
comparative
i) Superlative form
'est'
comparative form
'er'
Jh
-C.
Eo - ,
x
hC.(
*,
, ,
F
-C.
--E
Eo-,
.
F h C
L ---E
Superlative
tallest
highest
Comparative
taller
higher
superlative form
b) 'st'
'-r '
comparative form
Superlative
finest simplest nicest
Comparative
simpler finer nicer
c) Y
Y
iest
superlative form
ier
comparative form
Superlative
healthiest costliest
Comparative
healthier costlier
d) -ful
most
superlative form
more
comparative form
Superlative
Comparative
most beautiful
more beautiful
most interested more interested
L
-L
--Eo-,
h.
-u N-,
,
h.
B
L
- -,
-d
--Eo-,
-
,
-C.
u h----Lq N.
degree - n L.
Positive E, comparative
h \ F, superlative Eo--o
\ F -- - l ---.
degrees of comparison x, degree
- positive , comparative , superlative n . --p
correct x--d. positive degree p, comparative p,
superlative p - d, sEo d C. :
a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
=
b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
in the class (comparative) =
boys
c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
(positive) =
- x -J- - --.
x /
-J o - --.
x - -
-- .
Eo degrees n p -l-A ..
eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.

Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201
(. h J -- -* u --.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart.
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children.
(Rxx L-N---x.
%-d- --j Lx--v
- --.)
smart= t n -i
-h-x -{-- . \
n L-N-.
(x \u ---J- L-N-C.
F d- E--C .)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's
a thing to be happy about.
(x * Nu, u- u. -C ---Lq N.)

-E : j conversation L
(comparison) vh- . -E-u -@-N--
a- - - .
h u, , -A --C-
h u-, -, uh-, ,
p-, uh , p-, -
La -C, \ El-- -,
d C---- h .
Spoken English L-- -- uhh l. - Grammar
DEo Degrees of comparisons -E --J
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT (Spoken )
Reporting Verb Present tense
Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the
have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before.
done just yesterday.
Lakshmi said she need not/ did not
Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the

go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to
ATM too. we have to draw some money.
draw some money.
Pramila said they had to go to

the bank or the ATM as they
had to draw some money.
( N---a
-- .) \
La
-- - E o
E \
Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as

not. I have enough she has enough cash.
cash.
Lakshmi said that they need

not/ did not need to, as she had
enough cash.
Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry

up.
better hurry up.
Pramila suggested they had

better hurry up.
(N- -/-N-
--o --.)
\ we are comparing all other actors
with Amitabh. }-o -- o.
Amitabh is taller than - \ taller, compar-
Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to

money now or do you get the money now or if she has it.
have it?
Lakshmi wanted to know if she

had to get the money then or if
she had it.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she
money I have should has should be enough and that
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
not get any.
Pramila said she thought the

money she had should be
enough and that Lakshmi need
not/ did not need to get any
money.
Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
spend much time much time there as they have to get
there. We have to get back to make other arrangements.
back to make other
arrangements.
Lakshmi said that they must

not spend much time there as
they had to get back to make
other arrangements.
M. SURESAN
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of

them but no so hardworking,
O--Eo- , --- E,
o E, n hC. tall = -j,
-kh-, short = d o, fine = -{--i, etc)
Adverbs , verb - J N- -L
- C E -L
adverbs.)

a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Bachchan.
We are comparing all
other actors with Amitabh Amitabh
Not
so tall as
tall positive degree.
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all
other actors.
ative degree.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors Amitabh
we are
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
--x
u --. \
xJ u -- o. \
tallest superlative degree. C -E-.
1) * +est, +st Fh Csuperlative degree.
a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. N
need to have the facial. She had

had it done the day before.
-- 29 -d 2006
-- j---
Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in

this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying
a bag?
(
adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /

than all other (plural)+...
c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
as the elephant
Mangesh: That's right
Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb

+so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
-v-- - - h-o?
u o -o?)
()
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all

sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is)
none to your liking?
(\ Eo j-V, -,
o -u-, -- o .
FO a-?)
(To your liking = F *aC)
Look at this one = C
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I
want a smaller bag than this.
(
\--Lq -u o C lC.
*oC L )
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.
(C F\--Lq -j- -y-a)

Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
want.
(. C \--Lq E-
*oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
(
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
-C -J---- --)
(. *a- -Lq-.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
( - lC )
O ---oC. L -p- simple (-), direct

---a. x-d (complex ) -i- -L h. --- lesson
x Nagesh, Mangesh conversation l.
a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want.
(C- -\--Lq E- lC)

O -E . \ Mangesh
hoC h v --N -\-- bag, ho bag.
b) Mangesh: That's
want.
(s! - .)
(More than its worth =
E N
.)
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive.
(- \ oo
l.)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the
bags this size here. Let's bargain.
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is
not worth more than that.
(\-o j- -u-x u
\. 400 -- -h-- -l. - -\- -)
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for
Rs 400.
400
(-y-o-C --C. --h -)
Mangesh: Let's try
(\--Lq E-- C *oC)

\ ? u v L.
-\--LqC. --\ ---oC.
c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
worth.
( -x N -
- /- Eo - - lC).
The
elephant
(sub)+is(verb)+comparative
-j-C)
(-- -u---J-- --- ---
-x---
205
-l)
Positive: Positive degree
No
other
Positive adjective
so/as
positive adjective
-x-p
v-Gh. -
F,
-
2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)

3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
5) December - cold month. (Positive)
6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
(comparative)
Answers:
1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
in the shop.
( v necklace u
K-j-C) (Superlative degree)
2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
Kashmir.
(- Z - Qt L- -) (positive degree)
that's more than its worth

\ bag , E N-
u L.
d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that.
bag
C ,
N- u
o L - -L u.
e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less

expensive.
bag
\- -
-
\ L.
h--, l uh- h. ---p degree of comparison
d word order ( -J)
C. , o \
La--p sentence word order , E
v compare --p - sentence word
order - C.
1) o \ E La--p
superlative degree E adjective
the *a- L.
eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(-v--o --l.)
all land animals / the biggest
land animal.
-- lesson adjectives of compariM. SURESAN
son -J--* Eo N- --o
b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
A.P.
? h--, uh- La
(A.P. j-- A-l )
- Eg-- vA-~ @N
C) He is the most popular actor on the
h . --E conversation (Spoken
English) vu \. -E
Telugu screen.
( O - u v-G-
p---o Eo correct p--E, 3
degrees of comparison uEt
- -o )
- lesson . Eo J d superlative adjective p the
p-E-J.
xh l:
a) Superlative:
2) -o \ E La-- comThe Elephant is the largest land animal.
parative adjective -- than any other / than
- -x A--lC.
all other p- -L. than any other
C superlative. word order ( - -- subject, singular number; Than all
other - --- subject, plural number
J) - simple.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative
-.
adjective+...
b) The elephant is larger than any other land
animal / all other land animals.
Pacific
c) He is older than any other members / all
other members of the family.
( -v -
smaller than the one I
( -CC -F - 500 )
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.
a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than

any other minister / all other ministers.
(-- v---J - -v----vA

C- -\-)
b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
all other oceans in the world.
as
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
coconut tree there.
h.
(\-o d s-J-d- -)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
( -- v--
)
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
at the subject as Janaki
(class
subject
Nu-n--
L---x -.)
patterns (u -)
degrees j x L. -- \ h-- La--p O -E-Lq N superlative, comparative.
degrees sentences not . positive degree sentence no other v---C.
(, Eo--o... , superlative
C. E A y- h.)
p in the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson - -F a -. p
u-i . -/--l uh- La- superlative degree . Positive,
Comparative v .
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
(\--Lq- --E- C lC)

Comparative (bigger)
DE positive degree: The one I want is not as
(so) big as this.
superlative
lesson
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make
sentences using the following words, using the
degree given in brackets.
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount(PeakAns: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
in the world.
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the
shop - (superlative)
DE
. - N a
l.
y- x-
P)
3) This is the best song in the movie.

superlative
degree.)
4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
all other places in A.P.
( *v C u p
(v-v-- -*- v--E--/

v---o v)
5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
(
December
6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
state/ all other states in South India.
()
L-)
(~ - Z/ Z---
--v-v-- lC)
1. How
to pronounce the words? Is there
any rule please.

b) Occasion, situation - what is the difference between these words? ( give some
examples).
. --y--, x
i) Any good English - English dictionary will

give you the symbols of pronunciation refer to it.
ii) Situation =
J- nA.
v- -o /----o -- .
A difficult situation = x-d
J-nA; financial situation
= Jn J- nA political situation = - J- nA.
Occasion = s
\ ---, J-n- - --E
vu \. j situation x
occasion - .
I have met him on two or three occasions =
Eo -sx ---o.
a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
was in a difficult situation =
Eo --- ---o-p - x-d

J-n-A o-.
b) She was able to manage the situation
= J-n-AE -\-C-l---C.
31 -d 2006
-- j---
Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in
\ VC.)
town?
Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and
( -x--a (o) ?)
your mom.
Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?
(y, O t \ -E --o.)
(? p--a?)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
the badminton match.
(Eo -u-t-- -u- --

L-.)
Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he
would win. He is certainly a better
player than his rival in this round.
( l au . h-E . - -- vuJn-- - *a- -j -)

(rival=j= vuJn, --)
Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,
Suman: Thank you.
-- Lesson . --- \
h--, uh- La--p degrees
(positive,
comparative
and
superlative)
. degrees E sentences , Word

order ? ,
-E v Lap superlative
E --o .
Amar is not so (as) short as Anand.
Let's now try to change the comparative degree
statements in the conversion between Laxman
-, --- d.)
comparative , positive Amar, Anand position , comparative E not positive
. positive -
tage in badminton
( ---o. h. --, - vuJn -v - -. -u-t-- C (--) -- N.)

Advantage = y-Ed- 'y \ -= -J. -L-T-C.
Mind you = h a/ -, (vh E
)
1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.
-x---
(- vuJn - - )
\
L lJ u v Bhavan, Sravan u)
the next match.

fare =
(y-- -u-
h l.)
-/-- N.
How did you fare in the exam yesterday?

(
Eo y
exam
?)
How did he fare in the debate contest last
debate
(comparison only between two) (taller- comparative degree)

3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's.
Suman: He has good chances of winning that
4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special

train. (special train
AP Express
---
5) This is certainly better than that =
C E-
(comparison only between two)
(--, t \ V--C
com-
parison only between two.

Longer - comparative)
(O t --Mx p B-h-o?)
- - \ N-- La-p, superlative, comparative, posiSuman: This Wednesday.

tive word order ( -J)
( -)
-o.
Laxman: Have you booked the tick j sentences Eo-
ets?
L
--- u.
M. SURESAN
(--x - --o?)
1) L N- u -Suman: Yes, by the AP Express.
p, superlative degree .
(. -q-v )
2) N-- La--p comparative
Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the
degree, positive degree word order special train you thought of going by.
-- \ N-- La--p
(* E. y x---o
comparative, superlative word order
p-- -v- - C -
-C.
----C.)
, l-JE a---.
Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that
1) p superlative .
too.
2) Comparative sentence - ,
(C E \ C)
sentence * h, positive degree
Laxman:This is certainly better than that in
J sentence -,
every respect. When are you return sentence *-- -h.
ing?
3) Comparative not -, positive not
( N , p-- -v-
hC. comparative not positive
- -q-v *C. p AJnot .
-h-o?)
Comparative:
stay there will be longer.
(~- -
\
Sankar:
(Taller - comparative degree) -
L lJ u, -s superlative
. DE positive degree: Kshema is not so
(as) tall as Hema.
- -- -- ) comparison
( N- u v
only between two
L):
Comparative:
Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar
(
Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar
-, - L-j .)
\ u -N-- -E-:
1) Comparative , Sundar , Sukumar
* o. positive, n
--j, Sukumar , Sundar *- -h-o .
2) Comparative not , positive not C
.
example l:
(
Comparative:
Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .
(j--- --, N-- -\)

(N-- , j-- *.
Not
Positive:
Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
(j-- N--- -)
(j-- -, N-- *;
Not
---J marks - F
marks- \- . (---Jlast time )
Omkar: , -J marks , --J

-- ---o t .
(t =I am not sure).
Sankar: - college h aq- -O ap.Omkar:- O a p, F y-od
a p-.
Sankar: Tuition -B --- - -o- .
J _---x--?
Omkar: O lecturer _ x.
Answer:
Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our question papers?
Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the
paper last time.
Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine
last time.
Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this
time will be as good as my marks last
time.
Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of
all) in the college.
Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so
(as) good as our lecturer.
Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want
me/to go to/suggest that I go to?
Omkar: Go to your lecturer.
C)
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
1) He is certainly a better player than his
His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)
rival.
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.
Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan
3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as
Sravan's.
4) AP Express is faster than the special train.
Bhavan's
The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Express.
Anand is shorter than Amar.

(
5) This certainly is better than that.
That certainly is not so (as) good as this.
Positive:
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
Mine (C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.
- - --- d)
( -E--x AJ--h. t \
h. -E-
Positive:
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
to Delhi?
Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's
as
- - L-j)
comparative)

Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom
comparison only between two) (faster-
too.
(C L --
o.)
the last exam paper.)
(Kshema,
(v -L-- - -L-
) (quicker - comparative)
iC
(h %y) ?)
question papers Eox C

-A -d C ?
(d = tough) - superlative )
Omkar: C --J paper d
.
(--J paper=the paper last time/
j-- N--- -
week?
(
so (as),
Hema is taller than Kshema.
--)
quicker than Sravan's.
Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in
v - --.
Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are
( , Sravan -L-- --
Bhavan -L- .)
206
(better- comparative degree of good-
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =
Exercise:
Sankar:
the beginning of the lesson:
(Better- comparative degree)
positive degree statements:

conversation between Laxman and Suman at
Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that

rival of his. That certainly is an advan-
and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into
--E 2 -d- 2006
-- j---
Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yesterday?
(Eo u- -i-C?)Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but

our game was not better than last
sunday's game.
( , L .
Eo C-
-- _ .)
-J p. Sx ho.
-E-. Not -p, question -p
, did , j-u-x-. NEo h d p-x--C.
I did meet him yesterday =
-- -E-o ----E --o.

( expressions O conversation
practice .)
Vasanth: Why do you say so?
(- -o?)
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
than that last time. Moreover the
wickets we took are not more than
those we took last time.
(---J -\ J \ \ .-J -B-o

N--x ---J N--x - \
)
Vasanth: Why so?
(-x ?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no
greater than
Mahesh and
Satish.
(
Eo p. --,
-B- , - M. SURESAN
-, -- - B-o. x- Ox p
)
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
- C?)
(Pitch= -j- N-x u -*a
E )
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster
than the pitch last time. That's why
we took a spinner in place of a pace
bowler.
(- J fast bowling --. , fast
bowler . spin bowler
B-o)
(pace bowler = fast bowler.
(not + comparative -
a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal.

(
J -\
-- -\ \ )
tive.
Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as

high as our score this time.
--, -j-- xE v )
\ 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-
(--J -\, J -\
.)
2) comparison
superlative
(L) - v. d
.
- lessons -E examples , j
sentences comparative not
-E-. , Eo, positive p-p not .
positive l.
3) The wickets we took this time were not

more than the wickets we took last time.
(not more - not + more (comparative))
(at least)
j-- F
C.
- - x
we have Harish =
Vasanth: What about the next match?

(
y- -- -?-)
Hemanth: We may play the team from

Warangal, but we take it easy. The
Warangal team is no more a problem for us than yesterday's team.
(a-J - - a.
Eo L-_ B-o. Eo - -
l u .)
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(F Ny-Eo --G--Ch-o.)
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I
(am)=

o.)
captain
Ny-
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
captain
Ny---.)
aloud in
F -v -!
F -v l - --.
Pramada: *a- -v F -v -{- . -{- F -{-
Pramada:
Vasudha:
Many (positive) - more (comparative) most (superlative)
-x---
Positive: The wickets we took last time were
(at least) as many as we took this

time.
Study this:
Comparative
( --J B--o N-x, ---J

B--o-o \--.)
-, j-- - x-EC .
Positive
j-- (F) -- x- C.
A, B - \ , B (F) A -E ? comparative * positive
-C. \ comparative not -C,
d positive not .
4) They were no greater than

Charan.
Chandra is not taller than Tara =

Positive:
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
At least
- x C--h p-.
u-i N: Positive degree adjective
so/as, positive degree y as
--?
, positive degree not o-p, -E
so E,/as E- . positive degree
not - -E , as v .
So .
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
not C. d
F F .
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as

great as they.
(-, --- -F --x- p--x)

5) The pitch this time was not faster than the
pitch last time (not faster - not + comparative)
Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as
fast as the pitch this time
b) He is as clever as his brother-
D positive degree. not F, no

F . -x clever as v
-o, so -- . C - u-i
N.
Now let us study the following sentences
from the conversation between Vasanth and
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no better than last sunday's
(---J - J -
-i)
6)
Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most

(superlative)
( - - Eo -
\ u- )
Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as

much a problem for us as the warangal team
(Eo -, - - u
= \ ) -
\ E.
(no better - no + comparative)
-- C- Eo
C (F)
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
The Warangal team is no more a problem

for us than yesterday's team.
(no more a problem - no + comparative)
(-- C- Eo
-_-.)
Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
good as our game yesterday =
Kiran and
(x h B-ox, -, --
- p -x ).
\ a --, -B-, -, -- CE p--p, C
N- u L ---E.
n --LqC \ \J, N x--J a . -,
-B- ORx-l 1st set. --, -- ORx-l
2nd set. \ comparison sets of
players . d, DEo N- u
L-- BL.
b) Comparative:
n K o)
Exercise: Practise the following

English
207
I appreciate your confidence
positive degree.
tall
so
as
Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our

captain.
J -- B-o N-x --J N-x

\ .
Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =
-/n.
In place of Suresh
last time.
v ---.
In place of =
---J N-- ( N ) a .
N-- La--p
1) Superlative .
2) Comparative not positive not
hC.
3) compare ho h- positions
----. N- last
lesson !
p :
7)
Our captain is more confident than I (am) captain

comparative, not
Positive
not
hC.
\ Ny- -o
, d
--J_ (proper) . E v F -E K--\-.

---o.
Vasudha: N ---. --.
, \-o x-J -v-x F
-- - --E E-p- -o.
Pramada: N--E - C. E C
E .
Vasudha: - E----B -p .
Answer:
Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!

Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
attractive as yours. My selection is
not so as proper as yours, but my
dress is more expensive than yours.
That makes me sad.
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
But I still feel that yours is the best
of the dresses of all those/ the people here.
Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
honest as I am now.
vo.
'q - ---?
J* L----.
i vu h---o?
~o, -- h-
L---.
. - -,
j--.
Syntax -- .
Syntax English E uxE -J (order of words -
, y L) -J-*-
E--. p Eo lessons --L-C ? OE J-* English story books,
Magazines v-G*, Newspapers
(English), l - N
- x
English hC.
-- 4 -d- 2006
-- j---
Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your

son in, finally?
(*- O --E - school -
-Jp--?)
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School.
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever
get him admission in that school?
It is one of the best schools in the
state.
Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much

like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
On fridays, I am busier than most
other days. I'll try to come, but
don't look for me. Anyway, many
happy returns of the day.
( - C, F v-. -N-T-L-
-V-- --L-h v-- - G-@. -
( \--x --t-- -C--? Z - --o --h- ----x --.)
What do you think?
Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive

too. My son has been selected in
the selection test. Very few admission tests he has taken are as
tough as this.
(. u K--j ---x
--. v---K-~
--u. - K-~x
Eo v -d- i-N.)
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as
number of admission tests?
( -O --s - v---K-~
- -F --l-u?)
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five
transfers in the past nine years.
With every transfer he had to be
put in a new school, and that
meant an admission test.
(-----o-? --Nt-x-
-- x CM C.
vA-K h ---- aLq aC.
than that in most other recent movies.
--E v-Ao-h. - -F - --l. -d--V- - --E

---o)
Lokeswar: Thank you.
Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:
a) Kolkata is the largest city in India
( - u l-- -)
- superlative degree.
b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
(- u l -x- - )
superlative.
a), b) superlative o.
(a) the largest o - Eo
-x lC --E -n.
(b) Bangalore is one of the largest o
-E (u) l---x --
o.
-x---
208
vA-K v---K~ --)

Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?
(O -- --?)
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly
brighter than most other students
his age or class. He has had no
difficulty getting admission in the
best schools.
(L-N---- L. - -A,
- -q- -x - -C
L-j-. - - u-h
---x -- v -L)
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in
Ambit school shows that. Wish
him all the best.
(n - C. --
- - ---- --h-C).
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How
about attending it?
( -d--V -h .)
The best, the largest, the tallest, etc.

comparatives, positive
h .
One of the best (u -j---- ),
One of the largest (u l-- ),
o-p Positive, Comparative
p l. F u
N
L- JQ- L
- - , p (h- , uh
- )- -T-x -x d (Complex) --C. - -- .
x, Superlative,
Comparatives y .
: v-v- --o -x j--
lC (Superlative), N - j- lC (Comparative), j- lC . E -
--. .
Three degrees 'lC -- -- o. --Tx-, big, bigger,
biggest E degree E d
- --- . u lC, A
l - -
. D - -Eo L-o, -sEo d -*a- -. F u L E--
Table- 1
II Type
I Type
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
city in India.
Bangalore is one of the largest cities in

India.
Comparative: Kolkata is larger than
Bangalore is larger than most other
any other city / all other cities in India.
cities in India.
Positive: No other city in India is
Very few cities in India are
so (as) large as Kolkata.
as large as Bangalore.
Superlative:
--u- l -x -
--- - - lC
Eo -x lC
Comparative: N ---
lC (-u--J --)
Positive:
lC -.
- --. N- -x- -E---- --o. E L- degree

p- N- vh .
Naresh: But the songs in the movie

are not sweeter than the
songs in 'Kalalu'.
Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in

Now look at the following sen'Kalalu' are sweeter than the
tences from the conversation at
M. SURESAN
songs in the movie.
the beginning of the lesson
1) It is one of the best schools in the state.
Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in
superlative
2) And one of the most expensive too.
this.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
(u K--j ----x )
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as
this (positive)
4) He is certainly brighter than most other students of his class or age (comparative)
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
days. (comparative).
p L --u J-Q-Ll:
(--- 1 ---)
p ----E degrees transformation to other degrees l.
Positive
1)
College. I do not have the knowledge

of music you have / my knowledge of
music is not so (as) good as yours.
Naresh: Very few songs are as good as
'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a moving song.
Satish: True. I like it too.
Comparative
Superlative
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
state are as good as this. schools in the state.
state. lesson
sentence)
*a
2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than

and one of the most expensive
expensive as this.
most other schools.
too. (lesson
sentence)
...
*a
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
son
sentence)
4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
bright as he (is).
other students. (lesson
sen- students.
tence)
5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
busy as I am tomorrow.
most other days. (lesson
the busiest on.
sentence)
p ---oC...
a) The + superlative E h E comparative than any other / all other hC.
Positive No other -v---C.b) One of the + superlative h E comparative than most other hC. Very few
Positive v--C. very few
v--u positive- as + positive + as
v- hC. so + positive + as .
Carefully observe the following conversation between Satish and Naresh
Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've
seen recently.
Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are
Cl -- lN
(-u--J --)
'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in
(ZE h ----x C )
as great as this.
Satish: The photography in the movie is better
This diversity is seen not only

among the plants belonging to different groups but also those
belonging to the same group.
is
seen
present continuous
verb
-v-o-:
j u y
-T- .
--Eo --T-a?---?
. L--, X-
--: \ seen C present continuous
tense . present simple / present indefinite.
present continuous tense verb formam seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
present simple, passive voiceis seen-
C
---C n.
This diversity is seen =

jNu
C ( h E)
is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb -
past participle) - voice, passive.
--- 6 d- 2006
-- j---
Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to

class, are you?
(-J- class *aC

y -?)
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier
than me. I was not later than they
(were)/them by more than ten minutes.
(J, -
a. x- C EN-
o \ u .)
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to
come
?
(p a x J
-C-?)
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not

among those who are the earliest.
(. y a--x x -
.)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike.
You had better buy now. It is on sale
at a discount
and is cheaper
than before.
(y bike
----o
.
p
*C. Discount t-o. ----
p .)
a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P

= Adjective - the coolest - degree superlative sentence
superlative
not
sentence
-E-.
n:
v-v-- --x u xE v
E .
, --x Eo v---o x-E-C E C comparative.
Madanapalle is not cooler than some other

places in A.P.
DE
x-EN.
2. I was not early as Sarika

and some others.
Sarika and some others were

earlier than me.
sentence)
I was not the earliest.
3. It was not as cheap before

as it is now.
It is cheaper than before

sentence)
No superlative.
4. Some others are always

as early as Sarika.
Sarika is not always earlier than

some others.
Sarika is not always the earliest.

sentence)
5. It is not as cheap as it was

earlier.
It is not cheaper now than before.
It is not the cheapest now.

sentence)
6. Some other brands are

going to be as cheap as
this.
sentence)
This is not going to be cheaper

than some other brands.
This is not going to be the

cheapest of brands.
7. The bike is not as important for me as some other

matters.
Some other matters are more

important for me than the bike
now.
sentence)
The bike is not among/ not

one of the most important
matters for me.
8. No other matter has as little priority as the bike.
The bike has less priority than

any other matter
The bike has the least priority now.

sentence)
-.. Eox --x
b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden.
( -E Eo x C \ -jC
)
not the tallest (not + superlative)
The tree is not taller than some other trees
in the garden.
( N Eo x-o C -jC
)
not taller than some
other - comparative.
Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
c) Some other novels are as good as

'You only live Twice'
(Eo novels, 'you only live

Twice' -)
M. SURESAN
Saran: Moreover some other matters are

more important for me than the bike
now.
(-- bike u-i

N- J-Eo o .)
Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least
priority now.
( F v-ux
-?)
bike
*-J-
DE
comparative
"you only live Twice" is not better than some

other novels ('You only live Twice'
novels
Eo
).
superlative
'You only live Twice' is not the best novels.
(You only live Twice'
novel
Eo- h--i

the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) You are not the earliest to the class.
2) Sarika and some others were earlier than
me.
Saran: There are other more important matters.
(E . E - u-i-N
J-Eo o.)
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me
know. I know the dealer. We can get
some concession.
3) It is cheaper than before.

4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come.
5) It is not the cheapest now.
6) Some other brands are going to be as
cheap as this or even cheaper.
7) Moreover some other matters are more
(y -E Eg----o-p
L--. dealer .
h T_ --hC.)
Saran: Thank you.
9) there are other more important matters.
You observe that the conversation above

has mostly negative sentences. There are,
among them, superlatives, comparatives
and positives too. Now before we study
them look at the following sentences.
Spoken English
important for me than the bike now.

8) ... the bike has the least priority now?
All the sentences above are more or less

the same pattern.
--
not the best/ greatest, etc C-*-N. O other degrees l.
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]

9. Some other matters are as
important as this.
There are other more important

matters than this.
sentence)
As good as - degree - positive
It is cheaper than before

(x. J-Eo company bikes
-_ , -_
.)
You are not earlier than some

others to class.
Some other places in A.P. are as cool as

Madanpalle =
(-E Eo x, d
o.)
Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be

as cheap as this or even cheaper.
superlative
You are not the earliest to
class.
sentence)
1. Some others are as early

to class as you.
as the tree.
(p \--. ---C. -.)
comparative
positive
positive:
-x--- 209
Saran: It is not the cheapest now.

It is going to be cheaper
still. I'll wait for another
month.
u-N- h--:
degree * degree a
exercise practice x confusion
p Spoken English improve . O
regular - J---p-x English
x---o---, p O p--o Eo, -s-Eo-d, degree
p O -hC. English *a--px x- u. Fo
L---. - x
Tx hC.
(*a
This is not the most important matter.
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,

very few of us can play as well as he.
(E. E Sx form a-
v Cl- -
-)
Sindhu: Wish him the best.
conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
2) You scored more runs than any other member of your team.
Now study the following conversation:
3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.
Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the

match yesterday. You played the
best of all. You scored more runs
than any other member of your team.
4) He took more wickets than I did.
(-E-o O team L-*C. -J

y . N---x-o
y-\ - B.)
Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as
well as Ganesh. He took more wickets than I did.
(-%-d- -h Ganesh
bowl ----. -\ wickets B--o)
Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all.
His single digit score shows that.
(x y- C O d.
E score E \)
Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late.
Otherwise he plays better than most
of us.
(-F-u form .
-C .)
Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either.
(F -- match
- )
5) Your captain played the worst of all.

6) ... he plays better than most of us.
7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier
match either.
8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.
j sentences Eo- L---o

Fo - J.
sentences h-/ uh ---,
-n u- uh EB -h-oE -E . EE l,
\ uh, -J- -
, \ C -ho.
C comparison of adverbs, comparison of adjectives . degrees of
comparison, adjectives , adverbs
--o-. p---
study C comparison of adjectives.
J-Q-L-C, degrees of comparison of adverbs.
(adverb
, verb L E J-TC
E L )
You played the best of all - \ verb,
played = . J-TC?
Answer: the best. d best C \
adverb.
--v- 8 d- 2006
-- j---
Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English

the best of all of us in the class?
(Class
--J English
Ramana )
Vishal: Yes; he does. ()
Komal: Why so? (-E?)
Why so = -?; Why not? =
? expressions conversation
common. O - .
x-C
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in

English medium, that too, in very
good schools. Moreover, he reads
more than any one of us.
(-* C-NC English

, D * English medi, -- -
\- --.)
That too = C .
Komal: He certainly works harder than any of

us. At the same time he plays games
better than us too. Remember he
scored higher than any other member
of our team in the last match.
(*a- - \ v--. games . -- match

team players
score ).
Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time
with him.
(C h-o. -
-)
medium
um schools
-x--- 210
Komal: What does he
read?
How
much does he
read?
(
-?
---?)
lesson
comparison
---oC, degrees of
\ adjectives , adverbs
E. Adverbs -o. verb, subject EE --C.
verb E J-TC N--
L- adverb.
He plays well. \ verb - plays.
-? verb (L E) vo h,
- well ? -E well, adverb
-C. sentence EE
d, C noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., Ox
C E Eg--Lq C.
-
This is a fast train.
M. SURESAN
\
. d
train?
fast, adjective.
vo,
fast train
Why so?
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot
of fiction in English. He reads quite
often English news magazines too.
(--N- W English newspaper

--. English -, -E --. English news
magazines --.)
fiction = { ' \ -. n
p Lp-* novels (-),
short stories (-E-) N.
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so
well because of his reading?
( y-C - x
English x---o--?)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you
more than a thorough study of grammar.
(*a-. Tx x-- v
~o u-- , -
\ ----C.)
thorough = = ~o-i
Komal: The language of the English newspapers is difficult to understand, isn't it?
How then does it help?
(English newspapers English
n
----E d C. -p -----C?)
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
news items, and then went on to
news stories.
(d-- *o h-- vG*, y l l h reports

C--E o)
Spoken English
A Cheetah runs fast.
(*--L --h-C. \ runs,
fast,
d
C

1) , -C ( h/ E)
vo -- a- Adjective.
2) E J-TC vo answer a
Adverb.
N- v-h h--
degrees of comparison p Adjectives ,
p adverbs C - -hC.
verb. How does it run?

question
fast
adverb.
answer
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world.
(v--E Eo x Z-L d
u -C.)
-E- \ 'best'- adverb, -,
plays verb EE N-J-hC d.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective
the
superlative degree of the adverb
the
*a- -E --o.
d--. *,
--- y-.)
j sentence adverb, superlative degree
C ? C superlative of 'well'.
C .
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all
other players =
player/
players
Adjective
adverb
positive
1. Adjective
No other team in the world is
so/ as good as Australia.
Adverb
No other team in the world
plays so/ as well as Australia.
2. Adjective
Very few teams in the world
are as good as Australia.
Adverb
Very few teams in the world
play as well as Australia.
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as

Dhoni=
player
ball
adverb, wellpositive.

E
d. \
good=
better (comparative)
* (adjective)
well= (adverb)
best (superlative)
degree
a lA .
comparative
superlative
Australia is better than any

(all) other team (teams) in
the world.
Australia is the best team

in the world.
Australia plays better than

any other team/ all other
teams in the world.
Australia plays best of all

teams in the world.
Australia is better than most

other teams in the world.
Australia is one of the best

teams in the world.
Australia plays better than

most other teams in the
world.
No proper superlative.
a lA Adjective ,
adverb .
Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos Jh, not L. p h---Lq N reads + not = does not
C
itive
1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag.
read.
(C lJ u L \ not C
comparative degree) DE superlative
--. Positive a--p,
Tendulkar, Sehwag x ----;
not hC.
Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as

fast as Krishna. (Krishna
-)
3) Kites fly faster than crows.
Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
( l --)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not
Positive
verb - fly. fly
+ not = do not fly.
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib

Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
Shoaib Akthar
bowl
not
superlative
Positive
not
subjects
Lee, Akthar positions

conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as

Bret
fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar
Lee
bowl
1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of

all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
the adverb)

h)
Adverb degree a--p, do, does,
- h--d--L.
did
2) He reads more than any of us.
(comparative degree)
3) Reading English helps you more than a
study of grammar (comparative)
Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.

(Mark Steve \ matches )
C comparative. verb - played. DEo positive p-, played + not = did not
play -C. p positive.
4) He certainly works harder than any of us.

(comparative)
5) At the same time, he plays games better
than us too. (comparative)
Mark did not play as/ so many games as

Steve. (Steve
games Mark
-Eo
hC.
Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as

kites.

)
L lJ u, C. DE
.
----.
6) He scored higher than any other member of

our team. (comparative)
-)
2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
Exercise:
-N %g --)
O degrees practise .
Answer:
superlative
comparative
positive
1. Doesn't
Ramana
speak
English the best of all of us?
sentence)
Doesn't Ramana speak

English better than any of
us?
Does any of us speak

English
so
well
as
Ramana?
2. Of all of us he reads the most.
He reads more than any of

us.
sentence)
None of us reads as much

as he (reads/ does)
Reading helps us more than

a study of grammar.
sentence)
A study of grammar doesn't

help us so much as/ as
much as reading.
4. He certainly works hardest of

all of us.
He certainly works harder than

any of us.
sentence)
None of us work as/ so

hard as he, certainly.
5. Of all of us, he plays games

best.
He plays games better than

us too.
sentence)
We don't play games so

well as/ as well as he.
6. He scored highest of all of us.
He scored higher than any

other member of our team.
No other member of our

team scored so/ as high as
he.
(*a
(*a
3. No superlative.
-\
_ -.
N
\ better, comparative degree of well
degree
(*a
(*a
(*a
--C 10 d- 2006
-- j---
Chandan: Of the two who do you find the

better- Sekhar or Srikar?
( l-J, , X-
--?/ --E-h-o?)
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his
virtues and defects. Srikar is the
more intelligent but Sekhar is the
more industrious.
(p d . l-J Eo *
o, Eo
o.)
Virtue = u ' bird ' \-- n . Gandhi was a
man of virtue = D - L-T uh.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for
this job then?
( p -Lq E
T--?)
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't complain about the work.
(. E N
.)
Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better

sooner than later. I'll send the
appointment order today itself.
(Eo appoint ho. -

y h . appointment order )
Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (, F.)
Go ahead = F/ Ey/ t-A-.
Ram: I want to tell you something.
(F -N- p----o)
(F/ p-).
C English common. O practice
.
Sam: Go ahead.
2) Between Bangalore and

Bangalore is the cooler =
Hyderabad,
-s-E T-x v-h conversation , effective (v

----C) C. d Comparative
degree - -- --E
Spoken English :
3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the

stronger =
(The elder is the stronger of his
two sons
-.
E a).
4) Pranav: How does he compare with his

father?
E v -o-- aa? ( v
p-? n.)
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
complain
-x---
(Eo
P~
y?)
(*a-, v -\ .
(\ - better - comparative.
Better y than - better
the.)
211
2) Who is the more suitable for this job?

3) The sooner, the better =
Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad.
E Llx l- -
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
Chandan: Has he to be
trained?
y *C.
p sentence 3) comparative
sentences l: \, comparatives \ -o .
the .
a) The taller a player is, the better can he
play
=
v-- -j -.
sentences, conversation
practice .
b) Prasad: How did our team play yesterday?
(Eo
team
C?)
He is as good as ..
Santhan: I don't think

so. He has
M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(- -.
-E x - C.)
Chandan: How good is he at the job?
a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land

animal.
Giraffe
- -
.
Giraffe =
( u --?)
Santhan: He is as good as or even better
than any employee we have.
(p _-o u----F,
- \--F n u
o-.)
Good = * - n. F -
'*--, 'good' -sx
- N- p/ -n-j/
n u--o n .
good actor = * DE n p
-E. -F * E
.
good at something = j -/
L-.
He is good at maths = -E maths
a.
Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The sooner, the better. We've a lot of pending work.
( o E-Nl.
y , *C. E
---C.)
pending = Jh-E/ Jh---Lq
Santhan: What about the pay?
' ' \ -.
\ L --o \ u.
taller - comparative. taller y than any
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) E
hC .
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Giraffe
taller (comparative)
than
comparative.
sentences (a), (b)
i) comparthan
ii) comparative
ative
the
u. j
y
.
Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below:

Sentence A
The Giraffe is taller
than the Elephant =
Giraffe
o
.
Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he

gets now in his present job?
(p E job -o
E- \-Nl).
Santhan: How much more? (-\?)
Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (-Ll.)
Say = p n.
\ Say -.
Spoken English
Sentence B
Of (between) the Giraffe
and the Elephant, the
Giraffe is the taller =
Giraffe,
Giraffe
degree, comparative
,
.
i) sentences ,
ii) sentences , p N , .
iii) Sentence A Sentence B comcomparative y parative y than
than C.
.
iv) Comparative
Comparative
the . 'the' C.
v) Sentence subject,
begin
Giraffe
(J @ A?)
. \
y
hC. C
L
hC.
C.
Sentence,
(between)
Of
begin
C.
Comparative
sation
sentence B conver -. Practice .

J-Eo examples :
1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is

red
the more beautiful =
dress
(Comparative
than
comparative
the.)
l--t-x,
o t \
C.
y
. d
,
compare
Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
B -E-.
better.
How does this car compare with imported

cars? =
cars
Compare
practice
(E J* \-
x- --*C less -
NQ
Do--- aa? p? n.

.
How does this CM compare with his predecessor? =
u--vAE o
u--vA -- a-a?
predecessor (v-/ v-. 'vE/ 'vE
\---) = N/ n -J
o x predecessor .
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
----f
J u-vA v----.
Predecessor X Successor (y *a
x -N/ n)
eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu

Naidu
5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as
Suma?
(Rekha, Suma
dance
h?)
Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the
better.
comparative of little)
c) The higher a place, the colder it is
=
v -j h--j (-v-d
*) x C.
d) The longer you walk, the healthier you

become
=
y \- h, -u-----. =
-*--Dl u \.
English proverbs (-) :
a) The nearer the temple, the farther
from god.
_-- Dl, - .
_- -x, p-j
x-a E x---a,
h --a E.
farther - comparative of far.
far =
-i
b) The more you eat, the less you wish
(, , hC)
\ better (comparative) ,
the hC.
1) Of the two, who do you find the better,
Sekhar or Srikar?
(Whom do you find the better?
whom
ioned -
-E x old fash-. F
p -x)
better - comparative y than
d, better the.
conversation E C sentences
comparative the comparative y than --x.
to eat; the more you earn, the more

you wish to earn
=
\ Ao-Dl \ A--E--hC,
\ -C-*--Dl, \
-C- --E--hC. ( !
E y A. s
h -, , x -? ---)
c) The more, the merrier =
-, .
(j English proverbs; O
conversation .)
O comparative uses.
-- 12 d- 2006
-- j---
Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You

appear run down nowadays.
Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can

see him at 6.
( N? u y
F- -p E--h-o.)
Chum= h. Eo---j
o-.
They are chums= x v-N-v.
Chummy= o.
( * -
. - -
l.)
He is chummy with the CM=
- u--vA Eo-u/
o C.
be run down= F- -.
He is run down= F-, Eh-
o.
Fo conversation a .
\- O Spoken English
.
Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of
health. I wish to see a doctor. Who
do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam
OK?
Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.
(. C- \)

Degrees of comparison,
grammar exercise
sentence
degrees
practice
degree,
degrees
conversation
study
Lesson No. 210
practice
express
idea
degree
-sEo
N
d
, j
.

.
-- pd -s
o
L C -C. -E
pd p N
pd C. o-p degree -C, -*--- -C. lesson comparisons .
(E. -u .
Doctor ---o.
Doctor -? Dr
* ju-?)
-x--- 212
b) He is among the more popular actors on

the Telugu screen -
c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any

Union Minister -
v--vA-
-- o-.
-O \ v-G---o
= y-, * E.
-E
Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak

English better than any 10th class student =
(Chief Minister, Union Minister

any
other
3) He has more practice than any MS or MD =

MS/ MD
practice
o -E--\
C.
More practice - C comparative degree.
u comparative y than any
other F than all other F L, -o \ E La--p. F j
sentence than any MS or MD o
any y other . C :
Chief Minister
y,
.
.)
d) The Home Minister is more powerful than

any other minister =
Home Minister
Home Minister,
any other.
v-
h--.
v -E
e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian

bowler. any other
Shoiab Akthar
Australian
d,
f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian

bowler=
other
Australians Bret Lee, Fast. Any

o d, Bret Lee Australian.
g) No Australian plays like Laxman.
-s --vU?
Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the
better doctors in the town. I know
him well. Shall I take you to him?
( -d *-. x
-j -dx- --\.
. Eo B-
--}?)
Prasad: When shall we see him then? This
evening?
( p l -?
v -l?)
Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good
as any other time.
( ? p-j --.)
-E-.
This evening is as good as any other time=
v, ---x *.
-v-i */ v
l/ -v l C O conversation practice .
Fo ---l --E- =
Now is as good as any other time=
p , p --a! E
Prasad: He appears to have good practice.
practice
(- *
o-dC)
Prakash: What do you think? He has more

practice than any M.S. or M.D. He
is better at diagnosist than many
MDs.
(M.S, M.D.
doctors
practice
MDs
C. - \
o -El--
C
)
M.S. M.D. ? MBBS y
Surgery/ Medicine Degrees.

Diagnosis=
Diagnosists Prasad: Then let's see him this evening.
When is the best time?
-El- -El-- -x
v - l.
j ?
best time= j = right time.
Spoken English
Now look at the following

sentences
from the conversation at the beginning
of the lesson.
1) I am not in the best
of health, certainly.
(English
expressions
M. SURESAN
n-Eo-h. E N-
pJ n , usage - n .)
sentence B-. C N-
pJ n: u u-h-
F, -- E. DE n,
usage ' u - E.
N x -o uA-- L-h. - sentences h
uu pJ-hC. J-Eo sentences
- l.
a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey
team?
( J* F G-v
N?)
Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team
in the world.
( sentence No-p pJ
n u-h x --,
--, E. - -n: * d
E, EE-E.)
b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she?
l -h ? D
-n. F pJ n x
-h , F -h, E C
J-.
2) He is among the better doctors in the town.
doctors
best doctor
d--E -j
-\.
--a.
E B--u_- (
d--E doctors , *, E--E E
- N->h, * -
- E)
a) AP is among the bigger states in the

country.
lN -_ Zx -..-E.
, 10th class x-
x--.
Dx other . Any other/ all other,
C N-- a--p
.
j sentence 7th class student , 10th
class student = y N- -ho. -E other . ,
h) No other Australian plays like Ponting.

Laxman, Australian
no other
no
(sentence h) Australian.
-E-:
,
7th class
English
He has more practice than any MS/ MD

MS/ MD
MBBS
,
E n.
E, h
a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any

doctors
MS/ MD = MS, MD
Dr. Kushalam
practice
Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD
i)
, d
E . Ponting
-E, no other
.
%Ah---i- -
-- ( %Ah-- )=
He acts better than any professional actor.
(Any other
Any/ no
other
, - %Ah---i
). D
y
-- a n.
O x---p x/
E a ? --p any/ no
y other, -.
4) Now is as good as any other time=
C.
E.)
p p a E.
(N - *, p
* E.) Eo C-N- pa.
b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any

other MS/ MD =
MS/ MD
practice
Dr. Kushalam
MS/ MD
Now is the best time/ Now is better than any

other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.
o
\
\. (
E n.)

Pratiksha:
Eo match -v-u-
C ?
Niriksha: regular player --,
regular players
C.
Pratiksha: -L team captain J* F
G-v N?
Niriksha: * player E -p
--.
(not/ never superlative )
Pratiksha: --- K \-- x--.
-j players -- -.
Niriksha: -i p captain
?
Pratiksha: . captaincy x
L-* games \ .
Niriksha: OK. -J ---?
Pratiksha: p * player E
o.
Niriksha: ---o-.
d .
Pratiksha: p , p l.
lesson expressions Fo daily

conversation --T-. Practice .
Answer
Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the
match yesterday. Didn't she?
Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she
played better than any regular
player.
Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain
of the opposite team?
Niriksha: I never thought her the best of
players.
Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She
is certainly among the better players.
Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not
the greatest of captains, is she?
Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the
team has won under her captaincy
are not a few.
Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once?
Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great
player.
Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her.
Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet
her now. Now is as good as any
other time.
14 d- 2006
-- j---
Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He is

late most of the days.
(, . \
V -u- h-o)
Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the
day before.
(o Eo -u-C)
Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most
of the days?
(\ V -J -u
(*) a--?)
Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his problem is.
(-. E -u L-
)
(That he is = , -. That he is C conversational)
Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the
time and delays packing his lunch.
(x-t x ----.
- carrier --- -u-----)
2) not the + superlative =
p-.
a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?
team J p player .
b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of
our friends.
o-x - *-
n.
3) Comparative + than + any , comparative
+ than + any other :
-ho N-
Cj than any other, y -
C than any E --o.
1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl
in her class.
(- class N t-
LN C)
(-, t- class x)
2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.
( l-L *--L C
\ Cheetah, tiger y -N
-E than any )
Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help his

mother.
-x--- 213
(- sister C ? x-t
----a.)
Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think
she is younger than he and she goes
to school too.
( \, x? x---,
\ -C)
Sarat: That's a pity.
Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of
the time on camp. His poor mom has
to take care of everything.
(O-Eo- , x o \
camps . xt
Eo N- --Lq hC.)
To add to all this = O / OEo-
Sarat: What's her present condition?
Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much
better than before.
(- -E Eo o)
(C- )
Sarat: That's something.
Bharat: She is under the treatment of the

foremost doctor of the town
Dr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right.
(- A p doctor ju-
ju h-o.
- )
Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he
expensive?
(. J* No.
K-j d?)
Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge
more than the lesser doctors in the
city.
( . p-E ()
doctors fees
\
.)
Sarat: Let's hope she will recover completely soon.
(y- Jh ---E
Pl.)
comparatives, superlatives
lesson
points
J*
--o
xh.
1) Among + comparative degree - h
-j h \-j, etc N n.
eg: She is among the clever students of
the class =
class
-j
C E n.
students
Spoken English
-E-
a) old news (C, -J L- h)
b) late news ( h h L-
h)
c) later reports contradict the earlier reports
of the incident =
J* *a
p h, -- *a h-
uA-- (N-l) o.
contradict (v-d. ' \- 'E
\- \ -) = uA---.
incident =
d) later, comparative p .
My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt
shirt fashion y-C. (
shirt fashion hC, F shirt . cut =
fashion)
Older, elder -
N , old comparatives.
O N- vh -.
Old - L, --. L n
--, -, x;
n h- .
Older - C , L N- L
/ \ o n
--, --, x;
n h-- .
Elder - \ -- , p-p -- .
1) Older - --E EJ -q
a--E .
a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru
(-t-D, v l
)
Bhima was Arjuna's elder

D spoken English
N degrees of comparison J* -C.
Now look at the following sentences.
a) The train arrived late this morning =
V wj -u *aC.
( vh J-n-?)
b) The match began later than the time fixed

=
u EKg -u
v--iC.
c) He was the last to come to class yesterday=
Eo x -J u
(*-) a
Late (positive), later (comparative)
-o time/ EKg
n -u-i N-
J* - .
(late = -u-i/ -u = -o
;
later = (L- ) -E
\ -u-i/ -u)
pC v-h . j u
, C vh--E _---x ?
o --LqC Eo J-T-, C V
( vh--E) _ J-T-x .
I got the news late =
h -u L-C.
(-x d, -u LT a)
The news came late =
h -u *aC.
L, d, -u a.
C .
a) Late news = -u C h E.
h. ,
b) My information is later than his =
l o - l
oC -u-iC vh--E
J-T-x -.
news paper \ d--?late
news a newspaper
- a news paper .
latest -
superlative. , p-- (Till now) *a *-JC

u , -- E.
.
latest fashion - u *a fashion DE
y D .
latest news - h (h -)
latest score (cricket) - score -
p--- d -, p-
C
late
wickets.
b) He is older than
any other person in the village =
v- E
N--x
l. ( M. SURESAN
)
2) elder - C --E C--J
-q a--E .
a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.
latest developments
p--- JT J -x -C h J-.
latest techniques = (p--- -) h lA
p last N l. latest, p---
J-T time *J , last, h-
v/ - v *-JC/ *-J-
(, ~ t- l
)
elder B u.
elder than F, elder to F
b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - L
elder .
a) Kumar is the last to come =
c) My uncle is my mother's elder -
-J * *a-- .
-E- \ time vu,
*a x - vu.
b) This is the last book written by the author=
- *J h C.
-d ---.
Last
1) This is the last book of the author
( -*J h C DE y
h- -)
2) This is the last of the series ( v
C *-JC DE y D )
3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*J - 313
- _ --u Innings T-C)
(, last n - C
last week/ last year . h---L)
t-o -l.
(My uncle is elder than my mother.
My uncle is elder to my mother -
J-)
American English He is my older
brother, She is my older sister
y---. p-.
Latest
This is the latest book of the author.
( - p---
*-J-CC/ DE y -a)
This is the latest in the series
( --v- C hC)
The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.
(p--- J-T h out C

Sehwag ( Lqxo)
--E 16 d- 2006
-- j---
Sampath: Why are people so crazy about

imported stuff? They are proud of
possessing them.
Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I

think wrist watches are among the
lesser imported items.
(Imported
h-- --E N ox y
.)
imported - C--j, NQ
(foreign). crazy v-> *a-V.
Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs,
imported cars, imported watches etc.
(y-C NQx, O,
j J?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods
are as good as the so called
imported ones. Moreover, I think,
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions.
(u- a -. .
---, \- C-u h-x wrist watches E)
( h p, -\-- C
Eo -- -- -Jn-- ---i- - ----Eo d
C? B- -
u h-, NQ h-
B-, jN .)
adaptibility J- n- -
y.
Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in
electronic goods and appliances for
far longer than you. I am senior to
you in the field. Our goods are not
half as durable as imported ones.
( electronic h-, J- Nv- F \

o. F
\ - o--E.
NQ h- Eo- h-
Eo .)
Appliances = x- -Eq- ' \
- = J-- (-u) %- h-. Durability = Eo
Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still
feel that the prices of imported
goods are unreasonable.
(F \ -
o -E --U-Jh. F NQ
h- K \.)
unreasonable = --- \
Spoken English
Eo Eo comparatives usage
Go . x
elder, older - O N
lesson . p -N J-Eo
comparatives o. N superior inferior,
senior and junior. O-n L- -
; N comparatives --p- O
y than . To v hC.
continues.

positive
the conversation:
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
goods.
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and naturally the quality is inferior too.
3) I am senior to you in the field.
4) I do admit I am junior to you.
-x--- 214
comparative
superlative
little
less
least
few
fewer
fewest
Little, uncountables
d, E
comparative less, superlative
least uncountables L.
a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
Eox, superior, inferior,

senior, junior - comparatives y than
to -E-.
j
sentences
that glass =
glass
\.
glass
I have few friends here
Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior

to Indian goods. Our technology is
inferior to theirs, and naturally the
quality is inferior too.
Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or superior depends on its adaptability to

the situation of its use, doesn't it? If
that's the case, Indians goods are
as good as, even better than foreign ones.
Our study of comparative in spoken English
( yP , NQ -
* E t. ,
NQ - J-n-
-- .)
So called = (-)
The so called honest man = E--B- --- E E--B
t .
(. NQ h- h *a- -j-.
-A ju, x E- \
, -E -- h
u NQ h- u
\)
Superior: u- , y- -j *
N--/- N- x p-C/p E.
a) This camera is superior to that because of
its extra features =
columns little, few

J* Ja . comparatives
-- Ja, \-J h a.
camera
camera
o - -u x,
C pC.
FEW
LITTLE
bles
L- *vx -v- -B
*vx C.
Inferior = \
(\---dE
) .
p countables
(\d-)
.
(little rice/ sugar/

milk, etc)
(few
books/
friends/ boys)
a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to
Little =
Few =
b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is

superior to that in Indian movies =
Australian bowling strength =

Australian bowling
-- bowling
uncounta-
There is little milk in

the glass =
glass
\.
b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe-
, mileage N-x Japanese cars

cars B-d.
senior = -, -- ( - -j)
l/ \.
a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school
by a year =
school
class
b) She is senior to me in age by a year =
-q l (-)
c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a
movie actor =
- NTR _u \ -.
uA- - *o,
- \.
Junior. Senior
a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble =
Sehwag cricket
- \
b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to

me in age.
( class --p-, -
*-o.)
I have few friends

here =
A few friends of
mine are coming
today =
friends
T---l-
-Eo -- --
Very little =
The patient
had very little food
yesterday =
--
The Patient had a

little milk in the
morning =
A little =
Cl.
least milk =
glasses ,
glass
Eo--
\ -o.
M. SURESAN Less, countables
, u 'no' ,
\/ \E n -.
a) The book has been translated into no less
than twenty languages =
yp
rior to japanese cars =
this glass has the
\
o-
()
A few = Eo/
C
-
()
b) Of the three glasses,
-l _--ho-K--V.
Very few = --Eo/ -Cl--C
Very few know this

secret =
T Eo
\
Bo.
The little = o
Cl =
- -Cl
C u
.
The few = o
-Eo / Cl D.
The patient threw

up the little food she
had taken =
The
few
that
passed got very
low marks =
T Bo Cl
-Eo A C.
pass
Cl
D
\
\ a-o.
- h 20 \--E -x --iC.
(--- 20 ---x)
b) The movie has been released in no less
than thirty theatres =
*v 30 \--E E---x N-jC.

(--- 30 -E--x-)
Little comparative, less. Little
uncountables d less
countables --, fewer v
-E --.
eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten
times
( C-x/ C--x \ -E
x--E v-Ao-.)
spoken English countables less, fewer l
-h-o.
I gave him no less than a hundred books/
no fewer than a hundred books.
- h-/ \
h- a n less,
fewer -jC.
less l p-. ( fewer
v uncountables ).
-- 18 d- 2006
-- j---
Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though

after such a long time. How goes
life?
( , - y- Eo - C.
N-? o?)
Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you?
( J-T--C. F -?)
()
Jayanth: As usual.
Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met
him.
( o?
---iC.)
Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I

must say.
( J-nA
pL )
Why? what is wrong? ( N)
Ananth:
Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His
partners have cheated him. But he
is facing all this very bravely. A lesser man than he would have gone
mad.
(u- d a.
-y----E . E
J-T ju o. - \ knu o--x-, *a--x----.)
-x--- 215
Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I

think I'll wait and see him today.
Won't you come with me?
(p-
K ui--C. V T, E
l----o. y- )
Jayanth: I will, of course. (p- h)
Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the
TV.
- little
degrees
- little (positive), less (comparative), least
(superlative).
little
comparative
lesser. Less, lesser little
comparatives
use
Less
less
a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)
=
b) He gets less income from his job than from
his rents=
(-. u .N. l.)

J C

, ()
C. C

,
C.
n,
-- --o.
.
E Lh \-j n
-o , J \.
- l
x a --E-,
u x a
\.
Lesser n, --E
\ E --p- less
x lesser .
-u --J-
\ /vA/h, --j- n .
d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or

greater extent=
l, p O
v C.
extent= / =
degree.
e) This is the lesser of the two evils
=
, C - \ .
g) A lesser man than he would have gone

etc)
mad =
b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30
Look at the following sentence from the

1) He is too trusting and too risking
(N--E C. .
-- A t-; A
T-h. -Eo *\x -hC.)
Trusting= t y--;
risking= T-, -J\ B--.
Land somebody in trouble= *\x
-
Jayanth: I agree with you there.
( N -U--Jh.)
Ananth: I wish to see him.
(E ----o)
x
50,000 -T, *- \ hE U--J-.
, less .
c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less

than that.
a lesser sum = (c)
a sum less
(b)
lesser
than ...
sum
noun
lesser
noun
Eg: A lesser player,
A lesser degree
A lesser offense
etc.
A lesser player than Tendulkar could not have
scored so many centuries=
cricketer,
Tendulkar
centuries
lesser
noun
Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour.

He will then have returned from his
morning walk.
(p K -
-C. . p-
Jo * AJ--h.)
Ananth: Does he still continue his morning

walk?
( Jo -
o?)
Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy.
(. C E -u -C.)
Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for
another hour to see him. I'm afraid
that's too long. I have work at 9.30.
I think I'll see him tomorrow.
(E - o
*----? C K \
----- E--hC.
Nt-C-o- C. ---o.)
Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of
his programme tomorrow. He may
be out of town, and return only on
friday.
(F d J. E E
vv N -M. x
---a. - x -
v- --a)
Spoken English
15 ---. \
C. --E- \ n
- op
- .
-E ,

hC.
\-
(--E- h
(-
),
),
y
y
a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser

degree, the scarcity of drinking water, are
the cause of the trouble=
--o
u, E h \ , *-F
, - -.
b) Though a city of lesser size and population

than Kolkata, Mumbai has greater prominence=
- \ , J-- --i--p-, j vu
\.
c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would have

yielded to the British=
British
2) It is too early
3) I'm afraid that's too long
4) That'll be too late
Look at the use of too in the sentences above.
too
n, A/ A E. A --i E- \-, N* E
. -x L- ---aE.
1) He is too trusting and risking = (-) A t-. E-x p-L
E partners Eo -. - too risking = K \ T
v -o N-Eo (risk )
T* . C K h
L, d
2) It is too early = K - -x E
-.
\
\
\ vA L-T
Eo
--L-- .
-
(x
L ) --E- \ h
(amount), vu (importance), J-
(size) o n --C.
D \ p
x -.
(K y h-o
J* / y \- * Lq hC.)
a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train

that arrives at 5.00 is too early =
train
station

a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less=
pen
less,
lesser
less
lesser
b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- but
finally settled for a lesser sum=
Syam: It is too early Bank
--E M-
x --.
f) He is among the lesser known actors of

Bollywood=
That'll be too late

Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. He
is too trusting and too risking. That
sometimes lands him in trouble.
xL. -l--
o)
- \ (knu, x-,
*a x----x.
D lesser -. O conversation
practice .
M. SURESAN
Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am

starting. (Bank
EXERCISE
Sumithra:
< C? Eo o.
Suchithra: < d (silk) y - o < d- \
u-iC. E -K D
u--.
(K = brocade - v-
' \ -)
Sumithra: C E- K-jC.
Suchithra: -q-x y --E-N-C
d <-- \ ---?
Sumithra: -.
Suchithra: F,- ---J --i
B--?
Sumithra: C B---.
N- \ --C.
Suchithra: Selection -C.Sumithra: -u---.
5 a
, 3.30
- K x -C.
K y } , 5.30 a
- 5.30 } u-u (
p--C v .)
3) I'm afraid that it is too long = C K
\--- E--h-C-. (J-n-
N-N)
a) He stayed here too long = -E-\ K
\----o. (- x
L- . E l- -a/
-E, -- j L-TC)
Very, too- n F,
use F.
Very / \ E --J
. -x / d .
Too K/ A E.
a) The train is very late = Train
E-/ t-C C. u
() u a, L
\-a.
b) Train is too slow = Train K/ A
E- hC. --p-, v
L \.
c) The doctor was called in very late =
Doctor
-u L-. (N*
. h- v- G*C)
d) The doctor was called in too late =

Doctor
K -u L-. (p-
N*--C. v- --C.
Doctor --C.)
ANSWER
Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yesterday.
Suchithra: The silk/ texture
of this sari is
superior to that of the sari you
bought earlier, but its brocade is
inferior to that of the earlier sari.
()
Sumithra: But this is costlier than that.

Suchithra: You must have bought not less
than/ no fewer than eight saris in
the last two years. Isn't that so?
Sumithra: I think so.
Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you
take any one's help?
Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She
is senior to me in these matters.
Suchithra: The selection is really good.
Sumithra: Thank you.
-- 20 d- 2006
-- j---
Govind: Aravind, where did you get the information from?
(-N, F - \--*
*aC?)
Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?
( - J* -o?)
Govind: That there will be a hike in the
allowances to employees.
(u-
E)
ux
Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is

in a key position in the finance ministry
( p . F -,
finance ministry N o-E.)
Key = --i; position = n
. \ n N.
(y d--ho. -x .
C ? Sekhar p s - ---. -C-* s -N---E BJ-----E. trouble --
- \ s --E d--- )
get on = -h. we are not starving = h--
- E. E--E --
H---E-, E d --E, English
I am not starving . C O conversation practice . starve =
h-; fast = -l/ -
.
I'd do = I would be satisfied
Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He

is too honest for that. Others in similar or even in lower positions are
much richer than he.
( -C---, J.
-E- -x, -E-o \
-x o-x -E- E--
o.)
He hasn't earned much, though -
v -E-. Though he is in a
good position, he hasn't earned much =
He is in a good position, he hasn't earned
much, though. Though,
position
\ *
. *
o,
-C--, E. C *
conversational expression. O conversation practice .
Govind: He has more power than money.
(-E s--, C-, --

\.)
Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the
lot. He is very wealthy but has little
else. Unfortunately he is more
wealthy than healthy.
( N h -J
* nA o. -o
E s p -E---.
-%-d--h -E u-
s-\.)
Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed
blessing for any. Look at koteswar.
He has more fame than happiness
or money.
(@N . -J Fo .
-y N . ,
--s - uA --\.)
Life's like that = @N . ( @N
--od -.)
unmixed blessing - C @N-Eo J*
p N @N- Jh
-Eoa N . -od D Jh -.
Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not
starving. That's enough for us, isn't
it? Sekhar is all the time busy making money. God knows when he
finds the time to enjoy what he gets.
I'd rather do with less money than
put myself to such trouble.
Spoken English
--
-iC. \ -o
Eo strong - -ho d
2) uh/ --E o
Lh, p more , regular comparative forms o .
eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.
Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good

position in the IAS. I think of all of us
he enjoys the highest official status.
(, . IAS *
-N o. --J u-o
C--J nA o--.)
eg: The elephant is stronger than any other

land animal.
stronger.
Govind: Yes, That's true.
-x--- 216
- ( -) o
~-- -ho d, more strong
o.
a) I'd rather die than tell a lie
(l p- - d )
b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance
in the movies than act =
-
h.
E-x
dance \
c) It is better to call them dancers rather
x actors --
. (x than
rather than \ .)
than actors =
dancers
He is more smart than good

Look at the following sentences:
a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul
Gopal
--)
b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal
E--j-, - = -
- s-\)
(a) rich comparative richer .
(b) more rich o.
(a) l-J-o Eo (rich) a.
\ richer E regular comparative
.
(b) -J o a .
(b) -J o -
La--p, \- o - more
\ regular comparative .
i) She is more clever than beautiful =
-- L--\. (-J o
- -ho. -E more clever
, cleverer E .)
So that is the difference between the

regular comparative
form, and more +
adjective form. Some
more examples.
a) This building is more
M.
strong than beautiful
=
(stronger

C.
d) Rather than get into a crowded bus,

why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =
o
?
\ -
e) I decided to be jobless rather than do
SURESAN
b) He is more smart than good =

(smarter
* LN \.
bus
E
.)
Now study this sentence from the conversation:

I'd (I would) rather do with less money than
put myself to such a trouble =
v
\ s -- .
sentence rather ... than
L- --C . \ rather ... than
(choice) ---E .
such a job =
u --
u --E Eg---o.
(E-u-T -E Eg---o.)
rather than -i comparative -a. u E
N-- a--p rather than
.
f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't
you do some work? =
- x-- j --? (- Eu E).
ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent =

Kumar
L-N- * \.
(-J o - -ho
-E better ; more good .)

lesson.
1) He has more power than money =
-E
s-- -x C- \
2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy
=
- u - \.
(-E-: wealthier . more
wealthy o. -E? uho
~- -ho -E wealthy,
healthy o regular comparatives - wealthier, healthier .)
3) He has more fame than happiness or

money.
-E , s- uA
\. -J o N - \ E p d more fame
than
p --o N.
1) --C-o Eo Lh regular
comparative form .
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at

night? It is 12 midnight.
Gandharv:
- \-o-? vA 12
--C.
Kinnera: Exam C.
Gandharv: Ev---d-E v \
time waste -
--a-?
Kinnera: C E. F ?
q-- . v---- --. y, (by
nature) d-
E--- clever
.
Gandharv: ---, y vA
--a- E.
Kinnera: -- vA -- d.
Gandharv: friend o. clever
student. o--.
Kinnera: -E L--o s-.
Gandharv: .
Kinnera: @N C.
Kinnera:
I have an exam tomorrow.
Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping

awake late at night, you can study
during the day without wasting time.
Kinnera:
That's true. But what can I do? I

am not like Apsara. It doesn't matter even if she doesn't work. By
nature she is more clever than
hard working.
Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at

night, you can study during the day.
Kinnera:
I'd rather study at night than during the day.
Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too.

But he is not rich.
Kinnera:
That means he is more clever

than rich.
Gandharv: Yea.
Kinnera:
Life's like that.
--v 22 d- 2006
Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the
information about the tourist spots in
-- j---
2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots

in the state.
A.P.
3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see
( h v-v--E u-
n Jh - y .)
(Tourist = u--. Spot= -)
4) They can help your sister plan a perfect
Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer
5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.
all the places.

holiday.
pages, it gives complete information
6) The road from here to it is straight.
about the matter.
7) I will go direct from here.
( *oh E- _ E- -Tx- - Eo adjectives degrees of com- woman = J--g-i ( N-i E) Y. . Circle (%h), Square (-v),
hC. \ -@-x Jh - parison -. j --j- ---Fo (\ she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D` -v), Triangle (vA),
hC) (Booklet= *o h)
-. comparative, superlatives . she was perfect; some other women were etc.
Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is . E comparative, superlative
v (circular/round) circle.
perfect too, others were not perfect.)
returning from the states. She wants . - l.
5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I
v EC circle . d This Circle is
full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information:
liked:
more round than that Circle = %h, %h
state. She wants to make full use of
v C. Circle v --
Free = yv/ ya- -o
this trip to see all the spots.
j p N --x free , freer, freest C? N geometric fig(o-J F. -d dq *
E degrees of comparison . -J-j ya ures N- . O- degrees of
AJ--hC. u- n N-
-x--- 217 x free. -- --x free . comparison .
h --C. J *a- x ya . ya Eo
It gives complete information

p, --Eo-E --E v- \ complete Jh. j N J-N---a. -E
-Eo Jh ---T------ Jh C. . -F C N p-a.
C.)
N, N Jh Kumar is free to a
J-nA .
Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency?
greater degree than
They can help your sister plan a perfect
This glass is more complete than that glassKesav. -- - -
C n E N .
holiday.
\ ya C. M. SURESAN
(y -v-- ---FqE v-C---? a) Jh E . ()
(pp Kumar has
x- O d -- J--g -x- b) E , E--- more freedom in these matter than Kesav-
- p---.)
-a. -E glass glass p - C. d p-. E
Jh n--.
Holiday- n -.
freer, freest v - spoken English
-sx n -x N- a) --d Both the glasses are complete N-E--.
, -.
.
6) Straight:
Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was
b) This glass is complete but that glass
C j--x. DE degrees
free to plan it any way I liked. I will
isn't . so, complete has no degrees of
.
approach the Vihar Travel Agency.
comparison.
straight= Ao-/---. straight (Ao)
They are known to give correct infor2) she wants full details of.....:
C, - ---. -F, -E-
Complete full degrees of comparmation.
Ao, - .
(C * -, d *a-x ison . full E--, E . d straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most
x- --E ya E , E -C, E-x . straight expressions .
pC. -N- -v-- ---Fq x (fuller, fullest, ) p--p 7) Direct:
_---h. j - h- \--\ --, N;
C . Give me a direct answer= AoE/
xC.)
I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall
oC od ( A- E) -
approach (v v\-)
have my fullest cooperation= O Jh y. direct, indirect . More
= _---x/O--/ . C. \ fullest J-. full direct, most direct .
. Jh C. Jh. 8) Correct (j):
Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency?
E \ Jh C/--\ Jh C A thing is correct or incorrect. \ -J
(\D -v-- ---Fq?)
.
Pramod: It is in the round building next to
--C, p--C . More correct,
Chitramahal
4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday:
most correct .
(*v \ v C) EoN o/ E N- x- His answer is more correct than yours... - ---- p---.Vinod: Are you going now?
--- F -q d. p --
(p- ----o?)
Perfect= J--g-i; E (fault-less,
? - --- correct , F --q
Pramod: Yea, I am.
good in every way)
-p, C p (Wrong/incorrect) -C,
Vinod: The road from here to it is straight.
Perfect more perfect, most perfect
F F --q \ correct, - --- \
(\- --* --\- - Ao C) degrees -E O ------.
correct .
j h/ -j perfect , j p--Fo degrees of comparison E
Pramod: I Will go direct from here.
, J--g-. . - , J(\--* Ao \- ho)
x/ O imperfect (--o) - F T , -- -- -. \,
-J - \, \ -- .
Eo lessons --* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect \---. Geometrical figures N-
ho ? p J-Eo -h-
N-- l:
Spoken English
Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) It gives Complete information.
-- -u- -x ---..
-v-o:
I -Tx- -a---E --- h- ---.
II -C-- --- -n -N--J--?
1. I'm enjoying my new job.
2. Diana said that she was enjoying her
new job.
3. My father isn't very well.
4. She said that her father wasn't very well.
5. I have to go early.
6. Peter said that he had to go early.
-N. X---v-Jh,
x-- (-.-.->x.)
---:
--Tx- --E- ----- h-:
i)
a) Living English structure: By stannard
Allen
Let's Learn English,
b) NCERT
series
series No.5
ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=
v-J-*
11
h u - C
( \ --N-h-o)
2) u \ --N-h-o-E
( h u - E)
pC.
3) o - .
4) x o - E pC.
5) y xL
6) y xL E - p.
-v-o:
1. vis - a - vis - n N-J-.
2. E C-J
p.
3. j - -Sx -.
2, 3 -v-o-- --Tx- - --N- ---?
. -- -,
- (..->x)
---:
1) vis - a - vis (OO/ N-N, size z )
= E Lh, E -.
a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis
the reservation policyreservation
-s/- --u, F
u----- o?
b) India is not vis - a - vis the US=
--J Lh -o- . ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the
previous official/ incumbent.
(Incumbent =
Incumbent: Pronunciationiii) I will not repeat this mistake.
-N o-)
--
--C 24 d- 2006
-- j---
Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where

have you been?
(F - --o. \--oN--?)
Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I
have been there to book tickets for
us.
(
E-----x. \x -E)
Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show
on what day?
(J-/ a?
V?)
show
c) The car is very expensive -
K-jC. ( -a)
d) The car is too expensive car K K-jC.
(-x / - )
C too o nx, -x .
Look at the following sentences.
a) The patient is too weak to walk -
T -- - C.
b) The amount with him is too little to buy a
car -
Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficulty I was able to get two seats for the
matinee the day after tomorrow. The
queue was too long.
E _-o s -- \.
Train
-x--- 218
(C l E. First show
AJ-T-- -u--C. C *C (~-)
)
Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about
giving away the tickets to others?
( J-.
o ah?)
tickets
--J-
Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of

trouble to get the tickets. Don't
worry. It's an AC hall.
sentences
too
-E-.
... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive

adverb (sentences c & d)
[a) Adjective
hC . Lo L
.
adjectives L
o E; verb L
, p J- E L .
c) Infinitive to & 1st regular doing word.
eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - x-/
x--E/ x; -/ --E/
; a--/ a---E/ a, etc.]
j *a vA sentence vA--E, -
, E negative h-C-. C
too vu-.
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= adjective/ adverb x Lq E --, d
- n.
i) He is too poor to continue studies.
--T--- .
ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.
- - N- Jy.
(C *a-E. tickets --E

v-f. ---. hall,
AC hall)
iv) She knows too little to teach others.
(. --- *
E C)
Very, too o -- --o
. very \, -x
----a. Too A, -x
--C.
a) Ramana is too good - A *.
(-x -E L-C )
b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the
other day? Is she to your liking?
o t N ?
F *a?
for ...
iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.
-- -.
for ... C)
v) Ba-- u C
It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/
The problem is too difficult for us to solve.
vi)
-- <- C
vii)
-- .
It is too dark for us to see.

The car is too expensive for me to buy.
viii)
N-- \ n C
Her voice is too low for him to hear.
ix)
g) Sankar: I'll carry this

box and you carry
that.
x)
dress
--- C
Vishnu: Oh, that's

too heavy.
-- C--- \ --.
Now study the following sentences from
lesson.
1) The Queue was too long.
u K _ C. ( y -)
2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out.
3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to
return home safely.
4) It is too good a movie to miss.
Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to
go out.
x-- C.
That's too
h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh

for talks?
a- --- --?
Sudhakar: He is too innocent.
C %l -
This is too heavy for the old man to carry.
to participate in talks/ to handle talks
N n --a.
- C -- =
C , - E .
English .
L-N x---/ -R--- --.

i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?
F shirt E--h-o?/
shirt C?)
a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.
A-- - --.
M. SURESAN
C K
- E.
Vishnu's response n
heavy for me to carry E.
K -- a
--T---.
N--* p-, He is too innocent
This dress is too old for her to wear.

xi)
F-d B--.
yC B.
x n --- d- i N
This is too difficult for children to understand.
It is too heavy for me to carry.
Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?
b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.

The movie is good for us to miss.
c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can
ignore it.
chapter u. Eo
-~--.
The chapter is too important for anybody to
ignore it.
d) The problem is very serious; We cannot
neglect it.
u Bv C; d-- .
The problem is too serious for us to neglect.
Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall

for me?
Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night

for us to return home safely.
e) The room is very big; The table is very

small.
K --E--- F? ( h
T-/ o/ ho a)
~ AJT - u
a vA-.
lC, table v *oC.

( l C - *oC)
Spoken English
BJ--- o
Kd x--
\ Subhash's reply -E-. I am
too busy E v -o , I
am too busy to attend E. too j
dialogue . C .
(Infinitive
b) Adverbs
iii) She cooks too badly to eat.
Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss.
(Infinitive
-o?
The car is too expensive

j
Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know.

If it is the first show, it will be too late
in the night for us to return home
safely.
iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.
--- .
)
party
Subhash: I am too busy.
-- L-N-----.
Sentence (i) infinitive for ... - . Sentence (ii) infinitive
for us C.
~- Ex~u -ho.
Sabitha: I thought so too, but ...
(y first show J* ---*-? C ?

Pleasant = x----i
f) Prakash: Are you attending the party

tomorrow?
ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.
d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe.
(matinee ? -N- ?
x --o. -Lo a-a)
Scorch (\) = a-.
In the scorching sun = a
Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first

show? We shall have had a pleasant
time.
i) He is too foolish to understand this.
The table is too small for the big room/

The room is too big for the small table.
C n --- N- .
-- E -h-o.
Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog

days? I think it'll be too hot for us to
go out. The sun could scorch us.
-o, F ...)
-- sentences , sentences (2) and (3) : - for us C extra.
c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -
(---? A d -O x
matinee tickets J-.
Queue K _ C)
C F K l-C/ -
?
'too' - question form .
j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?
K ?
n, . \ n,
A.
hot -
Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too

salty.
x p K \
A
O too -. 'too' -
po N- short sentences simple p-a. conversation
C.
-- 26 d- 2006
-- j---
Praful: Are you telling me that you are doing

all this just for me?
( h-o--?)
Mohan: What then? Why should I go about
places to get your papers moved?
(J-? F T- ---E
Eo-x A-L -?)
Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too
clever not to have any self interest.
( . yn
L-N----N y)
Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do
take this opportunity to meet officers
and get their acquaintance.
(yC E. o---od pF.

Officers ----E, x J--E DEE - B---o)
-x--- 219
lesson
we discussed the meaning
and use of 'too'. Let's know something more
about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:
He is too strong not to beat his opponent
vu-JnE ---L- ----

lesson C:
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive o
sentences n, infinitive uA--
hC .
a) He is too weak to walk - \ n,
sentence o infinitive 'to walk'
uA-- hC --- - o-E.
Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest
uA--, yn F- E
hC. yn L-N--- y. n hC.
yn L-N--E-N y.
b) She is too slow to understand things.

infinitive, to understand
\ n
uA--, n --- (E
) E hC . C last lesson --o.
p sentence .
c) He is too clever not to understand this.

sentence
infinitive
not
-E-.
No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point

either = not to miss the point
uA-
-E- LN C F/
-E---- L-N--E---N.
We aren't too unlucky

frank =
- oC --d/
- D -- oC ox
p.
To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you
- oC p-/ oC - -o y d .
Acquaintance (j y---q. 'y \
-)= J- v/
J- (o )/ J---h
I have acquaintance with him =
J- C.
He is an acquaintance of mine =
J---h
Praful: I appreciate your frankness.
(F -q- d-- -
p-- a--o.)
appreciate v-- 'v \ -
= *-/ - N n -----/ a--. -u
n --.
He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of
the situation =
infinitive
, sentence
n, not infinitive
uA-
C.
infinitive pC -C E. p M. SURESAN
sentence (c) n
hC . C n
LN o. not to understand
(n -E/ --E) uA- n
-/ n -- E hC.
not
J-nA Bv n ---x
( n -- LN F-C.
F E x --E)
Praful: The dependence is mutual
( --- C -p.)
Mutual (u-) u \ -
= -p -J--.
The husband and wife have mutual
understand =
u--hx -p -- C
Mohan: So what now? ( p--?)
Praful: The officer is too efficient not to
speed up matters.
(N-- yJ- Ea n u
o - ---, N-
y --E)
Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.
( N- K -%-d
-- -)
a) The Australian team was too strong for

India
= The Australian bowling was too much for
India =
N n -- (not to understand uA--n) L-N---. (n

--- L-N--E- )
d--- -i Z-L.
Z-L L d----C.
a) She has had too much of practice not

to play well =
--L-
(not to play well
practice
o--.
uA- -
Compare the following.

i) He is too lazy to pass =
--
l--h--.
(to pass
EXERCISE
u (not to pass uA-)

v-----.
N La .
i) She is too careless to observe this =
(to observe
uA-
ii) She is too keen not to observe this =

(not to observe
C -E-
uA-) -jC .
v E - N* L-N---.
c) The old man is too strong for his age =
--- - N*
C.
, columns also ()
n too Ja. C- J
h---.
Mohan:
pass
C -E---
) -vh E .
b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age =
\ NE--hC.
\. -
,
-.
x---p
-p sentence * h.
1) E ---o. t-F --o=
n (),

I met him, and his brother too/ I met him

and his brother as well. (I met his brother
also also, sentence
C N p
* .)
2) y Ka - B,
- - =
You take the chair, but you can't take the

table too./ You can't have the table as well
Also
, Eo verb -F,
-F ax .
'be' form
I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed

there for a week.
( Delhi R} \
o) also, verb- stayed
-E-.
3) The British ruled us for centuries and
robbed us too/ robbed us as well =
vG x Lo L*, --o
.
D spoken English too (as well) o
vu.
Not also -. C p
(\ not only ... but also sentences p).
--p either .
1) , t .
He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either.
(his brother hasn't come toosentence
as well
E
* a/
-a)
2) , -x-E - =
She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either

she won't come.
uA-)
ii) He is too hard working not to pass.
Now, take the sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the Lesson:
1) You are too clever not to have any self
interest
2) You are too smart not to miss the point
either
3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up
matters
4) We aren't too unlucky there
Spoken English
uA--
yJ- E n hC.
officer yJ- - n u
o-.
(yJ- -- --n )
No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = K
-%-d (E--)
'Too' Eo N- a !
p-C .
He is too clever not to understand the

point
-L-)
Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the
point either. You know I alone can get
things done for you.
No. 3: Not to speed up things
Spoken English (British or American)

also
too
Also
formal.
serious
speech/ book language
too,
as well,
y- - --E d--?
Madan: K L ?
Mohan: E. y sweater --o--?
Madan: d--- L E-hC .
Mohan: F d- h (resistance) K
\- o-dC.
Madan: . typhoid *a--p-o<
resistance \- C.
Mohan: Doctor ---S}
Madan: p- - - \--x L-.
fees a--o. ju a K
\--u .
Mohan: C n ---. y
doctor *C. p-
-u-iC.
Madan: y-oC
correct.
v
h.
ANSWER
Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out?
Madan: Isn't it too cold?
Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a
sweater.
Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear.
Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance.
Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my
resistance has been too low.
Mohan: See your doctor again.
Madan: I have seen him too often already. I
have spent too much on medicine,
already.
Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had
better see the doctor. You have
delayed too much already.
Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him
this evening.
--v- 29 d- 2006
-- j---
Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with

you?
'Enough'
. / L- E.
1) I have enough money to buy a car =
( o?)
Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with
you?
2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to

buy a house =
. --y o?)
( response English --.
O practice )
Prabha: How did you spend the week in your
cousin's place in Hyderabad?
(j-- O ->- x
-?)
Subha:
-_ - L sC.
Happily enough to remember the

days there for a long time.
x - L s _ .
3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?
(h Gu-F --?)
Pratima: Enough. No more, please.
(. x- l.
Preethi: Is so little enough for you?
Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?
Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough

to make your time pass very quickly.
4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next

movie?
(-J E p l)
Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of
Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer,

wasn't she? I remember her jokes
well enough to make me laugh
whenever I remember them.
Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara

holidays, but she has enough
assignments to keep her home.
Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot.
( N -- )
Subha: She is a good laugh. She is entertaining enough to make us like her
company.
Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I
don't know how to get rid of it.
(C -F,
C. C -a-- L--)
get rid of = o- () -a--
Subha: A cold is not serious enough to
cause worry in hot countries, but it is
nuisance enough to make us feel out
of sorts with yourself.
(--gx -C l l
--- s. E * LT -u-t)
(Feel out of sorts = * )
Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?
(-- -- ---?)
Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has
been temporary.
(B--o F \-L --)

Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in
seven days if you take medicines,
and in one week if you don't take
medicines.
( 7 Vx, -x-
-E ----- dx)
Spoken English
2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =
Bv s C. -d . -(d*a v- )
p h-*a y - q
h/ h---.
I remember her jokes very well; they make
4) She has enough assignments/ assignments enough to keep her home -
220
\- -- (x -x)
- L -j---q o.
b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -
s Bv C. -d
-L. (v- C)
D too , enough , y
infinitive *a--p. p
enough --p.
a) He is wise enough to understand such
things =
Enough is enough
(-- -N \-C . p
h-*a --y-d --- - q
-h-o)
( \- to. F
x --F- -j---q
o )
me laugh whenever I remember them =
me laugh whenever I remembered them.
-x---
y -- L- -.
3) I remember her jokes well enough to make
(C L \)
(-i- y -*--- L/ T u C ->-

v)
b) He is strong enough to walk fast =
make your time pass quickly.
Pratima: That's more than enough.
(N- -L-T- N
\?)
-i- -- y -*---x -
-\J v.
Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can
( \ F?)
(- h- )
pass quickly -
- o, --.
these movies.
(l . E-
l)
5) He has enough and to spare
- L , - y--L-T
--C.
. enough n, ---.
Look at the following too:
1) You are clever enough to understand easi-
She has a good number of assignments.

They keep her home.
5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry
in hot countries -
gx l L-T Bv--iC
.
A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;
it does not cause worry.
6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of
sorts =
ly =
(y -- n --- L-j--N.)
= You are clever; you understand easily.
* L-T -u-t.
= It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out
of sorts.
-L -u-- --L-T-- --- =
N enough n, -. lessons
too - .
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive h (K,
A n) uA---n-Eo-hC.
Enough + infinitive h positive n hC
( n)
He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.
Compare:
= y L-j---N. y n
--. (y n --
L-j---N.)
2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=
--- ---. --- -L-u-- ---.
a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,
N- n ---L-T L-N-.
p (Word
Order) l
Wise
(Adj)
enough + infinitive
too
--p
too
adjective/
adverb
infinitive
hC ?)
M. SURESAN
D
-E- -Lq
N.
adjective noun , enough +
noun + infinitive hC.
a) There is enough water in the tank to last for
the whole day =
( V J- Fx-o -u.)
b) I have enough friends to help me =
(
--E L----C
o---o.)
so he cannot walk =
3) The class room is large enough to seat 45

students -
45 --C -N-un- a- A o
l x C.
4) He is ill enough to need a doctor =
-d -Lq s o-.
lesson.
1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the
days for a long time -
- h ---\.
do you have?
EXERCISE
Preetham:
F _- sC?
Priya:
? ?
Preetham: --L-a ?
Priya:
-. \-Lq h sC.
Preetham: h- - .200
\-jC. o
* -i- .
Priya:
-K.
Answer
Preetham: How much money have you?/
Priya:
Why? What do you want?
Preetham: Have you enough money to

give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200?
Priya:
Not so much. I have enough

money to buy the two books I
need.
Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy

the books I need. I don't have
the time enough to wait till my
dad sends me money.
Priya:
I'm sorry.
2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time
--C- 1 -d- 2006
-- j---
Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the

people have left.
(u, y u- F o
-x Rx--)
Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible
traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy
that I took an hour to travel one kilometer by car.
Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the

cell?
(cell
nothing.
(D N-E--- )
Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have
gone away. Let's plan a meeting this
weekend.
(i- --C. vq
Rx--. --E
-- p -)
Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?
Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't

make out anything. The whole road
was so noisy.
(O h-oC , F
O x--oD n ----. -f -- - C.)
p- N?)
Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear
(J Dl o -C.
-O- --E dC
Dl C)
(F - NE--
F?)
Syam: OK.
--J : So o n:
So = 1) -x/ d 2) (American
usage)
p , so = n o
--.
( n, so, such ()
_- \-J -)
a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =
-x---
E-p ---x-, C =
E-p ---x-- C.
221
It is so hot now that I can't go out.

lesson.
1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour
to travel one kilometer.
v Dl , -O-
v --E dC.
- x - -O-
v--E dC; v
Dl C.
2) You are so late that all the people have left=
-- Rx-- u--u- y.
3) I couldn't make out any thing.
The whole road was so noisy
=
n (NE---).Road - - C.
D so... that -. \ -E-Lq N: so y adjective/ adverb, E

y that .
a) She hates him so much that (so + much
(adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to
him
- x- d---.
E y-hC.
b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling
fan =
ceiling fan
-- .
(so + tall (adj) + that)
d 'so' --p E y adjective/

adverb, y that p L.
( present day (p) American usage
, so y that C--h-o.
He is so tall he can touch the fan.
It is too difficult .. to understand

Prem: Our friends had waited and waited.
They had to wait for so long that I
served them coffee twice. That was
how long it was.
( vq F - *-. -- x x y-Lq--*aC. ---o--o x)

Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it.
When I took out my car to make it here
I didn't expect it to happen this way.
(E ----o, E
? E-\- --E
- B--p N -----)
(... I couldn't help it = -E J- nA/
p-C-.)
eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =
E-p x-Lq. -C--p.

fine
-u
-. K-jC =
d-Lq. C p.
To make it here = to reach here =
\- --E.
5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=
sentence simple
infinitive
conversation effective
Traffic
M. SURESAN
The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it.

c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the
distance =
C . t -.
t --; - C.
= The girl can't walk the distance; it's such
a long way off/ so distant.
Dl -C?
6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min-
n . too ... +
,

C.
Too ... infinitive --L-T, so that ...
-E -hC .
utes to clear the road.
Compare:
-T -, C ---E
20 EN- dC. ( -T -E 20 EN- dC. -C.)
a) It's too heavy for me to carry.
7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any-
b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
: so ... that o sentence (b)

_ C. x-d C .
thing
c) It is too difficult for me to understand
(\, you F/ O E
v ; you '-j
n -- N --
--o.)
d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it.

c)
(d) complicated
so ... that practice
C ?
, F too ... infinitive
\ .
= It is such a long way off that the girl can-
. so N -a.
'so' --p, sentence E -
p -E-.
1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy?
( d -- )
(- Dl C v y?)
Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour.
Secondly some procession was in the
2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot

catch the train.
took nearly 20 minutes to clear the
(wj --- E- -h-o--)

p :
road.
... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc.
way. At one point it was so long that it
( N N- C -
v Dl \- .
-T f *aC.
-T -C.
, C f --E _ _
- dC)
peak traffic = u Dl
Spoken English
The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it = The car is too expensive
for ordinary people to buy it. =
=
-x coffee a-- x --. (F -u---E )
Ordinary
people
can't buy the car; It's
so expensive =
-u --
K-j C =
4) They had to wait so long that I served them

coffee twice
not walk.
He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =
b)
American usage
NEhC.)
O-p- n-u C- so ... that ,
lessons --o too ...
infinitive _ E.
adverb (slowly - 2)
--.
3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work
on time.
(--E E--Jh--- J )
4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him
n --- x----.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
(Practise the following aloud in English;

use only so ... that structure.)
Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so

heavily that we can't go out.
Ramana:
y x.
C.
Sumana: J shopping L ?
Ramana: l.
Sumana: V -LqN o. N
u-i-N.
Ramana: h-*aC. -- --
---i-N ?
Sumana: Jh - --
C. l?
Ramana: T ---.
Sumana: p- shops Fo -h.
Ramana: Auto .
Sumana: But we've to do shopping.

Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow.
Sumana: Some of the things are so important
that we have to buy them today.
Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the
things are so important that they
have to be bought/ we have buy
them today.
Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be
drenched. What shall we do?
Ramana: Let's start after an hour.
Sumana: By then the shops will all have
closed.
Ramana: We'll take an auto.
--- 4 -d- 2006
-- j---
Sankar: Hi Vishnu, you've been away for such

a long time that I felt lonely here.
( -J-- ----
y --o)
Sankar: Thank God. I wasn't with you.
(A--. F -.
( Lq aC)
Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?
Vishnu: I felt the same too, without your company.
(F -u -f)
Sankar: Why did it take so long for you?
(- dC?)
Vishnu: I had been away on a company
assignment. I returned this morning.
(F E-O x. lo a)
Assignment = p-T-* E.
j-t 'j \ -.
Sankar: What kind of assignment?
Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had
to visit a number of places. I had to
see a number of dealers, watch the
movement of our products, and see
that the sales increased.
(t d- i E. x
(x) A--Lq--*aC. -C
dealers , company K t- o -E*,
t- -Lq u C.)
dealers = F -K (-)
t }/ shops.
Movement = n = -L-().
\ n company -K t-
. (u n C.
Telangana Movement = - u)
Products= K F
t h. vd q 'v \ -.
Sankar: What a time you had! I really pity
you, old boy! You do get a fat salary,
but you can't have a minutes leisure.
( d -! Eo h hC, Nv! F * @
hC F ~ Nv-A---!)
Vishnu: It isn't the salary that matters. I like
the challenging nature of the job. It is
such a challenge that you have the
satisfaction of having done something. You feel happy that you've
achieved something.
(@ u, \ u-
o d . ,
C--
%h N--C (--C).
C-./ C C-
%h C.)
that matters = u. achieving = C; Achievement = C-* N
Sankar: Corporate culture has taken hold of you.
(l u n \ %A D-
o y).
Corporate =l l u n-
-C-*.
Corporate - pronunciation J/ .
Vishnu: And I am proud of it too.
coffee
B--?)
lesson so .
'so'
1)
a) He isn't so tall. (- --)
Sankar: Did you see any movies while you

were away?
(--o-p E---o ?)
Vishnu: I saw two but they were such lousy
movies that I wished I hadn't seen
them.
( . h -
-LqC -o.)
Lousy = h. Louse - n
Lousy - -u/ h C E
Ad--E -. Lousy fellow ox.
(N, apple -- x o).

--x such as like
-, - NE--x
hC.
b) The place is so distant.
( )
u so + adjective/ adverb + that (so
adjective/ adverb L
E L-- .
2) American usage E n.
a) Thank you so much.
(British: Thank you very much.)
b) There were a number of things such as

pen, paper, etc., = There were a number of
things like ...
3) Now look at the following sentences from
lesson.
a) You have been away for such a long time
that I felt lonely.
b) such a tough assignment that I had to visit
a number of places.
-x---
222
c) ... they were such lousy movies that I

wished that I hadn't gone to them.
He is such a man that all like him =
d- uh .
D so ... that , such ... that o
, . N l.
a) He is such a good man that we all like him
=
- d-- *-.
b) He is so good a man that we all like him.

(a)
such a good man = (b)
so good a
man
c) She is so clever a woman that she can
solve any problem easily = She is such a
clever woman that she can ...
( -u-j J- \-J---L-T- L-N

--)
so clever a woman = such a clever woman
Thank you so much

b) You are so nice.
(British: You are very nice)
so + adjective/ adverb
+ thatsentences
such
... that
p _ _ n, o
'such' N l.
Such .
a) I don't like such things = N-
-d -.
b) He never smiles. Such men are very dangerous =
--p y. --}
v.
c) She works very hard. Such people prosper

=
d---C. --}
j-h.
Such E --. (Such ... as p)
a) Such people as Gandhi are always
respected =
D- uh p
-.
( = D- uh-
p- -N-h)
b) Such trees as the coconut grow very tall
(s-J-x x --)
\ such B, n: such
+ noun + as + noun ( -j noun )
E- )
\ p:
u -E: uh, N-
- \ such ... as
-o. such ... as j--p-,
C h v-C, u. -- like
simple, better ! ( n)
1) Such men as Gandhi are always respected
= Men like Gandhi are always respected.
2) Such trees as the coconut = Trees like the
coconut.
such ... as like y-h .
p C :
a) I bought a variety of fruits such as the
mango, the apple, etc.
d) India is such a large country/ so large a
----
- .
country that progress cannot be quick
(G-%Cl yJ l
)
-sEo d, so F such F -a.
a) He is so good that all

like
him=
d--
*-.
Sentences from the conversation:
M. SURESAN
b) He is such a good
man that all like him.
c) The day was so hot that we couldn't go out
= - x-- C V.
[so + adjective (hot) + that]
d) It was such a hot day that we couldn't go out.
sentence (c)
word order
Dn,
\
1) You have been away for such a long time

that I felt lonely.
- d---. *--. = -- d---- -*-.

-E- . \ a) n, b) n .
n . -E-.
( p) .
such + adjective (hot) + day (noun) + that

so
adjective/ adverb
such
adjective
noun
noun
d n . , y
hC.
y,
*a, E y
L.
v hC.
\-J,
\ so -a. j -x such a long time, so long a time

C.
You have been away for so long a time that
...
2) ... such a tough assignment that I had to
visit many places = so tough an assignment that I had to visit many places ...
3) ... they were such lousy movies that ... =
the movies were so lousy that ...
so ... that, such ... that
--.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Eo meeting -C
a?
Manish: u a-
l Hall J--.
Pratap: h x-?
Manish:
Ez-l aE
vl No p h .
Pratap: - v- N-?
Manish: p
u-i--,
--J---L-N.
Pratap: * v-?
Manish: @N Sx N-- *
v.
Pratap: -%d, ---.
Pratap: Did a large number attend the meeting yesterday?

/ Was it a largely attended meeting yesterday?
c) Such movies as Titanic are rare. (Titanic
Such + movies (noun) + as + Titanic (noun)
( o- Jy-ho.)
Spoken English
(y-?
Sankar: OK.
tall that/ so large that/ so nice that, etc.)
( E?)
Pratap:
Manish: It was such a large number/ so large a number

that the hall wasn't enough.
Pratap: Did he speak well?
Manish: He was such a great speaker/ so great a
speaker that all heard him with all attention.
Pratap: What were the special points/ highlights of his speech?
Manish: He made such good points/ the points he made
were so good that we can easily practise them.
Pratap: Was it such a good speech/ so good a speech?
Manish: So good a speech/ such a good speech that
we can't hear it again.
Pratap: Unfortunately, I couldn't attend it.
--v- 6 -d- 2006
-- j---
Sourabha: Hi Susmitha, we'd better start

early so that we don't miss Aruna.
(t, - -
--, - miss
-.)
We'd better = We had better = *C.
You'd better see a doctor = you had better ... =
doctor
*C.
Susmitha: I am almost ready. I got up quite

early so that I might not be late.
( l. y
u -.)
Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man to
be here at 7 so that we need not
waste time looking for a taxi.
(*C. Taxi -
tE p, Sx Taxi time
waste .)
Sourabha: That I've already done. The taxi

will be here the day after tomorrow. She has to rest today and
tomorrow to get over the jet lag.
(D -. x l taxi
W, rest
B--C jet lag * -
----E.)
jet lag = N-x v-
- vA--x u ---
x L -L.
ready.
Susmitha: Let's accompany her to Tirupathi

so that we too can have Lord
Venkateswara's darsanam.
( - .
A---E Jz---a.)
get up early =
y Ev - { y --.
c) I am noting down the phone numbers so
that I can call you when necessary =
(Plane correct
p--hC?)
(8.30. Check in area * --E -C

-. E& -y- Baggage
B-- v ---x
-Vx -u---C.)
touch down = N Ot- C.
Check in = x N--v
C- E& .
Check in n = Hotel
C B--.
baggage - T ( bank b ) =
x.
baggage (American) = luggage (British)
Susmitha: Then why are we going so early?
(
-
-o?)
Sourabha: The airport is so long way off.

There are likely to be traffic jams.
We are starting so early so that
nothing may delay us. Better half
an hour early than a minute late.
(N--v . Traffic
Dl -a.
u L-T-- -
y ----o.
EN u -
- .)
Susmitha: The first thing Aruna wants to do
after landing here is to go to
Tirupathi. Let's fix another taxi
ready so that she may not lose
time.
(\ C- A--A--xE J. taxi E
x-, time L--hC.)
Spoken English
He came here so that he could meet the minister.
vAE ---- E \- a
He bought the bike so that he can move about

quickly =
a) He is so good that every one likes him =
y AJ---- bike -\-o =
lesson:
He bought the bike to (be able to) move about

quickly.
.. so that we don't miss ..

Sourabha: At 8.30. It'll be another hour after
the touch down for Aruna to come
out of the check in area and join
us. The collection of the baggage
after the baggage check these
days take a lot of time because of
security reasons.
. Eo -sx
to --a, simple .
d-- *- =
Susmitha: When exactly is the arrival of the

plane?
so that
so that
lessons
so + adjective/ adverb +
sentences
that, such + (adj) + noun + that
Sourabha: OK.
223
b) Harsha goes to bed early so that he can
---i--p L-- Eo phone numbers ---o.

j sentences , so that expression l-Eo --C.
-x---
He is such a good
man that everyone
likes him.
b) She drives so slow
that even a bullock
cart can over take
her =
x- M. SURESAN
-- tC ---.
Hers is such slow driving that even a bullock
cart over takes her.
(overtake =
o -Eo --x)
D , so ... that/ such ... that J*
-- ---oC.
p C sentences -E-:
a) He studies so hard that he always scores

high =
-\-
marks
a ----.
1) We'd better start early so that we don't miss

Aruna =
- miss - y
--- *C.
2) I got up quite early so that I might not be
late =
u - y Ev--.
3) I told the taximan to be here at 7, so that we
need not waste time looking for a taxi =
Taxi
time waste
- tE p, Sx taxi
-/ -.
4) We are starting so early so that nothing

may delay us =
E-x u --,
----o.
5) Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we
too can have darsanam =
C, / d- -
--o --C.
Sentence (b) He is studying very hard so that
he may score high ...
C
l- ---oD --C.
h-- : So that p
EE h/ l-Eo (purpose)
--C.
a) Susila started at 7 itself so that she may not
be late for class =
Class
u - Q
- ---JC.
l L n, to + 1st
-a.)
so that infinitive Eo-x

u --a. \ .
Let's accompany her so that we too can have
darsanam.
z -,
L- --.
sentence so that we too can have
darsanam , to have darsanam E infinitive (to have) n . Let's
accompany her to have darsanam a
n, z--E L----- hC.
-E so that o sentence
R z --E .
-J :
Let's accompany her so that we can have
darsanam too =
-- R z
a.
Let's accompany her to have darsanam.
z--E -- .
practice h-o-Dl, --L-
--, so that \-- -, to \- --
-h. Practice alone helps us.
ANSWER
Sulochana: Take a decision, only after a lot of

thinking so that you don't regret
later (to avoid regretting later)
Sulochana:
(adv)]
Sentence (a) He is studying so hard that ...
EXERCISE
b) so that -
\ so that u
--. N \--\
h-o--.
(a) , (b) n -E- .
so that
Regular Doing Word = infinitive
L ,
z --a.
b) He is studying very hard so that he may

score high =
-\- marks a---, d-

---o.
a) ... so hard that. [so that u hard
He came here to meet the minister
-- ---*-* -Eg- -B,

-y- -*--A-- ---. (-*-A--= regret/
repent)
Sunayana:
Sunayana: That's exactly why I've asked for

two days time ... so that I can think
well about it.
-- -v-V- -- -
---*---a-E.
Sulochana: -l--x- - ---,
--x --G-v--- --
--.
Sunayana: - -u-- --\-
to.
Sulochana: Eo
N- -
pL , - j
-- a-.
Sunayana: --o - v-V- -\-
---L, -- Eg-E (conclusion=
El)
Sulochana: Let's consult our elders too, so

that we can have their opinion. (to
have their opinion)
Sulochana: OK.
Sulochana: OK.
Sunayana: That's why I've asked my uncle to

come here. (... I've asked my
uncle over here)
Sulochana: We should tell him all about it, so
that he can have a correct understanding of it.
Sunayana: We should ask him to be here for
two days to avoid coming to a conclusion in a hurry. (So that we may
not come to a conclusion in a
hurry)
--C- 8 -d- 2006
-- j---
Ramesh: Hi Nikhila, What brings you here?
( a?)
( n What brings you here? C
-u C. E C
u----i --J. O conversation
.)
Nikhila: Just to see you. Long since we met,
you know.
(Eo ---E. --E

- V--C )
Ramesh: Thank you. Any news of Krishna?
(*. %g -J-* i
?)
Nikhila: I'm afraid I haven't any.
( -L-.
Some =
, Eo.
a) There is some milk in the glass =
x - --o.
b) Have some coffee =
coffee
B.
c) She cooked some of the rice =
Gu -- C.
d) I gave him some books yesterday =
Eo -- Eo h--L-a.
e) Some men were sitting; others were standing =
-C aE o, - E-E
o.
Ramesh: I was hopeful you'd have some

information about him.
(y E -J-* h- -o.)
Nikhila: Let's call Alamelu. She might have
some news.
(--- phone l.
L-a.)
students v
Any = j, -j
\ h--i-/- -\ h-- j
K---.
b) Any of them will help you =
-x---
Ramesh: Do you have any friends there?
(\ F--o o-o?)
Nikhila: I haven't any friends there.
(\ - o- )
( . h coffee -?
l-o* coffee B )
Nikhila: Coffee is certainly welcome. I've
come to you for some CDs on spoken English. Can you lend me them?
(Coffee
spoken English CD
-d . -*aC Eo
. --N
-h?)
Ramesh: List the CDs you want.
(F\--
CD
list
Nikhila: I want some paper and pen.
(\h
paper, pen
L)
Ramesh: Here you are. Have this coffee too.
(N.
coffee
B)
Nikhila: Thank you. But I need some more

sugar.
(\ - L.)
Ramesh: There isn't any in this bowl. I will get
some. Wait.
( *o v . - Bh.
)
some , any -
-v--u---C. ---J , some ,
Eo F, any j, j, -j E.
Spoken English
Spoken English

lesson:
1) I'm afraid I haven't any.
(I haven't any news = I have no news.
grammatical correct.
no more not any more
C spoken English \ --.
- English, - C.
J-Eo examples .
a) There is no sugar in the bowl.
I have no news
2)
...
--i )
You'd have some news-
not
d some news.
(F _- h---E P)
(Not / Question any)
3) ... she might have some news.
b) I have no money (not natural) 224
not d some.
( _ - a)
4) But there aren't any races now.
( , There are no races

o -, )
5) Do you have any friends there?
I haven't (have not) any money/ I don't
(Question
any)
Have some coffee

sentences (no, not
sentences)
some,
not
sentences
questions
any
( _-J E l)
- natural . Spoken English
-u C . n \-
sentence
,
o
F/
F
Don't come to me any more for help.

3) I don't have any money
--.
1) They have some
books
6) I haven't any= I don't have any.
2) Come no more to me for help
- affirmative
M. SURESAN
(x _ Eo h---o)
Ramesh: Neither have I. How about having
coffee? I haven't had any since
morning.
1) Waste no more time
(C spoken English - -- -\-

-N-E--.)
= There isn't any sugar in the bowl.
(C spoken English - - natural
(-) yE-d hC.)
xx -j F h.
jockey . -E --Fo
A---. Race course x
phone h x _- *a---
- C)
(Jockey= v-p--- x v-
--x. Race course = v-p--
J i)
(j-- v-p-
p. -- -C-\.
p v-p- Time.
--\--a.)
a.
a) Any book/ Any of the books here is very

expensive =
Ramesh: As a jockey he keeps moving

about. Let's call the Race course.
They can give us definite information about him.
Nikhila: But there aren't any races now in

Hyderabad. Not the season here.
It's the Bangalore racing season.
He might be in Bangalore.
class
= Do not (Don't) waste any more time.

-hC no more = not any more.
2) Don't waste any more time.
f) Only some students were present =
Sorry)
I have no money
She has no property
7) I haven't had any coffee since morning.

(Better than saying, I have had no coffee
since morning)
N -- some F, Fo
n .

Vinod:
have no friends
better, natural.
EXERCISE
(They haven't (have not) any books)

Question:
better, natural.
4) She doesn't have any property
X They do not (don't) have any books
= x _ h- .
( , I
-, )
ANSWER
Vinod: You seem to have some computer books.
Can you lend me some?
F _ computer books - o-xVikram: Who said so? I don't have any (books on
o. \-Eo-h?
computers).
Vikram: --o? _ computer
Vinod: You usually buy, don't you?
books .
(x _ h----o/- h-j
Vinod: y - - ? Vikram: I don't have any money. I don't buy (them)
o?)
any more.
Vikram: p s . -- .
2) He wants some more milk.
Vinod:
They aren't giving me books any more in
Vinod: library h--L-y-(-E - L)
the
library.
.
X He doesn't want any more milk.
Vikram:
Why?
Vikram: -E?
(-E -\--)
Vinod: outsiders x h-
- Vinod: They aren't giving books to outsiders like
Question:
me any more.
L
y
.
Does he want any more milk?
Vikram: I'm sorry. Why don't you buy?
Vikram:
I
am
sorry.
?
( ?)
Vinod: I haven't the money/ I don't have the money.
-Eo -s-x some, question Vinod: _ s-.
--.
-v-o: 1. say y to C.
p, N--p -
a) will you have some more Upma?
h----Lq N-.
tell y . Eo
= t B-? DE answer
verbs usage confuse - - - : 1. Say y to 2. Time is up (Time -a) not :
C). Half an hour is up
-o. DE J-\-- , tell y to --
C English usage .
No. Thank you. I don't want any
(---C).
-N?
v hC.
more.
Time is over C J-.
2. exams --p time - J O 3. He is in college now =
b) not :
--oC --E Tx-
C, . \
Thank you. A little more would do.
college o = He is at
pL?
'O E --L
(h L)
college now. x, in,
3. He is in college now, He is -p ? English
at .
u h----Lq N:
at college now. N?
/- -y
j correct. Eox, in
No = not any
.. v--JzE, - preposition h--C C-
, 'the' -Lq- -a.

eg: Waste no more time = time %- l
Do they have any books?/ Have they any
books?
-- 10 -d- 2006
-- j---
Govardhan: Where are you going?
(\---h-o?)
Sudarsan: No where in particular
(\- / ---- ,
ho)
Govardhan: (Are
you)
meeting
friends today?
any
b) Kamala: Have you any story books?
(V vq-J-j ---o?)
Sudarsan: None
Vimala: I'm sorry I haven't any/ I don't have

any.
(I haven't any
(-JF --- )
Govardhan: Have you
today?
( C -C s---o?)
Prasanth: There aren't any =
There are not any - C -, y--- NE- response.
(There are no students at all C correct
--p spoken English )
any
programme
(V j u-v ?)
Sudarsan: None at all
C \ -)
) spo vu -o.
-, - yE--
OE u- ---L.
some, any, not any (n't any
ken English
conversation
( )
a) Ram: I want some paper. Have you any?
Govardhan: You were asking me for Sekhar's

address. What do you want from
him?
(y v -.
* o ?)
( h
?)
L. F-_--o
Laxman: I have some/ I do have some, but I

can't lend you any. I need all of it
now.
Sudarsan: Nothing. I just wanted to see him.
( _ C/ --E-j C, F
( \x. E ---o)
( -)
(-J p-j x?)
c) Sankar: who told you to do that?
Suresh: a) Never. (short response - one

word)
(Eo- --o-C?)
b) I haven't been there at any time / so far.
Brahmam: Nobody.
( p-)
, E h--J responses ap v, no, no combinations .
d) Sudhakar: How many books will you give
me?
short negative responses:
1) Govardhan: Where are you going?

Sudarsan: No where (in particular)
e) Suman: How many has he given you?
(\- )
2) Govardhan: (Are you)
friends?
Sunil: None/ He hasn't given me any.
-x---
. short response None

h. sentence , He
225
(u L- o p-----E)
Sudarsan: None.
()
Govardhan: How much gas have you at

home now?
(-- )
(-- F ---
t C.)
Sudarsan: But today is Sunday. Is there anything he can do?
(F y C-. --
-L---o ?)
Govardhan: Nothing, I'm afraid.
()
I'm afraid p--E ---o.
Sudarsan: So I've to wait till tomorrow. We
have to make do with the
Kerosene stove at home.
( Lq. d l--Lq.)
[
[
[
- . No = not any
E. Spoken English , no not
any y---- ,
(natural) E .
There is no sugar in the bowl sentences conversational English - NE-hC.There is no sugar in
the bowl , There isn't (is not) any
sugar in the bowl C spoken English
\ NEh-C, - yE-hC
.
(u N-: No any \- -.
There is no any sugar in the bowl. C English . Not... any hC;
no any p )
a) Subodh: How many boys are there in the
room?
Spoken English
today?
F y-. Fo/
L.
hC :
Govardhan: I am sure he can help you.
any
HAVE YOU ANY PROGRAMME TODAY?
Sudarsan: I wonder if he can help me get a

gas cylinder.
(x u C?)
meeting
3) Govardhan: Have you any programme
(C x v C.
E ----o ?)
Sudarsan: Nil.
Let's study the following exchanges from

the conversation at the beginning of this
lesson:
Fo
(Eo h--L-h ?)
O y)
p-C .
Prabhakar: None. (None -
( FEoa?)
Govardhan: Here you are. This slip has his

address. Why are you going to
see him?
(I have never been there - spoken form
C )
not... any
has'nt, given me any,
no, no combinations
not... any
o. D,
o .
Paper,
uncountable
papers
plural
paper
a/
an, 1, 2, 3
u-. C M. SURESAN
--E, printing
paper N-)
d conversation u h---Lq N. -sEo d no ,
not any (n't any) conversation x hC.
:
b) There are no good watches in the shop =
There aren't any good watches in the shop.
There aren't any good watches
There are no good watches...
f) Prem: Who did you consult about this?
,
o ,
.
c) His watch is no better than mine =
-- - - -- l--jO
DEo better.
His watch isn't any better than mine (spoken form)
'no' form -E . 'No' form

- , u ,
, E h--J -- (short negative responses) a-p,
a) Balu: How many students have come?
(-C Nu-n--a?)
Sekhar: None/ No one
( )
b) Balu: What did you say?
(-o?)
Subha: Nothing = (I said nothing)
Sudarsan: None (at all) =
.
4) Govardhan: What do you want from him?
Sudarsan: Nothing.
( N JE v-C-?)
Syam: a) None (short negative response)
b) I didn't consult anyone (sentence)
(I consulted no one
Sudarsan: Nil.
-)
( )
g) Sri Ram: Where did you go last night?
b) I didn't go anywhere (sentence)
no, no combination (none, never, no

where, nil
short nagative responses
sentence
not... any
short negative response
N)
u .
.
- p - C.
6) Sudarsan: Is there anything he can do?

Govardhan: Nothing.
(Eo vA \---x?)
Srihari: a) No where (short response- nagative)
(I went no where
( \--)
5) Govardhan: How much gas have you...?
( )
Short nagative responses ap, I'm sorry, I'm afraid, I wonder
N -a.
a) Prakash: Can you lend me some money?
Prabhat: I'm afraid, no / No, I'm afraid /
I'm sorry, no / No, I'm sorry.
b) Sumanth: Is your dad coming?
Srikanth: I wonder. (=No)
h) Ramesh: Have you ever been to the US?
Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in
English.
(use short negative responses)
Gopal:
-JE ---o Eo?

Govind: JF ---.
Gopal: -\---x Eo vA?
Govind: \- x-.
Gopal: x aE -?
Govind: O u-. .N. .
Gopal: Eo qj-V- ?Govind: \ -.
Gopal: --O- Eo -J-- q ?
Govind: D -. -v- .
ANSWER
Gopal: Who did you meet yesterday?
Govind: None / Nobody
Gopal: Then where did you go last night?
Govind: No where
Gopal: What did you do sitting at home then?
Govind: Nothing. I just watched the TV
Gopal: How many exercises did you do?
Govind: None.
Gopal: How many serials did you watch?
Govind: None. I watched cricket.
short negative responses
not... any
sentences practice
- 12 -d- 2006
-- j---
Madhavi: Your place looks beautiful what

with the white wash and paints.
(x , --x O
x E--hC.)
Sridevi: I told you, my sister is getting married in a month, so we had the
whole building done up. Dad got it
white washed and painted.
Sridevi: We have to get the invitation cards

printed. We have the list of invitees
ready. We expect the cards to be
ready by tomorrow, but we will start
posting them a little later. Inviting
now will be too early. People may
forget.
(-- v a--L. yE- G l C. -

cards a. E v
Eo V y h. p
Lh K ---C. x
-*--a)
(p , - \u
Rx. -E x l .
o x, -.)
Do up = l
Madhavi: Who were the workers? I must say
they did a good job of it. I will suggest dad that he hire them too for
our home.
Madhavi: OK. Then. I must be going. I have

to get my clothes washed and
ironed.
(-xL J. d A-* Y
---L.)
-x---
Sridevi: Bye then.
226
3)
fans
Fo -- =
He had all the fans at home cleaned

(had ... cleaned (past participle))
4) The TV isn't all right. I'll have to get it
repaired.
(TV
J . Eo
repair
-L.)
have to get it repaired (past participle)
\ -E--LqC: j L- -Fo
- . E -x
h. ---p have/ get + something
+ done (past participle) by someone .
We had it done on contract
b) He some how got/ had the meeting postponed =
h-E, meeting
-.
O have/ got + something + past participle
--:
Now let's look at the following sentences
the lesson:
1) We had the whole building done up =
(had + the whole building + done (past participle) =
building
h l
=
contract .
2) We had it done on contract
had it done - had + it + done (past participle)

3) You can have anything readied in no time =
(E--x-? -E
pL. o h,
E x d--E.)
Do a good job of something =
EE J/ %h-- .
Hire = () n l
B--. \-n E---J-j
-a--.
Sridevi: We had it done on contract. Dad's
friend is a small time civil contractor. He got everything done for us.
( contract E-x .
o v *o N v-d.
Fo -.)
Madhavi: How are the other preparations
going on?
( -p-x-Fo --o?)
Sridevi: Briskly, of course. You know, all that
matters is money. Once you have
enough of it you can have anything
readied in no time.
(_ ---o. N
-. Eo- u s.
C-- L- j o
~ l a.)
All that matters = N/
u-iC Eo.
In no time = ~
briskly = _/ -
Madhavi: That's true. What about wedding
shopping?
(Rx -Lq h- N?)

Sridevi: Most of it, over. Sister is getting all
her dresses stitched, and some
blouses too. She has fall sewn up
for her saris.
(\-- --C.
dresses Fo d---C. Eo
blouses --. <-
falls d----C.
Sewn () - past participle of sew. sew
- pronunciation - (no ) = d.
Madhavi: So things are going on well.
Spoken English
a) The teacher made

him study =
Teacher
Doctor
T ECG B-.
(had got -a.)
structure: had/ got + the patient's ECG +
taken (past participle)
2) She had/ got her daughter's birth chart prepared =
M. SURESAN
C-N-.
b) Hari made the little boy walk the whole distance
=
J x --/
-x .
c) In government offices the staff make people wait =
(vy u--- xE sC v-
-x h.)
- n ... make (someone) do (something) . C
----F, P~--F n hC.
N. -sx make () n , make y to .
J v -*C.
Birth chart = v d -
v, ~-v n- L x d.
3) The minister used his influence and got the
prime price of land sold to his son-in-law.
~ j l --a.
have + anything + readied (past participle)
4) Sister is getting all her dresses stitched =
\u
--C.
dresses
EoF d-
(getting + dresses + stitched - past participle)

5) She has falls sewn up for her saris =
<-
falls
d---C.
has + falls + sewn (past participle)

6) We have to get invitation cards printed =
-- a--L.
--- vA N-o NE
x- Nt-.
D have/ got + something + past participle
.
.
a) j manager --E E Jh -h
A good/ an efficient manager gets the work
done on time.
gets
has
get (have) + invitation cards + printed (past

participle)
7) I have to get my clothes washed and
ironed
d A-* Y ---L.
get (have) + my clothes + washed and
ironed (past participle).
He made me do the work =
E -.
(He made me to do the work
)
make ... do Eox -.
Eo Eo . E Gs*aF,
---dF --. u
. --p make (someone) do (something) .

a) ... have something done by someone
OR
b) ... get something done by someone,
1) Hari has his house white washed regularlyonce in two years.

(J v p- x---h
-x--J)
-E-: Hari has ... whitewashed.
whitewashed \ past participle.
2) Tarun: How about lending me your bike for
a day?
bike
(F
--V--h?)
Varun: Take it, but have it filled.
(B, F
(Fo v- J-T---o--)
1) The doctor had the patient's ECG taken.
h.
- h.
,
We do something. - -E, we make others do it, .
petrol
.)
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH

Vennela: Fridge
repair
----o.
-?
Purnima: - . E-.
Sx p J E---.
Vennela: L- mechanic o.
- l J.
Purnima: o, exchange
offer E. h fridge
Jp--------o.
Vennela: , F.
Purnima: Sx brand fridge hC
. C -d -.
Vennela: ---o?
Purnima: C mechanic Nt*
hC -----o.
Vennela: .
ANSWER
Vennela: You were saying your fridge was out
of order. Did you get/ have it
repaired?
Purnima: I had it repaired last saturday but it
has gone out of order again.
Vennela: I know a good mechanic. This time
you get/ have it repaired by him.
Purnima: My husband has told me of an
exchange offer. I want to have this
one exchanged for a new one.
Vennela: Go ahead then.
Purnima: But we get the same brand again. I
don't like it.
Vennela: So what are you going to do?
Purnima: I want to have/ get it sold by our
mechanic and buy a new one.
Vennela: That's better.
have + it + filled (past participle)
--E- 14 -d- 2006
-- j---
Bhaskar: Why are you smiling?
( -. o
- Eo -h.
-\ u.)
( y--o?)
Himakar: We had our uncle here yesterday.
All the time he was here he had us
in stitches of laughter. He has
many jokes.
Himakar: Even there my dad's different. He

will not have me doing any job. He
does all jobs by himself. OK. I must
be going. Bye.
(Eo u a. o
-s Nyh o.
q h)
stitches of laughter = --E y.
(\ o . -Eo
--. .
xL. Bye)
Bhaskar: But why are you laughing now?
conversation
Have
Spoken English
have - .
-o --x -. C
y---. -i
---E - vu-C. O conversation practice .
( p-- y--o?)
Himakar: I remembered one of his jokes and

that forced me to laugh.
( q h--*aC.
C y p-*C)
Bhaskar: We wish to have around people
making enjoy fun, don't we?
don't / doesn't / can't / won't have someone

doing something =
-j o - E
-E-y---.
a) She doesn't have her husband talking
badly about her parents =
-- Lx--v- J* h
x--E-y--.
b) Sita: Dad, I want to do combined study
( L-T - \-
-----E - ?)
-x---
Himakar: We do, certainly.
with savithri at her home.
227
b) don't / doesn't / can't / won't / couldn't /

wouldn't have someone do something
Conversation
practice
(-JE E---E-y---).
- NE--hC. d
.
O

the conversation above:
1) ... he had us laughing with his jokes =
tLo
( N-vA L -----E,
x-----o.)
jokes
Ny--.
2) We wish to have around people making us

enjoy fun =
(, *a-)
Bhaskar: He was here yesterday, wasn't he?
He will not have me doing any job
(Eo -E-\-C?)
Himakar: He was on his way to Ooty. He
would have me accompany him,
but dad didn't like to have me
wasting my time when the exams
are so close.
a) Hari's wife has him do/ doing all the work

at home =
--v-p?
-- -E-o
- J x-E-y.
J u -- -Eo
---C.
Bhaskar: My dad's the opposite. He would

have me going around places,
exams or no exams. Not that he
would have me neglecting my
studies, but he leaves it to me.
b) The teacher had the boys decorate the

school for the school anniversary =
c) The husband had the wife wash / washing

and iron / ironing all his clothes =
h u d A-* Y
---o.
j sentences Eo-- have someone do /
doing something n J E
--- A-, C-J, c-.
C .
Himakar: You're lucky there. My mom doesn't have me leave my books either.
( N- y-%-d- --N.
t - o h-----E-y.)
d) She had me doing all kinds of jobs for her

=
Bhaskar: But my trouble is of a different

kind. My dad has me doing all
kinds of jobs at home. That's the
only problem.
Eo --C.
DE uA-- oo -j
-E-y-- p
E n
N? -- y.
3) He would have me accompany him to

Ooty =
- o B--x-E J.
M. SURESAN
sentence perfect participle

sentence ' After we had rested we continued our journey'
perfect participle
--. j
p --T-h?j
a !
--- n N?
iii) C sentences -Fo O p 'six forms of verb'
v correct o. O n, N tense
o -.
1. They could be going there.
2. They would be going there.
3. They should have been going.
5. They can have done it.
Spoken English
-- d
6) Not that he would have me neglecting my

studies =
(E p ?)
o x Ap- - d.
o -~- -E .
Kusuma: Not any more, son. I won't have

you spoiling your health.
( . Eo u
--E-y.)
e) The teacher won't have her pupils playing
in the rain =
7) My mom doesn't have me leave my books
t o h- --E-y.
8) My dad has me doing all work at home =
o Eo -h.
9) He will not have me doing any job =
F --E-y.
Nu-n- { --E-y.
a) have someone do something (-J-
E---);
---: i) would have + pp n = E J--

a) Hari would have attended the meeting =
J meeting
x---- E x-.
b) The police would have caught the thief (if they had seen
him)=
M- d----x. (}Eo
) -, d--.
ii) Having rested, we continued our journey- Dn NvA
B-- (-x) v --T E.
NvA Bo y v --T- --E, After
having rested, we ... journey After we had rested,
we continued our journey n hC. Having + pp ,
-, -x n hC.
C ---x (--) t--o.
. -,
time waste
d) Kumar: Mom, can I have one more cup of

coffee?
b) Having started it, he didn't like to stop it =
6. They may have done it.
o
.
5) ... He would have me going around place
a) Having seen it I believe it =
4. They would have been going.
4) ... dad didn't like to have me wasting my

time =
Lx--v xLo % E-y.
E -- E.
ii) 'Having rested, we continued our Journey'.
L-T* Ny--x \- E -.
c) Parents can't have

their children wasting time =
\ J{--q--E x \ -J-x .
( o DE uA-. x
A- ---d, K-~-o,
o. -~h
---E , F
C--h)
would have + P.P.
Rao: At this hour of

the night? No. I
can't have you
going out alone.
D -----o
-.
--p
n -J- -E -- a-p, c-.
( --o.
x-E J. F
o K-~ _ --, time waste --E
p--)
-v-o: i) Sentence
Have/ has (someone) do (ing) something have

have
v-G-*--y (-x), -C --E--d- --.
iii) 1) They could be going there =
x-\- -p h-a. vh u-u N (possibility in the

present) -C. Present tense.
Even as we are planning to do it, they could be doing
it =
C-p l E ---o-p xC
-h--a.
2) They would be going there = x-\- x----o (would be going = wish to be going) - Present
tense - E C Eo -s x J----a.
3) They should have been going = x h-Lq-C-p,
E x- o. -s-Eo-d tense.
4) They would have been going = h---x- E
x- Past tense.
5) They can have done it - x --L-T--x --a/ DE use h pd. Tense - Present tense.
6) They may have done it - -a. ----a
. Tense - Present tense.
--- 16 -d- 2006
-- j---
Ranjan: Dhanraj, why did you get your

shirts stitched? You could have
bought ready - to - wear ones.
Ranjan: That's an idea. In case he isn't able

to help us let's get some other
classmate to get interested in it.
shirts d- ?ready
-\---a)
h ready made
( C idea. -
--- --o classmate
h x -l)
Dhanraj: Ready - to - wear ones don't suit

our specifications. You've to buy
them and get them altered again. I
don't have the patience. Even if we
get the shop man to alter it, it doesn't suit us exactly.
Dhanraj: Let's get some high school

students to collect samples.
( F
made shirts
ready - to - wear
(Ready made
d --
J-. C Sx Eo
shop
- Jp---Lq
C. .
Shop - Jp-*
Jh suit )
specifications = -- N- v
(samples
high school
Ranjan: My uncle is a teacher in a high
school nearby. I will get him to give
us a list of ten students.
-J---E -C
Nu-n- d-)
( u, _o high school
teacher. _--* CC G B-)
E
p vG--LqC)
228
--- have --LT x get -a.

-- lesson have -o
, - ----x...
M. SURESAN
(... -Eox tailor J

d- --a.)
Dhanraj: You can get your tailor to restitch
them again.
tailor
Sx d---a)
Ranjan: That's OK. But my preference is

always for ready made ones.
( v
d.)
ready made
Dhanraj: OK. By the way, we have an

assignment to submit next week.
I think we can get Neeraj to help us
in the assignment. He is good at
these things.
Ranjan: We shall start preparing the questionnaire this evening.
( -v vo-R Jhl.)
Questionnaire = ya-- = -
-- -- vo G
Dhanraj: OK. Let's meet at 4 in the evening.
Ranjan: Bye.
-J- E -----E make, have

- lessons .
--E, get -a.
1) He had his bike repaired = bike
repair ---o = He got his bike
repaired.
2) She had her dresses ironed =
She got her
dresses ironed.
(--C F E-l a-
assignment Jh--L . DE
--E F- -l---o. E- N-
.)
d Y --C =
3) She had herself treated by Dr.Vaid =

Dr.Vaid
She
got herself treated by Dr.Vaid.
ju --C =
-v-o:
---:
To be
To be
-- ---? As, like (,

C-J) n h?To be n
N?To be --Eo ---- -N--J-.
That man appears to be a thief.
That man appears like a thief.
ux
n N?
to be, like
It is said that he is honest.

He is said to be honest.
It is said that he was honest.
He is said to have been honest.
She is reputed to be a good
teacher.
That liar deserves to be thrashed.
I should like to be a doctor.
He dares to do what he thinks to be right.
How is its saltiness to be restored.
-.--, N---.
Spoken English
C infinitive . To be
u -sEod C. ' n
hC. He appears to be a thief=
E-h-o.He appears like a thief
sentence correct . appear ' () -o n C d, He appears like a thief
o, He appears to be a thief correct. ,
-sEod, It appears like that E
( E-hC o n).
To be . Like /- .
d u--x To be like
. --. To be EF,
' E-F n.
\-J 'to be' 'as' a ' --
n. O-J-* sentences Eo- to
be n hC. ( sentences it is
said ... n - -/
--o E. eg: It is said that he is honest = E---B-E . x
It is said, people say passive voice).
If you want to sell the car, it is easy to have

some one buying it.
get
2. The teacher had her pupils know that they

cannot go until they finish the work =
1) You have to get them altered again (= You

have to have them altered again)
E-hu x--E Ox-E x- -n -u-x C teacher.

x have get --a.
get --p sentence structure
Cl -C.
She has even her elders doing all kinds of

jobs. She gets even her elders to do all kinds
of jobs for her.
-E-:
... has even her elders doing = gets even her
elders to do all kinds of ...
Sentence
had got -a.

E -sx have \.
She had her pupils know ... = She got her
pupils to know.
p-C :
My building is vacant. I want to get some
bank to take it on long lease =
bank
S C. D`---L l j
x -E C.
\ get have -a.

B--
n ---LqC:
Have someone to do something = Get some

one to do something =
J E---.
Sentence structure:
have/ get (something) + done (past participle + by ...
(- )
2) Even if we get the shopman to alter it, it

doesn't suit us exactly = shop
E
p --o , J_
J-.
3) Sometimes even our tailor can get our

clothes spoilt =
tailor
d----a.
(\ get
have
-a)
4) We can get Neeraj to help us in the

assignment =
Neeraj
N-
--.
(\ get have )
5) We can get some other classmate to get

interested in it =
classmate
h B--x l.
6) Let us get some high school students to

collect samples =
samples collect
x-
l.
7) I will get him to give us a list of ten
students =
C-C Nu-n
G ax l.
sentences Eo-, get have
-a. practice .
Pran:
*- -J- N---x Mx
-?
Kiran: wholesale x v--.
-- packing material- , f, J, -\ p---o.
( = basket, f = straw, J- =
country twine, -\ = gunny
pack
piece)
C -E-.
It is said that he is honest = He is said to be
honest (is = to be)
It is said that he was honest = He is said to
have been honest (was = to have been -
E---B -- --E .)
She is reputed to be a good teacher =
teacher
-sx.

the dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
EXERCISE
I want to have some bank take it on long

lease.
So,
have
---a,
She got her dresses ironed

Ranjan: Sometimes even our personal
tailor can get the clothes spoilt.
a) If you want to sell the car, it is easy to get

some one/ have someone to buy it.
1. She has even her elders doing all kinds of

jobs for her =
l-x - --Eo
- ---C.
Dhanraj: Time we got

busy working
on the project.
(Project
-x---
Pran:
p book - O o-u?
Eo. x parcel office
. -J-j p---o.
Pran: F u BJ--o-.
Kiran: --.
Kiran:
C. (p)
That liar deserves to be thrashed = ... to be

thrashed - passive (infinitive) =
- ---l-
(v) d---Lq. -
--l- s -Lq. (deserve |-- --E-j-/ -P-~-j)
I should like to be a doctor = doctor
--E--d ---.
What he thinks to be right = -- J C ( = - j-C ---C) to be one of the best = ve-i
--/- --
to be restored = --l-J--- (passive)
ANSWER
Pran: Finally who did you get to pack the
mangoes to Delhi?
Kiran: I got one of the boys in the wholesale shop to pack it; I got him to get
too, the packing material, the basket, the straw, the country twine,
and the piece of gunny.
Pran: When did you get it booked?
Kiran: Yesterday. His home is a long way
off from the parcel office. I asked
him to get someone to get it for him.
Pran: So your problem is solved.
Kiran: Yes.
--v- 20 -d- 2006
-- j---
Sharat: Srinath has got a sleek new bike.

Have you seen it?
(X * h bike a--o.
y ?)
(sleek= o -ho. u cars
, bikes , - Vh o EE-- h -)
Prabhat: Hasn't he got one already? (Do)
You mean he has got two bikes
now?
( p -C ?
y- bikes
o-?)
Sharat: Use your brains, Prabhat. He had
sold off the old one, and bought this
one a few days ago.
(h -*. -Eo t,
DEo Eo--V o)
Prabhat: You have got a bike and he has got
a bike. Unfortunately I haven't got
one.
Sharat: Have a car, then. That is safer than

a bike.
( car \. C
~- .)
(F bike --L-T- sC O
o. , X
F, O o \
sC.)
Prabhat: It's not the question of who has got
more money than who. It's a question of how one spends it.
bike
Prabhat: That's exactly what he is going to

do; it is not for my only use, though.
( --C .
Jh ---E v
-)
Sharat: How soon is it going to be?
( y
car
F-hC? )
Prabhat: Quite soon.
(y-)
-- , LT n
'have' ? Have
n--Eo- 'have got' -a. u
British spoken English have got
\. -E--Lq--N-, have ,
have got
n, --
--.
(F bike C. bike C.
-%-d- -h, bike EC .)
Sharat: Your dad has got enough money to
buy you one. In fact, your dad and
you have more money and more
property than I or Srinath.
-x---
229
3. Your dad has got enough money to buy

you one = In fact, you and your dad have
got more money than I or Srinath (has
got)have got/ has got
have/ has
\
-a.
4. ... who has got more money than who? =

who has more money than who?
5. He has got the opinion = He has the
opinion.
6. We have got bikes = We have bikes
p-x, British English \

. have got/ has got/ had got, etc.
OE not --p J- choice
hC.
a) T- s- =
a) I have those books (with me)=

I have got those books.
p-y--E F _ s-o ?=
F _ h-
? =
Have you got any money that you can lend

me?
Haven't you those

books? =
-x. Bike C
road O ~- E
t.)
He is convinced= d t-.
Sharat: So how does he want you to go
about?
Prabhat: He has got the opinion that the city
bus is the safest means of transport.
(City bus Eox h--i-E

G-v.)
Sharat: We have got bikes. Are we any the
less safe than you?
( bikes o. ~ N -o Fo \
o?)
Prabhat: Well, that's the opinion he has got.
He doesn't want to have moments
of anxiety when I am out on the
l- -N vp--h-j F ?=
Haven't you/ Haven't you got the manners
to respect elders?

-a.
have
---x
have got
d) He hasn't enough money to buy a car=
- L- s E _
e) Hasn't he better clothes than those?
( C --o G-v.
bike O --A-J---p -
- C J.)
Anxiety= -
C \
NE--hC.
Amar: I have got to attend to some work at

home. Let me go.
( _ - L . o xF.)
Kumar: What have you got to do now?
(FN-p L?)
Amar: I have got to get the carpenter to
repair our dining table and fix one of
the window glasses.
dining table repair
glass
--E,
GT--E v-TE a--L)
b)
( --xL)
Amar: My dad has got to invite my recently
married sister and brother-in-law to
the Deepavali festival. That's why he
is getting the house done up.
Don't you have those books? =

Haven't you got those books?
c) Hasn't he a brother? =
- -d ?=
modern, present day English
Don't
have/ Doesn't have form
Have you?/ has he? form
brief
simple
\ NE--hC.
h
,
C.
F-p E-?=
Haven't you any work now?/
-a.
-Eo-, have got/ has got

has a.
have/
1. Hasn't he got one already? (Do) you mean

he has got two bikes now? = Hasn't he
(Doesn't he have) one already? (Do) you
mean that he has two bikes now? =
2. You have got a bike and he has got a bike.

Unfortunately I haven't got one = You have
a bike and he has a bike. Unfortunately I
haven't one.
(yo , O --
training programme
x-F,
D-R -E?)
Hasn't he got a brother?
Hasn't he got better clothes than those?

lesson:
Kumar: You were telling me your brother-inlaw had got to attend some training
programme and wouldn't be able to
make it to the Deepavali.
Doesn't he have a brother? =
= -o * d -E? =
Have got/ has got/ had got, etc., have/ has/
had
(D--R u kx sister
, y-E-L o.
- x l h-o)
M. SURESAN
a) Don't you have any work now? =
-C p- -E F n,
bikes --o-?
bike.
Spoken English
c) Don't you have the manners to respect

elders? =
He has not got enough money to buy a car.
(J y A------o--?)
\,
o.
Kumar: I have got to go home too.
He doesn't have
enough money = He
hasn't got enough
money
_ h---o=
Sharat: I just want to know. Why doesn't

your dad buy you a bike?
(Accidents
Haven't you those books?

b) Have you any money that you can lend
me? =
Prabhat: Just for fear of accidents. He is

convinced that a bike is not a safe
thing on the road.
He hasn't (has not) enough money =
(\ vo -J- -J
s-\ E . a
--- vo.)
( O o F bike -
-- -----C.)
o--x
Not
question
Don't have/
doesn't have/ Didn't have ...
Haven't you?/ Hasn't he/ she?/ Hadn't
Don't ... have?/ Doesn't ... have?/
...?
American
Didn't ... have ..?
English
Haven't you got any work now?

b) Doesn't he have a car? =
car
? =
Amar: But he is coming. The training programme has been cancelled.
(--h-o. Training programme

cancel C)
: Have to/ has to + 1st Regular
doing word (Have to do, has to do, has to
work, etc)
c , ---E,
NC- -Lq N- h-E.
a) I have to go now =
E-p xL.
Hasn't he a car?/
b) He has to pay Rs.5000/- =
Hasn't he got a car now?

Not
questions
Don't ... have/
doesn't ... have, didn't ... have
expressions
spoken
form
English
Hadn't he a car?
\ NE--h, u
. -E ? vo,
vo o,
Didn't he have a car \ -
C. Hadn't he a car? .
d n -o N:
LT n
1) Have = have got; has = has got; had = had
got, etc.
5000 - Lx-L.
c) She had to join duty that day itself =
duty Lq *aC.
--x , have to + 1st Regular
doing word/ has to + 1st Regular doing word/
had to + 1st Regular doing word
Have got/ has got/ had got + 1 Regular
doing word
have got/
has got
-a. j --
.
Exercise: j -- have got/ has got
, have/ has practice .
-- 24 -d- 2006
-- j---
Ramnath: Have you got to go now? I was

hopeful You'd stay for at least a
day more?
(y x-Lq-? -j
E -o)
Premnath: I'm
sorry
I've
got
to
go.
Too many things to attend to, at

home.
(-K. -xL p. x
-Lq
o) C -E-.
a) attend = --
class, function, meeting N.
He attended class yesterday
b) attend to:
E/ u -.
week.
(\-x. --E \
* a--a.)
Premnath: Has she got to take anything like
a test at the end of the fortnight
long training?
( ~/ 15 V P~
y K-~----o ?)
Ramnath: No, she doesn't have to.
(\-x)
Premnath: Had she to attend the same kind
He will have a lot of money soon.
(y - s h-C/- --
_ s C.)
\ will have will have got
-- y- - s C
N-Kl hC . -E
future vh-N---p, have
have got .
(British usage )
(-- C
P~- Rx?)
Ramnath: No, she didn't have to, as she
hadn't had two years of service
house =
by then.
BJ---
Premnath: When has she got to attend the

same kind of programme next?
She is attending to the arrangements for

the meeting =
b) have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular

Doing Word (have to go, has to stay,
(Sx -v-v- p
xL)
had to work)
Ramnath: She needn't for another two
N J c-, ---E, NC-

-Lq N --.
x have to/ has to/ had to +
1st regular doing word -,
n have got to/ has got to/ had got to
years.
-x---
( -x- - )
230
(Nu-n K-~ -Lq)
of training programme last year .
Dad is busy attending to the repairs of the
( -J o
o.)
Premnath: Has she to pay for her travel and

other expenses?
I haven't got a cell
The students have got to take the exams.

c) Suman had to submit the exercise yesterday
(
submit
-- -E-o -qj-
*aC)
Lq
Suman had got to submit the exercise yesterday.(Had got to + 1st. RDW
h .)
E L - uA-, E
--\--. E ? English
\- need not = need n't hC.
don't have to/ doesn't have to/ didn't have
to + 1st. RDW
-a.
Look at the following sentences at the

beginning of the lesson.
Ramnath: Have you got to start so early?
(= Have you to start so early?)
Premnath: No, I needn't (I need not)
! \ have to + 1st RDW (l?) --E uA--n needn't (need

not) hC.
b) Premnath: Have you got any thing I can
carry to your sister?
(O- -Lq p-xFo hC.)

c) attend on = --/- -A-- -u
.
Ramnath: No, she needn't. The company
When I was ill, my elder sister attend on
bears all the expenses. OK. How
me =
about having something to eat
( u ---p \ -u
C)
before you leave?
If you go away now, who will attend on the

guests.
(v, a d-?)
(\-x. n
uEo
-JhC.x
o A?)
(y-Rx- A -?)
(A-- u h?)
Premnath: I've got to, because the
Ramnath: Aren't there anyone else to take
food on the train doesn't
a) I have (= have got) a cell =
( -- --
?)
Premnath: If there were, I needn't be bothered at all.
(-o , - -Lq
- !)
Ramnath: Have you got to start so early?
( - -l-?)
Premnath: No. I needn't (need not), but I
have got to leave at least by the
12 noon train. Have you got anything I can carry to your sister.
(. F F uo 12
-v- o- xL. O
d F i h B--.)
I haven't a cell/ I haven't got a cell/
Ramnath: No, you need not. I called her

yesterday and spoke to her.
(---. Eo -- )
Premnath: Has she got to stay there for
long?
(\ ---V--?)
Ramnath: No, she hasn't got to. She can
leave there at the end of this
I don't have a cell
( -- AL. jx
(= - - ).
M. SURESAN I have no cell, , spoken form
- -.)
[
[
[
.
lesson have/ has/ had, etc
b) He has a lot of property =
have got/ has got/ had got etc o
He has got a lot of property
J* --o .
(--- h C.)
u N- --o.
He hasn't any property/ He doesn't have any
a) -L-T (possess/ own) n
property =
have, has, had etc have got, has got,
(- h .)
had got, etc -. British
He has no property E - .
spoken form have/ has/ had got form
C) She had a good score \- - C.
* -\ *aC.
i) He has a car = He has got a car.
ii) I have some money =
I have got some money.
iii) He had a big house =
He had got a big house.
( N- v, He had got
a lot of property He had a lot of
property E \- . (British
usage )
u-i N: Have got form- future
.
No, you need not
Have to/ has to/ had to +1st Regular Doing

Word
Opposite need not
v ,
don't have to/ don't need to, doesn't have to/

/doesn't need to, didn't have to/didn't need to
+ 1st Regular Doing Word
h.
a) I have (got) to do it at once

I need n't/ I don't have to/ I don't need to do
it at once.
b) Kusuma has (got) to send it today.
Kusuma needn't/ doesn't have to/doesn't
( --- C.)
suit me.
care of them?
Spoken English
+1st regular doing word (have got to pay =
Lx-L = has got to pay. Had got to pay

= Lx-Lq *aC. [past]) had got
to + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)
common .
O lesson - N-.
I. have/ has/ had, etc; -L-T--
--p, E
opposite l.
Ramnath:
She had got a good score.

She hadn't a good score =
She didn't have a good score.
II.
J c--
--x-
NC j -Lq-h p
have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular
Doing Word .
a) I have to go now - (E-p xL) =
I have got go now.
need to send it today.

c) Pramila had (got) to go yesterday.
Pramila needn't go/didn't have to go/ didn't need to go yesterday.
EXERCISE
Lesson
v-
Conversation
have
(got) to/ has (got)to/ had (got) to expressions
Eo
.
Opposites practice
-v-o: - -q -v-- --.

- -- --j --E-x -
---C.
j - -u-- --Tx- - -- --?
>E, -
---: Regular Bus
journey doesn't
agree with me .
We consume about sixty
units of current (or)
60 units of current is our
monthly consumption.
b) The students have to take the exam.
- 26 -d- 2006
-- j---
Chandana: Hi Vandana, you appear to have

all leisure in the world. I expected to see you busy preparing for
the contest tomorrow? Haven't
you got to prepare for the debate
tomorrow?
(, Nv-A ox E-h-o? --
BJ -E -o.
F - --yL ?
All the leisure/ all the time in the world =
BJ/ .
They have all the time in the world to go
for a second run =
B- -- -
C.
Debate = - ( \ -)
Vandana: I've had enough of it. I'm bored.
I'm prepared well enough, I suppose. What about you?
( . N--hC.
--u-E --o. F
--N?)
I've had enough = . ,
\-x E--*--p, I've had
enough h N-.
'have (has)' J* C--- lessons

N- --o . Have (has)
spoken English v-u-C.
- -. Eo - -, conversation 30% easy -C. -E practice -.
Have (has)
J* --p--- L-
N-:
1) I, we, you and they 'have' . He,
she and it has .
2) have/ has n LT .
- -J - (h,
, jJ N) .
a) I have a car= car C. (
- car LT o )
b) She has beautiful dark hair=
-i xE --o.
-J h/ / etc
n British English have/
has - have got/ has got -.
a) My cousins have a lot of property=
My cousins have got a lot of property
-x---
Chandana: Haven't they got to consult people who know? So what's the big
idea in announcing the topic so
early?
(L----x v-C-L J.
-h topic v-- x l N?)
Vandana: Participants will mug up their
speech at the contest.
(_--x x -u-Lo
ddh.)
mug up= d d-.
mug n --, handle
x. Mug n, x
f \.
Chandana: They have got plenty of time to
get the help of others too.
(- -
C)
Vandana: Haven't we got to attend the special class this afternoon?
(y uo p
x xL ?)
Chandana: I have got to, but you needn't.
You have got an 'A' grade, so
you don't have to.
( xL, y-\-x. F A
grade *aC. -E y - )
Vandana: Thank God. Thank you for the
news.
(
t, A---.)
Chandana: You're welcome.
Spoken English
231
\ negative question have got

-E-. question , y
debate --y-Lq - ?
n .
n mustn't (d)
-a. shouldn't .
E-p xL.
L=
-x -
--aE -- --o.
c / --Eo d/ NC E--Lq- j forms . DE opposite , '----- n needn't
(need not)/ don't need to/ haven't got to/ hasn't got to/ don't have to/ doesn't have to
1) I have to meet the minister
X I needn't meet the minister/ I don't need to
meet the minister/ I haven't got to meet the
minister/ I don't have to meet the minister
(---L)
(---\--).
= Mustn't you prepare/ shouldn't you prepare for the debate? 2) I haven't got to (prepare for the debate) =
(Debate
prepare
I
needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to
Fo .
-- =
-a.
3) Haven't they got to consult people who
know? =
(Question
have got
Don't they have to
4) Haven't we got to attend the special class?
= Don't we have to attend ... ?
L- x v-C-L ?

--T-ho, \) =
-a.
I've had enough
( --\x. x
a a-LqC .)
(. v-*
-LqC . h %y
(Debate contests) Ey---
x- - ox .)
a) I have to go now =
I have got to go now.
b) Sujani has to sing at the party tomorrow =
party
Sujani
Sujani has
got to sing at the party tomorrow.
Have to/ has to, have got to/ has got to
must/ should
Chandana: I haven't got to, either. They

shouldn't have given the topic so
much in advance.
Vandana: Yea. They shouldn't have. They

don't seem to have got much
experience of conducting debate
contests.
b) Sumithra has an excellent voice=

Sumithra has got an excellent voice.
n (LT -) am having/ is
having/ are having forms , \ bath
N- p.
3) have/ has= ( n) B-- =
A/
5) I have got to = I have to (I need to
Fo -
o. j -a.
British English
haven't got to/ has n't

got to
Hadn't got to
didn't
need to/ didn't have to
\ N--C.
h
. E--
-a.)
O negative questions
x l
coffee
B-- (-)
uo tea B--C.(-C)
n (B-- = A/ -) am
having/ is having/ are having .
I am having tea now because coffee isn't
available =
coffee
d tea -o. A/
n have got/ has got .
[have + past participle/ has + past participle

have/ has, have got/ has got
have + past participle,
has + past participle present perfect tense forms.
--.
need to
M. SURESAN
-.
(p- O -E . Have to/ has
to/ had to opposite -u haven't
to/ hasn't to/ hadn't to . I haven't to go/
she hasn't to come .)
Let us look at the following sentences
the lesson.
1) Haven't you got to prepare for the debate
tomorrow?
O, j p
--.
1)
EXERCISE
Practise the following
aloud in English.
- --* p--- J-T E.

-- E Time p-
o-p,
3) just, just now - , p - -, h-C-.]
Tarun:
4) have to + Ist Regular Doing Word/ has to

+ Ist Regular Doing Word (have to go,
have to work, has to do, has to come)
must
Tarun:
2)
OE
- cF, ---EoF NC -Lq E-E-F ---E
lessons . n
have to / has to + Ist Regular Doing Word
have got to + Ist
Regular Doing Word (RDW) / has got to +
Ist RDW
, -
-a.
have got to/
don't have to/ haven't you to
\-J have to
-a.
a) -\ } p? =
Have I go to there now?/ Do I have to go

there now?/ Do I need to go there now?/
Need I go there now?/ Must I/ should I go
there now?
a) They have coffee in the morning=

b) Sanjana has tea in the afternoon =
Ny-p-- x--\-?
Varun: \-x. F
certificates attestation
?
F -- ?
Varun: . --.
N attest
----Lq C.
Tarun:
office
Cx L
?
Varun: - . -- R .
b)
Have they to
come here?/ Do they have to come here?/
Do they need to come here?/ Need they
come here?
Rx-\- -Lq-? =
Fo conversation practice
h, daily life situation English
x--.
ANSWER
Tarun: Haven't you got to/ Don't you have to/ Don't you
need to/ Needn't you/ Mustn't you/ shouldn't you
go home now?
Varun: I needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to. Need I/
should I/ must I accompany you for attestation
of certificates?
Tarun: Don't you need to/ Don't you have to get your
certificates attested too. (You need to have your
certificates attested too)
Varun: Oh. I forgot. I need to/ I have to get my certificates attested too (must/ should
Tarun: Haven't we to be/ don't we have to be/ Needn't

we be/ Don't we need to be/ mustn't we be/
shouldn't we be at office by 10?
Varun: We needn't be / We don't need to be/ We don't
have to be/ We haven't got to be. (simple
Not
necessary). It is enough if we are there by 11.
--E- 28 -d- 2006
-- j---
Loknath: Hi Somnath, how are things going

for you? How is your new job?
( --, J- n--
o? F h u
C?)
Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on fine. The
job is good too. How about you?
( o-E p--E --ho. u *. -F

--?)
( S n d, d-----.
C f C.)
Clothes line = d--
Loknath: You could tell him not to do it.
( u-lE y-- p-a)

Somnath: He has helped me some time ago.
So I am a little hesitant about
being frank with him.
(- -
. -E - oC
p--E ----h-o.)
hesitant = o p--E / --E
T-- / ---- / h-.
frank = - oC ---l
dx p.
Loknath: Thank you. I'm fine too. Getting on

well. How are your relations with
your colleagues and boss?
(F -u--, F boss - o?/ F -u-

F o? F boss F
o?)
Loknath: So are you going to let him trouble

you?
-x---
( F u
L-T-x h?)
232
(-%-d- -h x - --/ -J---J ---. N---o. N- p--dC.

Headed for = C x.
The train is headed for New Delhi =
train
uMx jC.
d) If you want to be happy, you have to get

on with what you get =
y - - *a-
%h--L.
2. Get along = x.
No regrets, just getting on

Somnath: Too many colleagues and too
short a time for me to say anything about them.
(j \-, -u---\- x, N J*
p-.)
Colleague - M ' \---.
n, -uT. - --x classmates .
F
boss
F )
Somnath: We get on excellently. He is not at
xL. C.
b) He gets along finely =
( - M. SURESAN
N-
N -E L- -E
v-Ao-ho.)
Loknath: How is your boss towards you?

(
a) I must get along. I have work to do.
Somnath: I am trying to
get the message across
to him in
some other
way.
Loknath: Best of luck then. It is 10.15. I

must be getting along. See you.
(
j C---C. -xL. Sx
l.)
all bossy.
( q--- .
-- bossy (j C-J
p) .)
Loknath: How is your new home? How is
your co tenent towards you?
(F Ahx C? O-
l--o- O ?)
Somnath: We get on. We aren't that
Chummy.
( . o
)
Chummy - N h vo.
Loknath: Why so? (-?)
Somnath: The trouble with him is he doesn't
Somnath: OK. Bye.
-, have y \. -D-
expressions English y---. Get
a -- -
. -E E practice h --*C.
1. Get on - expression n-
. u vo- - \ -.
Get
a) Kamal: Hi Vimal, how are you?

Vimal: OK. Just getting on. Thank you.
-E T--C/ -*--C.
3. Get at - common.
N F, pC F n
--.
a) I am unable to get at what he says =
pC n --- o.
1) a) Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on

fine =
( o-E p-E --ho./

-*--C E p--E
--ho.)
b) Somnath: We get on excellently= (
-J
/ -
o.)
c) Somnath: We get on= ( JT/ -*-C)
2) a) Loknath: I don't get at you.= (F
pC -n-- .)
3) Somnath: I am trying to get the message
across to him.
( Eo - y
nux --E v-Aoho.)
Get across N-Eo J
nux . n put
across .
a) I put the idea across to him that he and
I go shares
( xL. y v.
--. n--u?)
4. Get across =
N-Eo --
n--ux p.
b) The teacher is good at putting things

across to her pupils =
a) Prasad: How is your new teacher?
(O h C?)
Prakash: She is very good. She has a
knack of getting her ideas
across to the students.
( * . dq n-ux p -C _.)
knack ' nap =
/ lA
b) A news paper ad is the best way to get
across your message-
=
, y- -E p.
Nu-n- N n--ux p
.
5. Get through: K-~ pass
a) He got through the exam with very good
marks =
* \- Bh-g--u.
=
p Bh-g---u-. (*
\-.)
with flying colours = p
N get a Eo expressions.
b) He got through with flying colours
( J-T--C)
b) He is getting on well.
c) Prem: How are the newly married cou-
ANSWER
Vamsi:
Vamsi: How are you, Venkat?
Venkat:
Venkat: No regrets, just getting on.
Somnath: He dries his clothes in my yard. I
Syam: They unable to get on, unfortu-
fixed the clothes line and he
nately. Some differences. (It)
hangs his clothes on to it. That
appears they are headed for a
o, ?
*--. J-T--C.
Vamsi: K~ . u?
Venkat: pv u-E p-E --ho.
Vamsi: y-o -----o?
Venkat: . . -
-G-v E -n ux
p--E v-Ao-* --n-x.
Vamsi: --E h.
divorce.
Venkat: Wish you good luck.
Loknath: I don't get at you. What do you

mean - he doesn't let you use your
space?
(-n----. F nEo Eo
-E-y n?)
Spoken English
v- L p-----o.
lesson:
/ -- o.
( nEo o --E-y.
*\.)
obstructs me a lot.
c) He is unable to get across to his ideas

to people =
b) Kumar: I want to go immediately. Get

the money fast. I can't wait. (Do
you) get at me?
EXERCISE
let me use my space.
F -Eo -- L- vA
v- * _.
ple getting on?
( h - -J -
o?)
Syam: Quite well, happily. (
o)
(OR)
Vamsi: You took some exam. Did you get

through?
Venkat: I got through with flying colours.
Vamsi: Are you going to meet Vasu?
Venkat: No. We don't get on. However much
I try to get across to him that I am not
prejudiced he doesn't understand.
Vamsi: I'll explain to him
Venkat: Good luck to you.
-- 31 -d- 2006
-- j---
Anand: Hi Achyut, since when did you start
*q - %Ah
* AJ-TC. p *
ju E-- * *aC.)
Get a break = %Ah ---i p-.
trauma (v)
1) Bv--- ~
practising boxing?
(- --u-. q vd
p * --d?)
Achyut: I know you mean the black eye I
have. (It has) nothing to do with boxing, my friend.
( . x x d
o x-a J* -o-E.
F q, E
.)
Black eye = x x d p x
a.
Nothing to do with = .
Divorced Couples and orphaned Children

undergo a lot of trauma.
n -C.
1) He got a fever last week = He had a fever.
(N Bo , --j x
Bv--- ~ --N-h.)
trauma n, dx Bv
--.
E ju- trauma specialist =
ju E-.
I have nothing to do with this property
(, h .)
What has a Physics lecturer to do with
-- C :
Anand: I think he had a hand from his uncle
zoology?
in setting up his nursing home.
2) She got a clean bill of health from the
( d l * g -u----
CC.)
g u
ox d a.
She had a clean bill of health from the
doctor.
A mother has everything to do with her
A clean bill of health =
-x---
He didn't have a good run for his money.

get/ have a good run for one's money.
(s T N v--.)
expression O practice .
ees get/have a good run for their money
by making them work for 10 to 12 hours
3) He got a health check up.
233
B-o/ C s T- v----.)
(v \ -- *a s-\)
a) Software companies make their employ-
g u ox
d p.
(Gf ~ Lx -C-*.)
: \ have/ has x
have got/ has got -a.
doctor.
>q a--, V-@ N?

child's well being.
3) He didn't get a good run for his money.
a day .
(u K-~---o d_.)
(d- -F- V C, o
E --E Na @- _--J
He had a health check up.
Anand: Then how did you get the black
He got a break
eye?
(J x d ---?)
Achyut: Two days ago, during a power cut,
searching for a candle in the dark, I
hit the edge of the door. That's why
I have the black eye.
4) They got what they had wanted =
(-V --p,
yAh - TLC. C.)
( Jq n---
--.)
Achyut: Yes, he had.
Anand: It's still bad. You should have seen

the doctor.
()
[
(C Bv- C. d- _ --x--?)
Achyut: I did, of course, but I'm afraid he didn't do a good job of it.
(--x-. F J ju ---.)
Anand: How much did he charge you?
( B--o?)
Achyut: Rs 100/- per treatment and another
fifty rupees for medicines in his own
shop.
[
English have/ has, get y----F, O NN n--o-E
lesson -E.
--C, have get - F sx -E -aE.
N h vl -s- -E E practice h daily life
situations x English
simple , natural C.
1) - get o n:
a) : He got a prize in the race yesterday.
(ju-E -,
--- - j.)
Anand: I am sure he didn't get a good run
for his money.
(*a- B-o s T
v---.)
Achyut: you are right. It is the third day and
there hasn't been any improvement.
(y -p-C d. C V.
- -_-.)
Anand: Why don't you get another check
car each.
up?
(-J ----?)
Achyut: I went to this doctor because he has
a very good name. He got his break
when he treated the train accident
victims. Since then he has been well
known as a trauma specialist.
( d- * - x
_---x. j v C-
Spoken English
(Eo - -A
.)
- -A *aC --E
--.
b) : He gets busy from 10 onwards.
(10 * BJ --.)
c) --- = She got it done .
(C -*C)
2) Have - o n:
a) L-T--: She and her husband have a
- , h car
C L-T- -o C get ()
yA L.
b) --- She has her clothes ironed
by him
( Y -hC/ ---C)
lesson v- o conversation
get o x have -a.
(x-\---C x *aC x
.)
-----o.)
b) They won in the end all right, but they
got/ had a good run for their money.
They had what they had wanted.
x L-, C, F
v- L-. (x -
- -E)
\ v, \ L ,
vN* L .
(x-\--LqC x-C. C
x-C y)
5) I do all the work, and they get all
the name.
(v-C, --x)
Get/have a good run for one's
I do all the work and they have all

the name.
M. SURESAN
6) She gets good money from house
money.
4) Why don't you have another
checkup = -J
-? =
rents.
( l x s--hC.)
She has good money from house rents.
Spoken English
-, - , have, got -----. Oj \- E -s-Eo-d

practice .
K~
Why don't you get another checkup.

5) He got a break =
E AJ-TC =
He had a break.
a) The movie star had a lucky break with
the movie, Durmargudu =
t-_ E- AJ-TC =
lesson.
The movie star got a break...
Eo-x get have -l.

1) ... How did you get the black eye?
(F d x a
*aC?)
b) The lawyer had a break with the reservations case =

Reservations case
AJ-TC =
The lawyer got a break with the reserva-
... Why do you have/ How did you have the
tions case.
black eye?
6) I think he had a hand from his uncle =
2) That's why I have the black eye = That's
uncle
- a =
how I got the black eye.
I think he got a hand from his uncle.
(\ have get - h
p ---.)
Why E how a. Present tense
o have , past tense o got
*aC ? Meaning - p -. -*- --
a) Get/have a hand =

---
(- hand a- - --Eo ---, p n -,
E English give a hand/ lend a hand
---- --E -h--)
b) Give a hand =
-- 2 --- 2006
-- j---
Ratnakar: You appear down beat, What's

bothering you?
(E-q- E--h-o. Eo
-----ho N N?)
downbeat= E-q-
x upbeat= q- .
p ! p ---o?)
-j p h,
N- 'You've said it' .
s, p , E h N-.
You've said it -
Himakar: My boss will certainly throw me

out, sooner or later. Before I get
Himakar: It's got to do with my career. My

claims for promotion have been
overlooked a second time.
the sack, I want to get out.
( boss, y-, y- hE p -p o u-* -T-h. C J

- --o.
throw (some one) out = (-N- *)
-JE -T-.
sooner or later = h , -,
h-E p -p
conversational expressions. O
daily conversation -.
get the sack - -N- * -T.
(C career -C-*
N. Promotion o |-, -J --a.)
claims= (\) --E-o | x
a \.
career K- 'K \ - =
Nu, u, u-.
overlook= --a/ -E----.)
-x---
234
Ratnakar: What will you do without a job?

And it is a good job too.
What has a Telugu actor to do with English

movies? =
English
What has a Telugu
actor got to do with English movies?
to
do with, have (got) to do with
English
practice
-,
N? =
E--
N
y---.
.
2) You certainly got a raw deal = F E-
u J-TC = You certainly have a
raw deal.
a) TRS leaders always complain that
Telangana has/ gets a raw deal =
.-.-. - -- p
u ---E .
p p, awards N -M-N -~ -C./

Ex~u = Inspite of being a very good
actor, Anjali Devi has always the go-by...
b) Though a much better cricketer than
most others, Laxman always gets the
go-by =
--C-o * --j--p, ~ t p -~ ---o

Laxman vA selectors Jh---
= ... Laxman has always the go-by.
5) I get the sack = I have the sack = N
-C.
a) Natwarsingh got/ had the sack from the
external affairs ministry =
NQ u- vA -N-* y--- -T = -N--C.
He always gets the go-by
b) If I accept the bribe, I will get the sack/

I'll have the sack =
B-
N -C.
Ratnakar: You certainly got a raw deal.
Didn't you protest?
(F -E-- -u- J-TC.

y E- --?)
protest vd ' \ -=
E-/ -U- -/ uA---.
Himakar: I complained to my boss, but he
didn't care. He wants me to get
me out of the company. He wants
to get me out of his way, as I know
the job better than he, and as I
know he has an itching palm. So
he gets the jitters in my presence.
( boss u .
d---. -E
company CL Rx---E J.
-E- E --E
o --J-f -T-------o. B--F . -E
-E .
Itching palm. Itch () = >, ;
palm = -. Itching palm - > ,
B- -/ .
Almost all politicians in India have itching palms =
--x
--/ N-F-A--).
Ratnakar: So what are you going to do?
( ---o?)
Himakar: It was certainly my turn for promotion, and I feel very bad that I
got the go-by. My junior got it and
it still galls me.
(
--J promotion ---. --

--E --Eo-N-- -|--E, -E --o
\- --d. --o -\- service --o-- promotion -- a.
--C - -- --C.-)
turn = ---. gall= -- --u- --J-T- --, .
Ratnakar: You've said it, but what are you
going to do?
Spoken English
b) Education got/ had a raw deal in the

allocation of funds in the last budget =
budget
(u --E -
-h? C
* u
.)
Himakar: I want to do
business.
E --
Nu u J-TC.
3) He wants to have/ get me out of his way =
M. SURESAN
(j
u h.)
Ratnakar: You've already got your fingers
burnt by doing it earlier. Why think
of it again?
(-J C- a--o
? S} ---?)
Himakar: That's true. I had an offer a month
ago from a rival company. I'll try
that.
(E. F
* offer *aC. C vAoh)
Ratnakar: Best of luck.
get/ have a -F, -sx -F

n --aE -E-ho.
Get/ have -s ----L-T
- (simple) x-
-- -C. Lesson beginning
get/ have o expressions Fo
daily life situations .
O - -E --T---L-T, O
x English -C.
o f -T-------o.
a) He wants to have me/ get me out of his
way so that he can get rich by bribes =
B-E s ---aE
o f -T------o.
[sack a person/ give a person the sack/

throw a person out/ show a person the
door/ fire a person =
common expression.
conversation
]
uhE N *
L-T- C
O
.
6) You've already got your fingers burnt = F
-L-p- a--o = You've already
had your fingers burnt. ( E, *-E x -
.)
a) I don't want to interfere in the matter, I
had my fingers burnt the last time=
N- Lp---------.
-- a--o. (--J
Lp-----x -
--C.)
b) Once she gets him out of the way, she

can have her will =
E f T, d *a-x --a. =
Once she has him out of her way she

can have her will.
4) I feel very bad that I got the go-by.
get/ have the go-by
(\
Jo, x |- -~-.) = | o o
-~--E/ \---d-E C.
a) Inspite of being a very good actor, Anjali

Devi got the go-by in the matter of
awards =
b) Don't invest in shares business. You

may have (get) your fingers burnt =
Shares
d- d. a (d--a).
lesson get/ have *a expressions Fo, y---- Eu@N -s
(Daily life situations) . N
--T-.
English Conversation
The following are the expressions we

have used in the conversation at the
beginning of this lesson:
1) It's (it has) got to do with my career = It has
to do with my career =
C career
-C-* N. -- -o to do with/ have (has) to do with/
has got to with = L-T--.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Pavan:
J Laxman team
- .
Praveen: Ep u- - C. (Raw deal )
Pavan:
Selectors,
captain,
Pavan:
Praveen: He has always had/ got a raw deal.

Pavan:
coach
L v-
a--o. - - J-----C.
Praveen: J_ --E -ME -T. a. F team
v l --.
Pavan: p -- p -x
v--- -T-h- x. Laxman N-
.
Praveen: ~- L India d.
Laxman didn't get the chance this

time either.
The selectors, captain and coach - all
had their/ got their fingers burnt by
experimenting. Defeat has become a
matter of habit for the India.
Praveen: Ganguli was sacked/ fired/ given the

sack/ got the sack (had the sack for
not playing well). May be it is right.
But the game of our team hasn't
improved.
Pavan:
They sack players for the wrong reasons at the wrong time. They did it to
Laxman.
Praveen: God save Indian cricket.
--E- 4 --- 2006
-- j---
Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, long since we met. How

and where have you been?
( --E V--C.
o, \ o?)
Neeraj: (I've) been out of town for quite
sometime. I'd been in troubles for
some weeks and that had taken me
out of town all these days. I came
back only this morning.
(-- x-. Eo---

s-x o. -x x-.
AJ--a.)
Dheeraj: Sorry to hear that. Are you free from
troubles now?
(C N--E C. s-x
* p ---f-x?)
Neeraj: Yes; I can say that I got my head
above water now. I've sold of a
piece of land and cleared all my
debts. I've bought a flat too.
Neeraj: So it with other couples too.
(N u--h A .)
( C. d s T--C.)
Dheeraj: Where is this flat of yours?
(F
flat
\-C?)
English conversation get/ have o

vu J* Ja-ho. N -
h-F, get, have x -E
-aE --o. Get, have
Eo - L English conversation y--- E v. lesson conversation have/ got a JEo n, --. lesson E have/ got combination a ,
daily life situation - NE--.
d OE O conversation practice
.
conversation at the beginning of the lesson (between Dheeraj and Neeraj).
(---f-E p--. -
t p Ba-. flat
-\-o.)
Dheeraj: Is the flat good? (flat )
Neeraj: Quite good. I got my money's worth.
-x---
235
3. To get one's way with/ to have one's way

with
b) Please let me have/ get my say before

we decide = Eg-----,
G-v p-E-y.
= -oC ---.
a) If I had got my way, I would have really

moved out of town =
c) An office assistant has no say/ doesn't
---oC
LT / JT , -
x-E = If I had had my way I
get a say in the policy matters of a company = company
would have really moved out of town.
N N-x office
G-v
assistants (clerks)
b) You can't get your way/ have your way in

all matters
L O-.
= vA N-/ Eo Nx F _. vA N--
F x d .
d) Some parents don't allow their children
c) Kaikeyi finally had/ got her way with Sri

Rama walking to the forest =
Lx--v x Nu-%-h
N- J G-v-- p-E-y.
to have/ get any say about their careers.
Keep your head above water
Neeraj: In a prime area of the town, yet very

quiet.
(-- E u-i v,
--E .)
Dheeraj: But haven't you always been for a
peaceful area away from the city?
(F Fp J h
v--i v- -E ?)
Neeraj: If I had got my way, I would have
really moved out of town.
(---oC JT o-d-, town

h ---Rx----.)
Dheeraj: Whose choice was the site then?
( n JC?)
Neeraj: My wife's choice prevailed.
( N T_C.)
Prevail = \ n _; n
= (-, u) u-.
Dheeraj: Didn't you get your say in the matter?
( N- F G-v-Eo
p - - y?)
Neeraj: I did, of course, but her opinion got
the better of mine. Wives have a
way with such matters, haven't
they?
( p. F T_C.
N-x u- -C, ?)
Dheeraj: Most wives do, but my wife is different. She lets me have my way in
everything.
(C u , F
N .)
Neeraj: Yes, yes. She selects the colour and
style of even your clothes. Most
other wives let their husbands alone
in the matter, but your wife is different in that she chooses even clothes
for you.
(--. F d , jM
! -C u
N d--, F O N F
d hC.)
Dheeraj: That's because we love each other
so much.
( lJu v C J.)
Spoken English
1. I got my head above water =

I have my head above water.
*\x*
---f =
Get/ have one's head above water =
*\,
u s-*-\ /
- .
a) He earns enough to have his head above
water =
He earns enough to get
his head above water.
*\-x- -- T-
-C-h-o =
b) She can't seen to get her head/ have her

head above water; she always has some
problem or the other =
-u-x* --fx ---. p

u C.
Have/ get keep -.
Keep your head above water = -u
.
Get some one's head/ have some one's
head/ keep some one's head above
water -
u s *\ J*
--p-, s-- -.
c) Work seems to have no end for him; he

is unable to get/ have/ keep his head
above water =
E -ox
--. E-h --
---o--.
d) Amrita is able to keep/ get/ have her

head above water now. All her children
are well settled =
%-
s- . x n--f.
2. I got my money's worth = I had my money's

worth =
d s T vA- .
a) The car is good. Mahendra got his

money's worth = car
Mahendra
C.
E-O d s %-- =
Mahendra has/ had his money's worth.
b) Surendra doesn't mind spending money,

but he wants to be sure that he gets/ has
his money's worth =
s a--d-
-v u---, F d s
% -- E -.
c) Eat in that restaurant; you get/ have your

money's worth =
---- A,
y d a T vA- G-hC.
X- -N
x- j
T_C.
5. Her opinion got the better of mine =
G-v T_C, G-v O =
Her
opinion had the better of mine.
d) Sonia Gandhi has/

gets her way with
her party colleagues
get/ have better of (some one) =
a) Australia got/ had the better of India in
=
Kd--E M. SURESAN
ux Sonia Gandhi x-C.
4. Didn't you get your say in the matter = F
G-v p - F= Didn't
the last match =

Australia
J G-v-Eo
-j L-*C.
match
Duryodhana =
u-E
-.
Fo daily real life situa E O-E--hC ; Fo
\ No-x-o--. OE O spoken
English -. O L---
OE correct -- h.
expressions
tions
uh---.
a) In a democracy every one has/ has got
their say in matters of public interest =
v-y-u v- -C-* N vA--J G-v uh--J

- C.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Sneha: Hi Sakhi, assignment complete
Sneha: Hi Sakhi, have you done the

assignment?
?
Sakhi: , -Fo Jh E
p S L
---.
(have.. head above water )
Sneha: TV x F -- F uLo
-~-x hC.
Sakhi: Eo y Guide o. C
?
Sneha: h K E s _ N-C
E. s %-.
Sakhi: *a assignment J C. Professor a-E
-?
Sneha: - N-x F G-v--E
-.
Sakhi: - _x -!
Sneha: -u- i
N J*
x-.
b) Bhima got the better of/ had the better of
you have your say in the matter

Have/ get one's say =
-JE
-.
Sakhi: No, I don't know when I can get

my head/ have my head above
water.
Sneha: Your weakness for TV gets/ has
the better of your responsibilities.
Sakhi: You bought some guide yesterday. How is it?
Sneha: It is a bit high priced, but I had/
got my money's worth.
Sakhi: The assignment I've got is
tough. Shall I ask the professor
to change it?
Sneha: You don't have any say in such
matters.
Sakhi: How I wish our word prevailed!
(prevail =
_, -)
Sneha: Don't talk of impossible things.
--- 6 --- 2006
-- j---
Chinmayi: What a down pour! How long it

lasted! I haven't seen the like of
it in the past ten years.
(s ! -!
-x x).
Downpour= -
Kiranmayi: Me too. I thought of going to
Chennai, but fortunately I had
second thoughts about it and
dropped the idea.
( x. j o x---o E %-d- -h, -**

--o.)
Chinmayi: Good idea. Otherwise you'd
have been stranded following
the disruption of train services.
But why did you want to go to
Chennai, in the first instance?
(* . train
services - x, \
- *\------EN.
y j o x---o?)
stranded= v u -- x
*\----.
Chinmayi: How are your relations with your

higher-ups in the head office?
(Head office E O C---
O -- o?)
Higher-ups = n j C--.
Kiranmayi: Well, we can't say we have the
best of relations.
( u - u-h--i-E p-. --E

p-.)
Chinmayi: Why, what's the matter?
( u?)
Kiranmayi: They always want to get us
under their thumb, and we resist.
Eo V- get/ have Spoken

English y---- daily life situations
a ho. Let's see a few
Chinmayi: They can definitely give you

some freedom.
(x O yvu
ya)
-x---
E J* ---*-/ Sx -*, - --o/ a--o =

I got second thoughts about it.
a) Sanjana did think of buying a car, but
had second thoughts about it because
of rising maintenance costs =
car -E -C. E Sx
h -*--E --o Ey-
a - - () aC. =
236
Sanjana did think of buying a car but got

second thoughts about it.
His wife gets him under her thumb

l --x v-- C *\----.
disruption= Bus, train services F,
-j--F - -.
In the first instance = , -
Kiranmayi: Our head office people have
made a number of changes in
the policies of the company. I
have a strong feeling that some
of them can't be implemented
here as soon as they want them
to be. I spoke to them over the
phone about it, but I'm afraid
they haven't heard me out. I
want to get their full ear, so I
thought of meeting them.
( head office x F
Nx p h-o.
x---o y \ E
---- --E .
E N x phone
x-. E x o Jh
N---E--hC. -E xE
Lh x pC Jh N
-aE }.)
implement= \ n ----;
The Government thinks of good policies
but fails to implement them =
vy
* N-- -C-hC E ---- N----C.
implement n E-x/ J- Agricultural/ form implements =
u- J--, Surgical implements
= Y *q J--
hear some one out = pC Jh
N.
Please hear me out= pC Jh
N.
Spoken English
(Learn public school .

F - -C=
a -.)
more of them in this lesson.

1) I had second thoughts about it =
(}-p tLo \--d-E

h/ x - -E h. C uA--h)
A number of passengers were stranded

because of the cancellation of buses. =
Buses
Murthy: Learn public school was my

choice but I have/ have got second thoughts now.
Kiranmayi: You know

they don't want us to
get a day off, though
we are eligible for it.
They want us to work
even on holidays,
though they pay us
overtime for that.
Have second thoughts = get second

thoughts =
--E- E n
C.
a) Though the manager had agreed to
take him in as the office boy, she had/
got second thoughts about him =
M. SURESAN
(F , |
o-p-, -V B----E
p-. --Vx E -. E---- - u h--)
eligible for = | LT .
overtime
overtime
allowance
-Lq E-o \ E--- Lx u.

Chinmayi: That's mean of them. They don't
understand that a happy employee is an efficient employee.
(x N- F
o. - u
-n-j uT C x--n-)
Kiranmayi: That's true. (C E)
-v-o: i. ing
form
y be form
h? ing forms be forms
N - -.
ii. 'Reading books', 'Tendulkar began

playing tests' -
O n N?
u
---?
. --yx, L.
iii. Past participle
---:
i. '...ing' forms, 'be' forms

'...ing' form,
y h verbs
-.
'be' form
-. p-C
verb . 'be' form --E '...ing'
form n, (writing), A (eating),
- (walking) E hC.
Manager Eo office boy E-N- p--o-p- - -

----o. (Eo E-N---a)
b) I have/ have got seemed thoughts
about the bike I have thought of buying =
b) Venkat: What's happened to your idea of

selling off your old house.
(O E t-l---o F
- -C?)
Venu: On second thoughts I felt it better
to let it out than to sell it.
(h -*-*--O- t--o l--y *---o.)

On second thoughts = Sx -*-*
y
second thoughts/ second thought
(American) English conversation y--- NE- . Practise it.
2) I want to get/ have their full ear=
x Jh Nx ---o/ N O- ho.
a) I can't get/ have the full ear of my boss.
She is too busy.
p----oC boss Jh NE--- o. BJ--. (

p----oC NE- O--
C. busy.)
b) My Mom complains she can't get the
full ear of my dad.
pC o Jh NE----E
t -.
3) They always want to get us/ have us under
their thumb=
x-p tLo x - --E --.
----o car J*
----o.
On second thoughts o have/ get
second thoughts n hC.
sentence structure -C.
a) Most mothers-in-law want to have/ get

their daughters-in-law under their
thumb.
a) Prasad: Which school do you want to put

your son in?
b) The husband has no freedom. His wife

gets/ has him under her thumb.
(O-E
--o?)
school
a---
ii. a) Reading books improves

our knowledge Reading
sentence
\
n, -
n,
E. j
h- - Nc-Eo
-C-hC.
b) Tendulkar began playing

tests
tests =
(playing)
-\
--d.
iii. Past participles Eo -s x v
sentences begin -.
Given the circumstances, anybody will
behave like him =
Past particisentence
ple
J-n-x -j -E v-Jh--. --
--.
\--C h x -x
- ---E h.
h yvu . \ j
u.
-v-o: Where
we can get good mangoes/

Where we can available good mangoes
ux C jC?
v, j--.
---:
Where we can get good mangoes

question
Where can we get good mangoes?
question form.
Where we can available good mangoes Available
C
J-.
-; u--
E n. N---x -, / u--
n , question B: Where are
good mangoes available?
--- 8 --- 2006
-- j---
Jayathi: Oh, this gas business! India, they

say, is improving and we don't get
cooking gas when we need it. God
knows how long we have to suffer
like this.
( gas N!
G-%Cl ---. gas
--i--p -. -
--- L---.)
Aarthi: True. They are giving us no end of
trouble, these civil supplies people
and gas dealers. The minute we run
out of gas we get the blues.
(E. --- x, gas

dealers, -E L-T-h-o.
gas --- \--E
C hC.)
no end of= -E/ \--E.
run out of= j --.
My bike has/ I have run out of petrol =
bike / _ petrol --C.
Aarthi: That's true. I needed gas urgently

last week, I went straight to the
dealer but I got the brush off.
(E, -- gas Lq
*a Ao dealer _- R, o
d---. B--.)
Jayathi: For a cylinder full of gas we have to
run around places. This is modern
India, which in PM's words will be
the global market.
(\ cylinder gas Eo--x-x! D -E vE

x global market!)
-- daily life conversation

- NE-/ --- get/ have a
Eo expressions ho. - J-Eo
l. OE conversation -, O --- -
*a- p----.
I've run out of cash, so take this

cheque=
cheque
[ To get the best of both the worlds =
2. Get something over with =
( E/ N) E-a-.
y L, y L.
Let me get my exams over with first and I'll

play any number of matches =
exams
matches
You can't have/ get the best of both the

worlds =
]
-F, Eo
.
\ get have .
y L, y -
-.
4. To get something straight =
a) He has to get his daughter's marriage/

have his daughter's marriage over with.
Then only he can think of buying a
house =
n -- =
correct
to have something
straight.
a) I am going to get it/ have it straight =
E J Rx Jh---L. y x A.
C J n ---o (a--o.)
Look at the sentence in the conversation:
To get something straight
_ --C,
B.
India is running out of its oil resources =
--E-~- ---o.
I am running out of patience =
p P-hC.
a) Jagadish: Why are

you so nervous,
Paresh?
-x---
(
o?)
237
Jayathi: Why don't they take some real serious steps? I need a cylinder now.
Let me have it first. Once I get it
over with, I can relax.
M. SURESAN
(- v-Ph exams
J* C -C).
Jagadish: Why in November itself? Isn't it
in March?
(November
exams?)
(semester
November
Jagadish: Take heart and get over the

blues. Otherwise you can't do
well.
(C--- ju
a. exams J_
-.)
h,
It's time that ... =
1.
\ get the blues/ have the blues

. Dn N---x-j -a
C.
a) She has pregnancy blues = sx -- E C- C.
b) He has started having summer blues =
(j) p---u--LqC.
It's time you got married =
p -E -N- C d-C=
Ny-p- Rx -E LqC.
Jayathi: In all these matters it is annoying to
see that the gas dealer has the last
word. Protest, argue and haggle as
you like they have their way and
you are helpless.
( N-x -\ a- gas dealer C-. E-

L-, C-*, --
--, x-J J.)
haggle= --
Spoken English
l-A K-~
--.)
He has started getting summer blues.

get the blues/ have the blues=
C, h .
lesson E sentence -E-.
The minute we run out of gas, we get the
blues/ we have the blues = Gas
--
~-* C--hC.
c) As the month of March approaches,
most businessmen get tax blues =
March
(have tax blues)
u--h- o
C d--C.
Kiran:
Once the CM gets/ has the flood relief measures over with, he can think of expanding the
cabinet =
CM
Kishore: I've got it straight enough, it's

me.
- u h--,
vA-_ Nh- J* -*--a.
3. Get the worst of = N x J .
( pd . .)
b) Get it/ have it straight. I don't want you

here again =
J n--. y Sx
\- -d -.
a) Whenever something goes wrong

somewhere the consumer gets the
worst of it =
The dealers
and officials get the best of it = (Dealers,
c) We had better have things straight/ We

had better get things straight. Are you
coming, or aren't you? =
(\ - J-T
E-x NE----x.)
J n---- *C.
y-h-o, -x?
C-- Gl -.)
(-- best x worst)
EXERCISE
Pavan:
ANSWER
? ----o-x-o?
Sravan: . June ahC , x
school fees C- C.
Pavan: -N?
Sravan: - C- - .
Pavan: n ---. J O repairs
-N?
Sravan: C E-a- repairs
N -*---a.
Pavan: C-
---? j
school C-N---a-?
Sravan: * -Lq-h, a J-Lq. y L y---
---.
vo: 1. For the 'waters'
came lip to my
lips.
2. I have come to deep

waters.
water
u
--a-?
3. Articles some and any
- a/ an
--- h-o.
. 'some sugar' and 'any
rice.' OE articles
-- - ?
4. 'It is done'. DEE tense
-a?
G.--yx, -.
Let's have it/ let's get it straight.

Am I pay for the tickets or you?
(C a-. Tickets
LxC y? ?)
E Jh--- J a---.
Paresh: It's November in the semester

system.
Jayathi: Let me go now. I am going to get it

straight, whether I am getting gas or
not.
(Gas supply - u-L-p B---LqC.)
March
(\ - J-T, NE---x . C---, gas dealers

.)
Aarthi: It is time that they got normal gas

supply underway.
( C?)
Paresh: Once we enter November I get

the / I have the exam blues.
Aarthi: Whenever something goes wrong

somewhere, the consumer gets the
worst of it and the gas dealers and
officials get the best of it.
gas
Paresh:
What is the
month?
Jagadish: November.
(E-i u B-?
p cylinder L.
o a-F. E h-,
-J a--a).
(o xF.
a-.)
Once I get it over with, I can relax = Once I

have it over with I can relax.
Pavan: You appear worried about something.

Sravan: June is approaching, I get the children's school fees blues.
Pavan: How much is it?
Sravan: Anywhere about Rs. 10,000/Pavan: I can understand. What about repairs
to your home?
Sravan: Once I get it/ have it over with I can
think of them.
Pavan: Why Rs. 10,000/- You can have your
son study in an ordinary school.
Sravan: I have to bear the expenditure if I want
good schooling. We can't have the best
of both the worlds. (We can't get ...)
---:
1. Waters
-E,
C/--v- E
Fx -J--* x--p- --. The
waters of the Krishna

(Krishna
the
waters of the Ocean
D--/ --),
(--v Fx) --x
waters . -
water . For
the waters came lip to my lips
-
DE - n--O
. s L-h-E n
p.
2. I have come to deep waters

expression
I am in deep water =
C j
*\x o.
-N
. N
O
x---p E
--L-T,
-,
N
-
d---.
4. It is done = C --
--C/- ---C.
- E
-C (v p-)
E C, -E.
3. some, any
articles
determiners.
English
correct
use
articles
determiners
technicalities
--v- 10 --- 2006
-- j---
Mohan: I always see you buying pens. Do

you really need so many pens? If you
don't mind my saying it, I observe
you write very little.
(y o h--p.
E Eoo F---? y---- y C \-
N -E-.)
Soman: You are right, of course. I don't write
much, yet I take a fancy to pens.
(y-C E. \ ,
F o- G- /
d--.)
Mohan: Why waste so much money?
(Eo-vA \-~ Ev--. 11

vt E .
y - Ev--d-.)
A wink of sleep =
Soman: That certainly is a good movie. The
hero in the movie took the world by
storm by his action. It took the audiences breath away.
(C E p E-. E
hero action JF -J{- )
Let's study these expressions one by one.
Mohan: It was his first movie. He just took a

shot at it and succeeded. He himself
didn't expect it to be such a success.
h-o/ uho d--/ V--.
(-E E.
v-Ao-. N .
-- p N------E.)
(- s % h?)
Soman: Everybody has their fancy. Just as
you have a fancy to shoes, I have a
fancy to pens.
Soman: He has his turn now.
(vA-x o -Eo d--. y shoes d--fx,

o- d---.)
1. Take a fancy to = have a fancy to =

a) Hari took a fancy to Nalini when they
met at a fresher's party =
Fresher's party ---o-p--*
RE O J V----o. /RE
d----o =
Hari has a fancy to Nalini.
b) Sundari takes a fancy to diamond
rings=
(pE .)
v - -J V =
Mohan: I have an uncle who takes an interest

in cell phones. You just don't know
how often he changes his phonesatleast once in 8 or 9 months.
Sundari has a fancy to diamond rings.
-x---
238
c) Children have a fancy to things of bright

colours =
-- h--j x- V-C/
I'll take forty winks
b) All this happened as she took/ had her

forty winks =
Bho -
J-T--C.
5. The hero in the movie took the world by
storm =
The hero in the movie had the world by
storm =
E- hero JE -J{-/ J
o- .
a) Tendulkar took the world by storm by
being the youngest to score a century =
Tendulkar had the world by storm ... =
Century C-*
A *o--
-\ v%dE -J{- /
v-Eo a-u--J-.
b) She took the world by storm in her
maiden appearance on the screen =
--J -O E----
- %d-*C/ J o-
CC =
She had the world by storm ...
Take the world by storm =
Mohan: I had a terrible
( - o. -
x V. -
-q -h F L-.
F E-NC Nt-C------j
-h-.)
So I am going
this weekend.
(---
(E) -- M. SURESAN
-*C.
d -V E-*
N B----o.)
do you I suppose.
Soman: Go ahead. I'll take a day off next week.
(E. a- V N
B-.)
non-stop for 6 to 7 hours without feel-
ing the strain? I do feel the strain
today too. I think it's because of the

heat.
(----- EJy-- E--

V--? p v-E---
. \ v E--hC.
-x -.)
Soman: Let's take five. We feel refreshed
then.
( EN--- NvA
B-. p Sx
E--hC.)
Mohan: You take five, that won't be enough
for me. I'll have just forty winks.
(y NvA B. C
. Bh/
Ev-)
Soman: Do you really need to sleep now?
(E Ev---Lq- y?)
Mohan: I didn't get a wink of sleep last night.
Till eleven last night I watched the
movie Brahma, and after that some
how I couldn't get any sleep.
Spoken English
2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell

phones =
to take a day off
past three hours. I feel the strain. So
Mohan: Aren't there days when we worked
Children take a fancy to things of bright

colour.
time last week.
Soman: We have worked without rest for the
(--- NvA E. v feel -o. y

feel --o----.)
strain = --E--- o v
x -- h-- d--=
lesson
real life situations
get/ have
expressions
get, have,
Get/ have
expressions English
take/ have
lesson
A a
. sx
a -E.
a

y----
aN
.
-N Eo
l. x -, h--xE ox, conversational/ spoken
English , bookish English C.
get/ have, take/ have expressions spoken
English - NE--h-. E E -- C -
C.
Look at the following expressions in the
1. I don't write much, yet I take a fancy to
pens- take a fancy to = have a fancy to
2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell
phones - take an interest in = have an interest in.
3. Let's take five = Let's have five
4. I'll have just forty winks = I'll take forty winks.
5. The hero in the movie took the world by
storm = The hero in the movie had the
world by storm.
6. He just took a shot = He just had a shot.
-- cell phones
h/ d =
I have an uncle who has an interest in cell
phones.
a) Nehru took a deep interest in children =
Nehru had a strong interest in children =
j p Eo n o.
-. ' \---.
n u. Maiden appearance/
performance -s x n d-. Maiden century = century.
6. He just took a shot = vo .
(~uEo d- C/
a) =He just took a try = He just
had a try. O-Eo n . v-Ao*
E (N--O JhNy )
Maiden =
a) Pranav: Can I see the officer?

(
- -a?)
x- v N--i/ \ h/
d C/ d---.
b) President Kalam has an interest in
teaching =
Bhanu: He is busy, so I doubt if you

can. But take a try/ have a try/
take a shot/ have a shot.
President Kalam takes an interest in

teaching =
( BJ o.
O ---- -.
v-Ao* .)
-ZA - d---/ h
-.
3. Let's take five = Let's have five. C
t-h- expression. DE n 5
EN--- NvA B---E.
b) He wasn't sure of getting the job. He just

took a try and was lucky =
a) Take five and start work again =

Have five and start work again =
EN- NvA B-E Sx E

v-G.
b) He took three fives in an hour's work =
He had three fives in an hour's work =
E-- -x NvA
B--o. \ five correct 5
EN-E , Cl EN--- E.
4. I'll have forty winks ( -
B - English j
expression) = Bh/ Cl EN-
Ev-- = I'll take forty winks.
a) He never misses his forty winks after
lunch =
Lunch y B v
---.
u h- t --.
vo . %d J-*C.
vo: QUALIFY
nEo, Eo -Eo, - nu ----
N-J---.
v-, _.
---:
'Qualify' in grammar means, describe or say

something special about a word.
A word describing or saying something special about another word, qualifies it. Tendulkar
is a great cricketer.
Here, the word 'great' says something about
or describes the word 'cricketer'. So the word
'great' qualifies the word 'cricketer', usually
adjectives qualify nouns.
--C- 12 --- 2006
-- j---
Sankar: Hi Sampath, you appear very busy.
(y-
busy
E-h-o)
Sampath: Yea, I appear busy. That's all, but

I'm not.
Sankar: Who said it was waste of money?

What you buy today you can sell
for double or even three times the
price tomorrow.
(--o s -E?
o--Eo , - --t--a.)
(. BJ---d E--h-o
. E--- E busy )
Sankar: How about taking a look at the
Ravivarma paintings I bought last
week in Trivandrum?
( A-----
o N-t *v J h?)
Paintings = g-*-v. p -O-O
V --C. %---- \
--o. -G--* E-z- J-- \---C-p. fad. Fad
- v- -\-L
V h-, N-. C l
u, d- -J{ N
--C.
Sampath: So it's a business proposition, not

artistic taste.
( u l--E -G* -o-.)

proposition = vA--/ lA
Sankar: Not always (--Eo --- -)
a) Please have some coffeePlease take some coffee

mon.
Sampath: How do you know that the paintings you buy are genuine or fake?
b) Take your meal first, and then we can think

of other things.
(y-N -, -M- E
---?)
Have your meal first and then we can think

of other things.
shopping
-x---
(N -u-?/ --a?)
Sankar: Nearly Rs. 50000/-. I'm going to
buy a few more.
(j-. Eo ----o.)
(C Mx ..
g*v v-z ---.
p* j--g-*-v O
V *aC)
Sampath: I still don't understand the hold
they have on people's fancy. I too
like these paintings, but not to the
extent of throwing away good
money on them.
( n , - -*-v- -O-v--G--. *v-

d, F N-j s -O
--- .)
to the extent of = -.
Throwing away good money = N-j
s % .
vo:
fake
= (-u) =
= ()
Sankar: Very difficult. A dealer known to me

used to sell genuine ones. But of
late his reputation has taken a
beating.
paintings dealer
(
( L-
u--n) -j---E t-.
F u ---- s-AC.)
Reputation = *
Sampath: OK. I'll have a look at the paintings you bought.

paintings
Have/ got spoken English
Have
get
take
get
take
have
( y o
l )
-- vu

-- ?
x -F --o.
u N ----LqC
x
--.
.
u take A/ n
C . E-- have .
conversational A/
\ C have.
N?
-. \ sink
n N?
4) Ravish *\L-T--?
*\Lo N-D--?
5) It is subject to rules . -\- subject
-- -n --N-?
6) I am suffering from fever. I am suffering from a fever .
- ux C jC?
7) I got married her, I married her
8) He says that Rama went to the cinema hall yesterday (or)
the previous day.
N?
C d?
. --, X- .
1. OK
-- -J %h-i N- . \-
v- o N-: OK Oll (American for all),
K (Korekt - American for correct) -E -C N-. -
C USA Red Indian -E E --J-. -i -J --u-i- N- .
Spoken English
239
Genuine
1) O.K. 2) Dinner
3) Sink
---:
x- h Ev- =
Let's have a nap before we go shopping
a) He had five injections till yesterday =

He took five injections till yesterday
(Eo 5 injections B--o)

j o -s--o have -E. have x - Lo
- n ---.
Let's look at the following sentences from
lesson:
1) Let's take a look =
Let's have a look =
d) Let's eat something = Let's take something= Let's have something =
J l.
I have taken a liking
Sampath: What's there in them to cost so

much? Perhaps you've a lot of idle
money. Aren't you wasting money?
Sankar: Last year, in Delhi, I happened to

see an exhibition of M.F.Hussain's
paintings. Since then I have taken
a liking to these paintings.
request
o \ com-
c) Let's take a nap before we go shopping =
Sampath: How much did they cost you?
( o-- K---E? F s-- -L--xC. s-- -x y?)

idle money = L--
s. C English common expression. Practice .
2. Dinner
a) How about taking a look at the

Ravivarma paintings =
h --o A.
(-E-: eat =
take = have. -N drink
have/ take )
How about having a look at the

Ravivarma paintings =
N-t *v- h?
e) Let's go for a walk =

Let's take a walk =
Let's have a walk=
M. SURESAN
2) I have taken a liking =

I have had a liking =
G- -o/ L-TC.
l.
-u--J- spoken English get/ take/
have - C. j x
-sEo -E* eat/ drink/
get/ take/ have conversation simple
natural C. --.
a) Take this money = Have this money =
a) Somehow he has taken/ he has had a

liking for these things =
N---x -E-d L-T-C/--J-TC.

b) He takes a liking for swimming / He has
a liking for swimming =
-E-d
3) Of late, his reputation has taken a beating.
u s-A-C.
(- --s -B)
b) He took treatment for three months =
He underwent treatment for three months =
He had treatment for three months.
( ju -
--o)
Had C ( have/ has) ju N-
-- --.
W B- -x u-iC.
B- uo lunch. u u--, -
busy -x B- uo yp- C.
BJ y-y- Ea lunch. BJ- E
B--C vA- d, dinner vA . au x lunch uo B-E v 4
y * dinner B--. Supper C, vA
l-- B- B--, - .
3. Sink - , x v-----E wash
basin C. Sink -. v --, sink
E Fx-- block , v--Eo-E -.
-E C sink. - v -\
C wash basin.
4. Ravish , *\-- --. Ravel (American) =
unravel (British) *\ N-D-, -uEo C--
-- n hC. Ravish , rape E. p-,
C n.
He was ravished by her beauty. - LT-*C. Passive --p n hC.
Ravishing beauty = p / -{
L-T .
Take a beating = Have a beating =
s-A-/ d-.
a) With a series of defeat, Indian cricket
team's image took/ had a severe beating =
cricket team
--
Bv s-AC.
vAe
5. subject to rules =
E--- . -- subject to
(E-- N) Jh--- E.
6. I am suffering from fever - \ fever , a d--.
E I have a fever, a cold, a cough, etc... --x, 'a'
p-- -L.
7. I got married to her = I married her.
I got married her
n-.
---() Rx E.
( v - -J Rx-h, I got her married )
I got her married
8. Yesterday - previous day
- uh Eo N p--p
.
uh -s, Eo E --G-, uh p
--J p--p previous day.
yesterday
a) He is saying he bought it yesterday.

b) I met him last week. He told me that he had bought the
car the previous day.
--- 15 --- 2006
-- j---
Sadguna: Sampanna, why do I find you

always so busy? You don't appear
to have even a minute's rest. You
sure are a workaholic.
( p BJ--- --? \-~ BJ---d E-h. y E E E-.)

Workaholic = \-~ E----
E-x/ u- -x.
u - E----x alcoholics , -n -E
E u -x workaholics.
Workaholic --
-h-y (Psychological abnormality).
Sampanna: Not at all, but I am busy all the
time because I have to be. My
company makes sure that I get
the run for my money.
(-. BJ--- J-nA

d BJ o.
@-E T- E----d h company x.)
Don't poke your nose into my affairs =
N-x --a.
= / h --
Keep off
Sadguna: But I'm sure you take too much on

yourself. At this rate you can't be
healthy for long. Why don't you
think of taking time off and getting
away from it all?
(K \ E Ah---E h-o-C v *a-. E-h

F - u . h B-E \-j
---a?)
Getting away = E * NvA B-E
-j x AJT - = taking
a holiday.
Getaway
- --E -j v .
Kashmir is a fine getaway = -
---E Kashmir -j
v - n getaway
Jh -- .
Sadguna: But your colleague Sanjana

appears very relaxed.
-- Have it easy Go- n hC. N -

- p we have it easy.
a) We had a tough exam last time but we
have had it easy this time =
J K~ d --p-, J
-- C.
b) Some have tough time in life but the more
fortunate have it easy =
J @N-x d--. %-d- --

@N -.
Have it easy = C.
c) Our boss is good. We have it easy with
-x---
(F F -uT
Nv-A ---C.)
him =
240
boss *-. -
- -*--C.
2) Don't you have a hand in the planning and

distribution of work?=
E v-R-, - F v ?
Have a hand/ Take a hand=
( N---j) v -.
a) The teacher must have a hand/ take a
hand in the educational policy of the state=
Z Nu-N-- -u-- v
L.
b) He takes no hand/ He has no hand in the
running of the home. It's his wife that
decides every thing=
x N- E v/ v
. Eo Eg- E u.
c) A captain takes a hand/ has a hand in the
selection of players=
-x N captain v
C.
Take it easy
Sampanna: That's the problem. The distribution of work isn't proper in our
office. Some are overworked
while the others can take it easy.
( u. office E N J--. --C

E- \, J-
C d--.)
Sadguna: You are the head of a section.
Don't you have a hand in the
planning and distribution of work?
(y N--E u--L-N? E v-R, - F

v ?)
Sampanna: I used to, but not any more. Our
new boss takes everything on
himself and plans the work in
the office. He doesn't let us have
a say in the matter.
( h boss Eo
Ah---E h. E v-R
N --.
N- - vu
.)
Sadguna: Why don't you ask him to let you
do it as in the past?
( Eo E -E-yE ---?)
Sampanna: I know he won't let me. Once he
has asked me to take my hands
off it, why should I poke my nose
in to it? I've enough self respect
to keep myself off it.
( o-E -E-y-E
. Lp----lE -o y - --aL?
T t-G- C
Lp--- -.
Poke my nose = E-N-- () -a.
Spoken English
Sampanna: I'm waiting for the summer. Isn't

that the best time to getaway?
(-N- ho. --\- ---E C *

?)
Sadguna: Do it without fail. (p- )
--oC: Daily
(Eu @N -sx) -
NE- have, get, take, O L-a E. N high frequency
expressions- A - .
O-x - - ----n---C.
-- bookish (vC) E--.
- u (conversational ease)
C. Take/ have- -x get
have -x, take have .
-s p J-Eo l:
Take it easy = j serious B---/ l d-----. C
common expression. Eo E x,
dialogues No ?
Eo
lessons
life situations

lesson:
1) My boss takes everything on himself=
vAD Ah/ vA u/
u- B--. (C \-\p A a. E-x - sC
--a.) = My boss has everything on
himself. expression take/
have (has) --p- have
take \.
a) Why do you take/ have everything on
yourself?= vAD/ Fo FAh --?/ Fo y h- --h-?
b) She takes everything on herself. Pity there
is none to share the work with her=
vAD
--C. -- E ------. -%-d- .
Pity= n L.
It's a pity= -%-d- .
3) He doesn't let us have

a say in the matter=
M. SURESAN
N-
t-oO p-E-y.
(C -- lessons
to have a say)
4) Once he has asked me to take my hands

off it, why should I poke my nose into it?=
--- Fo N- Lp----l-op, - Lp---L?

Take hands off= N- Lp-- = have hands off.
a) Others in the office take it easy while he
take too much on himself=
office -- d-- E
v K \ E h=
...While he has too much on himself.
b) You needn't have so much/ take so much
on yourself. There are others who are idle
=
y \ E --\--. EE ---o. ( u y B--\--.)

O take/ have , N - daily life
situations y---- NE- expressions.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
you think I can't understand what
Practise aloud in English the following.

Krishna:
Krishna: Why do you waste so much

money?
you've said?
Shankar:
Shankar: Hands off/ Take your hands off/

Have your hands off my affairs.
Ramana: Do you take me for a fool? Do
(-o ^E
--o? yo
n -------o?)
Raghav: Take it easy buddy. I was only joking. (
o l d--.
-.)
Take it easy (to take things easy)= -
N-Eo u---C N----.
He takes exams easy= K-~
vu--i N----. (vl/ h
-- Take it easy Eo
-sx .)
joke
- s % h?
F u --. C
s.
Krishna: Fo l-- F x v -? Eo
--E O o o--
.
Shankar: F N- F-\- o-? o-C-.
Krishna: Eo y --
h --.
Shankar: d--. l---u ?
Krishna: F d.
Krishna: As an elderly person, can't I

take/ have a hand in your
affairs? Your dad asked me to
take care of you, too.
Shankar: You've already too much of your
own affairs on yourself. Leave
me alone.
Krishna: I can't let you ruin yourself.
Shankar: Take it easy. I am a grownup
too.
Krishna: OK. As you like.
--v- 17 --- 2006
-- j---
Bhargav: How long will you take to get
Eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy.
ready?
(----E
-?)
time
(-----f u-vA
v----.)
Successor (-N/ n J y
a-)
B-
Bhushan: I won't be long. Just ten minutes.

Are you in a hurry?
YSR is the successor of Chandrababu

Naidu.
YSR.
( \-- B-. 10 EN. i ?)
v---- y u-
vA
Bhargav: Not at all. Take your time. I can
Successor =
wait.
(-/ --. --j

--. wait --)
Bhushan: When exactly is this meeting?
meeting correct
- E .
Bhargav: Let's wait and see. (l)
a) His business has taken off =
Bhushan: It seems he took to task the idlers

in the branch where he has
worked earlier.
b) His car-hire plan may take off =
p?)
(-- E--
E---E--x-j
u B--o-.)
Bhargav: (It is) supposed to be at 10.30, but
branch
the flight is certainly going to be

delayed because of the bad
weather.
Bhargav: Such a boss is really welcome.
(
(C C-o-, E -- ---x N -u
a.)
Bhushan: So what? ( ?)
boss
Bhargav: I have reliable information that the
y-A--Lq.)
-x---
flight took off 20 minutes late, so it

landing here will also be delayed
241
by 20 minutes or even longer.
u --C.
E
car
l -v a.
3) Take advantage of = --Eo Cy-E --/ J-n-AE
-- a--.
a) He took advantage of the holidays to go to
Kashmir =
-
x--E
o.
Kashmir
with us -
h--} B--Ey
(p-- JE) P~-/ ED-/ u B--
Take to task -
a) The teacher took the boy to task for coming late =
P~-*C
u *a-- v-E
teacher.
b) My father will take me to task if I stay out

too long =
K \--- --
- o --h.
--
b) He is too trusting
and kind hearted,
so people take
advantage of it and
deceive him =
c) We don't allow strangers to take liberties
c) The people in the area took the excise officials to task for permitting a liquor shop in
a residential area =
M. SURESAN
E n
--A-*-- excise C-- v E-D-.
His business has taken off
(N --- 20 EN-
-u-i-E *a--i CC. d C-\- 20
EN---o \ -u C.)
Bhushan: But what has all this to do with our
meeting?
Real life situations
(F O meeting
N?)
Bhargav: Oh come now Bhushan, use your
take, get, have

\ E --E- -. Take
a expressions n,
Eo . p J-Eo l.
- K t-. K wl
%-. C -- B-E v--Eo
h.
c) The clerks took advantage of the boss's
absence and went home early =
flight will be late too, so the meet-
Let's have a look at the following expressions:
ing will begin late.
1) Take your time
(Bhushan, h -*. MD
N-- h-o d
-u h, d
meeting -u- v
-C.)
2) Take off
E - -E h
y x--Rx--.
4) Take office: -NE -d-
3) Take advantage of
a) YSR took office as CM in 2004 =
brains. Our MD who has taken this
Bhushan: I understand. We can take advantage of his late arrival and start at
leisure.
6) Take to task
expressions
English
conversation
Bhargav: Any idea when our new manager

is going to take office?
Fo conversational
. n --E
.
1) Take your time/ Take your own time =
/ F\----
time
a) Inspite of my hurrying him, he took his time

to finish the work =
- ---dp, -E-Jh--E
time B--o.
( h manager p N
---o ?
b) She missed the bus because she took her

time to dress herself up =
Bhushan: Not much, but it seems he is a no
d------E time B--o--x

bus p--C.
2) Take off: Planes N CL x----Eo
take off .
nonsense man. We can't take liberties with him as we used to, with
his predecessor.
( L-. F x-p
u--- -E uh
o. C---- (-N
o uh ox)
- B-.
No nonsense = v-u-E, x-p
N-- N-yE.
Predecessor = v---()/ v- -()
v/ 'v \ - = -N/ n- -J o.
Spoken English
2004 N -d.
b) Ever since she took office, she has made

a number of changes in the administration.
5) Take liberties with
(n--C. l-ate --
x h E-
---a/C --
B-E E- ----a.)
YSR CM
4) Take office
Boss
a) The plane took off five minutes late =

Plane 5 EN- -u ---JC
(x *C)
b) The take off of the plane was delayed
because f some engine trouble.
( Engine trouble x N ---
(x---) -u--C.)
Take off n, u/ /
v-R o-d/ -- -v
.
N -dp-* u-x p B---*aC.

5) Take liberties with - B--.
yv (-J) u--J-.
a) Shall I take your car for a day? I am sure I
can take the liberty =
car
-V- F B. yv E t--o.
b) Not all bosses let you take liberties with themboss

lesson.
1) Take your time -
. ---
B.
2) ... the flight took off 20 minutes late =
20 EN- u ---JC
plane.
3) We can take advantage of his late arrival=

late
--
( E- ----a)
B-E
4) We can't take liberties with him as we used

to, with his predecessor =
-o- B-o - B-.

5) It seems he took to task the idlers= E
_-d--x P~-. Idler = E
_-d-x
6) Any idea when our new manager is going
manager
to take office? =
h
N p
---o ?
O--Eo-F O conversation -
*a--p .
u-- -N-y.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Practise aloud in English the following.

Pramod:
Plane
Pramod: The sky is cloudy. The plane

may take off late.
-%-i C.
--- u a.
Vinod: DEo -- B-E h
coffee l .
Pramod: -u-i plane x -
p-a.
Vinod: v-Aol.
Pramod: l. Plane x -
?
Vinod: o E-- -- p
late, train F, bus F.
Pramod: -z B---\x-.
Vinod:
Let's take advantage of it and

have some coffee.
Pramod: The plane people may take us to

task for being late.
Vinod:
Let's try.
Pramod: We'd better not/ let's not. We

can't take liberties with the plane
people.
Vinod:
My predecessor always used to

be late for train or for Bus.
Pramod: He needn't be our model.
--C- 19 --- 2006
-- j---
Kalyan: Bhanu, I see you a lot with Anand

nowadays. You two appear to have
grown chummy.
(--, y u
\- ----o. OJ-l
h o-d-o.)
Chummy- h .
Kalyan: That's my advice. Take it or leave it.

By the by mom took ill after she took
the wedding dinner last week. Since
then I haven't been able to meet
you. Otherwise I'd have warned you
earlier.
(C . B- B,
. -- Rx
p-* t s--C. x Eo ------.
-- Eo a-J---o.
Bhanu: You can say that of course. Ever

since you introduced me to him I
have taken to him.
(y-oC E. y-E o
J- --p--* - d---o)
Bhanu: Have you taken her to doctor? How's

she now?
Kalyan: He is quite pleasant, of course.
( x C E)
Bhanu: He is so good for company.
( *
company
(d _-J B--x? p-
C?)
Kalyan: Of course I did. His fees are prohibitive, however.
h)
(B--x--. F fees
J---.)
Prohibitive = (h-/ u)
-l/ -
E \.
Kalyan: I have known him longer than you

have. He is pleasant and all that but
beware. He can get you into trouble.
(F - \ .
pleasant- E
vh. s-x ---)
Bhanu: How so? (?)
Kalyan: If you don't take me amiss, he is not
the good guy you take him for. He
has quite a lot of bad contacts.
c) Karna never took kindly to Arjuna.
-b- g--p d---.

(\ -E--LqC take kindly to. C
\ not Not take kindly
-Ld ---.)
d) The teacher never takes kindly to lazy
boys =
-- teacher d .
take to n C. EE
---d.
1) Sugar E L- y, -o
, - ---d =
After coming to know that he is a diabetic,
he took to getting up early and going for a
walk.
-x---
242
2) Unable to forget Parvathi, Devdas took to

drinking =
5) Take it or leave it=
a) The price of the watch is Rs. 4000/-. Not

a paise less or more. Take it or leave it=
watch K 4000 -. j
_. / .
b) Rs.3500/- is the take it or leave it price
of the sari=
< *J 3500 -. B-
B- .
O take conversation -
expressions. u take to, take
(somebody) for (something) expressions ---. Practice l.
lesson.
1) Ever since you introduced me to him, I
have taken to him=
If you don't take me amiss ..

Bhanu: Difficult to believe it. But even if he
has bad contacts how does that
affect me?
(C t d C .
-E -- N
O v --?)
Affect = v
p
.
Rain or the lack of it affects crops =
{, {- --O v
-C/ LT C.
Effect = v. (Rain or Lack of it has
( B--o?)
Kalyan: His fees and medicines in his own
medical shop cost us Rs. 1000/-.
Take or add some Rs.20/-. I should
take her to the doctor now again. I
must be going.
( fees, shop
L -u,
20 . Sx p--
d _- B--}L, h.)
Bhanu: Bye
Take
- conversation y----i expressions J-Eo l.

1) Take to = -JE/ h-/
N-Eo d--/ G--E-.
an effect on crops)
Kalyan: Bhanu, just think for a while. He can
get you too into bad company.
a) She did not take to the job in the beginning but began to like it after a few
months.
(h -*. F
-a).
u d---, E
Eo y d -jC.
Bhanu: Can't I take care of it? Am I a child to

be totally influenced by him?
b) Laila took to Majnu the minute she saw

him.
( N --? E
v--E x-E -?)
Vo ~ j -
d--C.
-v-o: 1. Could can past form , less

-. -D-E-E -----?
2. q-f {--K would -sx
use h-E a. -O -- -J-
--a. N-J-.
-.--, --
---:
1. Could tense
a) Kumar: He is worried he has none to help him.
C -s-Eo-d -hC.
(--y
--E ---o)
Kesav: He could approach me.
present tense
\ -h C ,
( -a )
E.
Spoken English
y-AE -*-- - -o/ ---d.

(C -E-: He takes to cricket as a
fish takes to water = Fx
d, cricket Ad)
(As a fish takes to water C English
proverb- )
3) Take (somebody) amiss = -JE n
--.
a) o-n -. Oy Eo- x E--- *C =
Please don't take me amiss, you'd better
not contest in these elections.
(you'd = you had. contest=
--/ .)
b) If you don't take me amiss, you took

awful in this shirt=
y oO --, shirt y
- E--h-o.
awful= --i/ N--i/ --i, etc.
4) Take (somebody) for (something) = JE
J* --.
a) J* ----o?=
What do you take me for?
b) Don't take him for an ordinary man=
M. SURESAN
y o-n -/ y-----
3) He is not the good guy you take him for=
y-- *---
4) That's my advice, take it or leave it=
D . J F d (B- ,
)
5) Take or add Rs. 20/- =
j - =
Rs. 20 that way or this way.
EXERCISE
Practise as many sentences as you can, on
the pattern below.
Subject
Verb
Object
know
your name
Sunil
reads
the Eenadu
verb -JF/ -J/ EE/

E E vo - a .)
(object
Eg: He reads the Eenadu.

Verb: reads
(--) EE --?
-. d Eenadu object.
sentences practice .
-E -u---.
b) I heard him say that he could play cricket very well as a

student student
cricket
could, past form of can. Time
mention
connected verb tense
could tense
time expression
positive of can
y o--E J-
--p--*, -
-G- p-C.
2) If you don't take me
amiss ... =
Bhanu: How much did he charge you?
(y o n -,
y--- *- . -E
---o.)
contact: . ( o
uh)
B- B-,
--L---E
p No. \
--x-F,
x-F
pd -hC.
-- C, -s-Eo-d C.
2. Consequence of an imagined event ( --
- J-) If you went there now, he would be
happy. (y\-p- h imagined event, he would be
happy- ---h consequence)
Expressing a desire or inclination (J ) He may not
like to see me, but I'd meet him (I wish to meet him) - - o
- d----a, F -Eo -----o.
Expressing a conjecture or opinion:
/ --GvEo
uh---)
a) I'd would say think that John would help us. (John
h--- t--)
b) We'd (we would) think that the job might not be so easy
( E - -E --o *a--)
u-n:
h --h?
Would request -L----E question form
L.
b) I'd (I would) I were the CM = CM
-C! (J/ wish) would -s-Fo .
Expressing a wish or request:

a) Would you help us?=
--- 21 --- 2006
-- j---
Satyavanth: What is the big crowd over

there?
( l \?)
B--.)
Satyavanth: That need not be a cause for a
suicide.
Prasanth: I am just returning from there. I've

yet to recover from the shock.
(\ ho. CvsA
* --.)
Satyavanth: You do appear really shocked.
What's the matter, Prasanth?
(E- CvsA C--d-o.

N.)
Prasanth: Someone took his life from jumping to the ground from the third
floor of that building.
( h *
t-u --o.)
Satyavanth: People perhaps have good reasons to take their own lives, but
the means they choose, Oh.
God! the less we talk of it, the
better.
(t-u ----E --i, N.. s!

Eo J* \
x- *C.)
Prasanth: It seems it took place half an hour
ago. The man leaped to death in
the full view of the passers by. It
(--t-u C -\-.)
Prasanth: He was upto his neck in debts. He
thought of making some money
by winning the elections. The
denial of ticket made him desperate.
(--
px
----. Eo- x L*
h
s
-C- -E
--o--. \- y---
E E J--C.)
upto his neck =
(C p N- u -.)
v-N--
He is head over heels ( -) in love
with her - -.
drinks away all the money the others

help him with.
- - -- l- a
s - --h d O
L--/ L .
-sx take pity on have
pity on E -a.
a) Have pity on the old man and leave him
alone .
-L- O L * E C--
Satyavanth: Whatever it is, he is no more.
-x---
(-i , -E--.)
Prasanth: A pity really.
a Lo Ja-ho . J-Eo-Ep l. N --
Take pity on the old man and...
3) to take place =
-N-/ -.
Unless takes pains, cannot succeed

took quite sometime for
them to understand what
had happened.
(C - J-T-xC. J----x
h-- C
. J-T
----E x
dC.)
a) The marriage took place yesterday =
- h.
O Eo O L L. E
l.
1) Take (one's) life - -
take life E. Take
M. SURESAN
Satyavanth: I really take pity on him. (I)

Wonder what drove him to take
such an extreme measure.
(E O -hC.
N-K--u B----E
J--LpC u---E
-*-ho.)
Prasanth: As I rode along, people rushing to
the spot took me by surprise.
( j-O h
J--h -au L-T-*C.)
Satyavanth: Psychologists take pains to tell
people not to get depressed,
but that doesn't seem to deter
people from suicides.
(E- ---l-E -h-y

E- v B-E -. F O v-
t--u * .)
Prasanth: It seems that this man took quite
an active part in politics while he
was alive. The denial of a ticket to
him by his party led to his suicide.
(A--o-p --x
_ _---. - J
Eo-x ----E Kd\d
y--- t--u J-
Spoken English
one's own life/ Take one's

(his/her etc) life =
t-u --
.
a) t-u --o =
He took his life.
b) Unable to bear the separation from her
lover, she took her (own) life .
vN- * - d--
v B-C.
- N- u:
Those who cannot give life have no right to
take life
.
v y--E--x v B \-.
( JE \ -J E.)
Conversation C NE--hC.
take life out of (some one) Dn.
- NT --- x C/ Ah (-:
v -h-o/ Bh-o ,
.)
He is very particular about my joining the
club. He is taking the life out of me .
x o -E d----o.
v -h-o--.
2) Take pity on = J O L .
a) He took pity on the old woman and
put her in an old age home .
%l-L O L-, -
%l-v- a.
b) None takes pity on him because he
C-C Nu-n- pd
n--u- - v--.
d) Unless one takes pains, one cannot succeed =
v---E N -.
O daily life situations E conversation
take A - a expressions. OE
practice .
EXERCISE
245
(E -%d)
Take
v--f.
c) He takes pains to see that his students
understand clearly what he teaches =
Rx Eo J-TC.
b) When did the match take place? =
u p J-TC?
c) The accident took place when I was
on my way to college
=
@ -o-p/ x--J op v J-TC.
d) When the theft took place, everybody

was at home =
Arun:
-o?
Amala: Eo *o q- J-TC.
Arun: \ J-TC?
Amala: x.
Arun: J-TC?
Amala: t ---. -E v - --o.u L- a--p,
L- L-TC.
Arun: E Eo h -hC. u
y. h.
Amala: u. - > - v
L----C. - -
h h C.
Arun: ? -p . j--
o d-E v -hC.
Amala: u. %-o-.
Arun: F .
u---x.
Amala: - Ky u
_ _-C. C -au
L-T-*C.
a) Parents take a lot of pains to educate

their children =
Arun: Why are you limping?

Amala: A minor accident took place yesterday.
Arun: Where?/ Where did it happen?
Amala: At home.
Arun: How?
Amala: Mom wasn't well. She was still taking
pains to cook, so I wanted to help
her. While changing the gas cylinder
my foot was pressed/ got pressed/
was crushed/ got crushed under the
cylinder.
Arun: I really take pity on you.
Give me the bag. I'll carry it for you.
Amala: Thank you. My cousin Kamala didn't
have even that pity on me. She was
just watching me carrying the bag/
carry the bag all the distance.
Arun: Kamala? She's always like that. She
wants me to do the assignment for
her.
Amala: Don't do it. She is ungrateful
xLo C-N---E Lx--v v

-.
Arun: Don't worry. I won't do it. I know her

better than you do.
b) He took a lot of pains to deliver the

goods on time =
Amala: But at the last social service camp

she took me by surprise by taking an
active part.
x - - J-TC.
e) When will the meeting take place? =
- p --C?
4) Take (some one) by surprise =
au L-T-.
a) His coming at that time of the night
took me by surprise =
vA - -au
L-T-*C.
b) I haven't told him I will be visiting him.
I want to take him by surprise =
E --E h-o-E -
p-. - au L-T--E.
c) His resignation has taken every one by
surprise =
@- vA-\-J-F a-u--J-*C.
v--/ v-B---
C C L-
5) Take pains =
expression.
j --E
h- ---
- 23 --- 2006
-- j---
Bhagat: Hi Sharat, till last night eleven I was

busy preparing for the exams ahead.
I couldn't watch the match on the T.V.
Which way did the match go?
( , vA 11 ---
K~ BJ--- o. TV
match ---. J-TC?)
Sharat: Not our way, certainly. I didn't watch
the match either till the end. When I
switched off the TV, Indians were
going down the hill. I'm sure they lost
the match.
( -- v . *-J- match ---. TV d--p- -x - B

o. x - -E
d t)
Bhagat: Going by their earlier performances,
I didn't expect this to be different
from the other matches. I am disappointed but I am not surprised.
Bhagat: You are right, of course. But when

do we give the new comers a
chance?
(y-oC E. E h--x
p-h -?)
Sharat: OK. Go ahead with your plan of giving new comers a chance, and we
lose more than win.
(. h--x ---N-y-
- ---; -
\C.)
Bhagat: I feel experimenting isn't that bad.
a) With the score at 90 for five the team is

certainly going down the hill =
90 for 5 score
, d -----od.
b) No father can let his son go down the hill
Sharat: Yea, if you don't go for victory. But

the Indian team will then go through
unending humiliation.
= v ----E-y-/- -Eo t-A-.

(Go down the hill = sliding down = --)
(, N l-. E
p --d -E ---E
J---C.)
c) We can't do anything to stop the slide

down in honesty in politics =
-/ -
a) You can't go on troubling me like this =
Sharat: I wish they stopped going on experimenting. Trying new players is OK,
but at the same time ensuring victory is important too.
-x---
244
a) Go ahead with your plans =
F v-R/ -- x d.
--x E-B -Eo --E

.
3) go on = continue = --T-.
Humiliation =
--x/ j -oC
(v- E -)
(-- x- B d,
match matches o
-E ---. E-----oF, a-u-- .)
6) go ahead =
N o y s-C---/ sC d (--T-)
-.
b) In spite of the doctor's warning, he goes
on smoking =
Go ahead with your plans
b) He went ahead with his plans inspite of

severe opposition =
Bv uA-- o-p-, Lo u-- d.

7) go through = --N-
a) He went through a lot of trouble to meet
the CM =
CM
---- ---f.
b) The mother went through a lot of trouble

to educate him =
E C-N---E xt
C.
go through u ---
-.
Go through n -.
a) What's the news today? I haven't gone
through the newspaper =
h? Rd
paper
-- .
b) Go through the letter carefully =
h-Eo v-h .
O 'go' expressions.
(v- --T- h C. h v-- v-Ao-
*, E N --
u.)
I wish they stopped- C -E-.
I wish y they stopped - verb - past
tense. BE J BJ C, n --.
ensure- / --.
He invested a lot in business, but he
ensured that he did not lose, though he
might not make profits.
u- - -d- d.
--, d--
--o. (---
-o-.)
Bhagat: But experimenting and certainly of
success do not always go together.
When you experiment, you must be
prepared for failure.
(v- , N
C --E
-. v- --p j-uE l- L.)
Sharat: I go along with you upto that point,
but defeats in a row can demoralise
a team. Then it will be very difficult to
rebuild confidence in the team.
(-- -p--. F
- d knuEo s-B--. y d t-N-y-Eo
AJT -C- d -C.)
demoralise = t-kn-uEo s-B-/
t-N-y p-x .
Telling a student that he/ she is fit for
nothing demoralises them. =
y E
E---E Nu-Jn , / --
t-kn-uEo/ t-N-y-Eo p-.
Spoken English
Bhagat: There must

then be a balance between
experimenting
and
ensuring victory by playing safe.
Doctor J-*--p-,
Th o.
M. SURESAN
Sharat: You can't have the cake and eat it

too.
(cake
A AL, ---
L - = y-L, y--L ?)
Bhagat: OK. Let's agree to disagree.
p Daily life situations E

conversation get, have, take -
a simple expressions . p
- 'go' a expressions l.
1) (Something) going (a certain) way =
(- N) J N.
a) The judgment went their way =
court
N-----p-, x- .
Go on E -- E
n .
Please go on. You were about to eat =
F. y A---o (A
-lE).
4) go together = (--E ) .
\- DEE - n do/ does
not go together E -.
a) Communism and capitalism do not go
together =
communism
, d---K N--E
-.
( --N---E p-)
--
c) He goes on talking though none listens

to him =
(v--,
N *a- -
- -u L)
smoking
Bp x -- *aC.
b) The match was going their way right

from the beginning =
* match xj J-TC (x
-- C)
c) This meeting too went all the way the
earlier meetings had gone =
meetings J-Tx-,
meeting J-TC. ( --o
)
2) Go down the hill = ----/- -
C- x.
b) Sun and rain do not go together =
L--.
c) Biryani and sambar/ chutney do not go
together =
GuF / o J .
DE uA-- C :
Idli and sambar go well together =
x, \ J--.
5) go along with (some one) =

lesson.
1) "Which way did the match go?"
(Match
J-TC?)
Not our way, certainly.
( -- , *a)
2) When I switched off the TV, they were
certainly going down the hill =
TV --p x () ----o.
3) I wished they stopped going on experimenting =
v- --T-h- *C.
4) Experimenting and certainly of success
don't go together =
v--, N --E .
5) I go along with you upto that point =
-- F --N-h.
6) Go ahead with your plans of giving new
comers a chance =
h-x -Na - ---.

7) But the Indian team will go through unending humiliation =
-E --Eo d --NLq hC.

Exercise
-J --N-.
a) I go along with you there; Tendulkar is
certainly a great player =
Tendulkar
p -- N-
F --N-h-o.
b) He goes along with upto a point =
Practise sentences on the following pattern.

Sub
Verb
He
wants
Direct object
her
Infinitive
to sing
( -E --o)
-- v --N-h.
c) I go along with you upto the point that
Tendulkar is a great player but not
beyond that =
p player o--- v
-p--, --N-*-.
--- (--- 21) -*-

.--- 245 -v--J---C.
Spoken English lesson no. 243
-- 27 --- 2006
Suhrid:
-- j---
Where were you yesterday? Try as

I might, I couldn't get you.
Suhrid:
(Eo- --y \-o?

v-Ao-* F x---
--.)
Srikanth: I went shopping with mom and dad
the whole of yesterday. You know
my sister is getting married. That
kept us busy the whole day.
(t, o -L Eo shop. x xE
. - -E- -E-o- - BJ
-C.)
ping
Suhrid:
correct
Srikanth: Going by his talk the other day I got

the impression that he was quite
modern in his out look. He is not insistent on silly formalities of traditional
marriages, his people aren't either.
(o -x Bd h
---E %p o-- E. v-- N- *o *o
- N l do
. x-x .)
Formalities = -.
p?)
Srikanth: Three weeks from now to a day.

(Correct
To
--Ld --x.)
a day = -Ld (a- -/- a ,
etc)
Suhrid:
Suhrid:
So how did your shopping go off

yesterday?
Eo O
J-TC?)
shopping
You are fortunate there. Most often

what we select and what we suggest do not go well with the bridegroom and his people.
(--j- -O --%-d- --. --

-s-x -- -, -- ---
--, --- - --x --a-.)
When exactly is the marriage?
(Rx
That's the trouble with Indian

marriages what goes by the name
of formalities often harrasses the
bride's people.
Srikanth: Well, gold, clothes and other things

cost us around Rs 3 lakh. Still there
are a lot more things to buy.
(, d Eo L Eo
~--u. LqN
-- o.)
Suhrid:
Did you buy things for the bride

groom too.
(Rx--- o?)
-x---
245
( Rx-xx *a -*\ -C.

- - J-Fo Rx
j x- s-C
--.)
( . N L.
- C )
Is he very demanding?
( E\-*a --?)
Demanding= --oN -E d--d.
Srikanth: No, fortunately. When I asked him
of the type of clothes and other
things we have to give him, he
wasn't that particular. I understand
that any thing goes with him.
Srikanth: It was a really tiring day for us

yesterday. For nearly two hours the
power went off in the shop and
that delayed things.
(Eo - -- --.
shop - current .
-x -u-iC.)
Suhrid:
(%-d- -h . y-Lq
d, h- -i-N
-E Eo -T--p, -
d-o. N- -E- y--E ---o.)
Particular = N- d-
.
OK. So you haven't completed the

shopping. When do you expect to
complete it?
shopping
(OK.
y
Jh--o.
p
Jh-----o?)
Srikanth: If things go well, I suppose it should

be complete by the weekend.
Dad is particular that I do Engineering =
Engineering --E o d- o.
Any thing goes = j J---C.
(Fo u J-T --E-x ----L.)

Suhrid:
All the best.
-v-o: 1. enter, enter in, enter into
-u
2. A hacksaw is used to cut soft metal rods or

The hacksaw is used to cut soft
strips
metal rods or strips
--u ---N-?
3. VIII class social studies --- N
C.
The educated class understood the British
political institutions and came to know how the
British people enjoyed liberty, equality and fraternity in their
country
rules
v)
The educated class understood the British political institutions

and came to know how the British had enjoyed liberty, equality
and fraternity in their country.
-.-N -, ---Lx.
Spoken English
Look at the following expressions from the

1) I went shopping.
go
expression.
Shopping, hunting, searching
expressions English
y---.
a) On all the days we

were in Delhi we
went sight seeing =
Mx o V--x
\ N-
---E x.
Sight seeing
v- N,
N-, -%-u--.
a) Going by what he says, he is not interested in the game =
--- p-Eod h, ---

-h-.
game
b) Going by the land prices in Hyderabad it

will be impossible for us to buy sites
there =
j-- n h/
- d, \ n --
-u.
c) Going by his appearance, he appears to
be good =
E -Eod h *---
E-h-o.
4) Not go well with.
M. SURESAN
b) Have a good rest in the morning and go

shopping in the evening =
l- NvA BE, v
x.
shopping
c) Dushyanta met Shakuntala when he
went hunting =
--u-- Rx--p -
---o.
2) Go/ Goes = - --.
a) Jagdish: Will this shirt be ok for the
function?
shirt
(function
Naresh: Don't worry what you wear. Any
thing goes.
(
b) Anything goes in Indian politics =
--- - --
( x-C n).
Most often what we select and what we

suggest do not go well with the bridegroom
and his people =
-- -s-x -- D,
*-D, Rx--\, x x *--.
Not go well with = *--/ --a.
a) My being elected leader did not go well
with him =
leader Eo-- - *-.

b) Others using his bike doesn't go well
with him =
-- ---
bike
--- --- a.
c) I avoided suggesting this to him,

because it doesn't go well with him =
-E *- --o, -E
*--E d.
5) The power went off - C go off past
tense T---E -n/ (lights)
J--.
Whatever he does goes=
The lights went off when the doctor was

examining the patient =
--- x-C.
E v-/ -Eod h. C
- - N---C.
TE doctor
J--.
3) Going by =
conversation
K-~-ho
lights
b) They entered his name in the list of criminals =
v-P-. n- v-P- =
enter a place.
She entered the room and found her friend there =
C--E v-P*, friend C.

-- / p--E C enter into.
a) She entered into a conversation with her neighbour =
--N- --- CTC.

b) They entered into an argument with the shop keeper =
-?)
-o N -J-*
-l--. - --.)
---:
1. enter =
-v-- -J-* N-J---.
. u-Eo C N (O p
-?
daily conversation (Real Life situations

) go a expressions ho .
J-Eo p l.
Anything goes in Indian politics
Srikanth: Not much. We'll have to buy them

too. That'll be this weekend.
Suhrid:
shop
-E - C.
c) They entered into an agreement = p -a--o.
enter n x, s N list, registers/
accounts \-.
a) The clerk entered the amount in the accounts book =
hEo \ h--- \-.
-h G- Eo a.
- -s n
.
(The hacksaw o-p Eo hacksaws F, A hacksaw
o-p, hacksaw F n h.)
3. u-Eo - -n- ---T- --C ---E-- --u.
x yvu (liberty), -y (equality), v-v (- fraternity) N-h-o-E Nu-C- -E--E
text book o enjoyed correct. - x-N
----N- Ox v- -p J n
n correct.
-- xN p --N-* y Ox EE v-E had enjoyed L. E \ C-
(Text book ). d text book correct.
2. A hacksaw, the hacksaw -
- 30 --- 2006
-- j---
ing made any such promise. She
has asked for at least two more
months time to return it.
Akshara: I put the sambar in the fridge last

night but I now see it has gone bad.
(Eo-vA v d.
p h --C.)
(F- -? > C
_ j - BC, * AJ-T-h-E
-*aC, F --pC.
-y---C. AJ-T-y-E
-C.)
Abhaya: That's not surprising. This place is

so hot that things do not keep even
if they are frozen.
( l a-u--. v
* -n --
C v / .)
frozen = -x--Ja- u v . Keep
n --, E. Keep
\ n -n -- Ey- E.
Milk doesn't keep for more than half a day
if it is not boiled =
-- V --.
The Ganga Waters keep for a very long
time.
Abhaya: Why didn't you ask her to go to hell

when she asked you for the
money?
Akshara: I'd have, but you know we are running a school together. I can't go it
alone. I need her.
(-o. F Nl L \
--o . -\-o -. -- -.)
He keeps smoking in spite of his bad health.
--u o-p- smoking --T-h

o/ smoke h o. n
keep on E .
(keeps n --h E .)
-x---
Abhaya: Then you've to wait till she returns

the money.
---o?)
Akshara: It is going from bad to worse. The

best thing is to go for a new one
and sell this one for whatever I can
get.
( - K y -C.
hC E, DEo h t h.)
Abhaya: The sooner you do it the better.
(yC y h
*C.)
Akshara: I have to wait for a while. I have
gone broke after the jewellery I
bought at the beginning of the
month. I've to make do with the
fridge after all for the present.
(-h L. o s - - -C. -i vh--E o

v l--L.)
Abhaya: To say that you don't have the
money enough to buy a fridge is
going too far, girly. Come on.
Withdraw money from the bank.
After all, you can't go without a
fridge in good order.
(v - F _ s
- N-K-. F,
u s B. *
v -- y.)
(girly = x l .)
Akshara: What do you know? My cousin
Indira borrowed Rs.50,000/- from
me. She promised to return it by
last month end. Now she has gone
back on her word. She denies hav-
Spoken English
246
- yo. -----
o J-nA --.
shall be
N -a.
b) The government is broke. It's unable to pay

its employees.
a) The performance of our team is going

from bad to worse.
vy C BC. u- @
Lx--E nA.
4) Go too far = N-K / --u-- E- NA-O-.
d ~-hC. u
.
a) Suman: He threatened to go to police if

you trouble him again.
b) The patient's condition, in spite of the

doctor's efforts, is
going from bad to
worse.
d v-Aoh-o-p- T J-
(Sx y-o ----E Ch

M h--o.)
Sekhar: That's going too far. We have been
friends for such a longtime. Is it troubling him if I ask him to pay up?
M. SURESAN
(C K NA-O-. - -
o-. s B-oC AJT -
He went broke...
Akshara: Something wrong with our fridge

too. I had it repaired the other day,
but I find no improvement.
Abhaya: So what are you going to do?
-- AE A- -C/
-C.
2) Go from bad to worse =
(s T--p y
E
-?)
Fx - -.
keep n --T- (continue)
E.
( v C.
o V J -. F
--.)
( AJ-Ta y *
-Lq.)
Akshara: What else am I doing?
(-- h-o?)
go - a
J--Eo-E l.
1) go bad = j (u n) x/ j--/ J-T--.
Daily life situations

expressions
a) I can't eat that apple. I'm afraid it has

gone bad.
( - A-. Rx-.)
b) Vegetables go bad quickly in hot
weather.
x -- y Rx--/
J-T--. (rot Rx/ J-T-)
-E-: Keep X go bad.
, keep -- Ey- -- E.
d E uA- go bad. Conversational
English Ey- -- n keep
- --.
c) Tirupati Laddus keep for more than a
week if you keep them in the fridge.
v *, A-A f -o
\ V--.
d) Keep the vegetables in the fridge. They
don't go bad.
-Lo v d. -/ x.
- A- E--E n
= a bad food/ a bad food item.
a) -- = bad sambar
b) She became sick after eating the bad
curry.
nA y- ---C, ----E
.
c) The boy is going from bad to worse.
v ---o.
C B/ sE J-nA. C common expres-
3) Go broke =
sion.
a) The company will soon go broke if it doesn't stop its bad investments.
---E d------ F y C BhC.

b) Having put money in bad shares he has
gone broke.
E--E x E C B/
Jh d--/ s -d-o.
c) Ramana: What prompted the farmer's
suicide?
(E t--u J--Lp-N?)
Prompt = J--p/ ---
Raghu: The recent cyclone washed off his
crop. He went broke upto his neck in
debts, he took his life.
( u *a -
C. -x px -, t-u --o.)
go broke s --
n, be broke E .
t sC d-d?)
b) Dismissing the coach for the bad performance of the players is going too far.
(-x -E--E -T-,

K N-K--i u/ K \.)
c) Varma: I'll not talk to him any more.
( E x-.)
Sarma: Isn't that going too far?
C K N-K . (
x-\-x-E)
5) Go to hell: C N d--p Ad.
-i/ Get out n C conversation expression p-,
v-h, lx -F- --o -s-x
---EC.
a) Pradeep: The exam is tomorrow. He is still
not serious about it.
( K~. d----x.)
Pramod: let him go to hell. I've warned him
enough. If he doesn't care, what am
I to do. He is grown up enough to
know what's good for him.
( --i-F/ -- ?)
b) I warn you not to smoke again. If you still
continue, go to hell. What do I care.
(smoke ---lE ho. y smoke
h- Fd. y --i ?)
c) Sudheer: I won't help you again.
Damodar: Go to hell. Who needs your help.
a) Kishore: Can you lend me Rs. 100/Krishna: I am broke. In fact I was thinking of
asking you.
( _ j-. --
-E-o-----o.)
be broke \ be be form
, am/ is/ are, was/ were, will be/
(u. F -\ ---J --L?)

O Go - a conversational
expressions Eo, daily life situations Fo
common. O conversation O---
expressions. N O conversation
- ---C.
--C- 3 -- 2006
-- j---
Rajat: Have you been to the discount sale?

Shirts and trousers and other men's
wear are being offered at more than
50% off.
Rajat: Most often cheap things are certainly

bad. Look, the sweater my sister
bought for Rs. 250 is already going at
the elbows in less than two months.
(Discount sale
trousers
x? Shirts,
-J d, 50
-o T_* t--o.)
- p pant .
Pants --.
Men's wear = - h. -
Gents' wear . C modern
English --u .
Ladies/ ladies' wear present day
English J- Male, female .
Modern usage -- simple
men E, --J simple women
v correct.
Sarat: I did have a look at them yesterday, but
I observed nobody going for them.
(Eo , F y
E d-fx .)
(- h- *a- -. sister 250 - o

sweater p x, -
_ --C.)
Sarat: I don't deny that. I just mean that
expensive things are not always good.
(C ---. --x K-j

h- p u-i--N--E.)
Rajat: I see your point.
go, take, have, get

expressions daily life situations
conversation
y-----i
a
E
h -E-ho.
Rajat: I saw it too. Heaps of them and at rock

bottom prices too. But they were all
going abegging. A big crowd was there
but there appeared to be no takers.
a) Seats in a number of engineering colleges are going abegging
N (u s) .
=
engineering colleges seats S
o, --}---.
a) Rs. 100 doesn't go far nowadays.
Vx -- l N--.
(y-C -n--C.)
3. Go far =
-x---
b) A mere degree doesn't go far these days

as far as good jobs are concerned.
u- N--E-h, Vx h
degree E--.
4. go by - DEo lesson
--Eo-d E. DE extended use
l.
a) Appearance means a lot. Most people
always go by appearances.
247
C u. \--C --Eod - (Eg--E h-).
b) With most people going for fuel efficient

bikes, scooters are going abegging
=
-C L-T bikes
- scooters / scooter T --C.
3. I don't really go in for such cheap stuff =
-- h-- d---E F----.

4. Go against the grain = y--E Nl.
a) He is lazy. Working hard goes against
the grain =
J. vN- y--E
Nl.
Indians go in for cricket a lot
b) Helping others goes against his grain.

He is too selfish =
-- --- -
Nl. K yn--.
5. Rs. 800 doesn't go far nowadays =
( -E--C. d d-
o d -- t--o-p-
y --. o
F --x- E---.)
Rock bottom prices = - .
Heap = d.
No takers = d--x / -x
Sarat: Didn't you buy anything? (y -?)
Rajat: You know I don't really going for such
cheap stuff. Buying things just because
they are a bargain goes against the grain.
(F --, - - h d--E. *a-

v C y--E
Nl.)
Stuff = h-j. bargain
n F, -- F. \ bargain -o - o
\- h C bargain.
Sarat: My brother too, to some extent. The
other day he bought a pair of trousers
for Rs. 850
( brother -- .
o--V 800 - d pants
o!)
A pair of trousers = --v-.
- pant - correct Englishtrousers. C E u p--p, a
pair of . a pair of scissors =
h, scissor .
Rajat: Rs. 800 ! come on, Sarat, Rs. 800
doesn't go far nowadays. A good pair
of trousers in my opinion costs at least
more than a thousand rupees.
(E-NC -! , Vx
800 ---? G-v
v * trousers F u
- \ -C.)
Sarat: You and my brother go too much by
the cost of things. Not all costly things
are good, are they?
(y, brother K-jE d---. K-j h--Fo *-N-

?)
Spoken English
u- N: conversational English ,
bookish (-x/ h-x ) English
o -E*, conversational English
expressions, natural (-) ,
E conversation --
-. .
p go a J-Eo expressions l.
1. go for - DEo -- lessons
DE u-i n,
(choose) -- E.
a) When you buy a bike, go for one that
gives good mileage =
y bike ---, * mileage

a bike o.
Go for u-- E .
b) His three hundred sq. yd. site goes for
more than Rs. 80 lakh =
300 .. n 80 ~ --
t---C/ N hC.
c) It doesn't go for more than Rs. 2000.
Eo - --- \---
.
2. p lesson go in for . Go
for, go in for- - common n,
--/ select/ choose E. go in
for --- _/ d- --N- (enjoy) n
C.
a) Indians go in for cricket a lot.
-B- cricket G--E-h/

-.
Go in for %AhE o-- .
b) Most youngmen and women go in for
software jobs nowadays.
-C -B----L-p
d----o.
software
jobs
c) I don't know why he is going in for teaching when there are much better careers.
teaching
teaching job
* jobs
select ---o
n-- .
b) Don't go by what
he says.
Vx 800 ---?
go far, n p not .
----Eo-d
. (
tl)
5. Go x
n M. SURESAN
. Go
h- --/ *J-T--
n C.
a) His jeans has started going at the knees
= jeans x _ *- --dC.
b) I bought the type only two months ago,
but it is already going =
type -- o,
p C *J-T--C.
c) The tube in the front room is gone =
front room
tube light
--C.

lesson:
6. You and my brother go too much by cost =
y,
Eg--h.
brother
d u
7. The sweater my sister bought is going at

the elbows =
sister o
*--C.
sweater
- _
Lesson 244
model
sentences
object + infinitive
pattern
(---- 23-) *a exercise
-- . O frame
-Lq
. subject + verb +
. Eo model sentences
p
.
Sub
vb
obj
infinitive
1. The teacher told him to sit down.

2. He asked his mother to serve him food.
3. The boss ordered the clerk to finish the work.
4. His friend liked him to attend the function.
5. I request her to help me.
pattern
verbs: desire, advise,
beg, invite, prompt, etc.
1. I observed nobody going for them =
E d----- (---)
-E-.
2. They were all going abegging =
-a
C pattern sentences practice .

Sub
verb
that
clause
1. He said that he would go
( h---) T --/ d----/ -- t --.
-v-o: ' E Eo
t doctor _ B--}-C C
h past tense
C-. E O
'But my Mother wanted me to take her to
the doctor'
take
present
tense
Past tense "took"
E a.
C
. \
--T-L !
->.-, ---.
2. He will think that you are clever.
---:
'But my mother wanted me to take her to doctor'take (1st Regular Doing Word - I RDW)
'to'
to
1st Regular doing word
to go, to
verbs
to take,
come, to take
to go, to come, etc
infinitives
tense
to
go,
come, take
to
come, to go, to take
infinitives.
Spoken English lessons
To take =
To
took
Past form
\
--C
. y
h
, N
. N
N
-.
, x, E y a
E -- B. --
B. N
O n, ,
-x
N-J-. n:
B-}-/ B-}--E/
B-}- E. y
E
--.
--- 6 -- 2006
-- j---
Bhimesh: Mukhesh, who are you waiting for?
(T -E E----E-, o
-- *---.)
(-J- h-o?)
Mukhesh: For some one to help me in making arrangements for this function.
Bhimesh: Why don't you have a break, eat

something and continue?
( function px -
j --x-.)
(h NvA B-E, AE, Sx

--T--a ?)
Bhimesh: There isn't much to arrange. Can't

you and the other volunteers go it
alone?
Mukhesh: Why 'something'? Let's go the

whole hog and eat a full lunch. I
am very hungry.
( l p-xF?/ \ px
. y, volunteers O
O --?)
( ? -/ A Jh A. Jh
l. --hC.)
Mukhesh: Go it alone! Easier said than done.

Take over and try to go it alone.
Bhimesh: That's ok with me- let's go.
( U--, l .)
( --?
u o p -. Oy
E d F- y --E
v-Ao.)
easier said than done =
p . C common expression. O conversation practice .
-x---
(o --? C K A.)
Mukhesh: Why not? What goes for you goes
for me too, doesn't it?
Bhimesh: I'm sorry. It does, of course. I see

your point. I'll give you a hand certainly, and I'll even try to get a few
more volunteers to help us.
(Sorry. E (C Jh-h, F
Jh-h- N). y-C
n --o. p- F
h. --C
volunteers
--E B--h.)
Mukhesh: That's really good of you. Thanks.
(C F *-.
Thanks.)
Bhimesh: But why are you so tensed up?
(F y-- l -o?)
be tensed up = tension .
With the exam just a few hours away, he
is tensed up =
Eo x K~ -
tension/ l --o.
Mukhesh: Perhaps I am, naturally. I'd go to
any length to make the function
memorable. I am straining every
nerve and muscle to see it a success.
( - (-l o). -. function *-t-- - ---i-/

j --C . C N----ux --E v---o.)
To strain every nerve and muscle = x
-- v--.
-- nerve = (bird ' )
= ; muscle = = .
Strain every nerve and muscle -
expression O conversation
practice .
248
1. Go it alone =
- -j
--.
a) Her daughters do not help her in cooking. She won't let them. She goes it
alone =
-x- .
x -E-y.
-J --C.
b) Fed up with the attitude of his sons and
daughters-in-law, the old widower is
going it alone and is happy =
-, x j-J N-T-,
l- (u-E uh) -J --o, -.
be fed up with = NT.
I am fed up with these TV serials =
TV serials
N-T-.
MBA
--E-
b) Politicians go to
any length to get
to positions of
power =
a) He goes by my home everyday =
vA-W O -.
C- -- -
- -
-j --/
v-o-i
h.
b) I go by the post office when I go to college = college post office
M. SURESAN
c) She'll go to any length to secure the

house.
Anything goes in politics =
--x x-C/ J--C.

Any shirt goes with this pair of trousers =
pants (-) shirt J--C.

Whatever he says goes =
Bhimesh: Why didn't you ask Mahesh too to

help you?
--x Jh-C --x JhhC. ( Y, - -.)

b) What goes in AP need not go in
Tamilnadu = AP
Tamilnadu
--Jh-C
.
xC/ ---uC/
Jh------
ii) Two years have gone by since we got

married =
going to any length.

4. Go the whole hog =
I am unable to move this box. Please give a hand =
x --E i hC.
E---i i --E l--
E-j --
Jh, ~o .
j -- . Jh
~o h.
Fo , F
y --?
2. go - n x.
lessons C J-C n.
x--j x
/ \- x.
d) Time - go by.
i) Years go by in no time = -q-
d -*--.
x -x-C.
*- C .
Give (somebody) a hand = -J
/ y. n Lend a
hand E .
companies E- y
(-J) j ---E
C.
d) Do you need help or will you go it alone?
O .
c) Ganesh went by without even talking to

me =
c) After having worked in a number of companies, I want to go it alone =
a) What goes for men should go for women

too =
Spoken English
--E
--.
a) He doesn't believe in doing things in

halves, he goes the whole hog =
- doctor -E v
N-K- v----o.
Mukhesh: I'd rather do without his help than

get a 'no' from him.
v-y-u C-- o--J-C

x---- u v-
x- L.
3. Go to any length = -j -----.
\--- - ---E
Rx-- Jh -C-h.
5. Go by = lesson DE -o n Eo-d. going by his words =
Lo d h.
go by n t.
Don't go by his words = Lo d
xl/ tl E.
Go by J x n
C.
Politicians go to any length to get ..
p x-C.
p go n l. C 'Jh-.
F ---E
----?)
d) In a democracy what goes for those in

power should go for the ordinary citizen
too =
IIMs (Indian Institutes of Management)
The father is straining every nerve and

muscle to see his son a doctor =
(Mahesh
c) He went the whole hog, if he goes on a

holiday; he enjoys a lot. =
vA- vAD x-E .
a) I'd go to any length to do MBA in one of

the IIMs =
Bhimesh: (Do) you want me to do it? Now,

that's too much.
(? y --? F
Jh-C Jh-hC ?)
real life situations go a simple,

high frequency ( - a) expressions J-Q-L-ho , p J-Eo l.
c) Not everything goes every where =
b) Why don't we go the whole hog? Let's

buy the best bike in the market.
- Jh l. bike
? Market o u-h
bike .
d --- o. h -d.
give a hand u-y
---/ E--d E . DE Jh uA-, give
a hand, n E -hC .
Please give me a hand with the preparation of
this list =
G -K h .
Lend us a hand in helping the differently abled =
N-- --- p-.
Exercise
Answer
Akhil: Shall I give you/ lend you a hand (with

it)?
Akhil:
h --?
Nikhil: \-x. --J --x.
Akhil: E \-J \.
B.
Nikhil: N- h -h-o?
Akhil: F L-? o-- -E - ---E?
Nikhil: ? Thank You.
Akhil: l N Jh-l E.
Nikhil: -- -d-. h
- l.
Akhil: .
Nikhil: Not necessary. I can go it alone.

Akhil: The work is too much for one man,
take a hand.
Nikhil: Why so much interest in helping?
Akhil: Don't you know that I go to any length
in helping friends?
Nikhil: Is that so? Thank you.
Akhil: Let's finish off the work some how.
Nikhil: I don't like to go things in halves. I'd go
the whole hog.
Akhil: OK.
--E- 9 -- 2006
-- j---
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, what's new?
( -, N-?)
Sudhakar: Yes. I've something of interest for
you. The man who burgled
Sudha's place a week ago has
given himself up to the police.
(---. x l-p E----E y a---\--.

*a-x -d--ox v.)
Nothing of the sort = - . sort =
. Men of all sorts = Eo -.
(. F-h L-T --.

o- -
E M T--.)
Burgle = o ,
--d -L v-P* -
. Burgler = .
Damodar: But you must give the devil its

due. It's only because they turned
the heat on, the thief gave himself
up. Sudha wouldn't have got back
even half those things which she
has got now.
Damodar: That's real news. Have they

recovered anything from him?
(E- p--L. M
-d x T-. i aN .)
Turn the heat on = d-/
d-/ Ah .
Sudha
( _-o* h- o
-d?)
Sudhakar: I'm afraid only half the stuff. He
has sold off the rest.
( v -. N-C
-t-)
-x---
249
J conversation give
a high frequency expressions l.
1. give one self up = ya - T--
(u M)
a) On the run for the last two months, the
thief gave himself up (to the police) =
c) I am unable to find a solution. I give up.
DE - -\----o.
vo ---o.
3. give a big hand = a-- (px y)
u -j C--O -*
vA v~- y-- G--C.
- p- A--o
T-- (M-).
The heat is on. We've to finish the work

by the evening =
a) They all gave him a big hand for his

excellent singing =
b) Though innocent, she gave herself up =
Ah \---C.
(- */ C-- *) v
E Jh--L.
p -- x- px
d.
E----C - M--/ v- T--C.
The police have turned the heat on the

Maoists. They are on the run =
c) The rebels will give themselves up if

their arms supply is cut off =
M- -dj Ah .
x J---o (n- CL).
- EL--h, A----x
T--.
b) Give her a big hand please. Her dance

was great =
px y G--C-.
u p C.
4. Give a pat on the back =
vq--- b-T* o--d.
Give her a big hand ..

Damodar: That is unfortunate. Sudha gave
up hopes of getting her stolen articles back. She must be happy
now.
(C -%-d- . T-L-* h--h- ----C .

p -----L.)
Sudhakar: Not quiet. The more valuable
things are gone.
( . \ N-j
h- .)
Damodar: The police seem to have given a
good account of themselves in
acting so fast, and catching the
thief.
( y p-C-*,
d--- M- p
--d-o.)
Sudhakar: I don't give any credit to them for
that. The thief had an accident
and no longer was able to be on
the run. So he surrendered to the
police. The police are just giving
themselves airs.
(
N- M-
. - -q-- u,
J-- M T--.
} C-*-d y----o.)
Damodar: I thought that the thief had given
himself up because they had
given him good chase. I have
thought of giving the police a pat
on the back.
(
M - ---x
T-----E, x a-----o.)
chase - size z =
-.
Sudhakar: Nothing of the sort. You needn't
give them a big hand as they
haven't done any splendid job.
What Sudha got back is just a part
of her stolen goods.
Spoken English
Rebel
M- E N-
p-- |. --d N x u-hi vo
h-o. N Z v-y
M- * -
h-o.)
\ *a--
o--dC.
@N- A------ -.
5. Give a good account of oneself =
E .
a) Dhoni gave a good account of himself in
today's game =
M. SURESAN
They are sure to

rebel against the new law.
F p .
b) Give a good account of yourself in the
exam. I'll present you a bike =
bike
( h d-E uA-- x p
A----)
2. give up = C--/ --.
(- -uC. -xL.)
-v-o: 1. He learnt to care for creatures smaller than himself

himself
- u
-d?
2. Tag questions have, has, had
possess - n -T-*--p tag
h . OE p
ordinary verbs B--L?
: He had fish for breakfast, didn't he?
'have' - question tag 'do'
p--p L?
3. He may come, He daren't do that tag questions ---.
4. a) To get an entry into the hall, either you have to
buy a ticket or you have to give a donation.
b) To get an entry into the hall, you have either to
buy a ticket or give a donation. (Split infinitive)
j ux C d ---.
.N.-, .N..D, ---vA.
x v JlC.
(a-).
He was a rebel all

his life =
Damodar: O.K. Time for my office. I must be

going.
Sudhakar: O.K.
teacher
b) Let's give her a pat on the back. She

has tidied up the home so neatly =
A----/ A--.
Turn the heat on, the heat is on

j n- -----i
expressions. O conversation
--T-.
On the run = d */ v- *
J--.
Sudhakar: The police really deserve appreciation for that. They are giving it
their best shot. The other state
governments are seeking guidance from A.P. Police in the matter.
(
a) The teacher gave him a pat on the back

for his high score =
~ . F
h.
y K-
a) He hasn't given up his job in spite of failing health =
c) Indians haven't been giving a good

account of themselves in the matches =
u s-A--o-p-, u
--.
x -B- J --.
O give - a Eo expressions.
C pattern sentences practice .
b) Don't give up your attempts, you will

succeed =
F v-o -, N -.
Sub
verb
obj
that clause
They will tell her that she is not correct.
---:
1. Correct
2.
(-o n)
C - * question. Have, has, had possess, possesses, possessed n
*a--p -a: a) haven't...? b) don't...? 2 a) hasn't he/ she/ it?
b) doesn't he/ she/ it? 3 a) hadn't ... ? b) didn't ... ?
1 a), 2 a), 3 a) - British; 1 b), 2 b), 3 b) American.
eg: 1 a) They have the books, haven't they? (British)

b) They have the books, don't they (American)
2 a) She has a pen, hasn't she? (British)
b) She has a pen, doesn't she? (American)
3 a) He had a good education, hadn't he? (British)
b) He had a good education, didn't he? (American).
American usage
lA
not
\---C.
3. He may come, mayn't he?

He daren't do that, dare he?
4. b) Correct. Split infinitive
infinitives
to
Buy
infinitive
E
-C.
sentence . to buy or (to) give a donation - \

u-F, to give u-F . split
eg. for split infinitive: I request you to kindly help me.

split infinitive.
to
help
x C
kindly
--C- 24 -- 2006
-- j---
Pranesh: Hi Viswesh, have you met Srikar

yet?
1. Give rise to =
Ny/ E-j --
-
( Ny, X- ---o?)
Viswesh: No, I haven't been able to. I called
his brother Tej but there wasn't any
response.
(. ------.
t . --.)
Pranesh: You'd better do it as soon as possible. Your silence any longer is likely
to give rise to avoidable suspicions.
(C y y h
*C. y x---
----E - a.)
is likely - is 'be' form a. -- -x N-J. is
likely n ya.
He is likely to come today = -E-
a/ a - C.
Avoidable = p--/ ----i)
Viswesh: That I know only too well. These
a) His absence from the marriage gave rise

to a lot of suspicion
Rx -- ---
N-*aC/ --- -Ah-*-C.
b)
uu p N--
LTh.
His comments always give rise to controversy.
controversy =
Z- 'Z \ -
N.
c) An argument always gives rise to further

arguments but doesn't solve any problem.
Eo Lo -Ah-h--F,
-u- Ba.
2. Give a send off = O\ y.
a) Transfer teacher Nu-n
G-- O\-L-a =
few days I've been

busy helping my
brother in law pack
up for his return to
the states. I gave
him the send off last
vGx --- A- ---

d. (hell = )
4. Give vent to one's feelings =
J - uh--- u Bv-i - x--\.

a) He gave vent to his anger at the party
Kd Eo x--\.
b) Mature people don't give vent to their
feelings without proper occasion
J--y o-x, j -sx p

- x--\.
d) Typewriting has given way to DTP =

Typewriters
Computer Printing

a-C.
(DTP = Desk Top Publishing = u-

p---p v-J u)
the lesson:
1. Your silence any longer is likely to give rise
to avoidable suspicions =
F x---- (your silence)

--i -
J-B-hC.
I gave them a bit of my mind
night.
(C . - V-
-J- AJT x-E
l- -- BJ--- o.
Eo-vA - O\-L-a.)
Pranesh: That makes you free, I suppose.
You'd better make Srikar or Tej first.
But what do you want to meet them
for? I don't exactly remember.
(p F BJ-. X--F, -E-F -.

y x x-----o? J h-)
Viswesh: It was my fault. I gave them a hard
time when they were with me. In a
way I was justified. They gave vent
to their feelings against my brother
and I didn't like it. So I gave them a
bit of my mind. But you know, I am
always the forget and forgive type.
So I want to make it up with them.
(C p. x o-p
x sC L-T.
N -\ . o-O
x-o uA--- uh--J-.
C d---C. -E
- o- Et---
p. F - Ja ~N--y E/ Ja ~N E. -E
x l-------o.)
Pranesh: That's very good. They aren't all
that bad either. I am sure your
strained relations will give way to
unending friendship between you.
(x- f--x-. -p- Ou J--E -

-j E--- o-E N--y--E
P-h-o.)
strained relations = -
A strained marriage = u--h u
- J --.
Viswesh: That's what I wish too.
( J/ .)
-- real life situations a simple words get/ have/
do/ go a expressions J-Q-Lho . p ---i give
a expressions l.
Spoken English
The students gave

a warm send off to
the
transferred
teacher.
c) She gave vent to
-x---
her jealousy
250
-

x--\C.
n
5. Give way = *
a. F warm welcome/
.
warm send off = ~ --G-- y/
a) On hearing the news his joy
O\)
gave way to anger
b) A moving send off =
h N- ,
O\.
M. SURESAN
- ---C.
(Moving - n
b) With her mediation their ill feelings gave
--o. Moving n
way to good understanding
%-Eo C-L E .
u--Jh-y x y -The moving tale of Sita = %-Eo
- p-C.
C-L ( u) .
Mediation = u--Jhy.
c) She gave her husband a moving send off
Mediator = uJh.
at the station
Mediator = O-- ().
h Fo-x O\-L-*aC.
' \ -.
d) Give a send off = see off.
c)
All
over
India steam trains have given
O\-L-y n see (somebody)
way
to
electric
and diesel trains
off E .
,
NJ trains ,
e) We saw her off at the airport as she left
n
electric,
diesel
trains a-.
for the states
-J- Rx--p
N--v- O\-La.
EXERCISE
3. Give a hard time = s- L-T-/
J- .
Sita: O - E----?
a) Most mothers-in-law give their daugh -l C.
ters-in-law a hard time
Rao: . o.
C h -x-x J-
Sita: h-o. O x----
/ s- L-T-h/ C-h.
-- N-hC.
Rao: C \?
b) The teacher gave a real hard time to the
students by asking them to work beyond
Sita: x- O\-L-y--E d- RxC.
time
Rao: x *-. C-
p --d. (give a hard time
-B--i -- x sC
)
d teacher.
Sita: N %-d-
--. Eo
c) The British gave Indian freedom fighters
Cl *aC, F n-
a hard time
*-y a----.
yvu - vG--x
Rao: E *- .
sC d/ C-.
Sita: O p. d _ l?
K --- d give hell
Rao: -q oC -o.
.
. y d J* \-
d) The British gave real hell to Bal
x- *C.
Gangadhar Tilak
(warm =
2. I gave him a send

off last night
Eo vA -
O\La.
(I saw him off last night. Give a send off o
see off (O\ p n)
\.)
3. I gave them a hard time when they were

with me
x o-p x- --s-
L-T-/ s-C--d/ C-
4. I want to make it up with them
x @-------o
5. I gave them a bit of my mind
x q oC p-
u - --l d o-ox L- (u ).
Let me give you a bit of my mind. The
sooner you leave me the better
- oC pF, y y
\ * R *C (Get out
E).
6. I am sure your strained relations will give
way to unending friendship
O s-Ao - n E---i
o -----E t-o.
ANSWER
Sita: You don't appear to be so well. I am a
bit anxious.
Rao: Nothing's the matter. I am OK.
Sita: You are hiding something. Your silence
is giving rise to many suspicions.
Rao: Where is Indira?
Sita: She has gone to station to give a send
off to our son-in-law.
our son-inlaw
her husband, better.)
(\
Rao: He is quite nice. He never gives a hard

time to Indira.
Sita: That way we are lucky. He was a little
angry yesterday, but soon the anger
gave way to a smile.
Rao: He is really a good man.
Sita: Come now tell me. Shall we see a doctor?
Rao: Let me give you a bit of my mind. The
less you talk about a doctor, the better.
-- 26 -- 2006
-- j---
Vignata: Hi Santasa, well met. In fact I was

about to start for your place. Glad
you've come. When are we going to
meet Vilasa?
(--E --o. O
-l---o. y *a- . N- p ---o?)
Santasa: What about? I don't exactly remember.
(Eo J*? *a- h----.)

Vignata: Santasa, It's about time that you
took things seriously. We three
talked about starting a business
when we met last.
(y u-i N-- J
d----Lq ---N-C.
J ---op j
u v-G----o.)
Santasa: Sorry.
mind.
though the competition is high.

Our job is all about booking as many
orders as possible and executing
them.
( \ o-p-, *
T C. fx --,
E - - .)
Booking orders = h/ h- /
Fo, rate -E -x t--x
y/ t-x ---.
execute orders x, x -T ,
- . DEo delivering (--)
E .
Despatch orders = x -o -
x .
Santasa: Vinamra will be home now. Your
brother too will be about in a few
minutes. Let's all go to Vinamra's
and discuss the matter.
(p Nv x C. O
v Cl EN-x h. -
It's gone clean out of my
(K.
N
Jh Ja.)
hall furniture *---- -o.

e) Students are all about the place/ all around
the place.
(\ dq A-
o.)
f) The police are about/ around the place.
Don't forget to wear the helmet.
( d Mo. t d
Ja-.)
3) about E n. n
about around --o.
d\)
b) Is any one about, please?
(\----o o-?)
c) She was about/ around here a few minutes,
but is not to be seen now.
(Cl ~ \ C, p E- .) C practice . conversation -----C.

6. be slow/ quiet about something.
( N x --/ _
.
a) He is very slow
about taking decisions
Do something about it
Vignata: You
had
better not.
It's a matter
of investment of lakhs. Our money is
lying idle in the bank. We thought of
putting it to better use.
(-N Ja-. ~- -
d- N C. u
s - C. Eo -Cy-E-
a.)
Santasa: True. Let's be quick about it.
(. y l.)
Vignata: Let's be clear about what we are
going to do while we are about it.
( N/ E----p,
pd -*l.)
Santasa: We should also get loans from state
finance corporation and the banks.
(d jq p--, u
* B--L .)
Vignata: (There's) No use talking. Let's do
some thing about it and quickly too.
(- - . E
N y L J.)
Santasa: How do we go about it?
( v-Gl?/ v-G-
?)
Vignata: Our business is going to be computer hardware. We'll deal in computer hardware with an investment
of about 15 lakh rupees.
( u- x u
--o, 15 ~ d--.)
Santasa: Is your brother about? He can help
us in planning.
(O---o-u \--\-j- o?
xE ----.)
Vignata: We can expect him round about
10.30.
(
--10.30 h-E P-a.)

Santasa: Isn't computer hardware all about
the parts of the central processing
unit of the computer?
(computer hardware
computer
central processing unit
J ?)
Vignata: Yea. We've a good market for it,
Spoken English
Nv
Rx
N
Jal.)
-x---
251
a) The car cost me

about
4
lakh
rupees.
Vignata: That's OK.

(
4 ~-uC.)
The car cost me around 4 lakh
O h -C -- rupees.
- prepositions x u-i
b) He came to me about 10/ around
E J* --o. p
10 at night and spent an hour
h N- E Jal.
talking. (vA C-
English Conversation do, get,
_ *a - x-.)
M. SURESAN c) About 10 lakh people gather at
have, go, give a high frequency - J* -Allahabad for the Kumbhamela.
o. prepositions use
(
-C~C - correct -- conversation
.)
effective C. lesson
u about J* ---. 4. Do something about it.
(E N u.)
(pronunciation ' \-.)
C spoken English com1. C about
mon. u x - ~ -
Ja, J* E.
E C- n.
a) We talked about our college days.
No use drawing plans and discussing the
( @ V J* x-- a) matter.
Do something about it.
o.)
(v
*-, Ja- x vb) I know everything about computers.
. u / .)
(ux J* .)
b) He always talks about cleaning the place
c) Naturally the mother wants to know all
about the girl her son is going to marry.
( R} - t-E J*
Jh ----E Lx - -C.)
2. About v d/ *----
E n. n spoken English
about - -.
a) They spent the whole evening walking
about the town.
but does nothing about it.
(- v-Eo v--- J*
x----F, -O .)
5. be about: v d \ .
a) Is your brother about
b) There are rumours about the place that he

has murdered her.
(- - -v--- -E
--x-o.)
c) Books were lying all about the room.
( h- *----
o.)
n about around .
d) Furniture lay all about/ all around the hall .
b) She is very quick about/ at seizing opportunities.
(--- NE--T---
.)
a) Go about = C spoken English
--- expression.
n: ( E) v-G-, N etc.
a) Pratibha: Let's stage a drama for our college day.
(
-- - --j- l.)
Prasanna: OK. How do we go about it?
(. L E?)
b) How do we go about to get a passport?
(-d a----E L?)
expression \ questions h-C
-E-.
6. all about = n u u----
J* p--p .
a) The armed forces' job is all about defending the country.
(army, navy and air force)
~
E.
b) A teacher's job is all about preparing the

students for exams.
(Nu-n- K-~-
l- E.)
c) A computer professional's job is all about

getting the information needed and processing data.
u- x --Eo -a, N Nx---.

About J* v p--p
- hC.
(O --o-u o \ o?
EXERCISE
Bhaskar: OK.

Bhaskar:
( (J-d) A- v
-- x.)
Eg- B---
u
h.)
\ about ,
at \- .
x J* F ?
Prabhakar: x J* F N-
L?x J* L--Lq
N-Fo .
Bhaskar: x d-\ o
Eo.
Prabhakar: FE x -L -E--
.
Bhaskar: . N J* E
---, J-.
Prabhakar: y-E
-Lq
.
Answer
Bhaskar: What do you know about them?
Prabhakar: What do you want to know about
them? I know about almost
everything that we should know
about them.
Bhaskar: One of them was about/ around
here the whole of yesterday.
Prabhakar: Your job is all about observing
their movements.
Bhaskar: I'll go about it seriously.
Prabhakar: It's about time you started it.
Bhaskar: OK.
- 28 -- 2006
-- j---
Jagan: Are you going ahead with buying that

flat?
( x -o?)
Ratna: I was very much for buying it, but now
I am giving a second thought to it.
Jagan: Hope no one has been hurt.
( ------)
Ratna: Fortunately none. In fact the house
has been vacant for quite some time
now, as it is very old and dilapidated
( - --o/
- d C, E Sx
-*----o)
(%-d- -h . x
C, PC---n x - S- C.)
Vacant= -= S. ' \
-.
Dilapidated= ----= PC---n
o/ L---xo (building N)
Jagan: Why? What's happened?
(? J-TC?)
Ratna: Aasa said she would buy one along
with me, next to mine, but she has
given up now.
(-, \ x
-C. E - p
-C.)
Jagan: OK. But don't let this slip. It's certainly

a bargain- a three bed roomed flat for
Rs.30 lakh in such an area.
(. DEo -N--
v- 30 ~- 3 bed roomed flat
*a ).
Jagan: But her husband gave me to understand that they had almost paid the
advance.
Ratna: OK.
(F x yq d--x
h p (G-v
Lp-)
Ratna: But
something
happened in the
last
minute
and they gave
up the idea.
Eg- B--, E a--

@N- -. -sx give/
have a second thought/ on second thoughts
conversation
---
expression.
h D o , after thought.
B-o Eg--E - p---p
a - after thought. - -\ p---p a after
thought.
c) The students were given to understand

that they would have some concession in
the fees= fees
concession
-a
G-v/ t Nu-nx L-T-.
3. Give the devil its due. --- p-L E Dn. f--x * --j
a--, to give the devil its due.
a) - t-_. E N--E-N- p--L . p P-h = Ravana was certainly bad, but
to give the devil its due, he was a great
devotee of Lord Siva.
Give the devil its due
(E *-J-~- J-TC. x
- --o.)
Jagan: But why should that make you change
your plans of buying the flat?
(F -x x - -
y- a--L?)
Ratna: (I) can't imagine being away from her,
as we have been neighbours for such
a long time.
(- ---
x,
-------o.)
Jagan: I understand that. I don't like her
much, but to give the devil its due, she
is quite helpful when help is needed.
(n ---. N-
d- E --- p--L
j - --p,
----C.)
Ratna: That way she is the opposite of our
other neighbour, Smitha. She gives
the slip exactly when we need her.
( N-, \N t
Jh uA-. d
- -\-----p --C.)
Jagan: Try to convince Aasa about the
advantages of having this flat. If you
bring some pressure on her, she will
certainly give in.
( x x J J*
- a-p. y Ah h
*a U--JhC.)
Ratna: Not immediately. She is busy carrying
out repairs to her old house. Because
of the incessant rains the roof which
had been leaking, suddenly gave way.
She is attending to that.
( . -t G@ C. --J--E {-- ho p -h -C. -E h-.)

carrying out = , -/ c
----
incessant = q- - /
--J---
Spoken English
real life situations

daily
conversation
common words
get/ have/
do/
take/
-x---
t, o
L*, y *a
-- o L- . (
o L --- E.)
a) *aC .
y *a --
----o.
give
a simple
expressions J* Ja-ho
. ---i
give a J-Eo expressions p l.
1. Give a second thought =
252
He invited mom and

dad first and added
me as an after
thought=
M. SURESAN
---*-. N--x
Eg Bo y E J*
-J -*-.
a) ---, J *--?= Don't be hasty. Why don't you
give a second thought to it/ why don't
you give it a second thought?
b) I am determined. No question of giving
a second thought to buying the car =
Eg--o. N - vh .
Determine= -N , bird ' , '
\ - Eg----/ d
Eg B--/ %-E-a- .
He came to temple, but as an

after thought called at my place.
( ---J--p o - -
- .)
b) His buying the camera is only an after
thought. His idea was only to buy a TV =
----oC
y *a -.
TV. Camera
2. Give (somebody) to understand (something) conversation

expression.
NE-
v-Eo L-T-.

n -J G-
a) She gave me to understand that she is

not interested in jewellery =
--O -h-- G-v/

t L-T-*C.
c) He Wanted to make a career in the

movies, but gave a second thought to it,
finally he dropped it.
b) The boss gave us to understand that

tomorrow would be a holiday =
E-x ----o, E E N
---**, --o.
Give a second thought have
G-v-Eo/ t-Eo
L-T-.
C \ passive -.
second thoughts (British)/ have second

thought (American)/ on second thoughts
E .
d) --- - t-E Rx -----o. F a--o= He
wanted to marry her, but had second
thought (s) about it.
e) I was all for buying a flat, but on second
thoughts gave up the idea =
x E d -o F, --*--E -o.
f) She wanted to go, but on second
thoughts decided to stay on =
x- -C, E a-E
-E Eg---C.
EXERCISE
Sailesh:
E y - Ea---o?
Vignesh: . C *aC. ?
Sailesh: h -J -*.
\--E-E-- ?
Vignesh: C. p
T_ N- .
Sailesh: --L.
v * condition
.
Vignesh: \-E ----o?
Sailesh: T_ T_-d ?
b) Summer is unbearable in A.P., but to

give the devil its
due, we get mangoes and jasmine =
N v-v-
s-. E -- p--L, -N- N-x, x- aC.
c) He is a rogue, but give the devil its due.
He helped me. =
t-_. E
* N---N- .
4. Give in = T--.
a) He first refused to do it, but gave in

in the end =
C p-. E *- T--.
b) They gave in only after a stiff fight =
-f - y T--
(v--)
5. Give way = lesson give way
/ --J/ --E n
y E ---o-. Give way,
lesson -s (Buildings, j-p
N) T--/ J-- E
n.
a) The old building gave way as too many
people climbed on its roof=
building

p-OC \ C - C
LC.
b) The branch gave way under his weight =
- t NJ-TC.
DEE - j-J -a.
c) Though we forced him he did not give
way on any point =
- ,
- -.
O give conversation a
expressions Eo. OE conversation
.
ANSWER
Sailesh: Are you determined/ Have you
decided to buy the car?
Vignesh: Yes. I am. I like the car. Why?
Sailesh: Give it a second thought. Don't you
feel that the price is rather high/ on
the high side?
Vignesh: The car is OK. Whatever I say, the
owner refuses to give in, in the
matter of the price.
Sailesh: To give the devil its due, he has
kept the car in good condition.
Vignesh: Then why do you say the price is
high?
Sailesh: A reduction is always a reduction,
you know?
--- 1 ----J 2007
-- j---
Hrithik: Where exactly is this conference
hall?
-x---
( J -d
\-C?)
253
Hrithik: When is the meeting, exactly?
( O p?)
Rithwik: At 5 on friday. That is the day after
(tomorrow). We've to see that nothing
goes wrong.
Rithwik: You get on my nerves, Hrithik. You

are the joint secretary and you are
irresponsible enough not to know
even that. You get on my nerves.
(y -h u--JzN, N
L-- u----
o. p-h-o.)
(v- -C-. x.
- -- L )
So? (?)
Hrithik: I'm sorry. I'll be careful. Where's the

hall?
Rithwik: We have to be there around one in

the afternoon.
(K. v-h .
-\?)
( V -
v \ L).
Rithwik: This hall is above the department

store around the collectorate.
Hrithik:
Hrithik: Why so early?
( -d _-o -d d j C.)
( ?)
- lesson
- .
n o around
- l.
around -n d E
. C --J L- n.
'about'
There is a wall around the garden =
d C.
The fence around the field prevents cattle from

entering it =
d o -- -L
E-C-hC.
around about - -
n -.
(200 C O ----E
. p-x u--~---E
T-- --- \ L.)
Hrithik: Isn't that the one just below the mini

conference room?
(C *o p-q C ?)
Rithwik: Just that. It's quite spacious. But the
problem is there isn't enough parking
place for all the cars and two wheelers that may come.
Hrithik: When is the chief guest due to

arrive?
(. lC. E -u-N-
---E-ax x, Cyv
- E---E T A .)
(u--AC -Lq--p?)
-x)
Hrithik: How are we getting around the problem?
His failure was due to his laziness =
Rithwik: I think we can take the school

grounds nearby for the duration of the
conference.
(
(due to =
l x N---u.
Due to n j --Lq
.
The meeting is due to start in five minutes
=
EN-- O v
C.
The train due at 14.30 = j uo
2.30 L.
She is due at/ she is due to come at 10.30

=
( u C--Nh?)
_-o \ vq p-q
--E B--a.)
Hrithik: Where is the chief guest from?
( u AC \--?)
Rithwik: From Vizag. He lives there around
the Lawson's Bay.
Lawson's Bay
(C j. \
J--x .)
Rithwik: He is expected to be here around

4.30 itself. He is usually punctual.
Hrithik: Shall we go and have a look around

the place now? I mean the conference hall.
( 4.30 h-E ---o.

- d j
h.)
( Rx J - v-Eo
l?)
Rithwik: Lets go. ( .)
C-o- Lq C.
v-o: I. Present
---a--\-.
b) Around three hundred people gathered in
the place =
---C \ N--.
v vo
---.
What have you been done all nights?

What have been you done in nights?
j C jC?
II. I watched Rama load the gun to load.
What have you been done all nights? verb, have you been done, present perfect tense,
voice passive.
sentence
verb, be form + past parvoice passive.
have been
ticiple
- 'be' form; done (past participle) verb,
passive -
E,
-x n
y --f? E n E
I saw her open the letter to open.
C.
O n--N? p Tx- O -
\
Eo N-J-.
d,
-u, -.
j n.
---: I. What have you done all nights?
II. I watched Rama load the gun - C correct
question verb have you done, present
sentence - Rama gun load
perfect tense C. all nights
E. Sx to load n-. p-C
o-p n J--.
sentence .
What have you done all the night? (v
I saw her open the letter to open - I saw her
?) j, what have you done all the
open the letter ( letter open
nights? (Eo v p ?)
E) -? Sx to open
j n hC.
repeat ? n-.
\* xLq
hC.
b) If you go around the house, you are likely to
be suspected =
d AJT Eo --E-a.
N - conversation NE-
around -C-* . N practice h
O conversation simple , C.
1. We've (we have) to be there around one in
the afternoon =
--/ - v
\ L.
a) He lives somewhere around the bus station=

bus station
_ / J--x
2. Around 200 people are expected to attend

the meeting =
b) Her office is somewhere around the post

office =
3. He is expected to be here around 4.30

itself =
office post office
200 C ---E a.
(-J- h-o?/ ---o?)

(- )
Sudhir: For Sakuntala.
Kumud: She was around here half an hour

ago. Don't know where she is now.
(- \/ J-
C. --\- L-.)
, around v-/ v
_ n -a.
Get around: DEE conversation - --. -u J-\ \- F/ -u p E F
n.
a) We can get around most of the problems in
the country by population control =
E-v--x -u-
-- C--N--a / ( -u-)
J-\ -\-a.
---: 1. I won't pedal/ I can't pedal.
2. If you pedal/ If you are willing to pedal,

I'll come/ go with you/ accompany you.
\ = pedal/ cycle
v-o: So, very, too - p,
---. You are very late. You are so
late . You are too late . -- -?
NL, h, X- .
---: So E. you are so good =
y/ O *--N/ EN/ x E
n. American English n
--.
eg: Thank you so much. (O thanks)
Very E .
He is a good man = *-
cycle
\- 4.30, v a.
_--\ C.
Kumud: Who are you looking for?
(jx a, E p-----E)
2. ' F j \x h.
- u- Tx- ---.
XE- ,
What have you done all nights?
a) If the door is locked, you'll have to go around

the side of the house =
Around d--\/ -j/ J n C.
v-o: 1. ' j \ x
perfect continuous tense

questions
Nu u- J- \-J-
.
Go around n d AJT x.
a) He came here around 2 o'clock =
We have to be there around ..

Rithwik: Around 200 people are expected to
attend the meeting. We've to receive
them. To supervise the arrangements
we've to be there early enough.
b) (It is) difficult to get around the power shortage problem =
4. He lives around the Lawson's Bay =
Lawson's Bay
_ .
5. Shall we have a look around the place

now?=
v-Eo ( v-Eo) J l?
, _, d--\ n around
---x about -a.
Exercise:
Write as many sentences as you can,
on the following pattern:
Subject + verb + 'wh' word + clause
He
knows
pattern
why
I am here
example
Sub + verb + 'wh' word + clause

She
explained
how
she found the way.
Sentence 1)
n: E-\----o -
.
2) J -\ N-J-*C.
--. --
She is a very beautiful girl =
-i t.
Too A. j too , C A, --i---E- \ E, -x
---E.
a) It is very bad = C J--a
It is too bad = C A J-.
b) The doctor's fee is high/ very high =
Doctor
fee
B-
\/ \.
_ ju --a.
The doctor's fee is too high =
fee K \ ( d---).
_ ju -----a.
very, so, too -- lesson
-x N-J. .
you are so late - y u. h
--.
you are too late - y K -u a
--Lq E -. F d.

2006 Spoken English

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---

Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year

Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have

Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she?

---E -E-o -- --C. ?

Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi,

Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from

Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I

-- --- --*a- lessons

3) a) Ameet has scored

(No not in the stem)

Now practice the following in English:

( ^-o , ? (not in the stem)

Sx Eo verb farms a question tags

-v-o: 1) -- ---h-- ---Tx--

English --C-* --*

Spoken English books market

That's right, do you, don't you?

Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it?

I am ready. Thank you for making all

do you, don't you?

--v- E- --E English ~

-v-o: 1) Spoken english ,

simple , l---E - -, - --. Jh

-J --E- -T-- o--x

( , [ --o h E J# o -------o-E o[. F ]-]'d--h G@ ? -

. question tags , lesson

Preethi: Does it?

costs II Regular Doing Word

Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me

Sunil: Only the megastar knows

verb does (not) help response

-- question tags form

shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have,

not tag not [-C O [].

Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.

Sravan: O, can you?

Now practise the following in English

Prasad: O, are they?

So may it to you, Laxman.

--v 6 ----J 2006

Please go ahead. What is the matter?

4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used

(O --/ -O-- ---a?)

5) May in the beginning of a statement is used

4) How long may I keep this book?

for expressing wishes and blessings.

Now practice the following in English.

1) You may go now.

When may I know the result?

(E- hoEp. F O\-L-y-E station a. F v

May you have a happy time in your

O u G-%Cl L! (J, Qq)

2) You may use my phone if you want.

-v-o: B TC, NJ-TC,

B TC = the wire bent

-v-o: Idioms, usage -J-* -N--J--.

u May you live to be a hundred.

in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite

b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)?

h_ English Newspapers, The Hindu

Not in the least. You call Ganesh.

Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?

Brahmam: Any idea who else might know