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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Dr.
Vikas Mahto, Associate Professor, Department of petroleum engineering, Indian
School of Mines, Dhanbad for his excellence guidance and meticulous examination of
the project report. Without his help it would not have been possible for me to carry out
the work smoothly. I thank him for his valuable suggestion supervision and constant
inspiration throughout the course of this work without it would not have been possible
to complete this work and I am deeply indebted to him.

I would also like to express deep gratitude to Prof. V.P. SHARMA, Head of
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Dr. T.K.Naiya course coordinator for their
periodic suggestion and corporation during the course of work.

I am also thankful to research scholar Mr.Rajat Jain and all the staff member of the
department for their coordination and during the work. And I also owe thanks to all
persons who directly and indirectly help me during the work.

BHOLA KUAMAR PASWAN


M.Tech.(Petroleum Engineering)
Adm. No. (2013MT0193)

ABSTRACT

The drilling of sensitive formations is not possible with water based mud only as they
possess many problems like swelling, dispersion, pipe sticking, high torque and drag. The
alternative may be Non-aqueous fluids but, environmental considerations associated with
their use limit their applications. In this work, oil-in water emulsion mud system has been
prepared with the use of jatropha oil which is eco-friendly. Also, an attempt is made to
develop two more oil-in-water emulsion system using mineral oil and diesel oil. The
developed mud systems are incorporated with different biopolymers and semi-synthetic
polymers like xanthan gum, poly-anionic cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose. Sodium
lauryl sulfate is used as a primary emulsifier which has stabilized the emulsions successfully.
Further, extensive experimental work is done to optimize the drilling fluid system with
different concentrations of the materials loaded. The rheological and filtration properties were
measured by Fann VG meter and API Filter press. The density of the developed system is
studied by Mud balance. The rheological and filtration properties are controlled by the
carboxymethyl cellulose and polyanionic cellulose. Zeta potential and Interfacial tension
measurements

have

been

done

with

Malvern

zeta

meter

4.0

and

Tensionmeterrespectively.Viscosity is imparted by the xanthan gum to the system. Further,


the system is inhibited by the potassium chloride salt 5% (w/v) to inhibit swelling of clay
formations. The filtration properties are further improved by adding carbon nanoparticles 1-2
% (w/v) to the system which acts as a bridging agent in the developed system. Finally, a
novel eco-friendly non-damaging drilling fluid system is established which may extend the
application of emulsions in drilling industry.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title

Page No.

Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... i
Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii
Contentsiii
List of Figures ......................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables............................................................................................................ vi
1

Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2
1.1

Shale gas in India .......................................................................................... 3

1.2

Shale Gas Drilling Problems ......................................................................... 5

Literature review ....................................................................................................... 6


2.1

Drilling Fluid ................................................................................................ 6

2.2

Function of drilling fluids .............................................................................. 6

2.3

major functions of a drilling fluid .................................................................. 6


2.3.3 Support and stabilize wellbores ........................................................... 7

2.4

Minor function ................................................................................................. 8


2.4.1 Support weight of tubular ................................................................. 8
2.4.2 Cool and lubrication the bit and drill string ......................................... 9
2.4.3 Transmit hydraulic power to bit ......................................................... 9
2.4.4

Provide medium for the wire line logging .......................................... 9

2.4.5 Assist in the gathering of sub-surface geological data ........................ 9


2.5

Additional benefits ............................................................................................ 9


2.5.1 Minimize formation damage .................................................................. 10
iii

2.5.2 Reduce corrosion

.............................................................................. 10

2.5.3 Minimize lost circulation ........................................................................ 10


2.5.4 Reduce struck pipe ................................................................................ 10
2.5.5 Reduce pressure losses ........................................................................... 11
2.5.6 Improve penetration rate ........................................................................ 11
2.5.7 Reduce environmental effect .................................................................. 11
2.6

Types of drilling fluids ....................................................................................... 11


2.6.1 Water-based drilling fluid ....................................................................... 11
2.6.1.1 No dispersed system .............................................................................. 12
2.6.1.2 Dispersed system ................................................................................... 12
2.6.2 Oil based drilling fluid ............................................................................ 12

2.7 Properties of drilling fluid ..................................................................................... 13


2.7.1 Physical and chemical properties of fluid ................................................. 13
2.7.2 Primary characteristics of drilling fluid..................................................... 13
2.7.3 Rheological properties ............................................................................... 14
2.7.4 Rheology................................................................................................... 14
2.7.4.1 Plastic viscosity (PV) .............................................................................. 14
2.7.4.2 Yield point ............................................................................................. 15
2.7.4.3 Gel strength ............................................................................................ 15
2.7.5 Filtration properties .16
2.7.6 Filtration and filter cake .. 16
3

Material, Experimental analysis and method

17

3.1 material use 17


3.2 Equipment or instruments use .17
3.2.1 Mud balance

.17

iv

3.2.2 Fann viscometer .18


3.2.3 API- filtration .. 18
3.3 Experimental procedures 18
3.3.1 Mud density.18
3.3.2 Rheolohy 19
3.3.2.1 Plastic viscosity and yield point ...20
3.3.2.2 Gel strength (10-sec/10-mins).. 21
3.3.4 Low temperature/Low pressure filtration ......... .22
3.4 Methods...23
4 Results and discussion for palm oil24
4.1 palm oil based data24
5 Jatropha oil.25
5.1 Experimental procedure .26
5.2 properties of the jatropha oil in water emulation mud system.28
5.3 Result and discussion ..29
6 Conclusion 30
7 References.31

LIST OF TABLE
S N.

Content

Page No.

Palm oil data

24

5.1

Mud composition

27

5.2

Mud made from diesel and jatropha

27

5.3

Mud made from jatropha biodiesel with drilling cutting

27

5.4

Effect of jatropha oil on rheological properties

28

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig No.

Content

Page No.

Shale structure

Shale gas reservoir in India

Mud balance

19

Speed selection of knob

20

Speed viscometer

21

API Filter loss equipment and filter cake

23

vi

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