2D SRME Multiple Prediction465

SeisSpace Tools Reference

2D SRME Multiple Prediction

Surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) is a method
for attenuating multiples generated by the free surface. It
uses only the recorded data to predict all orders of free
surface multiples. Due to timing and amplitude errors that
arise in practice, the predicted multiples are typically
subtracted from the data using adaptive filtering in a
separate flow. 2D SRME Multiple Prediction is intended for
zero azimuth 2D towed streamer acquisition.

Theory
The principal advantage of SRME over Radon, deconvolution,
or model-based methods is that SRME makes no
assumptions about moveout or periodicity, and it requires no
subsurface information. 2D SRME will predict all surfacerelated 2D multiples, provided all the necessary subevents
are recorded within the aperture and azimuth of the
acquisition line. The surface is assumed to be a perfectly
reflecting boundary and the input data are assumed to have
been regularized prior to the application of 2D SRME. Shot
and Receiver Regularization for 2D SRME will ensure the
data are prepared correctly for 2D SRME Multiple Prediction.
The implementation assumes zero azimuth acquisition (that
is, the cable should be towed directly behind the source
boat). Sources and receivers must be sampled at equal
increments, and near offsets must be extrapolated back to
the source. The traces within the shot must be ordered from
near to far offsets. Preprocessing usually involves swell noise
attenuation and direct wave muting.

The implemented algorithm is

where M is the predicted multiples and D1 and D2 are the

input datasets. If only one dataset is input, then D2=D1. The
variables xs, xg are the source and receiver coordinates and

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction466

SeisSpace Tools Reference

is the angular temporal frequency. Nx is the number of

traces summed in the multiple contribution gather. This
equation implies a line source. The input datasets should
have their direct wave removed, and for optimal results the
source wavelet should be deconvolved and the ghosts
removed. For a more exact prediction, the deghosted datasets
could be redatumed to the free surface and an obliquity
factor could be applied to one of the two input datasets prior
to 2D SRME Multiple Prediction. It is common practice to
skip the deconvolution and deghosting and to let adaptive
subtraction compensate for the resulting amplitude and
phase errors.
For multiple contribution gathers, the algorithm is

where D1 and D2 are the input datasets (in the case of one
input, D2=D1), and xs is the chosen output shot record
location, xg represents the receiver locations, and x
represents the surface locations within the aperture.

Reference
Verschuur, D.J., Berkhout, A.J., and Wapenaar, C.P.A. (1992) "Adaptive surfacerelated multiple elimination," Geophysics 57, 9, 1166-1177.
Weglein, A.B., Gasparotto, F.A., Carvalho, P.M., and Stolt, R.H. (1997) "An
inverse-scattering series method for attenuating multiples in seismic reflection
data," Geophysics 62, 6, 1975-1989.

Usage
For 2D SRME Multiple Prediction, an example flow may
consist of the following.
1. JavaSeis Data Input
2. Load distributed array
3. Shot and Receiver Regularization for 2D SRME (forward)
4. 2D SRME Multiple Prediction
5. Shot and Receiver Regularization for 2D SRME (reverse)
Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction467

SeisSpace Tools Reference

6. Unload distributed array

7. JavaSeis Data Output

The 2D SRME Multiple Prediction tool is designed for typical

towed streamer marine acquisition.
Data Organization
The input data organization must be one of the following.
The predefined MARINE_SHOTS_2D data organization.
This is a logical subset of typical 3D marine field geome-

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction468

SeisSpace Tools Reference

tries where the five axes are TIME_IND, CHAN,

SHOT_2D, CABLE_NO and S_LINE.
A 3D dataset corresponding to typical 2D marine geometries where the first two axes are TIME_IND, CHAN and
the third axis is either FFID or SOURCE.
Headers Used
None
Headers Added
If multiple contribution gathers is selected, SEQ_NO will be
added if it does not exist.
Headers Modified
None

Parameters
Available parameters vary based on the choices made.
Input data option
Choose from the following options.
One input convolves the input data with itself.
Two inputs convolve two input datasets together.
To prepare two inputs, use JavaSeis Data Input and
JavaSeis Data Match, with the latter tool parameterized
to combine capsules. Alternatively, computing higher
order terms in the multiple prediction series can be
simulated by outputting Input and predicted multiples
and cascading multiple 2D SRME Multiple Prediction
tools together. For this case be sure to set the parameter
Identifier for second input in data capsule to a value
of srmultiples.
Note: Use the SeisSpace Check Tool utility to display
how the datasets are being created and modified through
the flow, including the name of the capsule identifier.

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction469

SeisSpace Tools Reference

Output data option

Predicted multiples returns only the predicted multiples.
Input and predicted multiples returns the input data
followed by the predicted multiples. If two inputs were
chosen, it returns the first input along with the predicted
multiples. Note that the input will be filtered if either the
Minimum frequency or the Maximum frequency are not
set to the default.
Multiple contribution gathers returns, for one shot, the
traces contributing to the multiple prediction prior to
summation. This option may be used to investigate aperture.
Identifier for second input in data capsule
Appears if Input data option is Two inputs. Uses the first
input by default. User must enter the name of the second
input dataset. Enter the identifier for the second input in the
capsule. Defaults to seismic_2.
Note: Use the SeisSpace Check Tool utility to display how
the datasets are being created and modified through the flow,
including the name of the capsule identifier. In most cases,
the ID will be seismic_2. This input will be removed after it is
used by the tool.
Minimum frequency
Minimum frequency in Hz. Defaults to 0.0. Must be less than
the maximum frequency.
Maximum frequency
Maximum frequency in Hz. Defaults to 0.0, which is
interpreted as the Nyquist frequency.
Percent padding in time
Percent increase in the number of samples to pad before fast
Fourier transform. Defaults to 100.0.

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction470

SeisSpace Tools Reference

Check shooting direction

If Yes, the tool examines trace headers to verify that the boat
is pulling the cable and that the traces are ordered from near
to far within a shot. If the header values indicate the boat is
not pulling the cable, then the tool will fail during the Run
phase while printing the relevant header information to the
log file.
Output shot record
Appears if Multiple contribution gathers for Output data
option. Enter the identification number of the shot record (1,
17, 234....) For each channel in the shot, an ensemble of
traces will be output.
Advanced Parameters
Aperture specification
Sets the definition of the aperture. Choose from the following
options.
Maximum applies the maximum aperture, which will
include all recorded offsets and will use negative offsets
by invoking reciprocity.
Nominal includes all the recorded offsets between the
source and the receiver.
Offset variable applies an aperture that varies with the
offset of the output trace.
Aperture around midpoint
Appears if Offset variable is selected. Enter the size of the
aperture as a percentage of the offset. A value of 100% is
equivalent to the Nominal aperture specification option.

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction471

SeisSpace Tools Reference

Minimum aperture
Appears if Aperture specification is set to Offset variable.
Enter the minimum number of traces to include in the
multiple prediction.

Taper of multiple contribution gather traces

Specifies a percentage of the number of traces to taper at
either end of the multiple contribution gather. A setting of
0.0% means no taper while 10.0% will taper 10% on either
side and leave the center 80% untapered. This action always
precedes any normalization.
Apply fold normalization
Appears if Output data option is set to Predicted multiples
or Input and predicted multiples and Aperture
specification is set to Offset variable. Select Yes to divide
multiple prediction trace by the number of traces in the
multiple contribution gather. See the equation above, where

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction472

SeisSpace Tools Reference

Nx represents the number of traces summed in the multiple

contribution gather.
Apply amplitude normalization
Appears if Output data option is set to Predicted multiples
or Input and predicted multiples and Aperture
specification is set to Offset variable. Select Yes to scale the
multiples to have the same frequenced-averaged maximum
amplitude as the (first) input dataset. The dataset is
multiplied by a single scalar to approximately match the
amplitude of the original data. the scalar value is written to
the Info level of the log file. See Logging options.
Reverse polarity of the predicted multiples
Appears if Output data option is set to Predicted multiples
or Input and predicted multiples. Select Yes to multiply the
predicted multiples by -1.
Apply 3D to 2D correction
Appears if Output data option is set to Predicted multiples
or Input and predicted multiples. Select Yes to
approximately correct from 3D to 2D propagation. An
approximate correction is performed by dividing the data by
i . The correction is subsequently removed from the
predicted multiples by multiplying by

i .

Logging Options
Log on master joblet only
Choose Yes to receive logging messages from only the master.
Choose No to receive logging messages from all joblets.
Logging verbosity
Selects the level and volume of debugging information.
Choose one of the following options.
INFO provides minimal diagnostic information.
DETAIL provides detailed diagnostic information appropriate to diagnosing the effectiveness of test runs. Use

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction473

SeisSpace Tools Reference

this level to help determine if the chosen parameters are

converging on an optimal solution.
DEBUG provides diagnostic information for troubleshooting the program.

Other Docs

Search Page

Known Problems

2D SRME Multiple Prediction474

Other Docs

SeisSpace Tools Reference

Search Page

Known Problems