Professional Documents
Culture Documents
02
Equipment
Reference Manual
November 2010
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction.................................................................................................1
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
Chapter 3
3.1
Sources......................................................................................................11
Source Properties .......................................................................................11
3.1.1 Source Equivalent Impedances .....................................................12
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Regulators .................................................................................................15
Regulator Properties...................................................................................15
Regulator Settings ......................................................................................16
Regulator Control........................................................................................17
Regulator Meter Settings ............................................................................19
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
Transformers.............................................................................................23
Connection and Phase Shift Symbols ........................................................23
Transformer Two Winding .......................................................................24
5.2.1 Two-winding Transformer Properties.............................................24
5.2.2 Two-winding Transformer Settings ................................................26
5.2.3 Load Tap Changer Settings ...........................................................27
5.2.4 Transformer Meter Settings ...........................................................28
5.2.5 By Phase Settings ..........................................................................30
5.2.6 Single-phase Two-wire Configurations ..........................................30
5.2.7 Three-phase Configurations ..........................................................32
Two-winding Auto-transformer ...................................................................34
5.3.1 Two-winding Auto-transformer Properties .....................................34
5.3.2 Two-winding Auto-transformer Settings.........................................36
5.3.3 Auto-transformer Meter Settings ....................................................37
Transformer Three-winding .....................................................................39
5.4.1 Three-winding Transformer Properties ..........................................39
5.4.2 Three-winding Transformers Settings............................................41
5.4.3 First / Second Load Tap Changer..................................................42
Three-winding Auto-transformer.................................................................43
5.5.1 Three-winding Auto-transformer Properties...................................43
5.5.2 Three-winding Auto-transformers Settings ....................................45
5.5.3 First / Second Load Tap Changer..................................................46
Grounding Transformer ..............................................................................47
5.6.1 Grounding Transformer Properties ................................................47
5.6.2 Grounding Transformer Settings....................................................48
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Chapter 6
6.1
6.3
Generators.................................................................................................49
Synchronous Generator .............................................................................49
6.1.1 Synchronous Generator Properties ...............................................49
6.1.2 Synchronous Generator Settings...................................................53
Induction Generator ....................................................................................55
6.2.1 Induction Generator Properties ......................................................55
6.2.2 Induction Generator Settings .........................................................59
Electronically Coupled Generator...............................................................60
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.2
6.3.1
6.3.2
Chapter 7
7.1
7.2
Motors ........................................................................................................63
Induction Motor ...........................................................................................63
7.1.1 Induction Motor Properties .............................................................63
7.1.2 Induction Motor Settings ................................................................68
7.1.3 Induction Motor Starting Assistance (LRA) ....................................68
Synchronous Motor.....................................................................................70
7.2.1 Synchronous Motor Properties ......................................................70
7.2.2 Synchronous Motor Settings ..........................................................73
7.2.3 Synchronous Motor Starting Assistance (LRA) Settings ...............74
Chapter 8
8.1
8.2
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
Micro-turbines...........................................................................................89
Micro-turbine Properties .............................................................................90
Micro-turbine Settings.................................................................................91
Voltage Source Converter Settings ............................................................91
10.3.1 Full Converter Control Settings ......................................................92
Chapter 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
Photovoltaic ..............................................................................................93
Photovoltaic Properties...............................................................................94
Photovoltaic Settings ..................................................................................97
Voltage Source Converter Settings ............................................................98
11.3.1 Full Converter Control Settings ......................................................99
11.4 Insolation Model Settings .........................................................................100
Chapter 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
Chapter 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
Chapter 19
19.1
19.2
19.3
Series Reactors.......................................................................................151
Series Reactor Properties ........................................................................151
Series Reactor Settings ............................................................................152
Series Reactor Meter Settings..................................................................152
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 23
Symbol Library........................................................................................179
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction
The equipments database contains a set of generic equipment models to be used on the
distribution network. Once placed on a network section, the generic equipment may acquire new
properties and the original values of some of its parameters can be modified according to the
control to be performed. Thus, by virtue of its position on the network and its parameters new
values, from generic the equipment becomes specific. Consequently, it will acquire a new
identity through the equipment Number.
It is really important to realize that the original values of the generic equipment do not
change in the equipment database tables. Instead, the new values (the changes made to the
original values (that we also call the Settings) are saved in the network database tables.
Changes to a generic equipment require necessarily that you invoke one of the Equipment menu
commands in order to access the relevant equipment properties dialog boxes. Other access
points to the equipments properties dialog boxes will authorize only to visualize the parameters
values. The modification of specific equipment in the network always requires access to the
properties dialog box of the section containing the equipment in question.
In the following chapters, the display of an equipment property dialog box (for example a
regulator) will imply the use of the command Equipment > Regulator. The display of an
equipment settings dialog box (for example shunt capacitor settings) will imply access to the
Properties dialog box of the section containing the shunt capacitor in question. You may access
the section properties dialog box in many ways using the one-line diagram or the Explorer Bar;
refer to the CYME Reference Manual for more details.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2
2.1
Equipment
List
(1)
Record
command
buttons
(4)
OK:
Cancel: Exits the dialog box without saving any of the work you did
since opening it.
Title bar
buttons
(5)
List command
buttons
(6)
You can rename only one item at a time through the Equipment ID
dialog box that will open on selecting the Rename function. To
delete more than one item, first select the items and then make a
right-click anywhere within the lists window to access the Delete
function.
Click on Add to transfer all elements from this list to the Equipment
List in the previous dialog.
Compare With Library: The program will go through the
equipment list comparing each equipment in the list to the same
equipment (if it exists) in the library. If the data is not the same, the
equipment whose data have changed will have a red dot placed
next to its name. Equipment with exactly the same data as the
reference in the library will be flagged with a check mark next to it.
2.2
The default properties for the devices, lines, etc. are set through the commands found
under the Equipment menu. Once a section is identified as a line or a cable, and when an
equipment is connected to a section, you can make adjustments to them in the field. These
adjustments are called settings and are comprised in the right hand portion of the Section
Properties dialog box.
Note:
The data given in the settings pane of the Section Properties dialog box have
priority over the (default) data given when the equipment was originally defined
under the Equipment menu.
To modify the settings of a specific instance of a device, click on the elements in the
Devices list of the dialog box to select the target equipments layer, and sub-layers
(TCC Settings and or Meter Settings), and then modify the parameters in the Settings group box
according to your requirement.
2.2.1
All the section Properties dialog boxes contain a group box that is located at the upper
right hand section of the dialog box. You will notice that the name of that group box will change
depending on the element selected from the Devices list and its position on the section.
ID
or
Type
Number
When you create a new section, CYME will automatically fill this field
with the default section ID. You can control the section naming
mechanism by modifying the parameters in the group zone Default
Section ID of tab System Parameters from the dialog box
Preferences (File > Preferences). However, you may enter your own
unique identifier for the individual device.
Location
Status
The bottom part of the right hand part contains the settings specific to each equipment.
Chapter 3
3.1
Sources
Source Properties
The source (source equivalent) is the starting point of a network. It represents the
impedance of the generation and transmission network. The following data is required to define a
source. Use this command to create, modify, or delete the list of sources in your database. This
chapter covers the General tab of the dialog box. Information about the Harmonic tab can be
found in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
Nominal
Capacity
Source
Equivalent
Voltage
Nominal
Phase Angle
CHAPTER 3 SOURCES
11
Source
Equivalent
Impedances
Source
Configuration
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
Three phase
MVA
Single phase
MVA
12
Three phase
X/R
Single phase
X/R
Voltage
Xg = X1 + X2 + X0 and Rg = R1 + R2 + R0.
CHAPTER 3 SOURCES
3.1.1.2
Xsrc
Xs
Xss
With this option, you begin by defining the primary side impedance (Rsrc, Xsrc)
and the (optional) secondary fault-limiting reactance (Xss).
CHAPTER 3 SOURCES
13
Primary
Network
Equivalent
Secondary
fault-limiting
reactance (Xss)
Transformers
Configuration
Transformer
Branches
Branch ID: Select the cell with a single left-click and start typing
the ID. You may also double-click in the cell area to select the
original value and then start typing the new value.
Fault-limiting reactance (Xs): Enter the impedance, if there is
one. Select the cell with a single left-click and start typing the
impedance. You may also double-click in the cell area to select
the original value and then start typing the new value.
Transformer ID: Click on the arrow to select the desired
to display the parameters of
transformer from the list. Click on
the one selected.
Click on the Remove button to delete the selected (highlighted)
branch.
14
OK
Cancel
CHAPTER 3 SOURCES
Chapter 4
4.1
Regulators
Regulator Properties
Regulator Type
Nominal Rating
Rated Voltage
Range: 10.0%
Range: 8.75%
Range: 7.50%
Range: 6.25%
Range: 5.00%
Maximum buck
Maximum range for which the regulator can lower the voltage.
Maximum boost
Maximum range for which the regulator can raise the voltage.
Note:
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
15
4.2
16
Number of taps
Bandwidth
CT primary
rating
PT ratio
Reversible
Regulator Settings
Primary
Phase shift
Configuration
Maximum Buck
Maximum Boost
Bandwidth
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
CT primary
rating
PT ratio
The default voltage setting for regulators is set in the File > Preferences, Systems
Parameters tab dialog box. To ignore all regulators during a Capacitor Placement or Voltage
Drop, select the Analysis > Load Flow menu command and select the Controls tab.
4.3
Regulator Control
Operating
Mode
There are four methods to obtain the settings for the regulator.
The fourth method is to simply specify the Load center where the
voltage is to be controlled by entering the section ID. CYME will
evaluate automatically the impedance equivalent of the line
between the regulator and the load center.
Depending on the option selected, the relevant fields of this dialog box
will be enabled or disabled.
At Node
Name of the load point. Enabled when the Load Center operating
mode is selected. Location for which the regulator will control the
voltage.
First House
Protection
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
17
Reverse
Sensing
Mode
Bi-Directional
Operates in both directions. If the real component of the current is
above the threshold, the regulator operates in the forward direction. If
the real component of the current is below the threshold, it operates in
the reverse direction. When the current is within the threshold, the
control stays at the last tap position.
Co-generation
When reverse power is detected, the control sensing input voltage will
not reverse (always in forward direction) and the line drop
compensation settings will be altered to account for the change in
power flow direction.
Locked Forward
Always operates in the forward direction. When more than 2% reverse
current is detected, the control stays on the last tap position.
Locked Reverse
Always operates in the reverse direction. If more than 2% forward
current is detected, the control stays on the last tap position.
Neutral Idle
Only operates in the forward direction when the real component of the
current is above the threshold. When the real component of the
current is reverse and is below the threshold, the control will tap to the
neutral position (buck/boost within 0.3%).
No Reverse
Always operate in the forward direction. When the real component of
the current is reverse (>0), the control stays at the last tap position.
Reverse Idle
Operates in the forward directions. When the real component of the
current is above the threshold, the regulator operates in the forward
direction. When the real component of the current is below the
threshold, it stays at the last tap position.
Reactive Bi-Directional
Operates in both directions depending on both the real and reactive
component of the current. When the reactive component of the current
in the reverse direction, it operates in the forward direction. When the
real component of the current in the forward direction is above the
threshold and that the reactive component is within the threshold, it
also operates in the forward direction.
When the reactive component of the current in the forward direction is
above the threshold, it operates in the reverse direction. When the real
component of the current in the forward direction is above the
threshold and that the reactive component of the current is within the
threshold, it also operates in the reverse direction.
Threshold
Status
18
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
Tap
FORWARD/
REVERSE
Hint:
If you already know the R-X Settings, simply select the R-X Settings option
and type the values in the appropriate spaces.
If you dont know the R-X Settings, and want to use this control option, you
can use the following method:
4.4
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
19
New
Delete
Connected
Location
Type
Total
20
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS
21
Chapter 5
5.1
Transformers
The star, delta, or zigzag connection of a transformer is indicated by the capital letters Y,
D or Z for the primary-voltage winding, and by the small letters y, d or z for the secondary
(tertiary)-voltage winding. If the neutral point of a star-connected or zigzag-connected winding is
brought out, the indication is YN (yn) or ZN (zn) respectively. Open windings are indicated as O
(o). The winding connection letter for the secondary (tertiary)-voltage winding is immediately
followed by its phase shift clock number
The phase shift of a winding is the phase angle between the phasors representing the
voltages between the neutral point (real or imaginary) and the corresponding terminals of two
windings, with a balanced three-phase positive sequence voltage being applied to the primaryterminals. The phasors are assumed to rotate in a counterclockwise direction. Using the primaryvoltage winding phasor as the reference, the displacement of the secondary (tertiary)-voltage
winding will be expressed, according to the convention, by the 'clock notation' hour. This is the
hour indicated by the secondary (tertiary)-voltage winding phasor when the primary-voltage
winding phasor is at 12 o'clock (rising numbers indicate increasing phase lag).
'Clock number' notation two examples (IEC 600760-1)
Example 1 Symbol: Dyn11: A distribution transformer with high-voltage winding for 20 kV, deltaconnected (D). The low-voltage winding is 400 V star-connected (y)with neutral (n) brought out.
The LV winding lags the HV by 330 (11h).
Example 2 Symbol: YNd5: A two-winding transformer with high-voltage winding for 123 kV,
star-connected (Y) with neutral (N) brought out. The low-voltage winding is 7.2 kV deltaconnected (d), lagging by 150 (5h).
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
23
5.2
5.2.1
24
General Tab
Transformer Type
Nominal Rating
Total kVA for 3-phase Type transformer or per phase for 1phase Type.
Primary Voltage
kV line-to-line.
Secondary Voltage
No load losses
Insulation Type
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Sequence
Impedances
Grounding
Impedances
Reversible
Configuration
CYME supports the four practical configurations for a singlephase transformer: See also section 5.2.5 By Phase Settings,
5.2.6 Single-phase Two-wire Configurations, and 5.2.7 Threephase Configurations.
Note:
5.2.1.2
The data for the on-Load Tap Changer (LTC) should be set to zero unless the
transformer is equipped with such a device.
Bandwidth
Is the tolerance on the voltage that the LTC must maintain; in percent
of the base voltage. (see 5.3.2 Two-winding Auto-transformer Settings)
Taps
Maximum /
Minimum
Range
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
25
5.2.2
Primary
Fault
Indicator
Fixed Tap
Grounding
Impedances
Configuration
Protection
Will open the TCC protection coordination dialog box for the
selected device, so that you may inspect and adjust its settings as
well as create a new standard setting.
Note:
System Base
Voltage
26
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
5.2.3
If you entered data for a Load Tap Changer when you created the transformer in the
equipment database, then the Load Tap Changer sub-layer will appear directly under the main
transformer layer. These are the same as defined for Regulators. Click on the sub-layer to set
the desired voltage, R-X settings or tap position.
Location
Mode
The different methods to obtain the settings for the transformer. See
Operating Mode in chapter 4.3 Regulator Control.
At Node
Enabled when the mode Load Center is selected. Location for which
the LTC will control the voltage.
LDC
settings
R:
X:
They represent the voltage drop on the line when the line is carrying
CT-rated primary current.
Set Voltage
Use last
load flow
To consider the last position of tap after a load flow analysis when the
VCR was active.
Initial
Enter the initial tap position if you are not using the Use last load flow
option.
Final
Buck/Boost
Is slave
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
27
Master Id
If you have the Transient Stability module installed, you will notice that the Load Tap
Changer item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal the Stability Model settings
group box. This element is discussed in the Transient Stability Analysis Users Guide.
5.2.4
New
Delete
Location
To indicate on which side (Primary or Secondary) of the twowinding transformer the meter is connected.
Diversity
Type
Total
28
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Connected
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
29
By Phase Settings
5.2.6
Ygrd - D
Ygrd - Ygrd
30
D-D
D - Ygrd
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Single-phase
Ygrd D
Single-phase
D Ygrd
Secondary phase
Load phase
A
AB
BC
CA
Secondary phase
Load phase
AB
BC
CA
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
31
5.2.7
5.2.7.1
Three-phase Configurations
Common Configurations
The common configurations for three phase transformations are Wye-Wye (Y-Y),
Wye-Delta (Y-D), Delta-Wye (D-Y) and Delta-Delta (D-D). The transformation could be
realized by placing three single-phase transformers or one three-phase transformer.
The phase shift is in reference with the primary side and is clockwise.
Three-Phase
Ygrd Y grd
Three-Phase
DD
Three-Phase
Ygrd D
Three-Phase
DY
32
Phase shift:
o Step-Down and Step-Up Transformer: 0 (YNyn1)
Phase shift:
o Step-Down and Step-Up Transformer: 0 (Dd0)
Phase shift:
o Step-Down Transformer: 30 (Ygd1)
o Step-Up Transformer: -30 (Ygd11)
Phase shift:
o Step-Down Transformer: 30 (Dy1)
o Step-Up Transformer: -30 (Dy11)
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Three-Phase
D Ygrd
5.2.7.2
Phase shift:
o Step-Down Transformer: 30 (Dyg1)
o Step-Up Transformer: -30 (Dyg11)
Other Configurations
Other configurations supported in CYME:
Three-Phase
Ygrd Y
Three-Phase
Ygrdo Do
Three-Phase
Do Do
Three-Phase
YD
Three-Phase
Y Y and
Phase shift:
o Step-Down and Step-Up Transformer: 0 (Ygy0)
CYME will not use the third phase on the primary side and will
not report any current on it.
Phase shift:
o Step-Down Transformer: 30 (Yodo1)
o Step-Up Transformer: -30 (Yodo11)
Phase shift:
o Step-Down and Step-Up Transformer: 0 (Dodo0)
Phase shift:
o Step-Down Transformer: 30 (Yd1)
o Step-Up Transformer: -30 (Yd11)
Phase shift:
o
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
33
Three-Phase
Y Ygrd
Phase shift:
o
ZigZag
Each phase winding consists of two parts in which phasedisplaced voltages are induced.
5.3
Two-winding Auto-transformer
5.3.1
An auto-transformer is a transformer where both the input and output circuit are sharing
the same winding. Therefore, there is no isolation between them. A two winding transformer can
be connected as an auto-transformer.
5.3.1.1
34
General Tab
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Transformer
Type
Nominal
Rating
Total kVA for 3-phase Type auto-transformer or per phase for 1phase Type.
Primary
Voltage
kV line-to-line.
Secondary
Voltage
No load
losses
Reversible
Sequence
Impedances
Grounding
Impedances
Configuration
YG connection only.
Note:
5.3.1.2
The data for the on-Load Tap Changer (LTC) should be set to zero unless the
auto-transformer is equipped with such a device.
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
35
5.3.2
36
Bandwidth
Is the tolerance on the voltage that the LTC must maintain; in percent
of the base voltage. (see 5.3.2 Two-winding Auto-transformer Settings)
Taps
Maximum /
Minimum
Range
Primary
Fault
Indicator
Fixed Tap
Group Zone
To enter primary and secondary taps setting of this particular autotransformer, either to raise or lower the voltage.
Grounding
Impedance
Configuration
YG connection only.
System Base
Voltage
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
5.3.3
New
Delete
Location
To indicate on which side (Primary or Secondary) of the twowinding auto-transformer the meter is connected.
Diversity
Type
Total
Connected
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
37
38
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
5.4
Transformer Three-winding
Nominal
Rating
Rated
Voltage
Enter the voltage in kV Line-Line for the primary, the secondary and
the tertiary sides.
Prim-Sec
Prim-Ter
Sec-Ter
Z1
Z0
Zero-sequence impedance in %.
X0/R0, X1/R1
Phase Shift
Configuration
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
39
5.4.1.2
40
Rg, Xg
No load
Losses
Load Tap
Changer
Lower / Upper
Bandwidth
Minimum/
Maximum range
Number of taps
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
5.4.2
Primary Tap
Secondary Tap
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
User defined
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
41
5.4.3
If you entered data for a Load Tap Changer when you created the three-winding
transformer in the equipment database, then the Load Tap Changer sub-layers will appear
directly under the Three-Winding Transformer At Middle layer.
Location
Mode
The different methods to obtain the settings for the transformer. See
Operating Mode in chapter 4.3 Regulator Control.
At Node
Enabled when the mode Load Center is selected. Location for which
the LTC will control the voltage.
LDC
settings
R:
X:
They represent the voltage drop on the line when the line is carrying
CT-rated primary current.
42
Set Voltage
Use last
load flow
To consider the last position of tap after a load flow analysis when the
LTC was active.
Initial
Enter the initial tap position if you are not using the Use last load flow
option.
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Final
Buck/Boost
Is slave
Master Id
5.5
Three-winding Auto-transformer
5.5.1
5.5.1.1
General Tab
Nominal
Rating
Rated
Voltage
Enter the voltage in kV Line-Line for the primary, the secondary and
the tertiary sides.
Z1
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
43
5.5.1.2
44
Z0
Zero-sequence impedance in %.
X0/R0, X1/R1
Configuration
Rg, Xg
No load
Losses
Load Tap
Changer
Lower / Upper
Bandwidth
Minimum/
Maximum range
Number of taps
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
5.5.2
Primary Tap
Secondary Tap
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
User defined
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
45
5.5.3
If you entered data for a Load Tap Changer when you created the three-winding autotransformer in the equipment database, then the Load Tap Changer sub-layers will appear
directly under the Three-Winding Auto-Transformer At Middle layer.
Location
Mode
At Node
Enabled when the mode Load Center is selected. Location for which
the LTC will control the voltage.
LDC
settings
R:
X:
They represent the voltage drop on the line when the line is carrying
CT-rated primary current.
46
Set Voltage
Use last
load flow
To consider the last position of tap after a load flow analysis when the
LTC was active.
Initial
Enter the initial tap position if you are not using the Use last load flow
option.
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Final
Buck/Boost
Is slave
Master Id
5.6
Grounding Transformer
In many existing systems, particularly the older ones, the system neutral is not available.
You may want to use grounding transformers to create a neutral in order to ground these
systems. Basically all grounding transformers configurations aim at the same objective. They
must present high impedance to normal three-phase current and a low impedance path for the
zero-sequence currents under line-to-ground fault conditions.
5.6.1
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
47
5.6.2
48
Rated Capacity
Rated Voltage
kV line-to-line.
Configuration
Z1
Z0
X1/R1
X0/R0
Zero-sequence ratio.
Rg
Grounding resistance.
Xg
Grounding reactance.
Configuration
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
Chapter 6
6.1
Synchronous Generator
6.1.1
Generators
This chapter covers the General and the Equivalent Circuit tabs of the dialog box.
Information about the Harmonic tab can be found in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
6.1.1.1
General Tab
Notes:
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
49
Rated Voltage
Active
Generation
This is only a default value. The value that will be used is defined in
the Synchronous Generator Settings.
Power factor
Configuration
Reactive Power
Max / Min
Z (R, X)
Z (R, X)
Z (R, X)
Z0 (R0, X0)
Zg (Rg, Xg)
50
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
6.1.1.2
Model
These parameters values are required for all models. Enter either
H or J value for the inertia and the other value will be calculated
automatically.
The damping constant (KD) offers a way of introducing damping
torque, which is proportional to speed. A value of 1 to 3 p.u. is
sometimes used. However, if KD 0, and the speed of the machine
fall below its initial speed, then the active electrical power of the
machine will appear to be higher than the input mechanical power
from the prime mover. A value of KD = 0 is recommended.
Synchronous
Reactances
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
51
Transient /
Subtransient
Data
Saturation Data
52
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
6.1.2
You may alter all of the settings for a generator, including its status (Connected /
Disconnected).
If the generator is Connected, it produces active power equal to the amount specified in
the Active Generation field.
Control Type
kVAR = kW
1
1
PF
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
53
Desired Voltage
Initial Angle
Model as a
power system
unit
If you have the Transient Stability module and the Harmonic module installed, you will
notice that the Synchronous Generator item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal
the Stability and Harmonic models. These models are discussed respectively in the Transient
Stability Analysis Users Guide and Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
54
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
6.2
Induction Generator
6.2.1
6.2.1.1
General Tab
Notes:
Rated Voltage
Active
Generation
This is only a default value. The value that will be used is defined in
the Induction Generator Settings.
Power factor
ANSI Motor
Group
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
55
Compute from
the Equivalent
Circuit / User
Defined
If you select the User Defined option, you may either type directly
the R and the X values in their respective data field or use the
Estimate function to estimate the subtransient impedance.
R, X
56
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
6.2.1.2
Rotor Type
Three types are available: Single circuit, Double circuit and Deep
bar. The equivalent circuit diagram is shown for each selected type.
Estimation
Method
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
57
58
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
Stator /
Magnetizing /
Rotor
Impedance
If these parameters values are known, you may type them directly in
the fields provided. Otherwise, use the estimation function. Select
the estimation method for which you have data, and click on the
Estimate button. These values may be given in per-unit on the
generators kVA base or in Ohms.
Cage Factor
Cage factor CFr and Cage factor CFx allows taking into account
skin and proximity effects. See the appropriate equivalent circuit
diagram.
Inertia of all
rotating mass
6.2.2
Status
Active
Generation
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
59
Power factor
If you have the Harmonic module installed, you will notice that the Induction Generator
item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal the Harmonic model. This model is
discussed in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
Note:
6.3
6.3.1
Electronically coupled generators are units that are not directly connected to the system.
They are connected via inverter-based units such as HVDC links. For electronically coupled
generator, the inverter control mode is set such that, during short circuits, the source will continue to
contribute a percentage of its rated current.
60
Rated Voltage
Active
Generation
This is only a default value. The value that will be used is defined in
the Electronically Coupled Generator Settings.
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
6.3.2
Power factor
Fault
Contribution
ANSI Motor
Group
Converter
Status
Active
Generation
Power factor
CHAPTER 6 GENERATORS
61
Chapter 7
Motors
With CYME, you can simulate the effects of induction or synchronous motors starting in
distribution electric power systems (networks) and estimate the maximum motor size that can be
started on a given section.
7.1
Induction Motor
7.1.1
7.1.1.1
General Tab
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
ANSI Group
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
63
Compute from
the Locked
Rotor Data /
Compute from
the Equivalent
Circuit / User
Defined
If you select the User Defined option, you may either type directly
the R and X values in their respective data field or use the Estimate
function to estimate the subtransient impedance.
If you select the Compute from the Equivalent Circuit option, R
and X values will be calculated according to the values you set for
the parameters found in the Equivalent Circuit tab. If you dont
know the values then you can use the Estimate function.
If you select Compute from the Locked Rotor Data option, R and
X values will be calculated according to the values you set for the
parameters in group zone Locked Rotor Data.
: Click on this button to select appropriate NEMA code.
: Click on this button to load default power factor value.
R, X
64
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
Locked Rotor
Data
group box
Rotor Type
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
Three types are available: Single circuit, Double circuit and Deep
bar. The equivalent circuit diagram is shown for each selected type.
65
Estimation
Method
66
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
Stator /
Magnetizing /
Rotor
Impedance
If these parameters values are known, you may type them directly in
the fields provided. Otherwise, use the estimation function. Select
the estimation method for which you have data, and click on the
Estimate button. These values may be given in per-unit on the
motors kVA base or in Ohms.
Cage Factor
Cage factor CFr and Cage factor CFx taking into account skin and
proximity effects. See the appropriate equivalent circuit diagram.
Inertia of all
rotating mass
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
67
7.1.2
7.1.3
68
Status
Starts
Enable Load
Factor
Mark check this option so you can enter the desired load factor,
otherwise CYME will assume 100% of full load.
Loading
Power
Factor
The load power factor of the motor when it is operating at less than full
load.
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
Six types of starting assistance are available. Depending on your choice, you may have
to define other parameters required by the model.
No Assistance
(Across the
Line)
Means the motor starts direct across the line (full circuit voltage is
applied to its terminals). This is the usual method.
Resistor and/or
Inductor
assistance
Capacitor
Assistance
AutoTransformer
Assistance
Star-Delta
Assistance
Variable
Frequency
Starter
Rectifier
PWM Inverter
Istart
IM
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
69
If you have the Harmonic Analysis, the Transient Stability Analysis or the Dynamic Motor
Starting modules installed, you will notice that the Induction Motor item in the Devices tree list
expansion reveals the Starting Assistance (MSA), the Load Characteristics, the Dynamic Model,
and the Harmonic model. These models are discussed in the Transient Analysis Users Guide
and the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide. See also the Dynamic Motor Starting Users Guide for
additional information about the motors models.
7.2
Synchronous Motor
7.2.1
This chapter covers the General tab and the Equivalent Circuit tab of the dialog box.
Information about the Harmonic tab can be found in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
7.2.1.1
70
General Tab
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Z, Z0, Z
Zg
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
7.2.1.2
Model
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
71
These parameters values are required for all models. Enter either H
or J value for the inertia and the other will be calculated
automatically.
The damping constant (KD) offers a way of introducing damping
torque, which is proportional to speed. A value of 1 to 3 p.u. is
sometimes used to represent damping due to turbine windage and
load effects. However, if KD 0, and the speed of the machine fall
below its initial speed, then the active electrical power of the
machine will appear to be higher than the input mechanical power
from the prime mover. A value of KD = 0 is recommended.
Synchronous
Reactances
Transient /
Subtransient
Data
Saturation Data
72
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
7.2.2
Status
Starts
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
73
7.2.3
Rg and Xg
Enable Load
Factor
Mark check this option so you can enter the desired load factor,
otherwise CYME will assume 100% of full load.
Loading
Power Factor
The load power factor of the motor when it is operating at less than full
load.
Six types of starting assistance are available. Depending on your choice, you may have
to define other parameters required by the model.
No Assistance
(Across the
Line)
Means the motor starts directly across the line (full circuit voltage is
applied to its terminals). This is the usual method.
Resistor and/or
Inductor
assistance
Capacitor
Assistance
74
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
AutoTransformer
Assistance
Star-Delta
Assistance
The Nominal Z in %
If you have the Harmonic Analysis, the Transient Stability Analysis or the Dynamic Motor
Starting modules installed, you will notice that the Synchronous Motor item in the Devices tree
list expansion reveals the Starting Assistance (MSA), the Load Characteristics, the Dynamic
Model, and the Harmonic model. These models are discussed in the Transient Analysis Users
Guide and the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide. See also the Dynamic Motor Starting Users
Guide for additional information about the motors models.
CHAPTER 7 MOTORS
75
Chapter 8
Static Var Compensators are shunt capacitors and/or reactors which are controlled by
power electronic circuits so that the reactive power they absorb or furnish is continuously
adjustable over a given range [Qmin,Qmax]. They are used for voltage control where the
reactive power demand varies considerably.
8.1
SVC Properties
Number of
Pulse
Must be a multiple of 6.
Rated Voltage
Minimum /
Maximum
Reactive Power
77
8.2
78
SVC Settings
Control Type
At Node
Desired Voltage
Reactive Power
Chapter 9
The Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) dialog box allows the modeling of four
types of wind-turbine generation systems:
9.1
9.1.1
This tab allows entering the Wind Turbine Operating, Rotor and Drive Train data common
to all WECS models.
Rated Power
Maximum
Power
Rated Wind
Speed
79
9.1.2
Cut-In Wind
Speed
Cut-Out Wind
Speed
Number of
Blades
Rotor Radius
Rated Speed
Minimum Speed
Maximum Speed
Turbine Inertia
Gearbox Ratio
Spring Constant
Damping
Constant
Generator Tab
This tab allows you to select the type of generator coupled to the wind turbine and to
enter the generator data common to all WECS models.
80
Generator Type
9.1.3
speed
Rated Capacity
Rated Voltage
Rated Power
Rated Speed
permanent
magnet
This tab may present two different sets of parameters. The generator type selected in
Generator tab will determine which one will be displayed.
9.1.3.1
81
Rotor Type
Impedances
Generator
Inertia
9.1.3.2
The following interface will be displayed if you select the following type: Full Converter
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Variable Speed.
82
Xd
Xq
Xl
Xd
9.2
Xq
Td0
Tq0
Xd
Xq
Td0
Tq0
Subtransient quadrature
expressed in seconds.
Generator
Inertia
axis
open-circuit
time
constant.
Rated Power
Active
Generation
Power Factor
83
9.3
Enable Active
Blade Pitch
Control
Bmin
Bopt
Bmax
Bratemax
Proportional gain.
Power
Coefficient
Curve
84
9.4
VSC Rating
DC capacitor
Rated DC
Voltage
Grid-Side
Coupling
Resistance
Grid-Side
Coupling
Inductance
85
9.4.1
The following dialog is displayed if the WECS generator type is either Full converter
variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator or Full converter variable speed
induction generator.
Enable Converter
Control
References
Setting
Gains in Control
of GSC
86
9.4.2
The following dialog is displayed if the WECS generator type is Doubly fed variable
speed induction generator.
Enable Converter
Control
References Setting
Gains in Control of
GSC
87
9.5
Wind Model
You can select a constant speed over time wind model or select
from the drop down list a model among the ones available from
the Wind Model Library. Click on
model selected in the drop down list.
88
This option applies to the wind model selected from the Wind
Model Library. Enabling it overwrites the wind speed at T=0 and
replaces it with the initial value as computed from the electrical
power.
Chapter 10
Micro-turbines
The Micro-Turbine co-generation consists of a single rotating shaft, with the generator,
air compressor, and turbine mounted on air bearings. The shaft operates at high speed without
any lubrication and it rotates between 15000 and 90000 RPM.
The generator provides a high frequency AC voltage source (angular frequencies up to
10000 rad/sec).
This high frequency can only be provided by permanent magnet synchronous generators
(PMSG). The connection of this PMSG to the grid requires a power electronic interface. This
interface consists of an AC to DC rectifier, a DC bus with a capacitor and a DC to AC inverter.
The generator and the rectifier can be modeled as a 3-phase, full-wave diode bridge
rectifier with the AC source being the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The
equivalent circuit of the generator is represented by an AC source with 3-phase balanced field
voltages
ea
Rs , Ls
AC
eb
um1 2
vm a
Rs , Ls
AC
ec
vm b
Rs , Ls
im
i sa
D 11
D 21
D 31
isb
u m23
isc
D 12
D 22
D 32
AC
vm c
CHAPTER 10 MICRO-TURBINES
89
Governor &
Turbine Data
90
Turbine &
Generator
Inertia
Permanent
Magnet
Generator Data
turbine and
CHAPTER 10 MICRO-TURBINES
Rated Power
Active
Generation
VSC Rating
DC Capacitor
Rated DC Voltage
Grid-side Coupling
Resistance
CHAPTER 10 MICRO-TURBINES
91
Grid-side Coupling
Inductance
Enable Converter
Control
Reference Setting
Gains in Control of
GSC
92
CHAPTER 10 MICRO-TURBINES
Chapter 11
Photovoltaic
The Photovoltaic (PV Generation) technology uses semiconductor cells (wafers), each
of which is basically a large area p-n diode with the junction positioned close to the top surface.
The PV effect results in the generation of direct voltage and current from the solar light being
captured by the cell.
A simple structure of a PV system can be considered as PV cells connected directly to
the DC bus. Therefore, the only remaining control available is the DC bus voltage.
i pv = i m
PV Cell
imr
us
Cdc
DC Bus
Inverter
Network Filter
The data required for the representation of PV Generation systems and their dynamics
are as follows:
Number of cells per Row and the number of parallel rows since cells are assembled
in arrays to generate sufficient voltage and current for the desired Power generation.
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
93
A few words about the basics should provide a better understanding of the parameters
found in this dialog box.
Manufacturers provide the values of Impp, Vmpp, Isc, Voc and I vs V characteristic
parameters at Standard Test Conditions (TSTC = 250C and GSTC = 1 000 W/m).
A typical I vs V characteristic of a PV cell is shown in the following figure.
94
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
The cell temperature (Tc ) will vary with the ambient temperature Ta and the insolation G
according to the following linear equation:
Tc = Ta +
G
(NOCT Ta,ref
800
Ta , ref the
Tc and G respectively,
the new values of current and voltage for the PV cell are calculated as follows:
i pv = i pv ,STC + i
u pv = u pv , STC + u
Variations in current ( i ), voltage ( u ) and temperature ( Tc ) are derived as
follows:
G
i = scT
GSTC
Tc +
1 I SC ,STC
GSTC
u = ocT Tc R s i
Tc = Tc TSTC
The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage will vary with temperature as follows:
Isc = I sc (1 + T )
Voc = Voc (1 + T )
Where I sc and Voc represent respectively the short-circuit current and
open-circuit voltage at Standard Test Conditions. Note that both values
are given by the manufacturer.
Since the theoretical maximum power (Pmax ) is given by the equation:
Pmax = I sc (1 + T ) Voc (1 + T )
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
95
After regrouping terms and factoring out I scVoc , the equation becomes:
Pmax = I scVoc 1 + ( + )T + T 2
Considering the order of magnitude of the values and involved (typical values are
shown in the table below), the quadratic term
Pmax can be
expressed as:
Pmax = I scVoc (1 + ( + )T )
96
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
Number of
seriesconnected PV
panels
Number of
Parallel strings
PV Array Rated
Power
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
97
The inverter is the device that decides which operating point will
provide the most power output based on that I-V curve, and
controls the output from the array accordingly. This operating
point is called the Maximum Power Point (MPP).
Initial Active
Generation
Ambient
Temperature
98
VSC rating
DC Capacitor
Rated DC
Voltage
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
Grid-side
Coupling
Resistance
Grid-side
Coupling
Inductance
Enable
Converter
Control
References
Setting
Gains in Control
of GSC
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
99
Insolation Model
100
CHAPTER 11 - PHOTOVOLTAIC
Chapter 12
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a gaseous
fuel directly into electricity and are widely regarded as a potential alternative to stationary power
source.
The benefits of energy production from Fuel Cells are the high efficiency and their
environmentally friendly by-products. The chemical reaction takes place to convert hydrogen and
oxygen into water, releasing electrons (current) in the process. In other words, the hydrogen fuel
is burnt in a simple reaction to produce water and an electric current.
2H2 + O2 2H2O + 2eA typical fuel cell consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode) where the reactions
take place. The electrodes are also the mediums that the current flows between. Sandwiched
between the electrodes is an electrolyte material which the ions flow through to keep the reaction
continuous.
There are several types of fuel cells being studied at present such as alkaline, proton
exchange membrane, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate and solid oxide.
The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is the one that is modeled in the program. SOFCs
operate at extremely high temperatures-of the order of 700 to 1000 degrees Celsius. As a result,
they can tolerate relative impure fuels, such as those obtained from the gasification of coal.
Typical representation of a SOFC is shown below.
q Hin 2
irfc
im
imr
V fc
us
Cdc
qOin2
SOFC Stack
Chopper
DC Bus
Inverter
Network Filter
The following are the assumptions in developing the dynamic model of the SOFC:
The gases are ideal.
The fuel cell is fed with hydrogen and air.
The electrode channels are small enough that the pressure drop across them is
negligible.
The ratio of pressures between the inside and outside of the electrode channels is
large enough to assume choked flow.
The fuel cell temperature is stable.
The Nernst equation will be used to determine the fuel cell output voltage.
Only the ohmic losses are considered, activation and mass transport losses are
neglected.
101
Most fuel cells produce less than the application required voltage. Therefore, multiple
cells must be assembled into a fuel cell stack to boost the voltage.
r
The stack output voltage v fc is described by the Nerst equation. The ri fc term is the
ohmic loss. This is the loss due to the resistance of the electrodes and to the resistance of the
flow of O2 ions through the electrolyte.
RT p H 2 pO2
ln
V fc = N 0 E0 +
2F
PH 2O
12.1
102
ri r
fc
Symbol
Description
N0
E0
Ideal standard potential which the open cell voltage in the standard
operating conditions (temperature = 25 0C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere)
R [J/kmol-K]
T [K]
Absolute temperature
F [C/mol]
Faradays constant
PH2
PO2
PH2O
The model takes into account all other parameters such as the molecular properties of
Hydrogen, Oxygen and chemical reaction constants so that only SOFC rated power and number
of cells in the stack are required. The potential power generated by a fuel cell stack will depend
on the number and size of the individual fuel cells that comprise the stack and the surface area of
the electrolyte membrane.
Rated Power
Active
Generation
103
VSC rating
DC Capacitor
Rated DC
Voltage
Grid-side
Coupling
Resistance
Grid-side
Coupling
Inductance
Enable
Converter
Control
References
Setting
Gains in Control
of GSC
104
Chapter 13
Protective Devices
The Equipment menu provides for the definition of seven types of protective devices:
Fuse (section 13.1.1), LVCB (section 13.1.2), Recloser (section 13.1.3), Sectionalizer (section
13.1.4), Switch (section 13.1.5), Breaker (section 13.1.6) and Network Protector (section 13.1.7).
Rated Voltage
In kV.
Interrupting
rating
a 2 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) a * Z 0 Z1
, a = e j 2 / 3
Z1 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) + Z1 * Z 0
105
13.1.1 Fuse
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the desired
command.
106
Manufacturer
Model
List of fuse models for the selected manufacturer. This list is not
populated if the manufacturer is Undefined.
Rating
List of rating for the selected manufacturer and model. This list is
not populated if the model is Undefined. The rating value of the
selected model is automatically copied into the rated current
fields of Nominal Rating group box.
13.1.2 LVCB
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
Type
Manufacturer
Model
List of LVCB models for the selected type and manufacturer. This
list is not populated if the manufacturer is Undefined.
107
13.1.3 Recloser
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
108
Type
Control Type
Model
List of Recloser models for the selected type and control type.
This list is not populated if the manufacturer is Undefined.
13.1.4 Sectionalizer
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
109
13.1.5 Switch
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
110
13.1.6 Breaker
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
111
Note that network protectors are handled differently in CYME depending on the analysis
involved.
112
Load Flow
Network protectors are seen as relays that, on one hand, will trip
open the protector when there is a net three-phase power flow
from the network to the primary (reverse power). On the other
hand, they must ensure automatic closure of the protector when
there is a potential for a forward flow of power into the secondary
network.
Short-circuit
Contingency
Protection &
Coordination
Other Analysis
Normal Infeed
Open / Close
buttons
Open or close all phases at once. Use the radio buttons to open or
close the desired phases.
Locked
If you enable the Locked check box, you will not be able to open
(or close) the fuse with the Edit > Open/Close command.
Restoration
group box
113
New
Delete
Type
114
Total
Connected
115
Information
Group Box
Settings
116
Pickup
Use Alternate
Pickups
Voltage Drop will use the Phase Pick-up value in place of the
rated current when detecting overload conditions. (See
Analysis > Load Flow, Loading/Voltage Limits Tab (see the
CYME Basic Analysis Users Guide)
Trip Mode
117
Reverse Trip
Time Delay
Trip condition must remain for this period before tripping is issued.
This parameter will be used in stability analysis.
Over Current
Closing Mode
118
Phasing Offset
Phasing Angle
Master Offset
Master Angle
Chapter 14
Miscellaneous Equipment
119
New
Delete
Type
120
Total
Connected
121
Chapter 15
Phase
conductor
Neutral
conductor
Spacing
Ampacity
Equivalent
Impedances
You have the option to re-calculate for All Lines or just the Selected Line. You would
re-calculate for all lines if you have changed the earth resistivity.
Note:
You have to remove the safeguard ("Block Impedance Update") before you
can calculate the impedances. It should be checked by default to protect any
impedance values, which you type in directly, from being replaced by
calculated values.
123
124
15.2 Cable
CYME allows you to specify the parameters, the impedance and the susceptance of
three types of cables: multi-wire concentric neutral, shielded and unshielded.
15.2.1 General Tab
Z1
Z0
Susceptance
S / km or S / ft 1 S = 1 mho.
Nominal
Ampacity
Withstand
Rating
In the short-circuit results, CYME will check the Withstand Rating for
the following cases:
y 3-phase fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLN/Z1
y 3-phase grounded fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLN/(Z1 +Zf)
y 2-phase fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLL/(2*Z1 +Zf)
y 2-phase grounded fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLL * Y
where Y =
y
a 2 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) a * Z 0 Z1
, a = e j 2 / 3
Z1 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) + Z1 * Z 0
125
Displays the Cable Impedance Calculator dialog box where you can
specify the type of cable you are defining and to calculate the
impedance and susceptance values based on the parameters you
will enter in this dialog box.
The contents of this dialog box will vary depending on the three
choices available:
y
Select Circuit
Type
126
Insulation
Characteristics
Select the type of insulation from the drop down list. Upon
selection, its dielectric constant will be displayed. Indicate the
diameter over the insulation.
Continuous temperature rating: The maximum continuous
temperature that the cable can withstand during its lifetime.
Sc current temperature rating: The highest temperature that the
cable can withstand during an electrical short-circuit lasting up to
about half a second.
Both temperature values will be used by CYMTCC to plot the
conductors curve.
Phase
Conductor
Characteristics
Select the conductor type for the phases. Upon selection, its
characteristics will be displayed.
Neutral
Conductor
Characteristics
Equivalent
Impedances
127
Select Circuit
Type
Insulation
Characteristics
Select the type of insulation from the drop down list. Upon
selection, its dielectric constant will be displayed.
Continuous temperature rating: The maximum continuous
temperature that the cable can withstand during its lifetime.
Sc current temperature rating: The highest temperature that
the cable can withstand during an electrical short-circuit lasting
up to about half a second.
Both temperature values will be used by CYMTCC to plot the
conductors curve.
128
Phase Conductor
Characteristics
Select the conductor type for the phases. Upon selection, its
characteristics will be displayed.
Note:
Sheath Bonding
Sheath
Characteristics
Indicate the inner radius and the outer radius of the cable. Its
geometric factor will be displayed.
The insulation thickness is enabled only when the circuit type is
set to 3-core cable. The value entered will be used to calculate
the cable impedance.
Equivalent
Impedances
129
Select Cable
Arrangement
Options available include: 3-conductor triangular grouping, 3conductor cradled grouping, 6-conductor bunched grouping and
generic 1-conductor. Upon selection of the option, its typical
diagram is displayed below the selection field to further assist in
filling out the related parameter fields. Note that the fields of
parameters that you cannot edit will be grayed out.
Indicate the number of neutral cables; these will be automatically
represented on the typical diagram.
Indicate below the diagram the x,y coordinates of the phases and
of the neutral. The coordinates are calculated from center to
center.
130
Phase Conductor
Characteristics
Select the conductor type for the phases. Upon selection, its
characteristics will be displayed.
Neutral
Conductor
Characteristics
Equivalent
Impedances
15.3 Conductor
The conductor types used in the specification of the lines and cables parameters are
defined here.
15.3.1 General Tab
kCMIL
Outside
diameter
GMR
GMR = N
D
k =1 m =1
km
131
R 25C
and
R 50C
R 25C and R 50C are two different values for the resistance at
arbitrary temperatures (most commonly 25C and 50C). If the values
of the resistances that you have available do not correspond to 25C
and 50C, then you can enter your values to be used further in the
CYME calculations. (Note that the resistances of copper and aluminum
both increase with temperature at the rate of about 4% for every 10C
rise. Recall that 10C = 18F.)
Note:
Hint:
Nominal
Rating
Withstand
Rating
In the short-circuit results, CYME will check the Withstand Rating for
the following cases:
y
a 2 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) a * Z 0 Z1
, a = e j 2 / 3
Z1 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) + Z1 * Z 0
132
15.4 Spacing
This dialog box is used to specify arrangements of conductors on a pole.
GMD
Average
Height
Positions
of
conductors
CYME can compute the GMD and Average Height for you if you enter
the conductor positions with respect to an arbitrary reference point
(such as the foot of the Pole). Give the horizontal and vertical
distances in meters or feet and click on "GMD Calculation".
Note:
133
Cable
Type
Number
Enter a (or change the) unique identifier for the individual line or
cable (optional). Once the related window is opened, you may also
consult the other default devices part of that device type.
To display the Failure History report related to the component
selected.
Length
134
ID
Click on
Equivalent
impedance
Describes the impedance values for the line, or for the cable(s) of
the section in the case of cables.
Ampacity
For Cables only. Summer and Winter ratings; enable the relevant
User Defined checkbox to enter a different current rating for this
particular section.
135
Check the Display Equivalent Sequence Impedances checkbox to view the calculated
impedance in sequence, uncheck the check box to view it by phase.
From
node
Load end
= To node
From
Equipment
To
Equipment
Conductor
To
node
Distributed loads are evenly distributed on the whole section. Spot loads can be located
at the beginning, the middle or the end of the section.
Source end
= From node
From
node
Load end
= To node
From
Equipment
To
Equipment
Spot load
at
From
node
Capacitor
Spot load
Spot load
or
at
Middle
To
node
or
at
To
Node
Capacitor
Spot Loads and Distributed Loads are added after a section has been created. This
function is only available through the Properties dialog box of the section, and both options are
selected from the drop down menu of the Add button.
136
Once you have made your selection, the appropriate load parameters appear to the right
of the dialog box.
You can switch from by phase to three phase by
right clicking on the spot load item in the Devices tree list.
The fields are the same for both options, with only the
relevant ones being active, as indicated below.
137
Number
The unique identification label for the load. The label can contain up
to 31 alphanumeric characters, but no blank spaces.
To display the Failure History report related to the component
selected.
Status
Location
Grayed out for the Distributed Load option. Three locations for Spot
loads (At From Node, At Middle or At To Node).
Load Model
Select your Load Model from the models available. These were
created using the Load Model Manager. The customer types part of
the load model are created using the Manage Customer Type
button
. This data is saved with the self-contained study See
Network > Load Model Manager).
Customer
Type
138
Year
Used in the Load Growth analysis, this the calendar year for which
the load indicated is applicable. Used in the Load Growth analysis.
Configuration
Priority
Load
Allocation
Actual Load
Consumption
Connected
Capacity
Customers
Number of customers.
Displays the Customer Load summary dialog box where you can
specify the load per type of customers at the same load point.
Center Tap
139
Chapter 16
Shunt Capacitors
The cost of fixed and switched banks can be used by the Optimal Capacitor
Placement analysis module. Refer to the CYMDIST Basic Analysis Users Guide for details.
To turn off capacitors according to their type of control, select Analysis > Load Flow,
Control tab (see the CYMDIST Basic Analyses Users Guide).
141
ID
Number
The unique identification label for the load. The label can contain up
to 31 alphanumeric characters, but no blank spaces.
Location
Phase
Rated power
kVAR/phase
Losses
Rated voltage
Enter the rated voltage, in kV. The program indicates if the value
must be entered Line-to-Line or Line-to-Neutral based on the
connection.
Configuration
Control Type
142
Status
Switch ON at
Switch OFF at
143
Chapter 17
Shunt Reactors
Note:
145
ID
Number
The unique identification label for the load. The label can contain up
to 31 alphanumeric characters, but no blank spaces.
Location
Phase
Rated power
kVAR/phase
146
Rated voltage
Enter the rated voltage, in kV. The program indicates if the value
must be entered Line-to-Line or Line-to-Neutral based on the
connection.
Losses
Configuration
Chapter 18
Series Capacitors
Rated current
Current that the capacitor can sustain. This data allows CYME to
detect overload conditions; this data is used in result reporting.
In this example, Summer and Winter are labels that are used to
describe the rating values of these fields. To enter the labels in
question, go to File > Preferences, Simulation tab.
Capacitance
Note:
147
The available settings options for the Series Capacitor are its Status and the Fault
indicator. A comments field allows entering a description or significant comments.
148
New
Delete
Connected
Type
Total
149
150
Chapter 19
Series Reactors
Rated current
Current that the reactor can sustain. This data allows CYME to
detect overload conditions; this data is used in result reporting.
In this example, Summer and Winter are labels that are used to
describe the rating values of these fields. To enter the labels in
question, go to File > Preferences, Simulation tab.
Reactance
Note:
151
152
New
Delete
Connected
Type
Total
153
Chapter 20
Network Equivalent
The Network Equivalent can be used to model any part or zone of a network. It is
composed of an equivalent impedance to represent the conductors and devices in-line and a load
equivalent to represent the generation and the loads connected in that zone. It is a device used in
the Network Reduction calculation (Network > Network Reduction menu command).
The full impedance matrix can be used to define the phase impedance and the mutual
impedances. The load equivalents can be defined at the From Node and/or at the To Node.
155
The Cumulated Information is used to define the customers that were included in this
Network Equivalent. It is a sum of all the individual customers represented by spot and distributed
loads. When using the Network Reduction tool this information is populated automatically based
on the customer information in the zone being reduced.
156
Chapter 21
Harmonic Devices
This model is the general method to model any harmonic generating device. It requires
the current/voltage magnitudes in Amps/kV or in % of the current/voltage magnitude at the
fundamental frequency. You may enter currents comprising up to 100 frequencies. Click with the
mouse or use the <Tab> key to move to a field and type the number in. Press <Enter> to register
the number.
Source Type
Harmonic Order
Current/Voltage
Magnitude [%] or
(Amps)/(kV)
Current/Voltage
Magnitude Units
Current Phase
Angle (o)
157
Hint:
Except for special cases, you will not enter a current at the fundamental
frequency (Fpu = 1.0). Fundamental frequency currents and voltages are
obtained directly from the power flow solution.
158
Phase
Reactive
Power
Real Power
Fundamental
Frequency
current
h = NP k 1
for k = 1,2,...
( h 50)
159
160
When you install a non-ideal converter in the network, you need to specify the Output
Power P which is being absorbed by the converter in kW, the three-phase fault level FL at the
location of the converter section in kVA or MVA, and the Transformer Data is also required.
P is used to determine the firing angle for the thyristors and to determine the power factor
angle of shunt impedance, which represents the converter at fundamental frequency.
The 3-phase short-circuit fault level value is used to compute the commutating reactance.
Lower fault levels mean higher reactance; more overlap and lower harmonic current magnitudes.
Click on Estimate to calculate the total commutating reactance Xc, given the transformer
and converter data.
161
Click with the mouse or use the <Tab> key to move to a field and type the number in.
Press <Enter> to register the number.
Harmonic
Order
Current
Magnitude
Note:
162
Rated Power
Power Factor
If the arc furnace is Balanced, the arc furnace model for harmonic analysis in all three
phases, taking into account the proper phase angles. If, on the other hand, you opt for an
Unbalanced source, you will be able to enter a source of your choice for each phase.
163
21.5 Filters
Filters are composed of resistances R, inductances L and capacitances C selected such
that the circuit they form absorbs current at selected harmonic frequencies. This current is
thereby prevented from propagating into the network.
Four standard types of Filters are included.
21.5.1 Single-Tuned Filter
This filter is a series RLC circuit in which the L and C resonate at a specific frequency. At
the resonant frequency, the filters impedance is minimum, equal to R alone.
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Single Tuned Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the following:
164
Compute
Opens the Single Tuned Filter Parameters dialog box where you
can enter the capacitor rated power and voltage, the tuned
frequency and quality factor. By default, the fundamental frequency
will be the system frequency (the value entered in the System
Parameters tab of the Preferences dialog box). Click on Compute
to calculate the parameters R, L, C from the previous dialog box.
Note: The quality factor is equal to the ratio of the reactance of the
inductance at the tuned frequency to the resistance.
Tuned
Frequency
Configuration
Z = R + jX = R + j (L
1
)
C
R2 + X 2
r=
R
x=
R2 + X 2
X
Vbase 2
P=
r
Q=
Vbase 2
x
165
The Connection field will be disabled when the single tuned filter is installed on a 1phase or a 2-phase section. For a 3-phase section, the connection can be GY, Y, or D. If the
connection is GY, you may define a grounding impedance (Rg and Xg) connected between the
neutral of the Star and ground. Otherwise, these fields are disabled.
If the single-tuned filter is balanced, the equipment parameters R, L, and C will be used for
each phase. If the single-tuned filter is unbalanced, you may indicate the unbalanced factor for R, L,
and C for each phase, as a percentage of the nominal value. This factor can be positive or negative.
The final R, L, and C for each phase will be calculated as (1+ UnbalancedFactor / 100) *
nominalValue.
21.5.3 Double-Tuned Filter
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Double Tuned Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. Near the resonant frequencies, the double-tuned filter behaves like
two single-tuned filters.
166
The R-L-C connections of the double-tuned filter are displayed in the diagram to the right
of the dialog box.
R1, R2, R3
L1, L2
C1, C2
Tuned Freq #1
and
Tuned Freq #2
Compute
Opens the following dialog box where you can enter the capacitors
powers and voltage ratings, the tuned frequencies and quality
factors. By default, the fundamental frequency will be the system
frequency (the value entered in the System Parameters tab of the
Preferences dialog box). Click on Compute to calculate the
parameters R1, L1, C1, R2, L2, C2, and R3 from the previous dialog
box. Each tuned frequency has its dedicated group box.
Note: The quality factor is equal to the ratio of the reactance of the
inductance at the tuned frequency to the resistance.
167
Note that in short-circuit analysis the double-tuned filter is ignored and will be treated as
a constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
Z1 = R1 + jX 1 = R1 + j (L1
1
)
C1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2 = R 2 + j (L 2)
Z 3 = R3 + jX 3 = R3 + j (
Z = R + jX = Z1 +
168
1
)
C 3
Z 2* Z3
Z 2 + Z3
r=
R2 + X 2
R
x=
R2 + X 2
X
P=
Vbase 2
r
Q=
Vbase 2
x
The R-L-C connections of the high pass filter are displayed in the diagram shown on the
right of the dialog box.
21.5.6 High Pass Filter Settings
When you connect a high-pass filter into the network, you may choose to install it on
single-phase, two-phase, or to connect three such filters to ground, in a Star-grounded
connection (3 phases).
Note that in short-circuit analysis the high-pass filter is ignored and will be treated as a
constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
1
)
C
Z 2 = jX 2 = j (L)
Z1 = jX 1 = j (
Z3 = R
CHAPTER 21 HARMONIC DEVICES
169
Z = R + jX = Z1 +
r=
Z 2* Z3
Z 2 + Z3
R2 + X 2
R
R2 + X 2
x=
X
P=
Vbase 2
r
Vbase 2
Q=
x
21.5.7 C-Type Filter
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > C-Type Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the following:
The C-type filter is designed to have lower losses at fundamental frequency than other
types, especially when the tuned frequency is low.
The R-L-C connections of the C-Type Filter are displayed in the diagram shown on the
right of the dialog box.
170
R1, R2, R3
L1, L2, L3
Filter inductances in mH
C1, C2, C3
Filter capacitances in uF
Note that in short-circuit analysis the C-Type filter is ignored and will be treated as a
constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
Z1 = R1 + jX 1 = R1 + j (L1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2 = R 2 + j (L 2
1
)
C 2
Z 3 = R3 + jX 3 = R3 + j (L3
1
)
C 3
Z = R + jX = Z1 +
1
)
C1
Z 2* Z3
Z 2 + Z3
r=
R2 + X 2
R
x=
R2 + X 2
X
P=
Vbase 2
r
Q=
Vbase 2
x
171
21.6 Branches
Branches are generalized circuits consisting of resistance, inductance and capacitance.
They may be connected to the network as single-phase or three-phase models to represent
anything that is not represented by a standard equipment type. For example, stray capacitances
may be modeled using either the series RLC or parallel RC branches.
21.6.1 Shunt RLC Branch Settings
This component is a series connection of resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C.
You can install it on single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase sections. For three-phase
sections, it may be connected in GY, Y, and D. Also, it is possible to apply a mathematical model
of skin effect on the resistance.
Two possible uses of the RLC branch are as a small capacitance to ground and as a
large resistance to ground, either of which could be connected to a bus which is otherwise not
connected to ground (for example, on the Delta side of a transformer).
172
You can install it on single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase sections. For three-phase
sections, it may be connected in GY, Y, and D.
173
174
175
Chapter 22
Model Libraries
177
Chapter 23
Symbol Library
CYME comes with a library of equipment symbols. For each equipment type, you have
many predefined symbols you may choose from to meet your needs. You may also create your
own symbols with the help of the Symbol Editor that you can easily add to the library. You may
refer to the File Menu chapter in the CYME Reference Manual for details on using the Symbol
Editor.
Whenever you create an equipment, it is being associated with the default symbol
defined for its type.
Equipment
Type
Provides the name of all equipment types available. When you select
an equipment type from this list, the names of all database records
available for that equipment type are listed along with their
associated Symbols and Use Default indicators.
Equipment ID
Symbol
Click on the symbol icon to open the Symbol Selection dialog box.
The equipment type of the associated equipment is automatically
selected and all its available symbols are listed. If you have created
new symbols of this type with the Symbol Editor they will also be
listed here. If it is so desired, you may even change the equipment
type selected for something else thus providing the capability to use
any of the symbols available in the library.
179
180
Chapter 24
Instruments
Unlike the other equipment, instruments are not accessible from the CYME Equipment
menu. Instead, they are available in the Switching and Protection group from the Explorers
Symbol Bar tab. You must use drag and drop to add an instrument from the list into the network.
Some instruments can be placed on nodes and others on sections. If a node or a section is
highlighted while you are dragging an instrument symbol on the network, it is an indication that
you can drop the selected instrument on that node or section. Here is the list of available
instruments:
Current transformer
Motor relay
Potential transformer
Voltage relay
Frequency relay
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
181
Status
182
Location
Phase
Connection
Delta
connection
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
Neutral
connection
Primary Rating
Secondary
Rating
Symbol Text
The text that appear within the relay symbol. In the example
above, 50 is used for an instantaneous over current (IOC),
51 for a time over current (TOC).
Protection Type
Type
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
183
Manufacturer
Model
You may enter the pickup current directly or you may use the
settings provided by TCC. Select the desired option.
184
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
Add
) to enable
Remove
Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Current
Transformer
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
185
Symbol Text
The text that will be written down within the relay symbol.
Protection Type
Manufacturer
Model
Pickup
You may enter the pickup current directly or you may use the
settings provided by TCC. Select the desired option.
186
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
Add
) to enable effective
Remove
Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Current
Transformer
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
187
Node / Bus ID
Primary Rating
Secondary
Rating
188
Symbol Text
Operating Time
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
Add
Click on this button to add the breakers that will be controlled by the
relay. Click on the down arrow ( ) in the Breaker Number column to
see the breakers available in the network and select one. Select the
cell in the Voltage Threshold column and type in the voltage value (set
point) that will cause the breaker to operate. Click on the down arrow
( ) in the Operation column to choose either operation Close or
Open for the selected breaker. Click on the selected breaker check
box (
Remove
Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Potential
Transformer
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
189
190
Symbol Text
Operating Time
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
Add
Remove
Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Potential
Transformer
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
191
192
Node / Bus ID
Control Model
Type
Control Model
ID
List of relay IDs available for the selected relay type. Click on
P/Q
Description
You may type in any comment you feel relevant for this particular
relay control.
Name /
Description /
Value/ Unit
columns
This table shows the default parameters values for the relay ID
selected. You may change any parameter value. Select a
parameter cell in the Value column and then type the new value.
You may also double-click in a Value cell to position the cursor in
that cell and then use the normal editing functions to enter the
new value. Note that Value is the only column you can modify.
Name /
Description / ID
Use this table to indicate the bus controlled by the relay. Select
the desired bus ID in the drop-down list under The ID column.
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
Node / Bus ID
Control Model ID
List of control model IDs available for the generic control type.
Click on
ID.
Description
You may type in any comment you feel relevant for this particular
generic control.
Name /
Description /
Value/ Unit
columns
This table shows the default parameters values for the control
model ID selected. You may change any parameter value. Select
a parameter cell in the Value column and then type the new
value. You may also double-click in a Value cell to position the
cursor in that cell and then use the normal editing functions to
enter the new value. Note that Value is the only column you can
modify.
Name /
Description / ID
Use this table to indicate the bus controlled by the relay. Select
the desired bus ID in the drop-down list under the ID column.
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS
193
INDEX
Auto-transformer Two-winding ...............34
Branches..................................................172
Cable - Multi-wire concentric neutral .......126
Cable - Shielded ......................................128
Cable - Unshielded ..................................130
Calculate using short-circuit power ...........12
Calculate using source details...................13
Control
Regulator ...............................................17
Control Model Library ..............................177
Controlled Breakers Tab. 184, 186, 189, 191
Cumulated Information Settings ..............156
Equivalent Circuit Tab .............51, 57, 65, 71
Filters .......................................................164
General Tab... 24, 34, 39, 43, 49, 55, 63, 70,
125, 131, 183, 185, 188, 190
Generator Electronically Coupled...........60
Generator - Induction.................................55
Generator - Synchronous ..........................49
Generator Equivalent Circuit Tab ..............81
Generator Tab ...........................................80
Generators.................................................49
Grounding Transformer .............................47
Harmonic Devices ...................................157
Lines and Cables.....................................123
Load Tap Changer (LTC) Tab .............25, 35
Load Tap Changers Tabs....................40, 44
Micro-turbines............................................89
Miscellaneous Equipment........................119
Model Libraries ........................................177
Motor - Induction........................................63
Motor - Synchronous .................................70
Motors........................................................63
Network Equivalent..................................155
Network Equivalent Settings....................155
Parameters
Synchronous Generator Data
Entry ...................................................82
WECS Induction Generator Data
Entry ...................................................81
Photovoltaic ...............................................93
Properties
Arc Furnace .........................................162
Breaker.................................................111
Cable....................................................125
Common Window Elements.....................3
Conductor ............................................131
C-Type Filter ........................................170
Double-Tuned Filter .............................166
INDEX
196
INDEX