Roof

61

Roof

LAYOUT PLAN

by Lim Choon Wah

LAYOUT PLAN

Gable Roof Triple

Howe Truss

Gable Roof Triple Howe

Truss

Shed Roof Half

Truss Mono

R.C.
Slab

Gable Roof Triple Howe Truss

Shed Roof

- Sloping Flat Truss

Void

62

Roof

TYPE OF ROOF FRAMES & TRUSS

by Lim choon wah

Type Of Roof Frames

Gable Roof
Straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a
peak or triangle on the side or front facade. The
inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.

Mono Pitch Roof

Single roof face falling away from the
main building. The inclination can't
exceeding 30 degrees.

Shed Roof

A gabled roof with a single roof falling down from

the main building same as mono- pitched roof.
The inclination can't exceeding 10 degrees.

Type Of Truss

Triple Howe

A Howe Trusses are meant to span up to 36 feet and a

Double Howe is rated for as much as 60 feet. The longest
Howe Truss design is the Triple Howe, and it is designed
for spans ranging from 54 feet to 80 feet in length.

Half Truss Mono

A mono truss has only one slope as opposed two

(half of a common truss).

Sloping Flat

A Sloping Flat Truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling.

It may be top or bottom chord bearing. This truss has
parallel chords, both of which slope at the same angle,
with a vertical post at each end..

63

Roof

METAL ROOF DECKING & INSULATION

Metal Roof Decking

by Lim choon wah

If the deck spans are greater than 5', it's required
to side-lap fastening at mid span or every 3" but if
lesser than 5' is not required.

Metal Deck

Reflecting sun and heat to protect dwelling from damaging ray and
weathering.

Aluminum Foil

Use in roofs and wall applications for barn

Conversions and for the internal insulation.

Rock Wool

Installed to improve thermal and acoustic performance of roofs.

Chicken Wire Mesh

Lay down on steel rafter to hold the rock wool with

high tensile strength and corrosion resistance.

Steel Rafter

To support the roof system which good strength, Rigid , Durable,

Light Weight, easy workability, and corrosion protection .

Aluminum Foil

Rock Wool

Chicken Wire Mesh

Aluminum Foil
PE (Polyethylene)
Kraft Paper
Reinforcing Glass Fibre
Aluminum Foil
Made by multi layer radiant barrier of low
emissivity and It will stop as much as
97% of radiant heat transfer.

How Insulation Works

Sisalation
Insulated
Made from stone wool which are fire
resistance, excellent acoustics and thermal
control, durable in lifetime , sustainable
materials and reduce waste.

Shape of hexagonal wire netting is

durability, easy to use, corrosion &
rust resistance and longer service life.

Uninsulated

Sisalation sustains a constant and comfortable

temperature in a building by preventing heat
transfer between indoor and outdoor climates.

64

Roof

INSTALLATION PROCESS

Installation Process

Flat Roof

2) The purlins are installed one by one

on the steel rafter which has a 5
degree pitch.

4) The chicken wire mesh then placed

on the metal decks for hold the
aluminum foil.

1) Installing the steel rafter on the

reinforced concrete wall.

by Lim Choon wah

Pitched Roof

3) The metal decks are putting onto the

purlins and supported by the purlins.

1)Putting the steel trusses on the reinforced

concrete wall with bolts and steel brackets.

2) Install the purlins above the above

chord to strength the truss system.

5) The aluminum foil then

Installed on the chicken wire mesh to reflect
the heat from the sunlight.

3) After that, put the chicken wire mesh above

the purlins to hold the rock wool.

4) Than lay the rock wool above the

chicken wire mesh for sound and heat
insulation.
.

6) Putting another layer of fiber glass

wool on the aluminum foil for sound
and heat insulation.

7) Than add another metal for

leaving space for drainage
between the decks and the
edges.

5) Insert another layer of aluminum foil to reflect

the heat.

6) Final put the metal decks above the

aluminum foils with bolts.

65

Roof

ROOF TERMINOLOGY

by lim choon wah

Roof Terminology
Ridge
Gable

Valley Rafter

Common Rafter

Soffits

Jack Rafter

Fascia

Valley Rafter

Internal junction between two roof slopes.

Ridge

Intersection at the top of two slopes in a pitched roof.

Pipe

Gable

Ventilate pipe for exhaust the gases.

The part of a wall that encloses the

end of a pitched roof.

Hip Rafter

An exterior angle formed by the

junction of two slopes.

Common Rafter

Jack Rafter
Verge

The edge of a roof.

Fascia & Soffits

Fascia hangs down below the bottom line of roof tiles. Soffit is the
horizontal surface that fit the gap between the bottom of the
fascia and the wall for ventilation.

Eaves

The lowest point of a roof where water drains into the

gutter.
.

66

Roof

TRUSS TERMINOLOGY
by lim choon wah

Truss Terminology
Apex
Top Chord

Purlins

Collar Ties
Posts
Webs

Bottom Chord

Top Chord

The steel rafter which runs to the

top of the truss.

Apex

The highest point of the truss.

Collar Ties

Purlins

Bind with the rafter together to resist

uplift when strong winds.

The long horizontal steel lay above the top chord.

Nail Plate
Posts

Webs

To resist against lateral

wind and seismic
forces.

Is a short aluminium which runs

from the bottom chord to the top
chord.

Wall Plate
RC Wall

To support the load of

roof structures.

Bottom Chord

Normal Span

Brandering

The length of the bottom beam

that spans the wall frames

Splice

The large horizontal member of

steel at the bottom of the truss.

Overhang

The top chord which extends from

the wall.

67

Roof

Joint

JOINT

Steel Rafter
Aluminum Hollow
Rectangular Bar

Power Tools

Purlins

by lim choon wah

Aluminum Hat
Channel

Aluminum C
Channel
Aluminum
Channel
Aluminum Z
Channel

Hammer Drill

Screw Gun Aka Nail Gun

Combination of hammer and drilling

modes.

Screw

Steel Brackets

Screw guns auto-feed screws from a

clip.

L- Shaped of steel
brackets.

Square steel
brackets.

Showing the screw penetrate the

masonry wall and steel rafter.

To show the joint between steel brackets and screw to hold the aluminum channel and
onto the masonry bricks.
Tapping
range up to
10ga mean
0.25cm for
aluminum
thickness.

Section view of steel

brackets and bolts.

How bolts work together with steel

brackets to joint the steel rafter and
purlins

A screw
tapping
through the
aluminum
channel.

Properly driven
Driven straight,
good penetration
and compressed
firmly against the
surface.

Improperly driven
Driven misaligned, overdriven,
and under driven which could
contribute to leakage and poor
engagement.

The fasteners penetrate the metal decks and the

steel rafter.

68

Roof

Connection

CONNECTION

Internal Support
Connection

by lim choon wah

The connection between R.C. beams and bottom
chord
Bolted together by L-brackets and bolts.
The bottom chord, posts and webs are bolt
together.

Apex Connection

Posts
L-Brackets

Bottom Chord

Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

Apex Plate

Top Chord
King Posts

R.C. Beams

Bottom ChordX

Section X - X

Bottom Chord Connection

End Connection

The overhang of top chord and concrete

brick are bolt together by L-brackets.

Top Chord

The top chord are bolt into the brick wall by

L-brackets with 8 screws.

The bottom chord are bolt into the R.C

beams by L-brackets with 8 screws.

Brick Wall
L-Brackets

Upper
Beam/
Brick
Wall
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

SelfDrilling
Screw

The apex plat e is apply between the

top chord and king posts. Than
bolted it with 6 screws.

Posts
L-Brackets

Brick Wall

The overhang of bottom chord lay down on

gap of bricks than applied concrete to fill it.

Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

L-Brackets

Posts
L-Brackets

Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

Posts
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

Bottom Chord

R.C. Beams

Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord

R.C. Beams

69

Roof

Bracing
Purlin Bracing

BRACING
Purlin which bolted above the top chord to limiting
any bending movement and the spans for each is
700mm.
Top Chord

by lim choon wah

Web Bracing

W
Top Chord

Purlin
Bracing

Top Chord

Section W - W

Purlin
Bracing

The web bracing sometimes

required on roof truss are
called continuous lateral
braces to keep the truss web
from buckling and falling over

Side View

Bottom Chord Bracing

Plan View

Web Bracing

Posts

Collar Tie

Bottom Chord
Front View

Post Bracing
Vertical sway bracing must be required
between the top and bottom chords of adjacent
trusses to provide resistance against lateral
Z
wind and seismic forces.

Bottom chord braces which bolted below the

bottom chord to limiting any bending.
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Bracing
Y

Post
Bracing

Post
Bracing
Bottom Chord

Section Y - Y

Y
Bottom Chord
Bracing

Side View

Collar Tie

Collar Tie

Plan View

Side View

Z
Section Z - Z

Front View

70

Roof

MECHANICAL SERVICES, CEILING &

WORKER

Mechanical Services

by lim choon wah

Ventilate pipe

Electrical
Upper R.C. Beam
The electrical
wires were
applied into
the PVC
casing and
tied with
aluminum wire
between the
bottom chord
or R.C. Beam

Ventilation Pipe is
an extension of the
waste that runs up
through the roof to
the exterior for
venting of exhaust
gases and to
maintain
atmospheric
pressure in the
waste system.

PVC Casing

Aluminum Wire

L-Bracket

Vent
Flashing

Ceiling

Roof
Rafter

Water Tank

Wall

Ceiling

Workers
The ceiling panels were supported by the
bottom chord and the concrete beams by
hanging with suspension rod.

Steel
Beams
Suspension
Rod Bracket
Suspension
Rod
Suspension
Clip
Ceiling
Panels

The worker use his right leg step on

the top chord with full force to squad
down to his work.
Tile Hold-Down
Clip
Main Tee

The worker use his left leg step on the

purlins with less force to assist his
stability but If full force will cause the
purlins bend down.

71

Roof

Flashing

FLASHING

Ridge Flashing

by lim choon wah

The steel covering over the ridge to create

cover and seal between two slopes to
against the rain and wind.

Typical Outside Closure

Screw

Penetrate the bolt though ridge

and metal deck.

Ridge
Metal deck

Closure

Seal together with outside

and inside closure.

Silicone

Using sealant tube to seal it.

Pipe Flashing
-Flexible, weather resistant EPDM
rubber or silicone
-Aluminum base is flexible to
conform to any panel profile
-Grey EPDM is ozone and
ultraviolet resistance
-Appropriate pipe size diameter
listed on flashing to assure proper
fit

Typical Inside Closure

Applied closure to prevent water getting in and seal

between the ridge and metal deck .

Material

-EPDM rubber or silicone

-Aluminum base

Installation Process

Fastener

- 1/4 -1 x 1-1/8 stainless cap head

- Corrosion resistant fasteners
- Number of fasteners from 13-30
pieces.

Sealant Tube

Apply on bottom base to assure

a proper seal to beware from
water getting in. Applied
additional sealant can be applied
around base after installation.

Ventilate
Pipe

Edge Flashing
Properties

-Can be stretches to any shape, seals & stays

-Large square & round ducts & penetrations
-Flash between dissimilar materials & roof profiles
-Paintable after installation
-Handles vibration & expansion

-Grey TPE

Before flashing on the

corner between metal
deck roof & R.C. wall

3) Mold the
flexible base to
the panel
contours

4) Faster with 13-30

pieces of self drilling
fastener around the
base

Installation Process

Material

1) Apply
the
sealant
along the
corner

Applications.

-metal roof and wall

-concrete or masonry
-sealing edges on all surfaces
-Splicing, lapping, sealing to all surfaces
-termination/joining ends of dekstrip

2) Apply sealant to
the bottom of the
base to seal up

1) Cut into proper

pipe diameter to fit
down to the pipe

After flashing on the

corner between metal
deck roof & R.C. wall

4) Than
apply
heat to
seal
edges

2) Apply
splice tape
on the
dekstrip
5) Install
the
fasteners
on the top
& bottom
edge

3) Than
put
another
dekstip
over the
tape
6) Apply
additional
sealant on
both
fastened
edges

72

Roof

Gutter System

GUTTER SYSTEM

by lim choon wah

Gutter & Downspout

The gutters are vinyl, galvanized steel, or aluminum. The function is to let rainwater leading
to the roof drains or gutters from the roof area.

Metal Decks

Drop Outlet
End

Gutter

Joiner
Corner

To protect the building from raining and wind.

Purlins

Elbow

To stable the truss and apply the metal decks on it.

Hanger
Gutter

Leading the
rain water from
metal decks to
it.

Connector
Downspout
Downspout Clip

Gutter

135 Internal
Angle

R.C.
Beam

Stop Ends

Made by fiber cement board

which water, fire, termite, and
weather resistant, aesthetically
pleasing, and environmentally
friendly. Than leaving a small
gap between the soffit and R.C.
Beam.

Fascia

A flat horizontal band

around a roof's
perimeter.

PVC Downspout

Leading the rainwater

down from downspout to
drainage.

Joint Connector

Gutter
90 Internal Angle

Soffit

Fascia Bracket

Scupper

Gutter mounted at low end of roof

Leakage common at scupper.
which better resistance on leakage.

Internal Drain
Potential leakage area at
drain same like scupper

73