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[CHAP. 1
Given that there is a single a particle in the reactor at time n = 0, find an expression for the total number
of particles within the reactor at time n.
Let a ( n ) and B ( n ) be the number of a particles and B particles within the reactor at time n. The behavior within the
reactor may be described by the following pair of coupled difference equations:
Before we can solve these difference equations, we must uncouple them. Therefore, let us derive a single difference
equation for B(n). From the first equation we see that a ( n ) = #?(n - I). Substituting this relation into the second
difference equation, we have
B(n+ 1)=8B(n-
1)+2B(n)
or, equivalently,
B ( n ) = 2B(n - 0
The characteristic equation for this difference equation is
+ 8B(n
- 2)
With the initial conditions a ( 0 ) = I and B(0) = 0, we may solve for A1 and A2 as follows:
+ !(-2)"
n 20
B ( n ) = :(4)"
- ?(-2)"
3
n 20
Because we are interested in the total number of particles within the reactor at time n , with
Supplementary Problems
Discrete-Time Signals
1.41
CHAP. 11
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
If x(n) = 0 for n < 0, Pe is the power in the even part of x(n), and Po is the power in the odd part, which of the
following statements are true?
(a) Pc ? Po
(b) Po 2 Pe
(c) Pe = Po
(-1
(0
-2 5 11 5 2
else
Discrete-Time Systems
1.49
Listed below are several systems that relate the input x(n) to the output y(n). For each, determine whether the
system is linear or nonlinear, shift-invariant or shift-varying, stable or unstable, causal or noncausal, and invertible
or noninvertihle.
+ I))
[CHAP. 1
Given below are the unit sample responses of several linear shift-invariant systems. For each system, determine the
conditions on the parameter a in order for the system to be stable.
(a) h ( n ) = a n u ( - n )
+x(n)
Determine the conditions (if any) for which this system is stable.
Suppose that two systems, SIand SZ,are connected in parallel.
( a ) If both S, and Sz are linear, shift-invariant, stable. and causal, will the parallel connection always be linear,
Convolution
Find the convolution of the two sequences
+ 36(n - 6)
h ( n ) = 2S(n + 3 ) + S(n) + 26(n - 2 ) + 6(n
s ( n ) = 6(n - 2 ) - 26(n
-4)
+ 0.5S(n - 4 ) + 0.26(n - 5 ) + 0 . 7 6 ( n .
The step response of a system is defined as the response of the system to a unit step u ( n ) .
( a ) Let s ( n ) be the step response of a linear shift-invariant system. Express s ( n ) in terms of the unit sample response
h ( n ) , and find s ( n ) when h ( n ) = u ( n ) u(n 6 ) .
-
(b) Derive an expression for h ( n ) in terms of s(n) and find the unit sample response For a system whose step
response is
CHAP. 11
05n 55
n c O
and h ( n ) = S(n - 2 ) S(n - 3 ) 6(n - 4), at what value of n will the convolution y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) attain its
maximum value, and what is this maximum value?
A linear system has a response h k ( n ) = S(2n - k ) to the unit sample 6(n - k). Find the response of the system to
the input x ( n ) = u(n).
Consider the interconnection of three linear shift-invariant systems shown in the figure below.
hAn)
1I
x(n)
h~(n)
+
(+> =
+
11
h3(n)
~ ( n )
[CHAP. 1
Difference Equations
1.71
x(n) =
n = 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 ,...
otherwise
Consider a system with input x(n) and output y(n) that satisfies the difference equation
y(n) = ny(n - I)
+ x(n)
- I)+6y(n
-2) =x(n
- 1)
Find the step response of the system (i.e., the response to the input x(n) = u(n)).
1.74
If the input is x(n) = 2u(n) - 3nu(n), find the response of the system assuming initial conditions of y(-1) = 2 and
y(-2) = 1.
1.75
For a savings account that pays interest at the rate of I percent per month, if deposits are made on the first of each
month at the rate of $50 per month, how much money will there be in the account at the end of 1 year?
1.77
A savings account pays interest at the rate of 1 percent per month. With an initial deposit of $50, how much will
there be in the account after 10 years?
1.42
+ N), by shift-invariance, y(n) = y(n + N). Therefore, y(n) is periodic with period N.
CHAP. 11
1.45
Even.
1.46
(a) is true.
1.49
(a) Linear, shift-varying, stable, noncausal, noninvertible. (6) Linear, shift-varying, unstable, noncausal,
invertible. ( c ) Linear, shift-invariant, stable. noncausal, invertible. (d) Nonlinear, shift-invariant, stable, causal,
invertible. ( 0 ) Nonlinear, shift-invariant, stable, noncausal, noninvertible.
1.50
(a) la1
1.51
1.53
1.54
The sequence values. beginning at index n = -I, are y(n) = {2,0, -4, 1,6,0, I , -1, -2,6,3).
1.57
(a) s(n) =
- 6)
k=-cc
(6) h(n) = s(n) - s(n - 1). If s(n) = (-0.5)nu(n), then h(n) = S(n) + 3(-0.5)"u(n - 1).
1.58
( b ) y(n) = S(n
+ 2S(n - 3) - 2S(n
1.61
bn+l - an+l
y(n) = -- u(n).
1.63
h-a
- 5) - S(n
- 6).
54
y(n) =
[(4n
+ 3)(-i)"
3]u(n).
y(-2) = 17 - j n s *
32
max(y(n)]=
y(n) = 4 n ) .
Y @ )= u(n - 4 )
y(n) = [4(-1)"
- !(-f)"]u(n).
y(n) = n! u(n).
~ ( n=)
[i + (;)(3)"
- 2(2")]u(n).
~ ( n=) [lj?.[4"- 11 - 4n
(0)
h(n) = [ i n
$690.46.
$165.02.
+ 12(2)"]u(n).
+ ~ ] ( i ) ~ u ( (nb)). y(n) = (n + I ) ( f ) n u ( n ) .
[CHAP. 1