SEBS for ILWIS OPEN 3.

4
An interface for Surface Energy Balance in ILWIS Open
Source (Jul 2007)
Gabriel Parodi
WRS - ITC

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

Environment for a SEB operation

Work area and sensor/s definition.
(frequency defines volume of operation)

Requires ground and satellite pre- and post-processing near-real time.

pre-processing:
Satellite : download, calibration, geo-location, atm. Correction + extras
Ground data: meteorological and land properties (depending on adopted SEB)

processing:
Calibration, validation?
Running the selected SEB model and archiving (simplified).

Post-processing
Linking outputs to routines for information distribution in PLEIADeS.
Assisting in reports and eventual performance

From the operational point of view the algorithm itself is a minor

problem.
S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

What we have and can offer to PLEIADeS

Today: SEBS (Beta vesion) Interface in ILWIS Open

source.
When required: Software algorithms adaptations,
interface customization and complementary software
requirements.
Educational and transfer efforts if required.

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

ILWIS 3.4 open

1 July 2007, ILWIS is free of charge ('as-it-is) as open
source software (binaries and source code) under the
52North initiative (GPL license). This software
version is called ILWIS 3.4 Open.
Since then, independent work is carried out to add
methods and models in ILWIS.
New release with updates (SEBS included): End March 2008.
http://52north.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view
&id=131&Itemid=155

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

ILWIS 3.4 Open

ILWIS is a remote sensing and GIS software.
Integrates image, vector and thematic data in one
unique and powerful package.
ILWIS delivers a wide range of features including:
import/export, digitizing, editing, analysis and display of data
production of quality maps.
functional, user-friendly
has established a wide user community over the years of its
development.
It remains active after the open source release, both within
and outside ITC.

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

What is SEBS4ILWIS now?

Adapted from SEBS in BEAM.

Interface done for educational purposes.

Limited volume of data and no customization.
SEBS module is documented in many articles
Additional methods are selected from simplicity but they can be customized
according to needs.
Preprocess only MODIS

This version was recently developed and testing was limited to WRS
testing cases. It is in the final debugging state. Deadline (End of March)

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Pre-processing (optional) 1 -

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Pre-processing (optional) 2 Characteristics

Interface and models fully customizable (methods + Sensors)
Today is customized for teaching and research purposes:

MODIS pre-processing:
Raw radiances reflectance.
Raw radiances brightness temperature.
Atmospheric correction visible (several sensors SMAC algorithm
implemented in ILWIS)
Land surface albedo
Land surface emissivity
Land surface temperature

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Pre-processing (optional) 3 -

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Pre-processing (optional) 4 -

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Summary: pre-processing for MODIS

Calibration: It works fine but requires 3 softwares: RAW image - HEG: conversion
to GEO TIFF of all necessary bands + angles - Importing to ILWIS - Resampling the
files - Get calibration coefficients with HDF explorer - to finally convert raw into
radiance or reflectance. It was programmed for teaching purposes. For daily
routinely tasks requires adaptation.

Brightness temperature: Inversion of Planck equation (standard).

SMAC: very convenient, easy, many sensors supported (thanks to authors). Only
2 atmospheric types. Actual limitation: it is band by band.

Land Surface albedo: weight method based on Liang, 2000.

Land surface emissivity: based on PV-NDVI following Sobrino, et. al (2003) and
Carlson and Ripley (1997).

Land surface temperature: based on previous emissivity and Sobrino and

Raissouni, 2000.

Improvements, more methods/sensors can be customized.

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

SEBS Basic Equations

Su, 2002, HESS, 6(1),85-99

Rn = G0 + H + E
Edry = Rn G0 H dry 0, or
H dry = Rn G0

Ewet = Rn G0 H wet , or
H wet = Rn G0 Ewet
H wet

Ewet E
E
r =
= 1
Ewet
Ewet
H = (1 ) (R n G )

E = (R n G )

C p es e

= (Rn G0 )

rew

1 +

H H wet
r = 1
H dry H wet

r E wet
=
=
Rn G
Rn G

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Adopted/distinctive SEBS concepts

1.

To evaluate evaporative fraction the energy balance is calculated at

limiting wet & dry cases (used in SEBI).

H, u*, L calculated using set of non-linear equations F(u_ref, Ta_ref, To)

H is constrained between Hwet and Hdry

Hdry= Rn-G

Hwet=Rn-G-Ewet and Ewet obtained from Penman Monteith (meteorology!!)

r = 1

2.

H Hwet
H dry H wet

Rn G

r Ewet
Rn G

No user interaction or decision affecting the results (Fc required!!).

Roughness for heat transfer is calculated instead of being a fixed

value with respect to roughness for momentum

3.

kB-1= F(weighted with fc of a canopy, a soil and an interaction function)

Algorithms for upscaling ASL -> PBL and downscaling PBL-> ASL

Uses Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS) for ASL

Uses Bulk atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Similarity (BAS) for PBL scaling

Criteria for using MOS or BAS follows (Brutsaert, 1999). Valid for unstable
conditions.

Stable and unstable situations MOS & BAS considered.

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Relative evaporation
The relative evaporation is given as

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Surface air potentials

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Normalized temperature difference

versus albedo

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

The scalar roughness height for heat transfer

z 0 h = z 0 m / exp kB

The within-canopy wind speed profile extinction coefficient,

nec =
kB 1 =

kB

1
s

C d LAI

2u*2 u (h )

kC d

u*
4Ct
1 e nec
u (h )

( )

= 2.46 Re *

14

z0 m
u*

k
u
h
h
(
)
2
1 2
+
kB
fc + 2 fc fs
s fs
*
Ct

ln[7.4]

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Energy Balance Residual Method - Turbulent Heat Fluxes

z d0
z0 m
z d0
m
+ m

ln
L
L
z0 m

L =

C p u *3 v
kgH

G0

Rn

z d0
H = ku * C p ( 0 a ) ln
z0h

z d0
z0h
h
+ h
L
L

LE

u*
u=
k

Wind, air temperature, humidity

(aerodynamic roughness,
thermal dynamic roughness)

[z 0 m , d 0 , z 0 h ] ? [Ta , u , q ] ?

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

SEBS Interface

Originally developed in Beam and converted to ILWIS

last year.

Require both maps and ground data. All input is

delivered in one interface.

There are mandatory inputs, optional inputs and

alternative or subrogate inputs to compensate
mandatory's.

No interaction after the process is initiated, calculation

time depends on number of pixels in the map and, of
course, processor speed.
Mandatory value

Mandatory map

Mandatory Map or Modeled map

Mandatory map or mandatory value
Mandatory value: manual or modeled
Surrogate value
S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

SEBS sequence
SW, To, ro, Ta, a Rn
Pv, Rn G
Rn, G Hdry
Based on PBL height and Reference height: MOS or BAS
U, To, Ta, LAI, Zom, PV u*, L, H, kB-1, Zoh
RH, Rn, G, u*, Zoh Lwet, Hwet
Hdry, Hwet, H r
Hwet, Rn, G Ewet
Ewet, r , Rn, G
, Rn, G Ewet
, Rn24, G24 Edaily
S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

SEBS Input: Mandatory maps

Surface Temp.

Surf. Emissivity

Albedo

NDVI

Pre-processing:

Units [K]
AC

Units [-]
broadband

Units [-]
AC, broadband

Units [-]
AC

Precision:

0.1

0.01

0.01

0.01

Used for:

Rn
G
H, L, u*

Rn

Rn

Fc
G

AC: atmospherically corrected

Rn: net radiation
Fc: fractional canopy coverage

G: soil heat flux

Rn: net radiation
Fc: fractional canopy coverage

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

SEBS Input: Mandatory or modeled maps

LAI
Equations!

NDVI (1 + NDVI )
1 NDVI

Pv

Land Use

NDVI NDVImin

(NDVImax NDVImin )2

Precision:

0.1

0.01

0.01

Used for:

kB-1

G
kB-1

Zom (attribute table)

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Mandatory value when modeled

log(50)
r (0 )
Vis
r (0) = 0.0116
a(5.5) = 0.0030765

a(0) =

H 1 = 5 .5

ln( a(0) / a(5.5)

Ha0 = H1 a(0)
Ha5.5 = 0.05 H1 a(5.5)

= 0.42

Ha0
exp(DEM / H1 + Ha5.5)

SW = 1367 eo cos(SZA) e

cos( SZA )

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

OTHER equations in the program

atm = 9.2 10 6 (Ta + 273.15 )

LW = 5.678 10 8 atm (Ta + 273.15 )

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008

Outputs from SEBS as Maps in ILWIS

Instantaneous actual evaporation

Daily evaporation
Soil heat flux
Sensible heat flux at dry limit
Sensible heat flux at wet limit
Sensible heat flux
Net radiation
Latent heat flux
Updates are possible after feedback.

S. E. B. Models of Agricultural Areas from Earth Observation Data, Lima, Per, 13 March 2008