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/I'P-441-5611
Circle
Excited lnducti
UC Category: 261
DE93010031
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.....
Muljadi
P.W.
Carlin
R.M. Osgood
cL c
One supply, the voltage and frequency at the tenninal output are
the same as the voltage and frequency of the utility 6oe supply
}l(
RL
E-------+no
I. INTRODUCTION
An induction machine can be operated as an isolated generator
with no connection to the utility supply. When connected to the
utility, the reactive power needed by the induction generator is
supplied by the utility. For an isolated operation, the reactive
power needed by the induction generator must be compensated
by a local source such as a three-phase AC capacitor or solid
state excitation [l-3]. While the solid-state excitation provides
a variable size of reactive power [2], the application of solid
state excitation is generally accompanied by harmonics generat
ed by the converter and additional switching losses. The
physical diagram of induction generator in an isolated operation
is presented in Fig. I. There are two possible connections to
couple the load to the terminal of the induction generator: the
series compensation [4] and the parallel compensation. Delta
connection can also be implemented; however, for the simplici
ty of the analysis; a wye connected system is considered. The
equivalent circuit in Fig. 2a can be generalized to account for
any frequency operation, as shown in Fig. 2b.
where:
Y;
Y
Y,
'
=
=
=
'
Yr'
(1)
Rs
J Xls
(6)
where
Is
a2
a1
Rr'/S
Rx w4 C2 Llrl2
Rr1 + Rr1 R; w2 C2 + Rr1 Lis
2 R L 16 w 2 c
w4 C2
ao = Rx w2 C 2 Rrl2
at a SinglE" freoquE'ncy
ot o
Using the slip found from equation 6 and the data given, the
corresponding magnetizing inductance can be found. Thus, the
operating flux corresponding to this flux level can be found
from the non linear characteristics Lm' versus the flux given in
appendix 2. From the given information on frequency and the
air-gap flux, the air-gap voltage Vg can be found. After solving
for Lm' and Vg from the slip computed above, the rest of the
operating conditions can be solved. The equation to solve for
Lm' can be derived from equation 5:
vorlobteo f'rE'queoncy
Lm1
W C
-Lls
R
()2+ (Lls
w
1 _)2
w2C
__
Llr12
Rr
( --)2+L lr1 2
Sw
I
l-l
(7)
(2)
and
where
1
A2 = Rr1 S Lis C2 + Rx C2 L1r 2 52
I s
2
2
2
c
c
+
R;
R
I
R
Rx
r
r
Al
- 2 Rr1 S L18 C
Ao = Rr S
(3)
(4)
L li I 2
-,...,..=
-=0
...,
Rl
( -I-)2+L lr12
SW
--
(5)
(9)
where
Xl
Rl =
Rs+RL
__
w
1
( Lls-- - )
2
we
(IO)
Z 1
r
R'
=-r-
SUJ
+J'L
lr
(12)
(II)
(13)
IMog< Ys)
___. C
1ncroses
Rpol<Y totl
Reol<Y s)
RE'oiCYM>
so turo t1on
Vc'
11oet;us
increoss
lnog<Yr')
Radius
ReotC'Yr-'>
li<C
11<2 Ltr'l
Ltr')
ys
where
+
X1 = Lls -
Y'
m
Yr '
. -xl
R:+x:
] ---
(14)
UJ2C
(IS)
(16)
200
B1
X =--1
G{+B{
(17)
50
(18)
,
. . ... r2i ""oo""'.=F"";;=
: o: = ""t,=""l
0--------.--,---.--.---.---
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Speed (rpm)
where
Ys
ll'"lag<Ys>
--+ C
incr--E'OSE"S
Reol(s)
s
RodiuS = J/( 2 XI>
Fig. 5
f RL
decr-E"oses
ReolCYs)
20
8.
1::
15
Rs
10
RL
0
1il
00
,.
j X:ls
,,.
__j___
J (
Rrts
01 0 SII'IQIE' frf'qt.IE'I'ICy
Ys
0+-------.---.-----r--
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Speed (rpm)
RL/'*
0f
Pout- Speed
.!.
Qj
0..
'5
0
0..
'
j L"'
VO.r"iOb&t fr"tQUE't'ICY
Yr'
Yc.
----J c
o1
7000 .
Elw
Is
Rl/"'
8000
't lo
1
----j .. c
o vnr,nbiP rrpqAPncy
SlPllriED CIRCUJl
6000
5000
Fig. 10
4000
3000
2000
1000 .
Y, + Ym' + Y,'
--,.-------r--------r--0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Speed (rpm)
Fig. 8: Output power tor series compensated system
(20)
Torque- Speed
0
-5
- 10
-15
!!
-20
Cl)
:J
{?.
[ZS"euF; .Sohms I
,.,:_
1
... "'<:::::1 I
'
'
--..
.. -'................
!2eeuF; s.oohmsf-...
-25
-30
--r----.-
1
Lm'
-...___
-...
..
Speed (rpm)
( Rl ) 2+ (Ll)2
(J)
L '
lr
=0
R r -)2+L
'
(12
lr
Sw
(21)
where
I
I
-35
. - - --- _ _J
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
'
(19)
(22)
Ys
s
lnog<Y )
where
C ;ncreosE's o1 conston1 Rl
Rl decreOSE"S
ot constoot C ____.
Reoi(Ysl
Yn
After solving the above equation for the slip, the magnetizing
inductance Lm' can be solved by using the equation 21. The
flux level corresponding to the calculated Lm' can be found
from the magnetization curve shown in appendix 2.
To illustrate parallel compensation in circle diagram ap
proach, a simplification is to be made. For a parallel compen
sated system, the equivalent circuit can be simplified by
assuming that the stator resistance and stator leakage inductance
is negligible. The stator-load admittance depends solely on the
load impedance. The stator admittance diagram becomes very
simple. The variation in the resistive load and the capacitor
size can be described as straight lines. The equation governing
the stator-load admittance can be written in simplified form as:
lrmg(Ynl
RE'oi(Yn>
(
Yr'
;ncreo
D '""'
\_
RE'OI()'r')
. "" ,,..,
C. Steady-State Calculation
ys
(23)
Air-Gap Voltage-Speed
:1
0 160 ..
z.
I
Q)
l
0
>
Load
The effect of varying the resistive load will move the operat
ing point horizontally. Thus increasing the load resistance, the
size of the real part of the stator admittance will be reduced.
Consequently, this will correspond to a lower slip and lower
output power, which translates into a lower output torque. On
the other hand, if the size of the resistive load is reduced the
size of the real part of the admittance will be larger, hich
corresponds to the higher output power and higher torque.
B. Effect of Varying the Resistive
140
a. 120
<U
(!)
.!. 100
<t
80
_j
w'
Torque-Speed
0
5
-10
Stator Current-Speed
UJ
Q)
a.
...
1:
"
u
0
1ij
Cii
40
-15
35
Q)
"
-20
{?.
-25
30
25
-30 .
20
-35
15
-40
1200
1800
1400 .'
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
j288uF: 20ohms I.
7000
. _,./
Jl
/.,
.- t)l
/ "joouF;20ohms I
,... . .
. ..
..
.-
5000
3000
. JI
6000
a..
2400
2600
IV. CONCLUSION
Using of circle diagram approach helps clarify the concept of
self excitation both for series and parallel compensation. From
the circle diagram, it is easy to see how the operating condition
of the induction generator changes as the parameters are
changed.
From the discussions presented above, both the series
compensation and parallel compensation can be implemented for
isolated operation. With the correct choice of capacitor sizes,
operation over a wide range of speed can be realized. As can
be seen from the graphs, in isolated operation, induction
generator has a wider speed range with a relatively low slip.
Pout-Speed
8000
4000
2200
2600
.!.
2000
Speed (rpm)
:;
0
1600
Speed (rpm)
0
1200
1400
10
_.-
..
40ohms
/
. IF-::.-_;-288uF;
. .. '
_..
.
2000
..
.-..-- ..-"'
. .
. . ..
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
_,.
.
..
. ..
.
.
1000
REFERENCES
__..
ol+-------,-----.-----r--,------r--
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
Speed (rpm)
D.
Thesis,
D.W.
October 1989,
[3]
W.J.
pp.
on
No.
4,
409-418.
IEEE Trans.
on Power Apparatus
and
APPENDIX I
Magnetizing Inductance of the Induction Machine
Magnetizing Inductance
45
40
35
I'
.
E
'...1
30
25 .
20
5+----.-----.----
4
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
V glw (volts/rad/sec)
APPENDIX 2
Parameter Values
(at 60Hz)
Xm'
refer to appendix 1