APUSH FALL FINAL OUTLINE

Chapter 1 Collision of Cultures

Outline
America Before Columbus
o Early Migrations
Came through Bering Strait
Came from boats to Chile and Peru
o Civilizations in Americas
Incas - Peru
Largest empire
Mayans - Central America
Calendar
Language
Agricultural Advancements
Aztecs - Mexico
Tenochtitlan
o Largest city at this point
Southwestern US
Maize
Cahokia
Great Plains and Great Basin
Hunters, Nomad
Northeastern
Clovis People
o Traveled across Berin Strait
o Brought tools
o Established nomadic hunting groups
Iroquois
o Permanent villages
o Hunted, gathered
o Many were religious - nature
o Tribal Roles
Women cared for children, prepared meals
Men hunted
Women helped make tribal decisions in some cultures
Europe Looks Westward
o Vasco de Gama - went around tip of Africa 1497-1498
o Vasco de Balboa - crossed isthmus of Panama 1513
o Reasons for Exploration
Population growth made land more expensive
Advances in technology - sextant
Desire for new markets and products
o Spain increased interest in exploration because of Colombus
3 distinct periods
Spain claimed most of the new world except for Brazil
Conquistadors
Cortez (1518) devastated natives
Justified this as gods work
Spain built empire on finding gold and silver
Ordinance of Discovery (1570s) banned harsh military conquests
Spain required catholicism
Set up missions (Southwest America)
Many post conquistador spanish immigrants came to set up missions
o St Augustine Florida - First European settlement
o Encomienda System
Individuals were given land
Slavery of natives
Expected to Christianize the natives
o Pueblo revolt (Popes Rebellion)
Native American rebellion against Spanish in New Mexico
2,000 Spanish 30,000 Pueblos
Spanish priest and government eliminated any Native practices and forced them into slavery
Pope and his people kill hundreds of Spanish
Spanish leave for 12 years
1696 the Spanish return
Spain began to accept more of the Natives practices
Natives received more freedoms from the Spanish

By the end of the 1500s the Spanish monarchy controlled virtually all local governments in its new world colonies
More strict in economic policies
All trade must go through a few ports
o Britain, France, and Dutch focuses on population growth
o Spain did not continue to send large numbers of immigrants
o Columbian Exchange
Goods, diseases, and people are exchanged
From America: potatoes, maize, and tomatoes
From Europe: wheat, rice, chicken, horses, oxen
Impact of Exchange
In Europe and Asia, massive population growth
In Africa, Spanish and Portuguese enslave West Africa
In America, the spread of disease, mestizos, horses that transform native life, encomienda system
o Spanish Hierarchy
Spanish were on top, natives and Africans were on the bottom
Middle are mestizo/ zambo
African societies
Matrilineal
o Property inherited from mothers family
o Women played large role in trade
o Slavery was not hereditary
Africans fought each other as enemies to sell as slaves
Slave trade dominated by Spain and Portugal increased due to demand for sugar and tobacco
Arrival of English
o Reasons for English Exploration
Rising population , lack of land
o Joint stock companies
Group of people would pool money together and share profits and losses
o Mercantilism
Goal to benefit mother country (england)
Increased desire to gain wealth
o Religion
Puritans wanted to purify Anglican church
Came to seek refuge
Believed in predestination - John Calvin
Separatists
Extreme puritans who wanted to break from the Anglican Church (pilgrims)
o English experiences in Ireland
English view Catholic Irish as savages
Humphrey Gilbert
o Justified treatment of Irish
Believed they must be oppressed
o Believed the same about the natives
o English with the French and Dutch
Spain barely colonized North America
French explored North American continent and created close relationship with the natives
Coureurs de Bois - French fur traders
Alliance with algonquians
o Intermarried
Dutch traded furs and established around New York
Had a smaller population
o Spanish Armada
Large fleet defeated by the English
England emerged as world power
o English
Roanoke - lost colony
1590, colony found deserted with croatoan
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in America
o King James I
Chapter 2
Early Chesapeake
o Virginia and Maryland
o Jamestown
Virginia
Founded in 1607
First permanent English settlement
Charter colony
Winter 1609 - 1610 starving time fever, death

Tobacco

Introduced by John Rolfe

Hated by King James I
Made money
Exhausted land
Led to expansion
Led to conflict with natives

Expansion

Headright system
50 acres of land
If someone paid for the passage of an immigrant, he would receive 50 acres of land
o Encouraged indentured servants

1619

John Smith saved colony from starvation

Encouraged work
Discipline

House of Burgesses
Elected representatives in Virginia
First group of Africans
o Conflict with natives
Powhatan Confederacy
No longer a threat by 1644
o Maryland
Founded by second Lord Baltimore
Fared better than early Virginians did
Act of toleration - Freedom of worship to all Christians
o Bacons Rebellion
Virginia 1676
Governor Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line
In west many farmers were under represented by house of Burgesses
Conflict between Natives and westerners - Nathaniel Bacon wanted to be protected by the Governor
Bacon almost took control, but died
Movement towards slaves for labor
Most who rebelled were former indentured servants
Sparked a shift towards slavery
Shows tensions between rich and poor, east and west
Growth of New England
o Plymouth
Pilgrims were separatists - wanted to break away from Anglican Church
Mayflower Compact
Government led by majority rule
Relationship with natives
Had good relationship with Natives
William Bradford - Governor of Plymouth
o Puritans
Wanted to purify of English Church
King Charles I began to target Puritans
1629
John Winthrop received a charter and settled in Chesapeake Bay
Puritan beliefs
Believed in predestination
focused on reading the Bible and led to schools
City upon a hill - example for the rest of the world
Church members were the only people allowed to vote or hold a political office
Did not extend religious freedom to others
o Thomas Hooker
Founded Connecticut, established a constitution, Fundamental Orders
o John Williams
Extreme separatist, wanted the Massachusetts Bay Colony to break away from the church
Advocated for separation of church and state and that Native Americans should receive money for their land
Gets banished to Rhode Island
All religions could worship in RI
o Anne Hutchinson
Challenged power of clergy and rights for women
Banned to Rhode Island
Many churches restricted womens rights further after her banishment
o Native American conflicts
Pequot War

Conflict of land and trade

Pequots were decimated
King Philip's war
Fought over land
Lasted several years
Colonists won and Native Americans were severely weakened and no longer a threat
The Restoration Colonies
o Carolina
Similar to Maryland
Headright system
Religious toleration to all Christians
North
Poor farmers
More isolated
South
Wealthy plantation
Very aristocratic
Traded with barbados and led to slavery
o New York
Originally belonged to Dutch
Various different groups
Some religious toleration and local governments
o New Jersey
Proprietor colony
Becomes royal colony
Most citizens were small farmers
o Quakers
Believed in an inner light
Each person could have their own religious experience
All could receive salvation
Did not believe in predestination
Women had many rights in church
Could speak publicly and become preachers
Pacifists, no paid clergy
William Penn
Founder of Pennsylvania
o Holy experiment - tolerated religion and made money
Paid Native Americans for their land
Borderlands and Middle Grounds
o Caribbean islands
Sugar cane became most important crop
Needed slave labor
o Harsh slave code
Important trading partner with British and North America
o Spanish in North America
Favored converting Natives to Christianity
Enlisted them as trading partners
Intermarried
o Georgia
Founded by James Oglethorpe
Founded to be a border against Spanish
Colony for debtors
Originally excluded Africans, slavery, and Catholics
Later, Georgia began to develop when slavery was introduced
Instituted plantations modeled after those in South Carolina
o French settled interior of North America
Beneficial relationship with natives
Built on trade
The Evolution of the British Empire
o Mercantilism
Colonies exist for the benefit and wealth of the mother country
o Navigation Acts
Stated colonists could only trade to England
Colonists could only ship enumerated articles to England - tobacco
Benefits
Shipbuilding increased
Lumber and iron industries increased
o Dominion of England

Created by James II
Combined several colonies under Sir Edmund Andros
Andros strictly enforced Navigation Acts
Glorious Revolution
James II is overthrown
William and Mary are installed as joint rulers
Andros and Dominion of England are overthrown
Maryland and Plymouth joined as a royal colony
Jacob Leisler
Overthrew New York Leader Francis Nicholson
Demonstrated tensions between lower class and wealthy
Impacts
Colonies successfully resisted some English policies
Strengthened belief that England should consider their views

Chapter 3
The Colonial Population
o Indentured servants
of of Chesapeake immigrants in 17th century
Served 4 - 5 years of labor
o Factors that promoted indentured servants
Natives did not make good laborers
In some cultures up to 90% died
Knew the land and could run away
Headright system
o Decline of Indentured Servants
Bacons Rebellion
Indentured servants would become free
o Women and Families in the Colonies
Chesapeake
High mortality rate affected traditional families
High birth rate for mothers (every 2 years)
New England
More stable family
Mortality rates were lower
Close-knit families were common
Puritanism played a large role in daily life
Similarities
Women had fewer rights than men
Had many children
o Beginnings of Slavery
11 million Africans were forced to come to america as slaves
Came through the middle passage
Mid 1690s - royal African Company of England lost their monopoly on the slave trade
Slave Codes - laws that regulated behavior of slaves
Marriage, reading
o Changing Sources of European Immigration
French, German, Irish, and Scottish began to immigrate in large numbers
Edict of Nantes
o Allowed Huguenots (French Protestants) to practice their religion
Germans settled in Pennsylvania
Scotts Irish settled in North Carolina, especially on the frontier
o Largest group in 18th century
o Came from Province of Ulster
o Similarities between Regions
Farming
Trade with Natives
o Southern colonies
Dominated by plantations
Tobacco in the Chesapeake
o More tobacco - more land - more expansion - more conflict
Georgia and South Carolina grow rice
Slaves treated very harshly
Harsh conditions
White refused to do work
South Carolina
Indigo
Farms and plantations dominated the south

 Not many cities

Northern economic and technological life
Dominated by lack of large scale farming
Colder climate
Rocky terrain
New York and Pennsylvania produced wheat
Commercial economy was important
New industries by 1650
Domestic Economy
Lumbering, mining, fishing, ship building
o The Rise of Money
Most colonists did not have specie
Commerce based on barter
Triangular Trade
Americas, Europe, and Africa
British Navigation Acts allowed colonies to only trade with Britain
o Colonists got around these by smuggling
Patterns of Society
o In England, most people did not own property
Not the case in the colonies
o The Plantation
Started in Chesapeake for tobacco
Far from towns
Different governments than in New England
Large plantations had schools and chapels
o Plantation Slavery
Most slaves lived on large plantations
Slaves developed a unique culture, religion, and family structure
Stono Rebellion
South Carolina
1739
100 slaves revolted, stole weapons, killed many whites
Tried to flee to Florida
As a result, slaves laws became more strict
Most slaves resisted slavery by running away
o The Puritan Community
Town played a huge role in daily life
Divided up land and provided fields
Town meeting - yearly elections (male, land owning, church members)
Halfway Covenant
Increased church membership, but sacrificed religious purity
o Salem Witch Trials
Hysteria throughout Massachusetts
Accused were wealthy, widowed, and middle aged women
Accusers tended to be less wealthy
Reflected religious and social tensions
Most the accused were independent which challenged Puritan society
o Cities
New York and Philadelphia
Had 25,000 by late 1700s
Emerged as huge trading centers
Established government
New ideas emerged and spread
o Inequality
Wealthy had increased power in churches and society
Men had more power than women
Awakenings and Enlightenments
o Tensions between Protestants and Catholics
o Rhode Island
Jews could worship freely
o Westward expansion led to a decrease in power of church
o Great Awakening
1730s to 1740s
Everyone can develop their own relationship with God
George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards had a sermon called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
New Lights vs Old Lights
New branches of Christianity begin to emerge
o

o
o

Less unity within the church

The Enlightenment
17 to 18 century
Movement away from religion
Reason, not faith, could find knowledge
Helped undermine the power of traditional authority
Education
Massachusetts law required each town to have a public school
1647
Influence of proximity and religion
Literacy rates were very high among whites
Slaves were usually prohibited from reading
Prior to 1763, 4 out of 6 colleges were founded for preachers
The Spread of Science
Lightningrod
Inoculation of smallpox
Concepts of Law and Politics
John Peter Zenger trial
Criticizes British official
Decision was that criticism of government officials was legal if it was true
Colonial governments enjoyed self government
Result of salutary neglect
Colonial legislatures were very powerful

Chapter 4
Loosening Ties
o Salutary Neglect
Prime minister Robert Walpole did not enforce Navigation Acts
o Many colonists saw each other as foreigners
Lack of colonial unity
o Albany Congress
Purpose was to create treaty with iroquois
o Albany Plan of Union
Approved by delegates, rejected by colonies
Join together to keep respective constitutions
Feared tax powers
Too much power to colonists
Join or Die
o Jefferson encouraged colonies to unite
The Struggle for Continent
o French and English compete for Native loyalties
France was more tolerant, English had more goods
o French and Indian War 1754
Started at Fort Necessity
Near Pittsburg
Both colonists and British fought the French
Colonists were not respected
Peace of Paris
1763
France is removed from North America
Effects of French and Indian War
Britain is in a lot of debt
Needs money
Illegitimacy of British affairs with colonists
o Only for mercantilism
The New Imperialism
o End of salutary neglect
1763
Britain begins to tax the colonies
o George Grenville
New prime minister, felt that colonists should help pay for the cost of the war
o Pontiacs Rebellion
1763
Conflict in Northwest territory
Leads to Proclamation Line of 1763
Forbade colonial expansion beyond Appalchians
o Sugar Act
1764
Tax on sugar to reduce illegal trade

Vice admirality courts

Courts set up for smugglers
Guilty until proven innocent
o Currency Act
1764
Colonists could no longer use paper money
Colonists did not have silver or gold
Reinforce mercantilist ideals
Shut down economy
o Stamp Act
Tax on 50 paper documents
Colonists were upset without consent of colonial assemblies
Stirrings of Revolt
o The Stamp Act Congress
First attempt at colonial unity against the British
o Patrick Henry and Virginia resolves
Belief that Americans had the same rights as English
Virginians should only pay taxes passed by the Virginia assembly
o James Otis
Called for an intercolonial congress to take action against the Stamp Act
o Sons of Liberty
Terrorized stamp collectors
o Declaratory Act
Passed after repeal of Stamp Act
Stated Parliament could pass any laws whatsoever
o Charles Townshend
British secretary of treasury
o Quartering Act
1765
Colonists must provide quarters and supplies for British troops
New York assembly disbanded for not complying
o Townshend Duties
New tax on imports
Lead, paint, paper, and tea
o Nonimportation Agreements
Boycotts of British goods
Growth of american homespun movements
Industries grew
o In 1770 all Townshend duties were repealed except for tea
o Boston Massacre
1770
Conflict between redcoats and colonists
Killed 5 colonists
Paul Reveres engraving
Propaganda
o Samuel Adams
Lead revolutionary
Proposed Committees of Correspondence in 1772
Example of colonial unity
o The Tax Issue
Americans believed they should only be taxed with their consent
No taxation without representation
England believed in virtual representation
o The Tea Issue
British East India Company
On the verge of Bankruptcy
Tea Act of 1773
o Lowered cost of tea
o Designed to bail out British East India Company
o Angered colonists because they were against all British taxes
o Continued to buy smuggled tea
o Boston Tea Party
1773
Dump tea in Boston Harbor
In response, Britain passes Intolerable Acts
Closes port of Boston until tea is paid
Extraterritoriality for British officers accused of crimes
Reduced colonial government power
o Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec

Americans thought it was encroachment of their land
Majority of people in Quebec were Catholic
Led to religious tensions
Cooperation and War
o Intolerable Acts helped lead to the 1st Continental Congress
All colonies except Georgia meet in Philadelphia
Made a list of grievances
Wanted to repeal most acts of 1763
Go back to salutary neglect
Called for military preparations against British
Called for non importation and non consumption of all trade with Britain
Would meet again in one year
They did not want independence
Wanted to go back to Salutary Neglect
o Lord Chatham
Urge withdrawl of British troops from America
o Edmund Burke
Repealed Coercive Acts
o Lord North
Colonists could tax themselves at the Parliaments demand
o Battle of Lexington
British are seeking to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock
William Dawes and Paul Revere warned of the British
8 minutemen were killed
o Concord
British moved there to find ammunition
Americans fought British back to Boston with guerilla warfare
Chapter 5
The States United
o Olive Branch Petition
Written after Lexington and Bunker Hill
Appeal to the King to stop the conflict
King George III rejected this
Most Americans of 1775 did not want independence
o British recruitment to fight North Americans
Native Americans
Southern slaves
Hessians
o Common Sense
Thomas Paine
Purpose was to urge Americans to want independence
Audience was those on the fence
o 2nd Continental Congress
Urged trading with all countries but England
July 1776 issues Declaration of Independence
o Loyalists
People that remained loyal to England
o Patriots
Favored independence
o Articles of Confederation
First government of the United States
Weak central government
No executive branch
Couldnt tax
o The War
France aided the colonists
Military
Financial
As a result of battle of Saratoga
The Creation of State Governments
o Republicanism
All power comes from the people
o Equality for all?
No
Slaves still existed
Women had few rights
o State constitutions
Governors could not hold seats in legislatures
Property requirements for voting

 Limited the amount of people that could vote

Religious Toleration
Statute of religious freedom
Written by Thomas Jefferson
o Slavery
Outlawed in Northern states
Exists in Southern and border states
The Search for a National Government
o The Articles
Very small legislative branch
o Powers under the Articles
Conduct foreign relations
Borrow money
o Powers not given under the Articles
Could not regulate trade
Could not collect taxes
o Problems with the Articles
13 states required approval to amend the Articles
Representation was equal
o Foreign Policy Problems
Britain is not following Treaty of Paris 1783
o Land Ordinance of 1785
Congress could survey and sell western lands
36 sections: sale from one section led to public schools
o Northwest Land Ordinance 1787
Once a territory reached 60,000 people, it could apply for statehood
Allowed the country to expand and for the admittance of new states
Slavery was not allowed in northwest territory
o Treaty of Greenville
Treaty with Native Americans, many moved out of Ohio and Indiana territories
o Post-war Depression
1784 - 1787
Country is in debt
Not a source of revenue from taxes
o Farmers
Many farmers were in debt
Favored increasing money supply
Farmers VS wealthy
o Shays Rebellion
Former revolutionary war veteran
Called for paper money
Tax relief
Elimination of imprisonment for debt
End of foreclosures
Significance
Shows Articles were weak
Many advocated for a strong central government
Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic
Framing a New Government
o Many Americans championed a new, strong central government
o Newburgh conspiracy
Military members were upset about not receiving pension
Washington helped prevent the rebellion
o Major Weakness
Lack of ability to tax
o Annapolis Convention
1786
5 states comes to discuss commerce
Alexander Hamilton gains promise to meet next year in Philadelphia
o Shays Rebellion helped demand a stronger central government
o Constitutional Convention
55 delegates from 12 states (not Rhode Island)
o Key Players
George Washington
President
Edmund Randolph
Promoted 3 branches of government
o Issue of Representation
Virginia Plan (Madison)
o

2 houses
Based on population
Popular with big states
New Jersey Plan (William Paterson)
1 house
Each state to have equal representation
Popular with small states
Connecticut Compromise (Roger Sherman)
2 houses
o One based on population
o One with equal representation
o Compromises
Compromise
Slaves would count as of a person when determining population in the south
Slave Trade Compromise
Effort to remove the slave trade
Slave importation could not be stopped prior to 1808
Commerce Compromise
What would be taxed
Congress can tax imports but not exports
o Sovereignty
Where does the power lie?
The people (James Madison)
o Supremacy Clause
Constitution would be the supreme law of the land
o Necessary and Proper
Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper
o Federalists
Those who favored a strong central government
Favor of Constitution
o Anti-Federalists
Favored Articles
Afraid of Constitution
Feared power in central Government
o The Federalist Papers
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
Purpose was to gain support of the Constitution
o Bill of Rights
1791
After Constitution was ratified
Promised in order to gain support of Anti-Federalists
o George Washington becomes president April 30, 1789
o Judiciary Act
1789
Created Supreme Court
5 associate justices and 1 chief justice
o Created Executive Departments
State, treasury, and war
o The Cabinet
Part of unwritten constitution
Heads are appointed by president but approved by the senate
State (Jefferson)
Treasury (Hamilton)
War (Knox)
Throughout his first term, Jefferson and Hamilton battled over government role and philosophy
Federalists and Republicans
o Federalists (Political Party)
Led by Hamilton
Favored strong central government
Supported by the wealthy
Believed merchants were the backbone of the economy
o Hamiltons Financial Plan
Federal government would assume all state debts
Federal government would pay off debt at full face value
Creation of the Bank of the United States
Hamilton referred to elastic clause to form the Bank

Excise tax

Tax on manufactured goods

Tax on imports
o Jefferson and his supporters (Republicans) agreed to the plan when the capital was moved to the South
o Republican Party (Jeffersonians, Democratic Republicans)
Led by Jefferson and Madison
Madison was a Republican despite writing the Federalist papers
Believed farmers were the backbone of the economy
Pro-French
o French Revolution
Republicans supported the revolution
Federalists hated the revolution
Establishing National Sovereignty
o Whiskey Rebellion
1794
In response to the excise tax on Whiskey
Washington summoned state militias
Rebellion was quickly stopped
Demonstrated power of new government
o Native Americans
Were not granted citizenship
Not considered foreign nations as European countries were
No direct representation
o US Neutrality
Washington urged neutrality in war between France and Britain
o Citizen Ganet
French diplomat urged Americans to go war with Britain
o Jays Treaty
Treaty with Britain
US received compensation for damaged ships
Upset south
Promise from Britain to leave posts (forts)
Same as treaty of 1783
o Pinckneys Treaty
Treaty with SPain
Granted US rights to navigate along the Mississippi River in New Orleans
Store goods in New Orleans
The Downfall of Federalists
o Election of 1796
Between Jefferson and Adams
Adams becomes president, Jefferson the vice president
o Washingtons Farewell Address
Warned against foreign alliances
o XYZ Affair
3 US diplomats go to France
Demanded a bribe
War hysteria ensues
Want to go to war with France
o Quasi War
Undeclared naval war between US and France
Ends with Napoleons reign
o Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Purpose
Punish opposition to Federalist party and Adamss administration
Silencing critics of the federalist
Alien Act
Increased residency requirement for foreigners to become citizens
President could deport foreigners
Sedition Act
Made it illegal to criticize the government
10 republican newspaper editors were convicted under the law
Virginia and Kentucky Revolution
Kentucky Revolution (Jefferson)
Virginia Revolution (Madison)
Urged states to nullify Alien and Sedition Acts
More symbolic at the time
o The Revolution of 1800
Jefferson & Adams

Jefferson and Burr tie for presidency, goes to House of Representative

Jefferson wins, Burr becomes vice president
Hamilton encourage those in the house to vote for Jefferson
Why is it called a revolution
Peaceful transition of power between parties
One political party left and one came into power
Judiciary Act of 1801
Passed by Federalist Congress while Adams is still president
Created by many new federal judgeships
Adams appointed many judges in his last days of office
Midnight judges
o John Marshall

Chapter 7
The Rise of Cultural Nationalism
o Republicans favored education
Educate future voters (electorate)
Just white men
Not all states had public education
Many private institutions especially in the south
o Women and education
Republican Motherhood
Women should raise good citizens
o Slave owners did not want slaves to be educated
Fear that knowledge would instill rebellion
o University of Pennsylvania
First medical school
o Medical Treatment was primitive
Bleeding
o Midwives
Common occupation of women
Helped with delivery of babies
Decreased due to physicians
o Noah Webster
Helped standardize English language
American Spelling Book
o 1783
o Key Religious Beliefs
Deism
God existed but created the world and then stepped back
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Paine
Unitarianism
Did not believe in pre-destination
Anyone could go to heaven
Rejected idea of trinity
o Jesus was a person, not the son of God
o Religion in the 18th century
10% of white Americans were a former member of the church
Attempt to bring them back
Second Great Awakening
o Cane Ridge Kentucky
1801
1st camp meeting- 25,000 people
o Burned over district
Western NY
Many conversions
o Message of 2nd Great Awakening
Individuals must reconnect with God
Increase in separate religious denominations
Increase in involvement of women
Helps inspire reform movements in 1830s and 1840s
Stirrings of Industrialism
o Samuel Slater
Father of my factory system
o Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
Reduced time needed to separate cotton from seeds
Led to explosion of slavery
Helped connect the agricultural south with the textile north

Interchangeable parts
Produced identical parts for weapons
Applied to other industries
o Robert Fulton
Pioneered steam engine on a boat
Clearmont - sailed up the Hudson River
Helped promote transportation
o Turnpikes
Lancaster Turnpike
60 mile toll road from Philadelphia to Lancaster
Helped spur the growth of other turnpikes
o State governments had to finance turnpikes into less populated areas
Jefferson the President
o We are all republicans, we are all federalists
o Revolution of 1800
Not a huge change, many Federalist policies remained intact
Except for excise tax
o Implemented under Hamiltons financial plan
o Patronage
Providing government jobs to party members and supporters
Jefferson widely used patronage in second term
o Reducing the Federal Government
Cut back on the military - fear of large standing armies
Problems with Barbary states
o Marbury VS Madison
Jefferson refused to allow Marbury (a midnight judge) to serve
Supreme Court states Marbury was entitled to be a job, but they could not enforce it
Supreme Court deemed part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Established principle of Judicial Review
Supreme court can declare federal laws unconstitutional
Judicial Branch gains power
o Two Key Judges
John Marshall
Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Helps increase power of the central government
Samuel Chase
Justice on Supreme Court
Impeached
o He was a Federalist
Not removed from office
Lesson of Impeachment
Impeachment would not be used regularly
Doubling the National Domain
o Treaty of San Ildefonso
1800
Gives territory of Louisiana back to France
o US wants New Orleans
Right of Deposit
Ability to store goods in New Orleans
o Livingston and Monroe buy Louisiana Purchase for 15 million
o Purchase Constitutional?
Under Jeffersons strict interpretation, no
Jefferson argued his treaty-making power allowed him to do so
The Louisiana Purchase caused Jefferson to switch from a strict interpretation to a loose interpretation
o Federalists against this loose interpretation
Ironic
o Essex Junto
New England Federalists wanted to secede
Attempted to lure Aaron Burr
o Aaron Burr
Challenges and kill Hamilton in a duel
Hamilton helped prevent Burr from becoming Governor of New York
Travels to Southwest and wants to take land from the Spanish
Expansion and War
o Berlin Decree
France forbade European trade with Great Britain
France captured any US ship trading with Great Britain
o Orders in Council
All goods being traded with Europe must stop at Great Britain first

o
o

Both violated US rights and neutrality

Impressment
British policy of searching US ships of deserters and forcing men into the navy
o Chesapeake Leopard Affair
1807
Deals with impressment
British, in attempting to impress a ship, kill 3 and wound 18
Leads to Embargo Act of 1807
o Embargo Act of 1807
Doesnt allow Americans to trade to any foreign country
Forces America to be more self sufficient
Huge disaster
Hurts economy, especially New England
o Non-Intercourse Act
1809
Re-opens trade except with France and Britain
Still a disaster
o Macons Bill 2
Promised to end embargo against the country that would repect Americans rights
France agrees, Britain does not
o General William Henry Harrison
Serves 30 days
Governor of Indiana Territory
o Tecumseh
Native American leader
Sought to unite all Native Americans
Able to unite many native americans
o Battle of Tippecanoe
Harrison defeats native americans
Rumors British aided and encouraged the uprising of Native Americans
Resulted in increased American expansion
War of 1812
o War Hawks
Young congressmen that favored war with Great Britain
Henry Clay
John C Calhoun
Mostly democratic republicans
o Battle of New Orleans
Jackson becomes a hero
Occurs after war ends
o Treaty of Ghent
Ends the War of 1812
Neither side gained or lost anything
o Hartford Convention
End of 1817
New England federalists had many grievances
Wanted to add an amendment for more than 50% of congress to agree to declare war
President term to one term
All presidents were from Virginia
Urged succession
Drastically hurt Federalists since country was experiencing a sense of nationalism
United country
Chapter 8
Building a National Market
o 1st Bank of United States expired in 1811
Originally chartered by Hamilton
5 year period where there is no Bank of United States
o State banks issued notes
o 2nd Bank of United States
Chartered for 20 years
Ends in 1836
o Francis Cabot Lowell
1st mill for spinning and weaving in America
o Post War of 1812 Economic Problems
Britain flooded the US market with goods
Hurts American industries, US economy
Need for tariffs
o Tariff of 1816
Designed to protect American industries
Intended on protecting American industries, not just raising revenue

Transportation improvements
Building of roads, canals, turnpikes, etc
Who should fund - federal or state government
National road
Federal government funded
Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia
o Calhouns internal improvements Bill
Huge nationalist
Proposed federal government to finance internal improvements
Vetoed by Madison
Believed congress did not have authority to fund the project
Expanding Westward
o After War of 1812 many Americans moved westward
Fewer Native Americans, less threat
Huge increase in population
Need for more farmland out west
Cotton
exhausted land
Huge cash crop
Building of fortson Mississippi and Great Lakes
Done by federal government to protect Americans
Erie Canal
1825
Built from Buffalo
Connected Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes
o Mexixo gains independence
1821
Trades more with US
Era of Good Feelings
o Huge increase in nationalism
o 1 political party rule (democratic republicans)
Federalists are not around because of Hartford Convention
o Attributed to Monroes presidency (1817-1825)
o Election of 1816
James Monroe is elected
Continuation of Virginia Dynasty
presidents were from Virginia
Rufus King
Federalist
Received 34 electoral votes
o Monroe chooses John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State
Goodwill tour of US
Successor for Adams
o Florida
Seminol War
Invasion of Florida by Andrew Jackson
Pushed Native Americans back to Florida
Adams Onis Treaty
1819
US gained all of florida
o Gave up Texas
o Spain gave up its claim to the pacific Northwest
o Financial Panic
When in doubt, panics are caused by speculation
Buying of a good in hopes of selling it of a higher price in the future
o Panic of 1819
Overspeculation of Land
The 2nd Bank of United States
Tightened its credit and called in loans
Many state banks begin to fail
As a result, many Americans blamed the Bank of United States
Sectionalism and Nationalism
o Missouri Compromise/ Compromise of 1820
Missouri a part of the Louisiana Purchase applies for statehood as a slave state
Would make 12 slave states
o Tallmadge Amendment
Proposed for gradual emancipation of slave in Missouri
South hated it and saw it as a step against all slavery

Solution

Missouri was added as a slave state

Maine was added as a free state
12 free, 12 slave
Slavery prohibited above 36 30 line in the future
o Impact of Missouri Compromise
Slavery number 1 issue of politics until Civil War
Helped lead to an increase in sectionalism
Movement away from nationalism (Era of Good Feelings)
o John Marshall
4th chief justice
During reign, national government became more powerful at the expense of states
Helps improve economy
Dartmouth College VS Woodward
New Hampshire tried to change the charter
Tried to change from private to state university
Daniel Webster argues the case on behalf of Dartmouth
Marshall said charter is a contract that could not be changed
o Government cannot interfere with contracts
Cohens VS Virginia
Supreme Court can review state court decisions
Federal government gains more power at states expense
Mcculloch VS Maryland (1819)
Maryland hated the Bank of United States and taxed it
Marshall says states cannot tax a federal agency
o Power to tax is the power to destroy
Supreme Court states that the Bank of United States is constitutional
Federal government is supreme over states
Gibbons VS Ogden (1824)
Interstate trade
Stated only congress could regulate interstate trade
Worcester VS Georgia (1832)
Stated Georgia could not interfere Native land
Not enforced, Natives forced to leave
o Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Written by Adams
Warned Europe to stay out of Latin America
US would consider any challege unfriendly
Most of Latin America is gaining independence from Spain
In return, US would stay out of European affairs
Impacts
Long term
o US would be dominant in Western Hemisphere
o US would stay out of European affairs
The Revival Opposition
o The corrupt bargain
4 candidates running for election of 1824
Andrew Jackson has most electoral and popular votes
o According to 12th amendment, house would then decide on top 3 candidates
Henry Clay (speaker of the house) comes in fourth
Supported Adams
o Adams becomes president
Henry Clay becomes secretary of state
Stepping stone to president
o Never becomes president
Clays American System
o Protective tariffs
o Internal Improvements
o Bank of the United States
Jackson and supporters are outraged at the Corrupt Bargain
The Revival Opposition
o Tariff of Abominations
1828
Raised tariffs drastically
Hated by South and West
Received no tariff protection
Favored by New England manufacturers
o Election of 1828

Jackson VS Adams
Jackson destroys Adams (178 - 83)
Problems await Jackson

Chapter 9
The Rise of Mass Politics
o Age of Jackson
More Americans participated in politics
Property requirements and taxpaying requirements dissapeared in many states
Increase in white male suffrage
Voting did not extend to women or African American
Did not have to be rich or own property
Western states gain more prominence
o Dorr Rebellion
Rhode Island
Forced conservatives to adopt a new constitution that expanded suffrage for adult white males
Getting rid of property requirements or paying taxes
o Presidential electors
Traditionally chosen by state legislatures
In 1828 all states but south carolina allow for popular vote of electors
o Presidential election trends
In 1824 27% of adult white males voted
In 1828 58% of adult white males voted
In 1840 80% of adult white males voted
Trend skyrocketed during the Age of Jackson
o Democracy in America
de Tocqueville
Argued America lacked typically aristocracy
People could rise and fall as they choose
Piece of writing that expressed the ability to rise in society
o Second Party System
Many people believed parties were essential to democracy
Loyalty to the party was more important than ideology
People had to be loyal to a party
Spoils system
o Patronage, rewarding supporters with government jobs
o Two Party System at the National Level
1830s
Democrats (Jackson)
Whigs (Clay)
o The Common Man President (Jackson)
1st president from the west (Tennessee)
Equality for all white males
Against wealthy, eastern establishments
Hated Bank of United States
o National Party Convention
Renominated Jackson in 1832
Replaced the congressional caucus
A way for more people to be involved in party politics
More power to the people
Our Federal Union
o John C Calhoun
Vice President under Adams and Jackson (1st term)
Wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest
1828
Urged states to nullify the tariff of Abomination
Argued that since states created the federal government, they had the ability to nullify federal laws

o
o

Kitchen Cabinet
Group of informal advisors for Jackson
Webster Hayne Debate
States rights - Hayne VS National power - Webster
Hayne advocated nullification
Second Reply to Hayne
Webster advocated national power
Union is the most important thing
o Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable
Nullification Crisis
John C Calhoun resigns from vice presidency and becomes Senator of South Carolina
South Carolina nullifies tariff of 1828 and 1832

Made Jackson know that if he tried to collect tariffs they would secede and be prepared to fight
Country on the brink of war
o Compromise Tariff of 1833 (Henry Clay)
Reduced tariff rates by 10% per year for 8 years
South is happy because they would get lower tariffs
o Force Bill
President could use the military in the future to collect tariffs
The Removal of Indians
o Jackson advocated removal of natives west of Mississippi River
Beginning of idea of Manifest Destiny
o 5 civilized tribes
Located in south
Mostly Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida
The tribes Jackson wanted moved to the West
o Indian Removal Act
1830
Aimed to remove southern tribes to the west of the Mississippi River
o Worcester VS Georgia
1832
Supreme Court stated that Natives could not be forced to move west
Andrew Jackson says John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it
Court ruled one thing and Jackson does not follow up on the courts decision
Shows supreme court is dependent on the executive branch to uphold and enforce its decisions
o Trail of tears
Winter of 1838
Forced removal of thousands of natives
died during or shortly after arriving west
Jackson and the Bank War
o Maysville Road Veto
Jackson vetoed the bill that was a part of intrastate commerce
Federal government does not spend much money on projects that only benefitted one state
o Nicholas Biddle
President of the Bank of United States since 1823
o Hard Money Advocates
Favored payment with gold and silver
Wealthy favored
Jackson supported them
o Soft Money Advocates
Favored paper money
Believed in rapid economic growth
Poor favored, especially farmers
Led to inflation
o 1832 Veto
Jackson vetoes the recharter of the Bank of the United States
First time a president vetoes a bill because he doesnt like it rather than because it is unconstitutional
o Removal of Bank Deposits
Jackson removed all government money out of the bank of the United States and put then in state (pet) banks
Biddle calls for loans and causes a huge economic crisis
o Roger B Taney
Jacksons Secretary of Treasury
Replaces John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1835
o Charles River Bridge VS Warren Bridge
1837
Issue within monopoly of a contract
Contracts can be breached if it benefitted the community
Reversed Dartmouth VS Woodward
The Changing Faces of American Politics
o Whigs
Formed in response to King Andrew I by Henry Clay
Led by Clay, Webster, and Calhoun
Revolutionary War, Whigs were favorable to Americans and against Britain
Favored a strong central government
Promoted industry and internal improvements especially in the West
American System
Usually wealthy and aristocratic
o Anti-Mason Party
1832
1st 3rd party
Anti-secret society
o Irish and German immigrants tended to be democrats

o
o

o
o

o
o
o
o
o

Specie Circular (1836)

All payments for land must be gold or silver
Helped contribute to Panic of 1837
Panic of 1837
At that point worst depression in American history
Causes
Overspeculation
Crop failures
Panics in Europe
Effects
Hundreds of banks fail
Unemployment grows
Prices of land dropped
Independent Treasury
Establish under Van Buren
Government money would no longer be held in private banks
Election of 1840
Van Buren VS Tippecanoe (William Henry Harrison) and Tyler Too
Log Cabins and Hard Cider
Get the Ball Rolling
William Henry Harrison dies 30 days into his presidency
John Tyler becomes President
His ascendency
Democrat at heart, but hated Jackson
Caroline
British attack on a ship that killed an American
Aroostook War
Conflict between lumberjacks in Maine and Canada
Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled boundary dispute in Maine
Creole
100 slaves took over ship and fled to Bahamas
Fear that slaves would start stealing ships
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Resolved a boundary dispute between Maine and Canada
Result of Aroostook War
Treaty of Wang Hya
1844
Caleb Cushing
Americans received trading rights in China
Extraterritoriality
If an American committed a felony he would be trialed by Americans
Angers China

Chapter 10
The Changing American Population
o Between 1820 and 1840 the population drastically increases
Faster rate than in Europe
o Immigration skyrockets during and after 1830s
Time period of Old immigration
Most settled in urban areas of Northeast
Highest number of immgrants came from Germany and Ireland
o Germans
Tended to move to Northwest
Farmers on the frontier
Most settled in Cincinnati
o Irish
Came because of potato famine in 1830s - 1850s
Moved to cities
o Nativism
Distrust and dislike of foreigners
Favoring Native born Americans
Wanted to stop the influx of immigrants
o Reasons for Nativism
Immigrants would work for lower wages
Take jobs
Belief that immigrants would destroy America and its culture
Fear of Catholic Church and Pope
Religious tension
Stealing votes
Voting for democrats

Examples of Nativism
Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner
Know nothing party or American party
Based around reducing immigration
NINA
No Irish Need Apply
Transportations, Communications, and Technology
o 1820s increase in canals
Erie Canal
363 miles, Albany to Buffalo
Clintons Big Ditch
Governor of New York
7 years to build
Built by Irish immigrants paddies
Gave NYC access to Chicago and goods along the way
o Canals also stimulate settlement in the Northwest
o Railroads
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1830
First railroad company
13 miles long
o Problems with Early Railroads
Different gauges on tracks
Certain trains could only go on certain tracks
Frequent accidents and erratic schedules
o In the 1850s, US sees a huge increase in railroad development
Trunk lines
Shorter lines consolidated into longer lines
Decreased importance of canals
As railroads become more popular, need for canals decreases
o Funding for railroads
State, local, and federal governments
State and local supported through money
Federal supported through land grants
o Most railroads were located in the Northeast
Creates greater disconnect between North and South
o Morse Code
First message from Baltimore to Washington was James K Polks nomination for Democratic Party in 1844
Commerce and Industry
o Growth of corporations
In 1830s growth of corporations because state legislatures passed laws that required corporations to pay a filing fee
o Limited Liability
Stockholders would only lose value of stock if the corporation failed
Personally could not lose your money
Encouraged people to invest in corporations
o Technological Advances
Interchangeable parts
Cotton Gin
Charles Goodyear
Pioneered rubber industry
Isaac Singer
Helped create the sewing machine
o Use of coal
Allowed factories to move away from water
Cities began to grow to mine coal (Pittsburgh)
Men and Women at Work
o Advancements in transportation allowed farmers to ship goods to all regions of the country
Leads to an increase in specialization of industry
o Lowell System
Young single factory women (farmers daughters) would work in a factory
Boarding houses for workers and churches
Paid well
o Lowell System declined
Declined in 1837
Panic of 1837 hurt wages
Increase in immigrants worked for less
o Construction gangs of immigrants helped build the infrastructure
o Immigration helped lead to a decrease in working conditions

Huge sense of nativism

Many Americans were not concerned for the conditions for immigrants
o Early Unions
Skilled craftsmen unions
Common law viewed most early unions as an illegal conspiracy
Didnt grow until after Civil War
o Commonwealth VS Hunt (1842)
Massachusetts Supreme Court case stated unions were legal
Other states soon agreed
Unions did not gain more power until late 1800s
o Women, free blacks were not included in unions
o Free labor
Northern workers viewed freedom as an absence of slavery
o Northern workers disliked slavery
Lack of freedom
Slavery took away jobs
o Free African Americans had little freedom as well
Not considered legal citizens
Patterns of industrial Society
o Economic growth not shared equally
Slaves, Native Americans, and unskilled workers were left out
o Urban areas saw high poverty rates
Many were immigrants and often homeless
o Free blacks in the North faced severe difficulties
Could not
Vote
Attend public schools
Use public services
o Geographic Mobility
Safety Valve theory - Frederick Jackson Turner
In times of economic trouble, people could move from cities to the west
Hope of optimism despite not actually happening often
o Men and women had increasingly different social roles
Women could almost never obtain a divorce
Cult of Domesticity
Women and men had separate spheres
Women were encouraged to stay home and raise children and instill moral values
Single women did not have many occupational choices
Teachers, nurses, domestic servants
The Agricultural North
o Old Northwest (Ohio, Illinois) specialized in meatpacking
Cincinnati (Porkopolis)
Chicago
o Specialization in Agriculture
West
Livestock and dairy
South
Cash crops
o Cotton
North and Mid Atlantic
Wheat, fruit, and vegetables
o Agricultural Inventions
John Deere
Steel plow
o Huge boost for breaking up soil
Cyrus McCormick
Mechanical reaper
o Rural Life
Church plays a big role and helps bring the community together
Chapter 11
The Cotton Economy
o Why was cotton so popular
Tobacco exhausted land and fluctuated in price
Sugar and rice cultivation was difficult
Industrial Revolution created a new, large demand for textile factories
o Spread of cotton
By 1850, cotton became the dominant crop of the South
Deep South saw most production
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana

Southern Industry
Mostly agriculture
Some commerce developed, but it served the plantation economy
o Why did the South not industrially develop
Lots of money could be made in agriculture
Land was very favorable to farming
Capital was tied up in farming
Lack of adequate infrastructure (railroads, canals, etc)
o James B DeBow
Warned of the dependence on the North
Favored economic independence for the South
White Society in the South
o 1 out of 4 whites owned slaves
An even smaller portion owned plantations
Those that did had tremendous power and influence
Most only owned 1 or 2 slaves
o George Fitzhugh
Social theorist in the South
Writer, defended slavery and subordination of women
o Women had few opportunities at education
Those that did focused on being good wives
o The Plain Folk
Individuals in the south that focused mostly on subsistence farming and some cash crop farming
Growing enough just to live off themselves
o Few educational opportunities in the South
o Hill People
Lived in the Appalachian Mountain region
Opposed planter elite
Resisted secession leading to the Civil War
During war West Virginia would be a Union state
o Why were plantation owners so influential
Outnumbered
They controlled markets, credit, machines
They often had many relative in town
Slavery: The Peculiar Institution
o Mid 18 century Slavery was labeled peculiar as American South was the only place with slaves
Big distinction- protect the institution
o Varieties of Slavery
Slave codes passed (harsh laws)
Could not own property, marry, receive an education
Punishments varied
Whippings
o Overseers on plantations
In charge of slaves on fields
Did not own slaves
Extremely cruel to make them work as hard as possible
o Slave life
Women worked in the fields with men and then did housework
Had it harder than men
o House Slaves
Less physical work
Closer proximity to owners
Led to more punishment
Often isolated from other slaves
Female slaves were harshly treated by wives because of jealousy
o Slaves in Cities
Less slaves in cities
Due to fear of insurrections
o Slave Trade
International slave trade was outlawed in 1808
Slaves could no longer be imported
Domestic slave trade continued
Humiliating experience
Family members were split up
Amistad
Ship
Slaves revolted and wanted to go back to Africa but were caught
Adams wants them to be freed
o Goes to Supreme Court and they eventually agree with him

Resisting Slavery
Passive Resistance
Sickness, working slowly, running away, breaking tools
Slave revolts happened, but were rare
Gabriel Prosser (1800)
o Him and 35 others were hanged
Denmark Vesey (1822)
o Planned a rebellion, but never happened
Nat Turner (1831)
o Killed 60 people in Virginia
All revolts led to restricting rights of slaves
The Culture of Slavery
o New culture developed because lifestyles were very separate
New language
Combined African and English language
Music
Helped slaves pass the time on the fields
Religion
All slaves were Christian by 1800
Often emotional
Often discussed being delivered to freedom
Family life
Could not legally marry
Had their own ceremonies
of all families were broken up by slave trade
Frequent cause of running away was to reach family members that were sold to other plantations
Chapter 12
The Romantic Impulse
o Who reads an American book?
No one
Not many well known American writers
o Painting
Focused on landscape
Hudson River School
o James Fenimore Cooper
Wrote about frontier experience with the natives
Last of the Mohicans
o Walt Whitman
Celebrated democracy
o Moby Dick
Human spirit was a troubled, often self-destructive force
o Southern Literature
Tended to romanticize the plantation system
o Transcendentalism
Movement stating every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the truth and put him in direct touch with God
Similar to Great Awakening
o Ralph Waldo Emerson
Self Reliance
o Henry David Thoreau
Walden lived alone in nature for 2 years
Civil Disobedience - personal morality had the first claim on his or her actions, that a government which required violation of that
morality had no legitimate authority
Wrote after refused to pay war tax
Went on to inspire Martin Luther King and Ghandi
Utopian Societies
Brook Farm (Massachusetts)
New Harmony - residents worked and lived in equality
Oneida Free love sought to achieve perfection
All focused on a community effort
o Religions
Unitarianism
Belief that Jesus is not divine
Mormons
Founded by Joseph Smith in 1800s
o Murdered in jail
Led to Utah by Brigham Young
Utah is not admitted as a state until much later due to polygamy issues
Shakers

Founded by Ann Lee

Advocated celibacy and equal rights for women
Had to choose to a Shaker

Remaking Society
o 2nd Great Awakening
Unlike 1st Great Awakening, it inspired societal reforms
Charles Grandison Finney
Helped convert many individuals in the Burned Over District
o Buffalo NY
All individuals could achieve salvation by just converting
o Temperance
Push to limit hard alcohol or abstain altogether
Led by women
Allegations that men would waste family money on alcohol and face spouse abuse
Maine passed a dry law in 1851
Neil Dow (Mayor)
o Medicine and Science
Very primitive
Lack of knowledge was biggest obstacle
Cholera killed half of those infected
o Education
Horace Mann
Father of Education
The only way to protect democracy was to create an educated electorate.
In order for me to vote, they should be educated
Tax supported elementary schools
Schools in the South and WEst were inferior to the North
o Prison and Mental Health Reform
Debtors could face prison time, holes in the ground
Solitary confinement - penitentiaries
Dorothea Dix
Advocate of mental health reform
o Womens Rights
Seneca Fall (1848)
Many womens rights advocates were abolitionists
Declaration of Sentiments
Stated all men and women were created equal
The Crusade Against Slavery
o American Colonization Society (1817)
Goal was to have owners paid for freeing slaves and send them to Africa to Liberia
Not successful, former slaves wanted to stay in America
o William Lloyd Garrison
Radical Abolitionist
Published a weekly newspaper The Liberator - immediate and uncompensated end to slavery, slaveowners should not be paid to have
slaves
o David Walker
Advocated violence to end slavery
o Frederick Douglas
Former slave, great orator, womens rights advocate
o Anti Abolitionism
Abolitionist in the North were in the minority
o Elijah Lovejoy
Murdered in Illinois, outspoken abolitionist and editor of newspaper
o Abolitionist movement splits over the role of women
o Prigg VS Pennsylvania
Stated Northern states do not need to aid in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793
South stated north needed to help capture runaway slaves
o Free Soil Party
Free soil, free labor, free men
Against spread of slavery everywhere
Started by Samuel P Chase
Becomes Lincolns chief secretary
Claimed slavery hurt white workers
o Uncle Toms Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Shows the Evil of Slavery
--o Gag Resolution (1836 - 1844)
House resolution that tabled (did not allow the presentation or discussion of) ANY bill that went against slavery

Eventually overturned by Adams

Violation of 1st ammendment
o Amos Kendall
Postmaster General under Jackson
Forbid the delivery of abolitionist material in the South
Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis
Looking Westward
o Manifest Destiny
Painting with angel in center
God given right to expand from coast to coast
Coined by John O'Sullivan
o Opponents to expansion
Henry Clay and Whigs
Feared tensions over slavery
o Texas
Declared independence in 1836
Battle of San Jacinto - Santa Anna signed treaty recognizing Texas
Jackson and Van Buren hesitated to annex Texas
Fear of war with Mexico and exacerbating sectional strife
o Oregon
Joint occupation with Britain
54 40 or fight
US wanted to claim all of 54 50
Eventually US and Britain settle on 49th parallel
o Who Migrated West
Prosperous young people
Needed money to move west
o Oregon Trail
Native Americans played a huge role in guiding individuals
Most individuals walked on the trail
o Annexation of Texas
Key issue in the election of 1844
Polk fully supports annexation
Texas is annexed through a joint resolution in February 1845
Admitted into the country in December
o Boundary Issue
Texas claimed the Rio Grande and Mexico claimed the Nueces River
o Polk sought to buy California from Mexico but they refused
o Santa Anna
Becomes leader of Mexico again during Mexican American War
o Spot Resolutions - Spotty Lincoln
Territory dispute of where the blood was shed
o Thoreau
Civil Disobedience
Urged people to break laws they feel are unjust
Written as a response to Mexican American War
o Nicholas Trist
Negotiated treaty with Mexico - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
o Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
US pays Mexico 15 million dollars
Gains Mexican Cession
Includes California
The Sectional Debate
o Wilmot Proviso
David Wilmot
Introduced an amendment to a bill stating slavery would not exist in any land gained from Mexico
Example of Westward expansion and issue of slavery
Passed the House (because there was more population in the north) but not the Senate (south rejects it)
o Free Soil Party
Samuel P Chase
Became 6th chief justice of the United States
Were against the extension of slavery into territories
Free labor, free soil, free men
o Gold Rush
John Sutters mills
49ers
Mostly men - population increased from 14,000 to 220,000 in 4 years
o The fate of the newly acquired land
As long as they were territories, the federal government would decide the fate of slavery
o Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states that barred involvement in returning runaway slaves
Passed in response to Compromise of 1850
o Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay
5 parts
Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession
o People in territory could decide to be free or slave
California is admitted as a free state
o Free states have an advantage in the Senate
More strict fugitive slave law
o Leads to more personal liberty laws in the north
Slave trade is outlawed in DC
o Many people did not want the dignitaries to see the slave trade
Texas paid money to relinquish some land in dispute
End of Great Triumvirate
Calhoun, Webster, Clay
Daniel Websters 7th of March Speech
Urged Congress to support Fugitive Slave Act to avoid conflict
Northern abolitionists dont like this
Emergence of Stephen Douglas as a national leader
Omnibus vs individual bills
Crises of the 1850s
o North opposes Fugitive Slave Act
Personal Liberty Laws
Tensions between the north and south
o Franklin Pierce
Young America expansion of US democracy
Ostend Manifesto
Plan to buy Cuba from Spain, if they refused, US would take it by force
Fear of making Cuba a slave state
o Gadsden Purchase
Continental expansion are settled with Gadsden Purchase
Wanted to build a continental railroad
US secretary of War Jefferson Davis buys land from Mexico from Transcontinental Railroad
o Kansas - Nebraska Act (1854)
Response to Gadsden Purchase, North wanted the railroad
Proposed popular sovereignty in Nebraska Territory
Overturn the Missouri Compromise
Presumably, Kansas would become slave and Nebraska would be free
o Bleeding Kansas
Pro and anti slavery people show up in large numbers to vote
Burning of Lawrence, Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Beaten at his desk
Pottawatomie Creek
Response to Caning
o Free Soilers
Anti slavery and extension of slavery
Believed slavery took away jobs from whites
Helps morph into the newly formed republican party
o Slave Power Conspiracy
South sought to expand slavery and must be destroyed
Thought it was evil and taking over the government
o Pro slavery arguments
Caused by rebellions and writings (Uncle Toms Cabin)
John C Calhoun A positive good
Slaves were better off than factory workers in the North
Religious Justification
Racial Superiority
o Buchanan
Elected in 1856
Not associated with Kansas Nebraska Act whatsoever Kansas-less
o Panic of 1857
King Cotton was not hit hard at all
Gives South false hope
o Dred Scott VS Sandford (1857)
Slave that lives in Illinois and Wisconsin, sued for freedom
Courts Ruling
Could not sue because he was not a citizen

Lincoln

---

Slaves were property, could not be taken away without due process (5th amendment)
Congress could not eliminate slavery in the territories

Lincoln-Douglas Debates
7 debates for Senate in Illinois
Douglas wins, but alienate the South in the process
o Does so by 3 part doctrine
Line emerges on a national level
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
Noped to incite a slave rebellion
o Set up arsenal
Many southerners felt that North and Republican Party was filled with John Browns
o John Brown wa a radical at his time that did not have much support
Election of 1860
Lincoln wins without receiving a single electoral vote from the south
o Causes south to secede from the Union

The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton Helper
Anti Slavery
Argued non slave owning whites were most hurt in the south
o Fire eaters
Southerners that threatened secession
Chapter 14 The Civil War
The Secession Crisis
o December 20, 1860
South Carolina convention voted to secede
6 others followed by March 4, 1861
Buchanan did little to stop secession in his lame-duck period
o Crittenden Compromise
Proposed new Constitutional Amendments
Guarantee slavery where it was, re-establish Missouri compromise in all US territory (where it was in 1860 and the future)
Lincoln did not support the plan
A key part of their platform was the non-extension of slavery
Never added
o Fort Sumter
Confederate leaders ordered the capture of the fort (South Carolina)
Firing began on April 12 and on April 14th the fort surrendered
o As Lincoln mobilized for war, 4 more southern states withdrew
4 states remained in the Union Border States)
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
o At the beginning of the war, Lincoln fought to preserve the Union, not to end slavery
o Northern Advantages
Larger population
2x as much as in the south
More industry and war production
Advanced transportation system
o Southern Advantages
Fighting a defensive war (knew land better)
Most of white population was united
Better military leadership
o Bother the North and South mobilized their economies to fight the war
The Mobilization of the North
o Economics during the War
Homestead Act
1862
Provided 160 acres of land for settlers to move west for a small fee after 5 years
Morrill Land Grant
1862
Federal land was given to states to use for financial education
o Led to new colleges and universities (Cornell)
Tariffs were raised to highest level in history to that point
Republicans dominated Congress, wanted to raise tariff rates
Railroad subsidies for transcontinental railroad
Completed in 1869
Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in 1869
National Bank Acts
Banks could join and issue treasury notes

How did the country finance the war

Taxes
Borrowed money in form of bonds
o Conscription
Congress instituted a draft
Wealthy individuals could hire substitutes for $300
Teddy Roosevelt's father hired a substitute
Roosevelt became very pro war
The Civil War was seen as a rich mans war, but a poor mans fight
o NYC Draft Riots
100+ deaths over 4 days
Over drafts and racial issues
o Executive power during the war increased drastically
Lincoln sent troops into battle and increased military size without Congressional approval
Suspended habeas corpus (only Congress can) and shut down newspapers in Maryland that were critical of the war effort
o Election of 1864
Lincoln VS former Union general George Mcclellan
Lincoln won electoral vote in landslide, despite close popular vote
o Early Emancipation
Confiscation Act
1861
Slaves used in Southern military effort would be considered free
1862 law abolished slavery in DC
Confiscation Act
1862
President could use freed slaves as soldiers
o Emancipation Proclamation
Executive order to free all slaves in areas of the Confederacy that were in rebellion
Did not include areas under Union control nor the border states
Changed war effort to end slavery in addition to preserving the Union
Helped keep Europeans from siding on behalf of the South
o African Americans During the War
Escaped slaves were considered Contraband and would not be returned
Black enlistment increased post Emancipation Proclamation
54th infantry
Black soldiers that fought for the North
Black soldiers were paid less than their white counterparts
Often did arduous manual labor
o Women and the War
Most women entered nursing
National Womens Loyal League
1863
Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony
Hope to eliminate slavery and gain womens suffrage
The Mobilization of the South
o Government and the Confederacy
Most power resided in states
President - Jefferson Davis
Vice President - Alexander Stephens
o Confederate Economics
No uniform currency system led to high inflation
9000% during the war
o The confederate government authorized the impressment of slaves and a food draft
o The role of Southern women changed drastically
Wives were put in charge of farming as husbands fought
Widowed women had to find jobs to support themselves and families
Strategy and Diplomacy
o The south had better military leadership than the North
Ulysses S Grant was not in charge of the war effort until March 1864
o Northern Navy was vastly superior to the Southern Navy
North blockaded the South - like a snake
Navy aided in transportation of supplies and troops
The Course of Battle
o 618,000 Americans died in the war
o Key Battles
Antietam
Bloodiest day of the war, led to Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863 led to Gettysburg Address

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Gettysburg Address
Issued on November 19, 1863
Dedicated the battlefield as a cemetery
Shermans March to the Sea
General
Destroyed land and supplies of the South
War is Hell
Appomattox Courthouse
Surrender of General Lee on April 9, 1865