App 2

Appendix B
STATISTICAL TABLES
OVERVIEW
Table B.1: Proportions of the Area Under the Normal Curve
Table B.2: 1200 Two-Digit Random Numbers
Table B.3: Critical Values for Students t-TEST
Table B.4: Power of Students Single Sample t-Ratio
Table B.5: Power of Students Two Sample t-Ratio, One-Tailed Tests
Table B.6: Power of Students Two Sample t-Ratio, Two-Tailed Tests
Table B.7: Critical Values for Pearsons Correlation Coefcient
Table B.8 Critical Values for Spearmans Rank Order Correlation
Coefcient
Table B.9: r to z Transformation
Table B.10: Power of Pearsons Correlation Coefcient
Table B.11: Critical Values for the F-Ratio
Table B.12: Critical Values for the Fmax Test
Table B.13: Critical Values for the Studentized Range Test
Table B.14: Power of Anova
Table B.15: Critical Values for Chi-Squared
Table B.16: Critical Values for MannWhitney u-Test
Understanding Business Research, First Edition. Bart L. Weathington, Christopher J.L. Cunningham,
and David J. Pittenger.
2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
435
436
S TAT I S T I C A L TA B L E S
TABLE B.1: PROPORTIONS OF THE AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Using Table B.1
Table B.1 is used to convert the raw score to a z -score using the equation below (also
discussed in Appendix A), where X is the observed score, M is the mean of the data,
and SD is the standard deviation of the data.
z =
(X M )
SD
The z -score is a standard deviate that allows you to use the standard normal distribution. The normal distribution has a mean of 0.0 and a standard deviation of 1.0. The
normal distribution is symmetrical. The values in Table B.1 represent the proportion of
area in the standard normal curve that occurs between specic points. The table contains
z -scores between 0.00 and 3.98. Because the normal distribution is symmetrical, the table
represents z -scores ranging between 3.98 and 3.98.
Column A of the table represents the z -score. Column B represents the proportion
of the curve between the mean and the z -score. Column C represents the proportion of
the curve that extends from to z -score to .
Example:
Negative z -Score
Positive z -Score
z -score = 1.30
z -score = +1.30
0.4
0.4
Column B
Column B
0.3
Relative frequency
Relative frequency
0.3
0.2
Column C
0.1
0.2
Column C
0.1
0.0
0.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
x
1.0
Negative z-Scores
Area between mean and z
Area less than z
Positive z-Scores
Area between mean and +z
Area greater than +z
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
x
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Column B
Column C
0.4032
0.0968
40.32% of curve
9.68% of curve
0.4032
0.0968
40.32% of curve
9.68% of curve
Area between z and + z 0.4032 + 0.4032 = 0.8064 or 80.64% of curve

Area below z and above +z 0.0968 + 0.0968 = 0.1936 or 19.36% of curve
437
TA B L E B . 1 : P R O P O RT I O N S O F T H E A R E A U N D E R T H E N O R M A L C U RV E
TAB L E B.1. Proportions of the Area Under the Normal Curve

A
z
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
B
Area
between
M and z
0.0000
0.0040
0.0080
0.0120
0.0160
0.0199
0.0239
0.0279
0.0319
0.0359
0.0398
0.0438
0.0478
0.0517
0.0557
0.0596
0.0636
0.0675
0.0714
0.0753
0.0793
0.0832
0.0871
0.0910
0.0948
0.0987
0.1026
0.1064
0.1103
0.1141
0.1179
0.1217
0.1255
0.1293
0.1331
0.1368
0.1406
0.1443
0.1480
0.1517
Area
beyond z
0.5000
0.4960
0.4920
0.4880
0.4840
0.4801
0.4761
0.4721
0.4681
0.4641
0.4602
0.4562
0.4522
0.4483
0.4443
0.4404
0.4364
0.4325
0.4286
0.4247
0.4207
0.4168
0.4129
0.4090
0.4052
0.4013
0.3974
0.3936
0.3897
0.3859
0.3821
0.3783
0.3745
0.3707
0.3669
0.3632
0.3594
0.3557
0.3520
0.3483
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
B
Area
between
M and z
Area
beyond z
0.1554
0.1591
0.1628
0.1664
0.1700
0.1736
0.1772
0.1808
0.1844
0.1879
0.1915
0.1950
0.1985
0.2019
0.2054
0.2088
0.2123
0.2157
0.2190
0.2224
0.2257
0.2291
0.2324
0.2357
0.2389
0.2422
0.2454
0.2486
0.2517
0.2549
0.2580
0.2611
0.2642
0.2673
0.2704
0.2734
0.2764
0.2794
0.2823
0.2852
0.3446
0.3409
0.3372
0.3336
0.3300
0.3264
0.3228
0.3192
0.3156
0.3121
0.3085
0.3050
0.3015
0.2981
0.2946
0.2912
0.2877
0.2843
0.2810
0.2776
0.2743
0.2709
0.2676
0.2643
0.2611
0.2578
0.2546
0.2514
0.2483
0.2451
0.2420
0.2389
0.2358
0.2327
0.2296
0.2266
0.2236
0.2206
0.2177
0.2148
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
B
Area
between
M and z
C
Area
beyond z
0.2881
0.2910
0.2939
0.2967
0.2995
0.3023
0.3051
0.3078
0.3106
0.3133
0.3159
0.3186
0.3212
0.3238
0.3264
0.3289
0.3315
0.3340
0.3365
0.3389
0.3413
0.3438
0.3461
0.3485
0.3508
0.3531
0.3554
0.3577
0.3599
0.3621
0.3643
0.3665
0.3686
0.3708
0.3729
0.3749
0.3770
0.3790
0.3810
0.3830
0.2119
0.2090
0.2061
0.2033
0.2005
0.1977
0.1949
0.1922
0.1894
0.1867
0.1841
0.1814
0.1788
0.1762
0.1736
0.1711
0.1685
0.1660
0.1635
0.1611
0.1587
0.1562
0.1539
0.1515
0.1492
0.1469
0.1446
0.1423
0.1401
0.1379
0.1357
0.1335
0.1314
0.1292
0.1271
0.1251
0.1230
0.1210
0.1190
0.1170
(Continued)
438
T A B L E B.1. (Continued )
A
z
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
B
Area
between
M and z
0.3849
0.3869
0.3888
0.3907
0.3925
0.3944
0.3962
0.3980
0.3997
0.4015
0.4032
0.4049
0.4066
0.4082
0.4099
0.4115
0.4131
0.4147
0.4162
0.4177
0.4192
0.4207
0.4222
0.4236
0.4251
0.4265
0.4279
0.4292
0.4306
0.4319
0.4332
0.4345
0.4357
0.4370
0.4382
0.4394
0.4406
0.4418
0.4429
0.4441
Area
beyond z
0.1151
0.1131
0.1112
0.1093
0.1075
0.1056
0.1038
0.1020
0.1003
0.0985
0.0968
0.0951
0.0934
0.0918
0.0901
0.0885
0.0869
0.0853
0.0838
0.0823
0.0808
0.0793
0.0778
0.0764
0.0749
0.0735
0.0721
0.0708
0.0694
0.0681
0.0668
0.0655
0.0643
0.0630
0.0618
0.0606
0.0594
0.0582
0.0571
0.0559
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
B
Area
between
M and z
Area
beyond z
0.4452
0.4463
0.4474
0.4484
0.4495
0.4505
0.4515
0.4525
0.4535
0.4545
0.4554
0.4564
0.4573
0.4582
0.4591
0.4599
0.4608
0.4616
0.4625
0.4633
0.4641
0.4649
0.4656
0.4664
0.4671
0.4678
0.4686
0.4693
0.4699
0.4706
0.4713
0.4719
0.4726
0.4732
0.4738
0.4744
0.4750
0.4756
0.4761
0.4767
0.0548
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0485
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0436
0.0427
0.0418
0.0409
0.0401
0.0392
0.0384
0.0375
0.0367
0.0359
0.0351
0.0344
0.0336
0.0329
0.0322
0.0314
0.0307
0.0301
0.0294
0.0287
0.0281
0.0274
0.0268
0.0262
0.0256
0.0250
0.0244
0.0239
0.0233
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
B
Area
between
M and z
C
Area
beyond z
0.4772
0.4778
0.4783
0.4788
0.4793
0.4798
0.4803
0.4808
0.4812
0.4817
0.4821
0.4826
0.4830
0.4834
0.4838
0.4842
0.4846
0.4850
0.4854
0.4857
0.4861
0.4864
0.4868
0.4871
0.4875
0.4878
0.4881
0.4884
0.4887
0.4890
0.4893
0.4896
0.4898
0.4901
0.4904
0.4906
0.4909
0.4911
0.4913
0.4916
0.0228
0.0222
0.0217
0.0212
0.0207
0.0202
0.0197
0.0192
0.0188
0.0183
0.0179
0.0174
0.0170
0.0166
0.0162
0.0158
0.0154
0.0150
0.0146
0.0143
0.0139
0.0136
0.0132
0.0129
0.0125
0.0122
0.0119
0.0116
0.0113
0.0110
0.0107
0.0104
0.0102
0.0099
0.0096
0.0094
0.0091
0.0089
0.0087
0.0084
439
TA B L E B . 1 : P R O P O RT I O N S O F T H E A R E A U N D E R T H E N O R M A L C U RV E
A
z
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
B
Area
between
M and z
0.4918
0.4920
0.4922
0.4925
0.4927
0.4929
0.4931
0.4932
0.4934
0.4936
0.4938
0.4940
0.4941
0.4943
0.4945
0.4946
0.4948
0.4949
0.4951
0.4952
0.4953
0.4955
0.4956
0.4957
0.4959
0.4960
0.4961
0.4962
0.4963
0.4964
0.4965
0.4966
0.4967
0.4968
0.4969
0.4970
0.4971
0.4972
0.4973
0.4974
Area
beyond z
0.0082
0.0080
0.0078
0.0075
0.0073
0.0071
0.0069
0.0068
0.0066
0.0064
0.0062
0.0060
0.0059
0.0057
0.0055
0.0054
0.0052
0.0051
0.0049
0.0048
0.0047
0.0045
0.0044
0.0043
0.0041
0.0040
0.0039
0.0038
0.0037
0.0036
0.0035
0.0034
0.0033
0.0032
0.0031
0.0030
0.0029
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
B
Area
between
M and z
Area
beyond z
0.4974
0.4975
0.4976
0.4977
0.4977
0.4978
0.4979
0.4979
0.4980
0.4981
0.4981
0.4982
0.4982
0.4983
0.4984
0.4984
0.4985
0.4985
0.4986
0.4986
0.4987
0.4987
0.4987
0.4988
0.4988
0.4989
0.4989
0.4989
0.4990
0.4990
0.4990
0.4991
0.4991
0.4991
0.4992
0.4992
0.4992
0.4992
0.4993
0.4993
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
0.0023
0.0022
0.0021
0.0021
0.0020
0.0019
0.0019
0.0018
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28
3.30
3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68
3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78
3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88
3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98
B
Area
between
M and z
C
Area
beyond z
0.4993
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
440
In the following examples, we add 0.5000 to the area between the mean and z score. The 0.5000 represents the proportion of the curve on the complementary half of
the normal curve.
Area at and below +z = +1.30
0.5000 + 0.4032 = 0.9032 or 90.32% of curve
Area at and above z = 1.30
0.4032 + 0.5000 = 0.9032 or 90.32% of curve
TABLE B.2: 1200 TWO-DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

Using Table B.2
This table consists of two-digit random numbers that can range between 00 and 99
inclusive. To select a series of random numbers, select a column and row at random and
then record the numbers. You may move in any direction to generate the sequence of
numbers.
Example: A researcher wished to randomly assign participants to one of ve treatment
conditions. Recognizing that the numbers in Table B.2 range between 00 and 99, the
researcher decided to use the following table to convert the random numbers to the ve
treatment conditions:
Range of Random Numbers
0020
2140
4160
6180
8199
Treatment Condition
1
2
3
4
5
441
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
43
26
83
65
89
77
43
76
42
46
67
03
79
56
58
31
25
02
18
31
50
45
17
23
41
44
39
94
38
80
42
76
05
74
15
58
98
12
80
51
77
12
38
76
93
75
97
25
16
01
26
48
32
30
26
61
88
76
82
51
19
61
33
77
95
81
40
47
33
89
59
86
31
04
84
27
05
43
74
17
83
34
94
69
32
36
35
53
61
84
30
77
61
11
42
94
22
28
04
77
09
26
51
69
15
97
59
14
25
21
75
92
71
23
34
59
20
64
77
12
5
44
85
16
65
49
01
05
06
05
40
55
89
95
69
33
51
10
80
27
14
55
06
26
75
6
10
11
89
34
87
43
56
73
28
59
27
24
89
96
35
35
82
58
70
66
10
22
29
66
TAB L E B.2. 1200 Two-Digit Random Numbers
41
91
79
95
93
46
43
37
52
34
99
06
54
06
42
71
51
65
62
85
61
39
88
93
8
45
23
68
04
21
66
06
77
88
86
02
35
20
22
06
34
57
74
35
27
08
20
66
87
9
00
02
85
51
24
40
80
06
78
11
34
31
78
06
79
46
88
13
71
10
76
04
62
95
10
47
39
61
78
88
52
58
36
88
50
47
16
29
01
73
79
29
46
48
63
62
91
53
09
11
19
79
63
90
74
00
22
28
66
98
34
65
81
80
29
43
59
09
96
58
14
47
28
48
12
43
44
03
14
30
44
57
05
50
69
88
71
96
57
89
76
55
33
73
48
22
16
95
85
13
67
45
20
76
94
69
02
73
80
59
98
76
34
72
73
15
84
66
74
66
65
48
01
43
14
83
93
17
90
26
84
11
31
24
46
72
04
62
23
99
76
71
86
28
66
44
19
10
20
15
02
20
76
83
19
10
95
04
38
74
15
80
53
55
07
46
89
74
61
17
95
93
85
94
16
79
17
95
17
23
48
00
44
31
59
38
01
26
05
05
40
64
94
15
91
75
12
31
00
17
05
91
80
76
72
96
91
33
20
60
73
36
09
74
54
04
34
96
37
16
68
02
10
38
18
98
35
27
69
94
49
88
40
48
98
57
00
02
42
42
36
38
07
23
55
94
17
25
53
19
92
15
39
50
80
85
17
74
73
76
42
67
04
55
77
84
33
22
16
70
76
15
75
45
20
64
25
35
34
90
49
71
46
18
96
56
78
63
91
78
83
11
52
91
30
51
94
10
11
21
82
82
82
01
24
84
98
26
85
42
09
73
95
45
99
64
45
39
29
53
21
74
35
77
22
89
41
86
08
44
41
56
99
90
83
83
37
53
91
92
73
19
36
06
94
12
37
60
66
24
(Continued)
06
18
10
25
55
97
32
02
18
34
85
07
03
60
33
56
47
31
03
05
22
77
99
01
23
442
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
63
99
86
42
42
82
24
15
92
05
67
71
43
97
32
23
21
90
89
58
80
87
54
72
34
97
17
81
72
50
80
48
81
84
31
80
51
44
13
55
75
87
77
11
00
65
35
26
23
08
59
89
05
28
54
86
75
69
98
59
60
10
92
83
62
94
70
76
33
17
39
18
64
52
81
17
02
00
28
63
89
19
06
65
33
73
34
40
66
33
58
52
24
65
17
05
09
34
10
18
36
30
12
94
67
05
57
08
05
59
40
01
23
30
84
92
75
18
04
51
02
24
55
73
03
56
70
70
20
82
5
39
26
45
81
62
74
89
21
72
63
33
84
90
65
98
19
64
52
13
85
18
47
93
44
31
17
6
72
66
05
57
69
64
60
67
00
25
15
96
94
73
03
93
55
08
96
20
24
76
10
08
15
49
7
85
16
82
09
04
25
97
43
19
78
34
76
10
90
79
54
23
39
24
47
41
29
05
10
96
92
8
02
66
32
69
90
66
28
43
78
91
42
87
65
55
84
81
21
94
47
04
54
40
39
25
18
29
9
34
69
64
35
49
93
64
74
73
13
73
24
16
80
34
09
84
07
81
68
12
08
54
81
12
73
10
69
18
93
29
10
32
78
00
80
77
54
59
51
51
50
71
80
43
18
77
99
12
20
53
37
30
11
56
56
24
06
48
56
93
28
36
39
93
41
90
05
06
83
02
58
37
28
97
07
49
39
32
17
12
53
26
83
52
34
14
07
64
51
90
02
71
01
60
25
97
79
33
82
80
50
40
10
81
25
78
13
66
53
44
43
21
57
84
66
54
78
01
36
40
53
00
24
30
72
37
14
14
49
70
67
96
53
14
09
29
56
53
63
80
07
03
45
89
19
86
18
01
05
90
61
04
37
37
15
29
49
13
71
45
15
38
38
65
99
94
10
02
80
76
17
87
14
21
52
00
01
46
51
01
24
80
70
13
80
52
29
16
72
08
29
57
19
36
63
60
17
45
36
54
51
46
04
81
33
81
95
97
71
60
37
74
78
39
17
31
04
68
55
99
17
35
08
34
76
58
31
82
57
25
14
94
79
82
62
87
74
59
09
01
24
18
85
27
69
30
96
39
64
51
35
28
08
41
69
21
68
70
28
63
38
87
47
20
44
71
77
95
19
29
93
14
63
79
48
30
67
74
64
11
25
91
05
58
16
92
70
57
38
79
50
52
06
18
61
20
62
54
70
63
83
46
29
51
78
12
58
15
65
76
99
07
44
94
20
09
50
51
98
95
63
63
21
18
83
79
67
41
94
49
89
20
37
38
59
91
61
48
16
27
71
20
09
62
00
13
05
66
76
22
29
53
92
94
86
88
37
00
49
60
88
74
22
05
06
05
76
71
35
08
87
17
64
17
96
90
23
37
15
39
94
38
43
00
46
95
34
98
52
32
23
80
93
20
68
83
50
42
42
48
00
09
86
24
TA B L E B . 3 : C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R S T U D E N T S t - T E S T
443
TABLE B.3: CRITICAL VALUES FOR STUDENTS t-TEST

Using Table B.3
For any given df, the table shows the values of tcritical corresponding to various levels of
probability. The tobserved is statistically signicant at a given level when it is equal to or
greater than the value shown in the table.
For the single sample t-ratio, df = N 1.
For the two sample t-ratio, df = (n1 1) + (n2 1).
Examples:
Nondirectional Hypothesis
H0 : = 0
tcritical = 2.042
H1 : = 0
= 0.05, df = 30
If |tobserved | |tcritical | then reject H0
Directional Hypothesis
H0 : 0
tcritical = +1.697
H0 : 0
tcritical = 1.697
H1 : > 0
= 0.05, df = 30
If tobserved tcritical then reject H0
H1 : < 0
= 0.05, df = 30
If tobserved tcritical then reject H0
444
TAB L E B.3. Critical Values for Students t -TEST
df
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
500
1000
Level of Signicance of a One-Tailed or Directional Test

H0 : 0 or H0 : 0
= 0.10
= 0.05
= .025
= 0.01
= 0.005
= 0.0005
1 = 0.90 1 = 0.95 1 = 0.975 1 = 0.99 1 = 0.995 1 = 0.9995
Level of Signicance of a Two-Tailed or Nondirectional Test
H0 : = 0
= 0.20
= 0.10
= 0.05
= 0.02
= 0.01
= 0.001
1 = 0.80 1 = 0.90 1 = 0.95 1 = 0.98 1 = 0.99 1 = 0.999
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.299
1.296
1.294
1.292
1.291
1.290
1.287
1.286
1.283
1.282
1.282
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.667
1.664
1.662
1.660
1.655
1.653
1.648
1.646
1.645
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.009
2.000
1.994
1.990
1.987
1.984
1.976
1.972
1.965
1.962
1.960
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.403
2.390
2.381
2.374
2.368
2.364
2.351
2.345
2.334
2.330
2.326
63.656
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.678
2.660
2.648
2.639
2.632
2.626
2.609
2.601
2.586
2.581
2.576
636.578
31.600
12.924
8.610
6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587
4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850
3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725
3.707
3.689
3.674
3.660
3.646
3.551
3.496
3.460
3.435
3.416
3.402
3.390
3.357
3.340
3.310
3.300
3.290
445
TA B L E B . 4 : P O W E R O F S T U D E N T S S I N G L E S A M P L E t - R AT I O
TABLE B.4: POWER OF STUDENTS SINGLE SAMPLE t-RATIO

Using Table B.4
This table provides the power (1 ) of the single sample t-ratio given effect size,
sample size (n), , and directionality of the test.
Example: A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 : is = 12.0 using a
two-tailed t-ratio. The researcher believes that with = 0.05 and that the effect size is
0.20. Approximately how many participants should be in the sample for the power to be
approximately 0.80? According to Table B.4, if the researcher uses 200 participants, the
power will be 1 = 0.83.
Note that for Cohens d , an estimate of effect size is as follows:
d = 0.20 = small;
d = 0.50 = medium;
d = 0.80 = large.
446
TAB L E B.4. Power of Students Single Sample t -Ratio
n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
tc
2.306
2.228
2.179
2.145
2.120
2.101
2.086
2.074
2.064
2.056
2.048
2.042
2.037
2.032
2.028
2.024
2.021
2.018
2.015
2.013
2.011
2.002
1.991
1.984
1.980
1.977
1.975
1.973
1.972
1.968
1.966
1.965
1.964
1.963
1.963
1.962
1.962
1.962
1.961
1.961
1.961
Power Table: Single Sample t-Ratio

= 0.05 Two-Tailed
= 0.01 Two-Tailed
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.80
tc
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.80
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.22
0.28
0.34
0.39
0.45
0.51
0.61
0.69
0.76
0.82
0.87
0.90
0.16
0.21
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.54
0.59
0.63
0.67
0.71
0.74
0.78
0.80
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.23
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.69
0.82
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.56
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.78
0.89
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.57
0.62
0.67
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.83
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
3.355
3.169
3.055
2.977
2.921
2.878
2.845
2.819
2.797
2.779
2.763
2.750
2.738
2.728
2.719
2.712
2.704
2.698
2.692
2.687
2.682
2.663
2.640
2.627
2.618
2.612
2.607
2.604
2.601
2.592
2.588
2.586
2.584
2.583
2.582
2.581
2.580
2.579
2.579
2.579
2.578
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.26
0.35
0.43
0.51
0.59
0.66
0.72
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.43
0.59
0.72
0.82
0.89
0.94
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.53
0.70
0.82
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
TA B L E B . 5 : P O W E R O F S T U D E N T S T W O S A M P L E t - R AT I O , O N E - TA I L E D T E S T S
447
TABLE B.5: POWER OF STUDENTS TWO SAMPLE t-RATIO, ONE-TAILED

TESTS
Relative frequency
0.4
0.3
Fail to reject null
0.2
0.1
Reject null
0.0
3
0
t
Relative frequency
0.4
0.3
Fail to reject null
0.2
Reject null
0.1
0.0
3
0
t
Using Table B.5

This table provides the power (1 ) of the two sample t-ratio given effect size, sample
size (n), and when the researcher uses a directional test.
Example: A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 : is 1 2 using a
one-tailed t-ratio. The researcher believes that with = 0.05 and that the effect size is
0.20. Approximately how many participants should be in the sample for power to be
approximately 0.80? According to Table B.5, if the researcher uses 300 participants in
each sample, the power will be 1 = 0.81.
Note that for Cohens d , an estimate of effect size:
d = 0.20 = small;
d = 0.50 = medium;
d = 0.80 = large.
448
TAB L E B.5. Power of Students Two Sample t -Ratio, One-Tailed Tests
n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
tc
1.860
1.812
1.782
1.761
1.746
1.734
1.725
1.717
1.711
1.706
1.701
1.697
1.694
1.691
1.688
1.686
1.684
1.682
1.680
1.679
1.677
1.672
1.665
1.661
1.658
1.656
1.655
1.653
1.653
1.650
1.649
1.648
1.647
1.647
1.647
1.646
1.646
1.646
1.646
1.646
1.646
Power Table: Two Sample t-Ratio, One-Tailed Tests

= 0.05 One-Tailed
= 0.01 One-Tailed
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.80
tc
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.80
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.36
0.40
0.47
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.74
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.59
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.76
0.89
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.53
0.64
0.74
0.81
0.86
0.90
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.61
0.73
0.82
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.33
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.57
0.61
0.64
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.94
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
2.896
2.764
2.681
2.624
2.583
2.552
2.528
2.508
2.492
2.479
2.467
2.457
2.449
2.441
2.434
2.429
2.423
2.418
2.414
2.410
2.407
2.392
2.375
2.365
2.358
2.354
2.350
2.347
2.345
2.339
2.336
2.334
2.333
2.332
2.331
2.330
2.329
2.329
2.329
2.328
2.328
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.21
0.26
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.26
0.35
0.45
0.54
0.62
0.69
0.81
0.89
0.94
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.32
0.44
0.55
0.65
0.73
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
TA B L E B . 6 : P O W E R O F S T U D E N T S T W O S A M P L E t - R AT I O , T W O - TA I L E D T E S T S
449
TABLE B.6: POWER OF STUDENTS TWO SAMPLE t-RATIO,

TWO-TAILED TESTS
0.4
Relative frequency
Fail to reject null

0.3
0.2
0.1
Reject null
a/2
Reject null
a/2
0.0
3
0
t
Using Table B.6

This table provides the power (1 ) of the two sample t-ratio given effect size, sample
size (n), and when the researcher uses a nondirectional test.
Example: A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 : is 1 = 2 using a
two-tailed t-ratio. The researcher believes that with = 0.05 and that the effect size is
0.20. Approximately how many participants should be in the sample for the power to be
approximately 0.80? According to Table B.6, if the researcher uses 400 participants in
each group, the power will be 1 = 0.82.
Note that for Cohens d , an estimate of effect size:
d = 0.20 = small;
d = 0.50 = medium;
d = 0.80 = large.
450
TAB L E B.6. Power of Students Two Sample t -Ratio, Two-Tailed Tests
tc
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2.306
2.228
2.179
2.145
2.120
2.101
2.086
2.074
2.064
2.056
2.048
2.042
2.037
2.032
2.028
2.024
2.021
2.018
2.015
2.013
2.011
2.002
1.991
1.984
1.980
1.977
1.975
1.973
1.972
1.968
1.966
1.965
1.964
1.963
1.963
1.962
1.962
1.962
1.961
1.961
1.961
Power Table: Two Sample t-Ratio, Two-Tailed Tests

= 0.05 Two-Tailed
= 0.01 Two-Tailed
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.80
tc
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.80
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.34
0.39
0.45
0.51
0.56
0.61
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.67
0.83
0.92
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.39
0.50
0.60
0.69
0.76
0.82
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.47
0.60
0.70
0.79
0.85
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.36
0.40
0.43
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.62
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.88
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
3.355
3.169
3.055
2.977
2.921
2.878
2.845
2.819
2.797
2.779
2.763
2.750
2.738
2.728
2.719
2.712
2.704
2.698
2.692
2.687
2.682
2.663
2.640
2.627
2.618
2.612
2.607
2.604
2.601
2.592
2.588
2.586
2.584
2.583
2.582
2.581
2.580
2.579
2.579
2.579
2.578
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.26
0.31
0.35
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.18
0.26
0.35
0.43
0.51
0.59
0.72
0.82
0.89
0.94
0.96
0.98
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.24
0.34
0.44
0.54
0.63
0.71
0.78
0.83
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
TA B L E B . 7 : C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R P E A R S O N S C O R R E L AT I O N C O E F F I C I E N T
451
TABLE B.7: CRITICAL VALUES FOR PEARSONS CORRELATION

COEFFICIENT
Using Table B.7
For any given df, this table shows the values of r corresponding to various levels of
probability. The robserved is statistically signicant at a given level when it is equal to or
greater than the value shown in the table.
Examples:
H0 : = 0
rcritical = 0.3494
H0 : 0
H1 : = 0
= 0.05, df = 30
If |robserved | |rcritical | then reject H0
H1 : > 0
= 0.05, df = 30
rcritical = +0.2960
H0 : 0
If robserved rcritical then reject H0

H1 : < 0
= 0.05, df = 30
rcritical = 0.2960
If robserved rcritical then reject H0
Note that the relation between the correlation coefcient and the t-ratio is
rc =
tc
(n 2) + tc2
452
TAB L E B.7. Critical Values for Pearsons Correlation Coefcient

= 0.1
H0 : 0 or H0 : 0
= 0.05
= 0.025
= 0.01
= 0.005
= 0.0005
df
= 0.2
= 0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
300
500
1000
0.9511
0.8000
0.6870
0.6084
0.5509
0.5067
0.4716
0.4428
0.4187
0.3981
0.3802
0.3646
0.3507
0.3383
0.3271
0.3170
0.3077
0.2992
0.2914
0.2841
0.2774
0.2711
0.2653
0.2598
0.2546
0.2327
0.2156
0.2018
0.1806
0.1650
0.1528
0.1430
0.1348
0.1279
0.1045
0.0740
0.0573
0.0405
0.9877
0.9000
0.8054
0.7293
0.6694
0.6215
0.5822
0.5494
0.5214
0.4973
0.4762
0.4575
0.4409
0.4259
0.4124
0.4000
0.3887
0.3783
0.3687
0.3598
0.3515
0.3438
0.3365
0.3297
0.3233
0.2960
0.2746
0.2573
0.2306
0.2108
0.1954
0.1829
0.1726
0.1638
0.1339
0.0948
0.0735
0.0520
H0 : = 0
= 0.05
= 0.02
0.9969
0.9500
0.8783
0.8114
0.7545
0.7067
0.6664
0.6319
0.6021
0.5760
0.5529
0.5324
0.5140
0.4973
0.4821
0.4683
0.4555
0.4438
0.4329
0.4227
0.4132
0.4044
0.3961
0.3882
0.3809
0.3494
0.3246
0.3044
0.2732
0.2500
0.2319
0.2172
0.2050
0.1946
0.1593
0.1129
0.0875
0.0619
0.9995
0.9800
0.9343
0.8822
0.8329
0.7887
0.7498
0.7155
0.6851
0.6581
0.6339
0.6120
0.5923
0.5742
0.5577
0.5425
0.5285
0.5155
0.5034
0.4921
0.4815
0.4716
0.4622
0.4534
0.4451
0.4093
0.3810
0.3578
0.3218
0.2948
0.2737
0.2565
0.2422
0.2301
0.1886
0.1338
0.1038
0.0735
= 0.01
= 0.001
0.9999
0.9900
0.9587
0.9172
0.8745
0.8343
0.7977
0.7646
0.7348
0.7079
0.6835
0.6614
0.6411
0.6226
0.6055
0.5897
0.5751
0.5614
0.5487
0.5368
0.5256
0.5151
0.5052
0.4958
0.4869
0.4487
0.4182
0.3932
0.3542
0.3248
0.3017
0.2830
0.2673
0.2540
0.2084
0.1480
0.1149
0.0813
0.9999
0.9990
0.9911
0.9741
0.9509
0.9249
0.8983
0.8721
0.8470
0.8233
0.8010
0.7800
0.7604
0.7419
0.7247
0.7084
0.6932
0.6788
0.6652
0.6524
0.6402
0.6287
0.6178
0.6074
0.5974
0.5541
0.5189
0.4896
0.4432
0.4079
0.3798
0.3568
0.3375
0.3211
0.2643
0.1884
0.1464
0.1038
TA B L E B . 8 C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R S P E A R M A N S R A N K O R D E R C O R R E L AT I O N
453
TABLE B.8 CRITICAL VALUES FOR SPEARMANS RANK ORDER

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Using Table B.8
For any given df, the table shows the values of rS corresponding to various levels of
probability. The rS,observed is statistically signicant at a given level when it is equal to
or greater than the value shown in the table.
Examples:
H0 : S = 0
rcritical = 0.350
H1 : S = 0
= 0.05
df = 30
If |robserved | |rcritical | then reject H0
H0 : S 0
rcritical = +0.296
H0 : S 0
rcritical = 0.296
H1 : S > 0
If robserved
H1 : S < 0
If robserved
= 0.05
df = 30
rcritical then reject H0
= 0.05
df = 30
rcritical then reject H0
When df > 28, we can convert the rS to a t-ratio and then use Table B.8 for
hypothesis testing.

t = rS
N 2
1 rS2
For example, rS = 0.60, N = 42

42 2
40
, t = 0.60 62.5
t = 0.60
, t = 0.60
2
1 0.60
0.64
t = 4.74, df = 40
If = 0.05, two-tailed,
tcritical = 1.684, Reject H0 : s = 0
454
TAB L E B.8. Critical Values for Spearmans Rank Order Correlation Coefcient
= 0.1
df
= 0.2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1.000
0.800
0.657
0.571
0.524
0.483
0.455
0.427
0.406
0.385
0.367
0.354
0.341
0.328
0.317
0.309
0.299
0.292
0.284
0.278
0.271
0.265
0.259
0.255
0.250
0.245
0.240
0.236
0.232
H0 : S 0 or H0 : S 0
= 0.05
= 0.025
= 0.01
= 0.005
= 0.0005
H0 : S = 0
= 0.1
= 0.05
= 0.02
= 0.01
= 0.001
1.000
0.900
0.829
0.714
0.643
0.600
0.564
0.536
0.503
0.484
0.464
0.446
0.429
0.414
0.401
0.391
0.380
0.370
0.361
0.353
0.344
0.337
0.331
0.324
0.317
0.312
0.306
0.301
0.296
1.000
0.886
0.786
0.738
0.700
0.648
0.618
0.587
0.560
0.538
0.521
0.503
0.485
0.472
0.460
0.447
0.435
0.425
0.415
0.406
0.398
0.390
0.382
0.375
0.368
0.362
0.356
0.350
1.000
0.943
0.893
0.833
0.783
0.745
0.709
0.678
0.648
0.626
0.604
0.582
0.566
0.550
0.535
0.520
0.508
0.496
0.486
0.476
0.466
0.457
0.448
0.440
0.433
0.425
0.418
0.412
1.000
0.929
0.881
0.833
0.794
0.755
0.727
0.703
0.679
0.654
0.635
0.615
0.600
0.584
0.570
0.556
0.544
0.532
0.521
0.511
0.501
0.491
0.483
0.475
0.467
0.459
0.452
1.000
0.976
0.933
0.903
0.873
0.846
0.824
0.802
0.779
0.762
0.748
0.728
0.712
0.696
0.681
0.667
0.654
0.642
0.630
0.619
0.608
0.598
0.589
0.580
0.571
0.563
455
TA B L E B . 9 : r T O z T R A N S F O R M AT I O N
TABLE B.9: r TO z TRANSFORMATION

Using Table B.9
This table provides the Fisher r to z transformation. Both positive and negative values
of r may be used. For specic transformations, use the following equation:

1+r
1
zr = loge
2
1r
Example:
r = 0.25 zr = 0.255
T A B L E B.9. r to z Transformation
r
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
zr
zr
zr
zr
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.121
0.131
0.141
0.151
0.161
0.172
0.182
0.192
0.203
0.213
0.224
0.234
0.245
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.255
0.266
0.277
0.288
0.299
0.310
0.321
0.332
0.343
0.354
0.365
0.377
0.388
0.400
0.412
0.424
0.436
0.448
0.460
0.472
0.485
0.497
0.510
0.523
0.536
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.549
0.563
0.576
0.590
0.604
0.618
0.633
0.648
0.662
0.678
0.693
0.709
0.725
0.741
0.758
0.775
0.793
0.811
0.829
0.848
0.867
0.887
0.908
0.929
0.950
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.973
0.996
1.020
1.045
1.071
1.099
1.127
1.157
1.188
1.221
1.256
1.293
1.333
1.376
1.422
1.472
1.528
1.589
1.658
1.738
1.832
1.946
2.092
2.298
2.647
456
TABLE B.10: POWER OF PEARSONS CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Using Table B.10
This table provides estimates of the power (1 ) of the Pearson correlation coefcient
(r) given effect size, sample size (n), , and directionality of the test.
Example: A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 : is = 0.0 using a twotailed test. The researcher believes that with = 0.05 and that the effect size is 0.30.
Approximately how many participants should be in the sample for the power to be
approximately 0.80? According to Table B.10, if the researcher uses 90 participants, the
power will be 1 = 0.82.
Note that for effect sizes,
r = 0.10 = small;
r = 0.30 = medium;
r = 0.50 = large.
457
TA B L E B . 1 0 : P O W E R O F P E A R S O N S C O R R E L AT I O N C O E F F I C I E N T
TAB L E B.10. Power of Pearsons Correlation Coefcient
n
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
= 0.05 One Tailed

Effect Size: r
0.10
0.30
0.50
0.70
0.95
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.40
0.53
0.63
0.72
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.69
0.75
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.66
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.88
0.89
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.75
0.80
0.83
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
= 0.05 Two Tailed

Effect Size: r
0.10
0.30
0.50
0.70
0.95
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.28
0.40
0.51
0.60
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.56
0.64
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.86
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.29
0.33
0.37
0.40
0.44
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.66
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.91
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.63
0.69
0.74
0.78
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
458
TABLE B.11: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE F-RATIO

Using Table B.11
This table provides the critical values required to reject the null hypothesis for the
analysis of variance. Note that the bold text represents = 0.01, whereas the regular
text represents = 0.05. To use the table, you will need to identify the degrees of
freedom for the numerator and denominator. The degrees of freedom for numerator are
those used to determine the mean square for the treatment effect or interaction. The
degrees of freedom for denominator are those used to determine the mean square for the
within-groups or error variance.
Example: One Factor ANOVA A researcher conducts a study that produces the following ANOVA summary table.
Source
Between groups
Within groups
Total
SS
df
MS
28.00
156.00
184.00
2
39
41
14.00
4.00
3.50
From the Summary Table

Degrees of freedom, numerator: dfN = 2
Degrees of freedom, denominator: dfd = 39
Fobserved = 3.50
From Table B.11

Because the exact values of the degrees of freedom for the denominator are not listed,
you must interpolate between the two adjacent numbers.
Fcritical (2, 38) = 3.24, = 0.05
Fcritical (2, 40) = 3.23, = 0.05
Fcritical (2, 38) = 5.21, = 0.01

Fcritical (2, 40) = 5.15, = 0.01
Therefore,
Fcritical (2, 39) = 3.235, = 0.05
Fobserved = 3.50 > Fcritical = 3.235,
Reject H0
Fcritical (2, 39) = 5.18, = 0.01

Fobserved = 3.50 < Fcritical = 5.18,
Do not reject H0
Example: Two-Factor ANOVA

Source
Variable A
Variable B
AB
Within groups
Total
SS
df
MS
0.067
80.433
58.233
316.600
455.333
1
2
2
54
59
0.067
40.217
29.117
5.863
0.01
6.859
4.966
459
TA B L E B . 1 1 : C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R T H E F - R AT I O
From the Summary Table
Critical Values
= 0.05
= 0.01
Fcritical (1, 54) = 4.02

Fcritical (2, 54) = 3.16
Fcritical (1, 54) = 7.12

Fcritical (2, 54) = 5.01
= 0.05
Result
Variable A
Variable B
Variable AB
dfN = 1, dfd = 54 Fobserved = 0.01

Statistical Decision
= 0.01
Do not reject H0
Reject H0
Reject H0
Do not reject H0
Reject H0
Do not reject H0
13
12
11
10
161
4052
18.51
98.50
10.13
34.12
7.71
21.20
6.61
16.26
5.99
13.75
5.59
12.25
5.32
11.26
5.12
10.56
4.96
10.04
4.84
9.65
4.75
9.33
4.67
9.07
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
199
4999
19.00
99.00
9.55
30.82
6.94
18.00
5.79
13.27
5.14
10.92
4.74
9.55
4.46
8.65
4.26
8.02
4.10
7.56
3.98
7.21
3.89
6.93
3.81
6.70
216
5404
19.16
99.16
9.28
29.46
6.59
16.69
5.41
12.06
4.76
9.78
4.35
8.45
4.07
7.59
3.86
6.99
3.71
6.55
3.59
6.22
3.49
5.95
3.41
5.74
3
225
5624
19.25
99.25
9.12
28.71
6.39
15.98
5.19
11.39
4.53
9.15
4.12
7.85
3.84
7.01
3.63
6.42
3.48
5.99
3.36
5.67
3.26
5.41
3.18
5.21
TAB L E B.11. Critical Values for the F -Ratio
Degrees of Freedom Denominator
460
230
5764
19.30
99.30
9.01
28.24
6.26
15.52
5.05
10.97
4.39
8.75
3.97
7.46
3.69
6.63
3.48
6.06
3.33
5.64
3.20
5.32
3.11
5.06
3.03
4.86
5
234
5859
19.33
99.33
8.94
27.91
6.16
15.21
4.95
10.67
4.28
8.47
3.87
7.19
3.58
6.37
3.37
5.80
3.22
5.39
3.09
5.07
3.00
4.82
2.92
4.62
6
237
5928
19.35
99.36
8.89
27.67
6.09
14.98
4.88
10.46
4.21
8.26
3.79
6.99
3.50
6.18
3.29
5.61
3.14
5.20
3.01
4.89
2.91
4.64
2.83
4.44
239
5981
19.37
99.38
8.85
27.49
6.04
14.80
4.82
10.29
4.15
8.10
3.73
6.84
3.44
6.03
3.23
5.47
3.07
5.06
2.95
4.74
2.85
4.50
2.77
4.30
241
6022
19.38
99.39
8.81
27.34
6.00
14.66
4.77
10.16
4.10
7.98
3.68
6.72
3.39
5.91
3.18
5.35
3.02
4.94
2.90
4.63
2.80
4.39
2.71
4.19
242
6056
19.40
99.40
8.79
27.23
5.96
14.55
4.74
10.05
4.06
7.87
3.64
6.62
3.35
5.81
3.14
5.26
2.98
4.85
2.85
4.54
2.75
4.30
2.67
4.10
243
6083
19.40
99.41
8.76
27.13
5.94
14.45
4.70
9.96
4.03
7.79
3.60
6.54
3.31
5.73
3.10
5.18
2.94
4.77
2.82
4.46
2.72
4.22
2.63
4.02
244
6107
19.41
99.42
8.74
27.05
5.91
14.37
4.68
9.89
4.00
7.72
3.57
6.47
3.28
5.67
3.07
5.11
2.91
4.71
2.79
4.40
2.69
4.16
2.60
3.96
Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

7
8
9
10
11
12
245
6126
19.42
99.42
8.73
26.98
5.89
14.31
4.66
9.82
3.98
7.66
3.55
6.41
3.26
5.61
3.05
5.05
2.89
4.65
2.76
4.34
2.66
4.10
2.58
3.91
13
245
6143
19.42
99.43
8.71
26.92
5.87
14.25
4.64
9.77
3.96
7.60
3.53
6.36
3.24
5.56
3.03
5.01
2.86
4.60
2.74
4.29
2.64
4.05
2.55
3.86
14
246
6157
19.43
99.43
8.70
26.87
5.86
14.20
4.62
9.72
3.94
7.56
3.51
6.31
3.22
5.52
3.01
4.96
2.85
4.56
2.72
4.25
2.62
4.01
2.53
3.82
15
250
6260
19.46
99.47
8.62
26.50
5.75
13.84
4.50
9.38
3.81
7.23
3.38
5.99
3.08
5.20
2.86
4.65
2.70
4.25
2.57
3.94
2.47
3.70
2.38
3.51
30
252
6302
19.48
99.48
8.58
26.35
5.70
13.69
4.44
9.24
3.75
7.09
3.32
5.86
3.02
5.07
2.80
4.52
2.64
4.12
2.51
3.81
2.40
3.57
2.31
3.38
50
253
6334
19.49
99.49
8.55
26.24
5.66
13.58
4.41
9.13
3.71
6.99
3.27
5.75
2.97
4.96
2.76
4.41
2.59
4.01
2.46
3.71
2.35
3.47
2.26
3.27
100
254
6363
19.49
99.50
8.53
26.14
5.63
13.47
4.37
9.03
3.67
6.89
3.23
5.66
2.93
4.87
2.71
4.32
2.54
3.92
2.41
3.61
2.30
3.37
2.21
3.18
1000
461
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
4.60
8.86
4.54
8.68
4.49
8.53
4.45
8.40
4.41
8.29
4.38
8.18
4.35
8.10
4.32
8.02
4.30
7.95
4.28
7.88
4.26
7.82
4.24
7.77
4.23
7.72
4.21
7.68
3.74
6.51
3.68
6.36
3.63
6.23
3.59
6.11
3.55
6.01
3.52
5.93
3.49
5.85
3.47
5.78
3.44
5.72
3.42
5.66
3.40
5.61
3.39
5.57
3.37
5.53
3.35
5.49
3.34
5.56
3.29
5.42
3.24
5.29
3.20
5.19
3.16
5.09
3.13
5.01
3.10
4.94
3.07
4.87
3.05
4.82
3.03
4.76
3.01
4.72
2.99
4.68
2.98
4.64
2.96
4.60
3.11
5.04
3.06
4.89
3.01
4.77
2.96
4.67
2.93
4.58
2.90
4.50
2.87
4.43
2.84
4.37
2.82
4.31
2.80
4.26
2.78
4.22
2.76
4.18
2.74
4.14
2.73
4.11
2.96
4.69
2.90
4.56
2.85
4.44
2.81
4.34
2.77
4.25
2.74
4.17
2.71
4.10
2.68
4.04
2.66
3.99
2.64
3.94
2.62
3.90
2.60
3.85
2.59
3.82
2.57
3.78
2.85
4.46
2.79
4.32
2.74
4.20
2.70
4.10
2.66
4.01
2.63
3.94
2.60
3.87
2.57
3.81
2.55
3.76
2.53
3.71
2.51
3.67
2.49
3.63
2.47
3.59
2.46
3.56
2.76
4.28
2.71
4.14
2.66
4.03
2.61
3.93
2.58
3.84
2.54
3.77
2.51
3.70
2.49
3.64
2.46
3.59
2.44
3.54
2.42
3.50
2.40
3.46
2.39
3.42
2.37
3.39
2.70
4.14
2.64
4.00
2.59
3.89
2.55
3.79
2.51
3.71
2.48
3.63
2.45
3.56
2.42
3.51
2.40
3.45
2.37
3.41
2.36
3.36
2.34
3.32
2.32
3.29
2.31
3.26
2.65
4.03
2.59
3.89
2.54
3.78
2.49
3.68
2.46
3.60
2.42
3.52
2.39
3.46
2.37
3.40
2.34
3.35
2.32
3.30
2.30
3.26
2.28
3.22
2.27
3.18
2.25
3.15
2.60
3.94
2.54
3.80
2.49
3.69
2.45
3.59
2.41
3.51
2.38
3.43
2.35
3.37
2.32
3.31
2.30
3.26
2.27
3.21
2.25
3.17
2.24
3.13
2.22
3.09
2.20
3.06
2.57
3.86
2.51
3.73
2.46
3.62
2.41
3.52
2.37
3.43
2.34
3.36
2.31
3.29
2.28
3.24
2.26
3.18
2.24
3.14
2.22
3.09
2.20
3.06
2.18
3.02
2.17
2.99
2.53
3.80
2.48
3.67
2.42
3.55
2.38
3.46
2.34
3.37
2.31
3.30
2.28
3.23
2.25
3.17
2.23
3.12
2.20
3.07
2.18
3.03
2.16
2.99
2.15
2.96
2.13
2.93
2.51
3.75
2.45
3.61
2.40
3.50
2.35
3.40
2.31
3.32
2.28
3.24
2.25
3.18
2.22
3.12
2.20
3.07
2.18
3.02
2.15
2.98
2.14
2.94
2.12
2.90
2.10
2.87
2.48
3.70
2.42
3.56
2.37
3.45
2.33
3.35
2.29
3.27
2.26
3.19
2.22
3.13
2.20
3.07
2.17
3.02
2.15
2.97
2.13
2.93
2.11
2.89
2.09
2.86
2.08
2.82
2.46
3.66
2.40
3.52
2.35
3.41
2.31
3.31
2.27
3.23
2.23
3.15
2.20
3.09
2.18
3.03
2.15
2.98
2.13
2.93
2.11
2.89
2.09
2.85
2.07
2.81
2.06
2.78
2.31
3.35
2.25
3.21
2.19
3.10
2.15
3.00
2.11
2.92
2.07
2.84
2.04
2.78
2.01
2.72
1.98
2.67
1.96
2.62
1.94
2.58
1.92
2.54
1.90
2.50
1.88
2.47
2.24
3.22
2.18
3.08
2.12
2.97
2.08
2.87
2.04
2.78
2.00
2.71
1.97
2.64
1.94
2.58
1.91
2.53
1.88
2.48
1.86
2.44
1.84
2.40
1.82
2.36
1.81
2.33
2.14
3.02
2.07
2.88
2.02
2.76
1.97
2.66
1.92
2.58
1.88
2.50
1.85
2.43
1.82
2.37
1.79
2.32
1.76
2.27
1.74
2.22
1.72
2.18
1.70
2.14
1.68
2.11
(Continued)
2.19
3.11
2.12
2.98
2.07
2.86
2.02
2.76
1.98
2.68
1.94
2.60
1.91
2.54
1.88
2.48
1.85
2.42
1.82
2.37
1.80
2.33
1.78
2.29
1.76
2.25
1.74
2.22
46
44
42
40
38
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
4.20
7.64
4.18
7.60
4.17
7.56
4.16
7.53
4.15
7.50
4.14
7.47
4.13
7.44
4.12
7.42
4.11
7.40
4.10
7.35
4.08
7.31
4.07
7.28
4.06
7.25
4.05
7.22
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
3.34
5.45
3.33
5.42
3.32
5.39
3.30
5.36
3.29
5.34
3.28
5.31
3.28
5.29
3.27
5.27
3.26
5.25
3.24
5.21
3.23
5.18
3.22
5.15
3.21
5.12
3.20
5.10
462
2.95
4.57
2.93
4.54
2.92
4.51
2.91
4.48
2.90
4.46
2.89
4.44
2.88
4.42
2.87
4.40
2.87
4.38
2.85
4.34
2.84
4.31
2.83
4.29
2.82
4.26
2.81
4.24
3
2.71
4.07
2.70
4.04
2.69
4.02
2.68
3.99
2.67
3.97
2.66
3.95
2.65
3.93
2.64
3.91
2.63
3.89
2.62
3.86
2.61
3.83
2.59
3.80
2.58
3.78
2.57
3.76
4
2.56
3.75
2.55
3.73
2.53
3.70
2.52
3.67
2.51
3.65
2.50
3.63
2.49
3.61
2.49
3.59
2.48
3.57
2.46
3.54
2.45
3.51
2.44
3.49
2.43
3.47
2.42
3.44
5
2.45
3.53
2.43
3.50
2.42
3.47
2.41
3.45
2.40
3.43
2.39
3.41
2.38
3.39
2.37
3.37
2.36
3.35
2.35
3.32
2.34
3.29
2.32
3.27
2.31
3.24
2.30
3.22
6
2.36
3.36
2.35
3.33
2.33
3.30
2.32
3.28
2.31
3.26
2.30
3.24
2.29
3.22
2.29
3.20
2.28
3.18
2.26
3.15
2.25
3.12
2.24
3.10
2.23
3.08
2.22
3.06
2.29
3.23
2.28
3.20
2.27
3.17
2.25
3.15
2.24
3.13
2.23
3.11
2.23
3.09
2.22
3.07
2.21
3.05
2.19
3.02
2.18
2.99
2.17
2.97
2.16
2.95
2.15
2.93
2.24
3.12
2.22
3.09
2.21
3.07
2.20
3.04
2.19
3.02
2.18
3.00
2.17
2.98
2.16
2.96
2.15
2.95
2.14
2.92
2.12
2.89
2.11
2.86
2.10
2.84
2.09
2.82
2.19
3.03
2.18
3.00
2.16
2.98
2.15
2.96
2.14
2.93
2.13
2.91
2.12
2.89
2.11
2.88
2.11
2.86
2.09
2.83
2.08
2.80
2.06
2.78
2.05
2.75
2.04
2.73
2.15
2.96
2.14
2.93
2.13
2.91
2.11
2.88
2.10
2.86
2.09
2.84
2.08
2.82
2.07
2.80
2.07
2.79
2.05
2.75
2.04
2.73
2.03
2.70
2.01
2.68
2.00
2.66
2.12
2.90
2.10
2.87
2.09
2.84
2.08
2.82
2.07
2.80
2.06
2.78
2.05
2.76
2.04
2.74
2.03
2.72
2.02
2.69
2.00
2.66
1.99
2.64
1.98
2.62
1.97
2.60
Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

7
8
9
10
11
12
2.09
2.84
2.08
2.81
2.06
2.79
2.05
2.77
2.04
2.74
2.03
2.72
2.02
2.70
2.01
2.69
2.00
2.67
1.99
2.64
1.97
2.61
1.96
2.59
1.95
2.56
1.94
2.54
13
2.06
2.79
2.05
2.77
2.04
2.74
2.03
2.72
2.01
2.70
2.00
2.68
1.99
2.66
1.99
2.64
1.98
2.62
1.96
2.59
1.95
2.56
1.94
2.54
1.92
2.52
1.91
2.50
14
2.04
2.75
2.03
2.73
2.01
2.70
2.00
2.68
1.99
2.65
1.98
2.63
1.97
2.61
1.96
2.60
1.95
2.58
1.94
2.55
1.92
2.52
1.91
2.50
1.90
2.47
1.89
2.45
15
1.87
2.44
1.85
2.41
1.84
2.39
1.83
2.36
1.82
2.34
1.81
2.32
1.80
2.30
1.79
2.28
1.78
2.26
1.76
2.23
1.74
2.20
1.73
2.18
1.72
2.15
1.71
2.13
30
1.79
2.30
1.77
2.27
1.76
2.25
1.75
2.22
1.74
2.20
1.72
2.18
1.71
2.16
1.70
2.14
1.69
2.12
1.68
2.09
1.66
2.06
1.65
2.03
1.63
2.01
1.62
1.99
50
1.73
2.19
1.71
2.16
1.70
2.13
1.68
2.11
1.67
2.08
1.66
2.06
1.65
2.04
1.63
2.02
1.62
2.00
1.61
1.97
1.59
1.94
1.57
1.91
1.56
1.89
1.55
1.86
100
1.66
2.08
1.65
2.05
1.63
2.02
1.62
1.99
1.60
1.97
1.59
1.95
1.58
1.92
1.57
1.90
1.56
1.89
1.54
1.85
1.52
1.82
1.50
1.79
1.49
1.76
1.47
1.74
1000
463
1000
400
200
150
125
100
80
70
65
60
55
50
48
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
4.04
7.19
4.03
7.17
4.02
7.12
4.00
7.08
3.99
7.04
3.98
7.01
3.96
6.96
3.94
6.90
3.92
6.84
3.90
6.81
3.89
6.76
3.86
6.70
3.85
6.66
3.19
5.08
3.18
5.06
3.16
5.01
3.15
4.98
3.14
4.95
3.13
4.92
3.11
4.88
3.09
4.82
3.07
4.78
3.06
4.75
3.04
4.71
3.02
4.66
3.00
4.63
2.80
4.22
2.79
4.20
2.77
4.16
2.76
4.13
2.75
4.10
2.74
4.07
2.72
4.04
2.70
3.98
2.68
3.94
2.66
3.91
2.65
3.88
2.63
3.83
2.61
3.80
2.57
3.74
2.56
3.72
2.54
3.68
2.53
3.65
2.51
3.62
2.50
3.60
2.49
3.56
2.46
3.51
2.44
3.47
2.43
3.45
2.42
3.41
2.39
3.37
2.38
3.34
2.41
3.43
2.40
3.41
2.38
3.37
2.37
3.34
2.36
3.31
2.35
3.29
2.33
3.26
2.31
3.21
2.29
3.17
2.27
3.14
2.26
3.11
2.24
3.06
2.22
3.04
2.29
3.20
2.29
3.19
2.27
3.15
2.25
3.12
2.24
3.09
2.23
3.07
2.21
3.04
2.19
2.99
2.17
2.95
2.16
2.92
2.14
2.89
2.12
2.85
2.11
2.82
2.21
3.04
2.20
3.02
2.18
2.98
2.17
2.95
2.15
2.93
2.14
2.91
2.13
2.87
2.10
2.82
2.08
2.79
2.07
2.76
2.06
2.73
2.03
2.68
2.02
2.66
2.14
2.91
2.13
2.89
2.11
2.85
2.10
2.82
2.08
2.80
2.07
2.78
2.06
2.74
2.03
2.69
2.01
2.66
2.00
2.63
1.98
2.60
1.96
2.56
1.95
2.53
2.08
2.80
2.07
2.78
2.06
2.75
2.04
2.72
2.03
2.69
2.02
2.67
2.00
2.64
1.97
2.59
1.96
2.55
1.94
2.53
1.93
2.50
1.90
2.45
1.89
2.43
2.03
2.71
2.03
2.70
2.01
2.66
1.99
2.63
1.98
2.61
1.97
2.59
1.95
2.55
1.93
2.50
1.91
2.47
1.89
2.44
1.88
2.41
1.85
2.37
1.84
2.34
1.99
2.64
1.99
2.63
1.97
2.59
1.95
2.56
1.94
2.53
1.93
2.51
1.91
2.48
1.89
2.43
1.87
2.39
1.85
2.37
1.84
2.34
1.81
2.29
1.80
2.27
1.96
2.58
1.95
2.56
1.93
2.53
1.92
2.50
1.90
2.47
1.89
2.45
1.88
2.42
1.85
2.37
1.83
2.33
1.82
2.31
1.80
2.27
1.78
2.23
1.76
2.20
1.93
2.53
1.92
2.51
1.90
2.47
1.89
2.44
1.87
2.42
1.86
2.40
1.84
2.36
1.82
2.31
1.80
2.28
1.79
2.25
1.77
2.22
1.74
2.17
1.73
2.15
1.90
2.48
1.89
2.46
1.88
2.42
1.86
2.39
1.85
2.37
1.84
2.35
1.82
2.31
1.79
2.27
1.77
2.23
1.76
2.20
1.74
2.17
1.72
2.13
1.70
2.10
1.88
2.44
1.87
2.42
1.85
2.38
1.84
2.35
1.82
2.33
1.81
2.31
1.79
2.27
1.77
2.22
1.75
2.19
1.73
2.16
1.72
2.13
1.69
2.08
1.68
2.06
1.70
2.12
1.69
2.10
1.67
2.06
1.65
2.03
1.63
2.00
1.62
1.98
1.60
1.94
1.57
1.89
1.55
1.85
1.54
1.83
1.52
1.79
1.49
1.75
1.47
1.72
1.61
1.97
1.60
1.95
1.58
1.91
1.56
1.88
1.54
1.85
1.53
1.83
1.51
1.79
1.48
1.74
1.45
1.69
1.44
1.66
1.41
1.63
1.38
1.58
1.36
1.54
1.54
1.84
1.52
1.82
1.50
1.78
1.48
1.75
1.46
1.72
1.45
1.70
1.43
1.65
1.39
1.60
1.36
1.55
1.34
1.52
1.32
1.48
1.28
1.42
1.26
1.38
1.46
1.72
1.45
1.70
1.42
1.65
1.40
1.62
1.38
1.59
1.36
1.56
1.34
1.51
1.30
1.45
1.26
1.39
1.24
1.35
1.21
1.30
1.15
1.22
1.11
1.16
464
TABLE B.12: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE Fmax TEST

Using Table B.12
To use this table, divide the largest variance by the smallest variance to create Fmax . The
column labeled n represents the number of subjects in each group. If the sample sizes for
the two groups are not equal, determine the average n and round up. The other columns
of numbers represent the number of treatment conditions in the study. If the observed
value of Fmax is less than the tabled value then you may assume that the variances are
homogeneous, smallest = largest .
Example: A researcher conducted a study with six groups. The largest variance was 20
and the smallest variance was 10, with 15 participants in each group. Fmax = 2.00. The
critical value of Fmax = 4.70, = 0.05. Therefore, we do NOT reject the hypothesis that
the variances are equivalent. The data do not appear to violate the requirement that there
is homogeneity of variance for the ANOVA.
TAB L E B.12. Critical Values for the Fmax Test
n
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
15
20
30
60
9.60
23.2
7.2
14.9
5.8
11.1
5.0
8.9
4.4
7.5
4.0
6.5
3.7
5.9
3.3
4.9
2.7
4.1
2.5
3.3
2.1
2.6
1.7
2.0
1.0
1.0
15.5
37.0
10.8
22.0
8.4
15.5
6.9
12.1
6.0
9.9
5.3
8.5
4.9
7.4
4.2
6.1
3.5
4.9
2.9
3.8
2.4
3.0
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
Number of Variances in Study

4
5
6
20.6
49.0
13.7
28.0
10.4
19.1
8.4
14.5
7.2
11.7
6.3
9.9
5.7
8.6
4.8
6.9
4.0
5.5
3.3
4.3
2.6
3.3
1.9
2.3
1.0
1.0
25.2
59.0
16.3
33.0
12.1
22.0
9.7
16.5
8.1
13.2
7.1
11.1
6.3
9.6
5.3
7.6
4.4
6.0
3.5
4.6
2.8
3.4
2.0
2.4
1.0
1.0
29.5
69.0
18.7
38.0
13.7
25.0
10.8
18.4
9.0
14.5
7.8
12.1
6.9
10.4
5.7
8.2
4.7
6.4
3.7
4.9
2.9
3.6
2.1
2.4
1.0
1.0
10
33.6
79.0
20.8
42.0
15.0
27.0
11.8
20.0
9.8
15.8
8.4
13.1
7.4
11.1
6.1
8.7
4.9
6.7
3.9
5.1
3.0
3.7
2.2
2.5
1.0
1.0
37.5
89.0
22.9
46.0
16.3
30.0
12.7
22.0
10.5
16.9
8.9
13.9
7.9
11.8
6.4
9.1
5.2
7.1
4.1
5.3
3.1
3.8
2.2
2.5
1.0
1.0
41.4
97.0
24.7
50.0
17.5
32.0
13.5
23.0
11.1
17.9
9.5
14.7
8.3
12.4
6.7
9.5
5.4
7.3
4.2
5.5
3.2
3.9
2.3
2.6
1.0
1.0
44.6
106.0
26.5
54.0
18.6
34.0
14.3
24.0
11.7
18.9
9.9
15.3
8.7
12.9
7.0
9.9
5.6
7.5
4.4
5.6
3.3
4.0
2.3
2.6
1.0
1.0
TA B L E B . 1 3 : C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R T H E S T U D E N T I Z E D R A N G E T E S T
465
TABLE B.13: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE STUDENTIZED RANGE TEST

Using Table B.13
This table contains the critical values developed by Tukey for his HSD test. To use
the table, you need the degrees of freedom for the within-groups term in the ANOVA
summary table and the number of means to be compared by the HSD test.
Example: A researcher conducted a study with four groups. The degrees of freedom for
denominator (df for the within-groups factor) are 12. Using Table B.13,
qcritical = 3.62, = 0.10
qcritical = 4.20, = 0.05
qcritical = 5.50, = 0.01
466
Number of Means in Set

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1 0.10 8.93 13.40 16.40 18.50 20.20 21.50 22.60 23.60 24.50 25.20 25.90 26.50 27.10 27.60 28.10 28.50 29.00
0.05 18.00 27.00 32.80 37.10 40.40 43.10 45.40 47.40 49.10 50.60 52.00 53.20 54.30 55.40 56.30 57.20 58.00
0.01 90.00 13.50 164.00 186.00 202.00 216.00 227.00 237.00 246.00 253.00 260.00 266.00 272.00 277.00 282.00 286.00 290.00
2 0.10 4.13 5.73
6.78
7.54
8.14
8.63
9.05
9.41
9.73
10.00 10.30 10.50 10.70 10.90 11.10 11.20 11.40
0.05 6.09 8.30
9.80
10.90 11.70 12.40 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.40 14.70 15.10 15.40 15.70 15.90 16.10 16.40
0.01 14.00 19.00 22.30 24.70 26.60 28.20 29.50 30.70 31.70 32.60 33.40 34.10 34.80 35.40 36.00 36.50 37.00
3 0.10 3.33 4.47
5.20
5.74
6.16
6.51
6.81
7.06
7.29
7.49
7.67
7.83
7.98
8.12
8.25
8.37
8.78
0.05 4.50 5.91
6.82
7.50
8.04
8.48
8.85
9.18
9.46
9.72
9.95
10.20 10.40 10.50 10.70 10.80 11.00
0.01 8.26 10.60 12.20 13.30 14.20 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.70 17.10 17.50 17.90 18.20 18.50 18.80 19.10 19.30
4 0.10 3.01 3.98
4.59
5.04
5.39
5.69
5.93
6.14
6.33
6.50
6.65
6.78
6.91
7.03
7.13
7.23
7.33
0.05 3.93 5.04
5.76
6.29
6.71
7.05
7.35
7.60
7.83
8.03
8.21
8.37
8.52
8.66
8.79
8.91
9.03
0.01 6.51 8.12
9.17
9.96
10.60 11.10 11.50 11.90 12.30 12.60 12.80 13.10 13.30 13.50 13.70 13.90 14.10
5 0.10 2.85 3.72
4.26
4.66
4.98
5.24
5.44
5.65
5.82
5.97
6.10
6.22
6.34
6.44
6.54
6.63
6.71
0.05 3.64 4.60
5.22
5.67
6.03
6.33
6.58
6.80
6.99
7.17
7.32
7.47
7.60
7.72
7.83
7.93
8.03
0.01 5.70 6.97
7.80
8.42
8.91
9.32
9.67
9.97
10.20 10.50 10.70 10.90 11.10 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.70
6 0.10 2.75 3.56
4.07
4.44
4.73
4.97
5.17
5.34
5.50
5.64
5.76
5.88
5.98
6.08
6.16
6.25
6.33
0.05 3.46 4.34
4.90
5.31
5.63
5.89
6.12
6.32
6.49
6.65
6.79
6.92
7.03
7.14
7.24
7.34
7.43
0.01 5.24 6.33
7.03
7.56
7.97
8.32
8.61
8.87
9.10
9.30
9.49
9.65
9.81
9.95
10.10 10.20 10.30
7 0.10 2.68 3.45
3.93
4.28
4.56
4.78
4.97
5.14
5.28
5.41
5.53
5.64
5.74
5.83
5.91
5.99
6.06
0.05 3.34 4.16
4.69
5.06
5.36
5.61
5.82
6.00
6.16
6.30
6.43
6.55
6.66
6.76
6.85
6.94
7.02
0.01 4.95 5.92
6.54
7.01
7.37
7.68
7.94
8.17
8.37
8.55
8.71
8.86
9.00
9.12
9.24
9.35
9.46
8 0.10 2.63 3.37
3.83
4.17
4.43
4.65
4.83
4.99
5.13
5.25
5.36
5.46
5.56
5.64
5.74
5.83
5.87
0.05 3.26 4.04
4.53
4.89
5.17
5.40
5.60
5.77
5.92
6.05
6.18
6.29
6.39
6.48
6.57
6.65
6.73
0.01 4.74 5.63
6.20
6.63
6.96
7.24
7.47
7.68
7.78
8.03
8.18
8.31
8.44
8.55
8.66
8.76
8.85
9 0.10 2.59 3.32
3.76
4.08
4.34
4.55
4.72
4.87
5.01
5.13
5.23
5.33
5.42
5.51
5.58
5.66
5.72
0.05 3.20 3.95
4.42
4.76
5.02
5.24
5.43
5.60
5.74
5.87
5.98
6.09
6.19
6.28
6.36
6.44
6.51
0.01 4.60 5.43
5.96
6.35
6.66
6.91
7.13
7.32
7.49
7.65
7.78
7.91
8.03
8.13
8.23
8.33
8.41
10 0.10 2.56 3.28
3.70
4.02
4.26
4.47
4.64
4.78
4.91
5.03
5.13
5.23
5.32
5.40
5.47
5.54
5.61
0.05 3.15 3.88
4.33
4.65
4.91
5.12
5.30
5.46
5.60
5.72
5.83
5.93
6.03
6.11
6.19
6.27
6.34
0.01 4.48 5.27
5.77
6.14
6.43
6.67
6.87
7.05
7.21
7.36
7.48
7.60
7.71
7.81
7.91
8.00
8.08
TAB L E B.13. Critical Values for the Studentized Range Test
Degrees of Freedom For Denominator
467
Degrees of Freedom For Denominator
120
60
40
30
24
18
16
14
13
12
11
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.01
2.54
3.11
4.39
2.52
3.08
4.32
2.51
3.06
4.26
2.99
3.03
4.21
2.47
3.00
4.13
2.45
2.97
4.07
2.95
4.02
2.42
2.92
3.96
2.4
2.89
3.89
2.38
2.86
3.82
2.36
2.83
3.76
2.34
2.8
3.7
3.23
3.82
5.14
3.20
3.77
5.04
3.18
3.73
4.96
3.16
3.70
4.89
3.12
3.65
4.78
3.10
3.61
4.70
3.58
4.64
3.05
3.53
4.54
3.02
3.49
4.45
2.99
3.44
4.37
2.96
3.4
4.28
2.93
3.36
4.2
3.66
4.26
5.62
3.62
4.20
5.50
3.59
4.15
5.40
3.56
4.11
5.32
3.52
4.05
5.19
3.49
4.00
5.09
3.96
5.02
3.42
3.9
4.91
3.39
3.84
4.8
3.35
3.79
4.7
3.31
3.74
4.6
3.28
3.69
4.5
3.97
4.57
5.97
3.92
4.51
5.84
3.89
4.45
5.73
3.83
4.41
5.63
3.80
4.33
5.49
3.77
4.28
5.38
4.23
5.29
3.69
4.17
5.17
3.65
4.1
5.05
3.61
4.04
4.93
3.56
3.98
4.82
3.52
3.92
4.71
4.21
4.82
6.25
4.16
4.75
6.10
4.12
4.69
5.98
4.08
4.64
5.88
4.03
4.56
5.72
3.98
4.49
5.60
4.45
5.51
3.9
4.37
5.37
3.85
4.3
5.24
3.8
4.23
5.11
3.76
4.16
4.99
3.71
4.1
4.87
4.40
5.03
6.48
4.35
4.95
6.32
4.31
4.88
6.19
4.27
4.83
6.08
4.21
4.74
5.92
4.16
4.67
5.79
4.62
5.69
4.07
4.54
5.54
4.02
4.46
5.4
3.96
4.39
5.27
3.91
4.31
5.13
3.86
4.24
5.01
4.57
5.20
6.67
4.51
5.12
6.51
4.46
5.05
6.37
4.42
4.99
6.26
4.36
4.90
6.08
4.31
4.82
5.94
4.77
5.84
4.21
4.68
5.69
4.16
4.6
5.54
4.1
4.52
5.39
4.04
4.44
5.25
3.99
4.36
5.12
4.71
5.35
6.84
4.65
5.27
6.67
4.60
5.19
6.53
4.56
5.13
6.41
4.49
5.03
6.22
4.44
4.96
6.08
4.90
5.97
4.34
4.81
5.81
4.28
4.72
5.56
4.22
4.63
5.5
4.16
4.55
5.36
4.1
4.48
5.21
4.84
5.49
6.99
4.78
5.40
6.81
4.72
5.32
6.67
4.68
5.25
6.54
4.61
5.15
6.35
4.55
5.07
6.20
5.01
6.09
4.45
4.92
5.92
4.38
4.83
5.76
4.32
4.74
5.6
4.26
4.65
5.45
4.19
4.56
5.3
4.95
5.61
7.13
4.89
5.51
6.94
4.83
5.43
6.79
4.79
5.36
6.66
4.71
5.26
6.46
4.66
5.17
6.31
5.11
6.19
4.54
5.01
6.02
4.47
4.92
5.85
4.41
4.82
5.69
4.34
4.73
5.53
4.28
4.64
5.38
5.05
5.71
7.26
4.99
5.62
7.06
4.93
5.53
6.90
4.88
5.46
6.77
4.81
5.35
6.56
4.75
5.27
6.41
5.20
6.29
4.63
5.1
6.11
4.56
5
5.93
4.49
4.91
5.77
4.42
4.81
5.6
4.35
4.72
5.44
5.15
5.81
7.36
5.08
5.71
7.17
5.02
5.63
7.01
4.97
5.55
6.87
4.89
5.44
6.66
4.83
5.35
6.50
5.28
6.37
4.71
5.18
6.19
4.64
5.08
6.01
4.56
4.98
5.84
4.49
4.88
5.67
4.42
4.78
5.51
5.23
5.90
7.46
5.16
5.80
7.26
5.10
5.71
7.10
5.05
5.64
6.96
4.97
5.52
6.74
4.91
5.43
6.58
5.36
6.45
4.78
5.25
6.26
4.71
5.15
6.08
4.63
5.05
5.9
4.56
4.94
5.73
4.49
4.84
5.56
5.31
5.99
7.56
5.24
5.88
7.36
5.18
5.79
7.19
5.12
5.72
7.05
5.04
5.59
6.82
4.98
5.50
6.65
5.43
6.52
4.85
5.32
6.33
4.77
5.21
6.14
4.7
5.11
5.96
4.62
5
5.79
4.59
4.9
5.61
5.38
6.06
7.65
5.31
5.95
7.44
5.25
5.86
7.27
5.19
5.79
7.13
5.11
5.66
6.90
5.04
5.57
6.73
5.49
6.59
4.91
5.38
6.39
4.83
5.27
6.2
4.75
5.16
6.02
4.68
5.06
5.84
4.6
4.95
5.66
5.45
6.18
7.73
5.37
6.02
7.52
5.31
5.93
7.37
5.26
5.85
7.20
5.17
5.73
6.97
5.10
5.63
6.79
5.55
6.65
4.97
5.44
6.45
4.89
5.33
6.26
4.81
5.22
6.07
4.73
5.11
5.89
4.65
5
5.71
5.51
6.20
7.81
5.44
6.09
7.50
5.37
6.00
7.42
5.32
5.92
7.27
5.23
5.79
7.03
5.16
5.69
6.85
5.61
6.71
5.02
5.49
6.51
4.94
5.38
6.31
4.86
5.27
6.11
4.78
5.15
5.93
4.69
5.04
5.75
468
TABLE B.14: POWER OF ANOVA

Using Table B.14
The values in this table help you determine the optimal sample size for an analysis of
variance given the anticipated effect size and level.
Example: Single Factor Design A researcher wises to conduct a single factor
design with three levels of the independent variable. How many participants will the
researcher require in each treatment condition to have power equal to 1 = 0.80
when the effect size is moderate, f = 0.25 and = 0.05? In this example, dfN = 2.
According to this table, 1 = 0.83 when there are 55 participants in each treatment
condition.
Example: Factorial Design A researcher designed a 3 4 factorial study. How many
participants should the researcher use in each treatment condition to have power equal
to 1 = 0.80? Also assume that the effect size is moderate, f = 0.25.
First, determine the degrees of freedom for each effect in the ANOVA
dfA = 2 = (3 1)
dfB = 3 = (4 1)
dfAB = 6 = (3 1)(4 1)
j = Levels of factor A
k = Levels of factor B
Next, adjust the degrees of freedom using the following equation. For this example,
assume that the sample size is 10.

=
neffect
dfN
Factor A
Factor B
Factor AB
a The
2
3
6
n =
n =
n =
12(101)
2+1
12(101)
3+1
12(101)
6+1
+1
+1
+1
jk (nij 1)
dfeffect + 1
+1
Adjusted
Sample Size
Roundeda
Sample Size
n = 37
n = 28
n = 16.429
n = 40
n = 30
n = 16
Estimated
Power
1 0.68
1 0.61
1 0.45
adjusted sample size has been rounded to match the closest values in the power tables.
Note that for effect sizes in this type of analysis,

f = 0.10 = small;
f = 0.25 = medium;
f = 0.40 = large.
469
TA B L E B . 1 4 : P O W E R O F A N O VA
TAB L E B.14. Power of Anova
n
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
300
Fc
4.414
4.351
4.301
4.260
4.225
4.196
4.171
4.149
4.130
4.113
4.098
4.085
4.073
4.062
4.052
4.043
4.034
4.027
4.020
4.013
4.007
4.001
3.996
3.991
3.986
3.982
3.978
3.974
3.970
3.967
3.963
3.949
3.938
3.929
3.921
3.910
3.901
3.894
3.889
3.884
3.881
3.878
3.875
3.873
3.871
3.869
3.868
3.866
3.865
3.857
= 0.05, dfN = 1
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.69
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.79
0.85
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.40
0.43
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.62
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.78
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
Fc
3.354
3.316
3.285
3.259
3.238
3.220
3.204
3.191
3.179
3.168
3.159
3.150
3.143
3.136
3.130
3.124
3.119
3.114
3.109
3.105
3.101
3.098
3.094
3.091
3.088
3.085
3.083
3.080
3.078
3.076
3.074
3.065
3.058
3.052
3.047
3.040
3.034
3.030
3.026
3.023
3.021
3.019
3.017
3.016
3.015
3.014
3.013
3.012
3.011
3.006
= 0.05, dfN = 2
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.78
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.73
0.78
0.83
0.86
0.92
0.95
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.46
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.60
0.64
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.72
0.77
0.81
0.85
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
Fc
2.866
2.839
2.816
2.798
2.783
2.769
2.758
2.748
2.739
2.732
2.725
2.719
2.713
2.708
2.704
2.699
2.696
2.692
2.689
2.686
2.683
2.680
2.678
2.675
2.673
2.671
2.669
2.667
2.666
2.664
2.663
2.656
2.651
2.646
2.643
2.637
2.633
2.630
2.627
2.625
2.624
2.622
2.621
2.620
2.619
2.618
2.617
2.617
2.616
2.612
= 0.05, dfN = 3
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40
0.55
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.85
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.92
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.67
0.71
0.74
0.77
0.79
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.79
0.83
0.87
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
(Continued)
470
n
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Fc
2.579
2.557
2.540
2.525
2.513
2.503
2.494
2.486
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.463
2.458
2.454
2.451
2.447
2.444
2.441
2.439
2.436
2.434
2.432
2.430
2.428
2.426
2.425
2.423
2.422
2.420
2.419
2.418
2.413
2.408
2.405
2.402
2.398
2.395
2.392
2.390
2.388
2.387
2.386
2.385
2.384
2.383
2.382
2.382
2.381
2.381
= 0.05, dfN = 1
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.43
0.46
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.66
0.69
0.71
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.80
0.81
0.86
0.90
0.93
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.57
0.61
0.65
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.84
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.83
0.87
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
Fc
2.386
2.368
2.354
2.342
2.332
2.323
2.316
2.309
2.303
2.298
2.294
2.290
2.286
2.283
2.280
2.277
2.274
2.272
2.270
2.268
2.266
2.264
2.263
2.261
2.260
2.258
2.257
2.256
2.255
2.254
2.253
2.248
2.245
2.242
2.239
2.236
2.233
2.231
2.229
2.228
2.227
2.226
2.225
2.224
2.223
2.223
2.222
2.222
2.222
= 0.05, dfN = 2
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.43
0.47
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.62
0.65
0.68
0.71
0.74
0.77
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.61
0.66
0.70
0.74
0.77
0.80
0.83
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
Fc
2.246
2.231
2.219
2.209
2.200
2.193
2.186
2.181
2.176
2.171
2.167
2.164
2.161
2.158
2.155
2.153
2.151
2.149
2.147
2.145
2.143
2.142
2.141
2.139
2.138
2.137
2.136
2.135
2.134
2.133
2.132
2.128
2.125
2.123
2.121
2.117
2.115
2.113
2.112
2.110
2.109
2.109
2.108
2.107
2.107
2.106
2.106
2.105
2.105
= 0.05, dfN = 3
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40
0.55
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.33
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.63
0.66
0.70
0.73
0.76
0.79
0.81
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.65
0.69
0.74
0.77
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.89
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
471
TA B L E B . 1 4 : P O W E R O F A N O VA
n
300
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Fc
2.378
8.285
8.096
7.945
7.823
7.721
7.636
7.562
7.499
7.444
7.396
7.353
7.314
7.280
7.248
7.220
7.194
7.171
7.149
7.129
7.110
7.093
7.077
7.062
7.048
7.035
7.023
7.011
7.000
6.990
6.981
6.971
6.932
6.901
6.876
6.855
6.822
6.798
6.779
6.765
6.753
6.743
6.734
6.727
6.721
6.715
6.710
6.706
6.702
6.699
= 0.05, dfN = 1
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.90
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.99
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.39
0.44
0.49
0.54
0.63
0.71
0.78
0.83
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.99
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.38
0.42
0.47
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.71
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Fc
2.219
5.488
5.390
5.312
5.248
5.194
5.149
5.110
5.077
5.047
5.021
4.998
4.977
4.959
4.942
4.927
4.913
4.900
4.888
4.877
4.867
4.858
4.849
4.841
4.833
4.826
4.819
4.813
4.807
4.802
4.796
4.791
4.770
4.753
4.739
4.727
4.709
4.696
4.686
4.677
4.671
4.665
4.660
4.656
4.653
4.650
4.647
4.645
4.643
4.641
= 0.05, dfN = 2
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.93
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.99
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.49
0.55
0.61
0.67
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.25
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.83
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Fc
2.103
4.377
4.313
4.261
4.218
4.182
4.152
4.126
4.103
4.083
4.066
4.050
4.036
4.024
4.012
4.002
3.992
3.984
3.976
3.968
3.961
3.955
3.949
3.944
3.938
3.934
3.929
3.925
3.921
3.917
3.913
3.910
3.895
3.883
3.874
3.866
3.853
3.844
3.837
3.831
3.827
3.823
3.820
3.817
3.815
3.813
3.811
3.809
3.808
3.806
= 0.05, dfN = 3
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40
0.55
0.96
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.99
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.59
0.66
0.72
0.77
0.85
0.91
0.95
0.97
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.30
0.34
0.37
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.51
0.55
0.58
0.61
0.64
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.57
0.63
0.68
0.73
0.78
0.81
0.85
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
(Continued)
472
n
300
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
300
Fc
6.677
3.767
3.720
3.681
3.649
3.622
3.600
3.580
3.563
3.548
3.535
3.523
3.513
3.503
3.495
3.487
3.480
3.473
3.467
3.461
3.456
3.451
3.447
3.443
3.439
3.435
3.431
3.428
3.425
3.422
3.419
3.417
3.406
3.397
3.389
3.383
3.374
3.367
3.362
3.357
3.354
3.351
3.348
3.346
3.344
3.343
3.341
3.340
3.339
3.338
3.332
= 0.05, dfN = 1
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.43
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.73
1.00
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.67
0.74
0.80
0.84
0.91
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.36
0.40
0.43
0.47
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.62
0.66
0.69
0.72
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.65
0.71
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
Fc
4.629
3.377
3.339
3.308
3.283
3.261
3.243
3.228
3.214
3.202
3.191
3.182
3.174
3.166
3.159
3.153
3.147
3.142
3.137
3.132
3.128
3.124
3.120
3.117
3.114
3.111
3.108
3.105
3.103
3.101
3.098
3.096
3.087
3.080
3.074
3.069
3.062
3.056
3.052
3.048
3.045
3.043
3.041
3.039
3.038
3.036
3.035
3.034
3.033
3.033
3.027
= 0.05, dfN = 2
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55
0.54
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.80
1.00
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.74
0.80
0.86
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.41
0.45
0.49
0.53
0.57
0.61
0.65
0.69
0.72
0.75
0.78
0.81
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.71
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.91
0.94
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
Fc
3.798
3.103
3.071
3.046
3.024
3.007
2.992
2.979
2.967
2.957
2.948
2.940
2.933
2.927
2.921
2.916
2.911
2.907
2.902
2.899
2.895
2.892
2.889
2.886
2.883
2.881
2.878
2.876
2.874
2.872
2.870
2.869
2.861
2.855
2.850
2.846
2.839
2.835
2.831
2.828
2.826
2.824
2.822
2.820
2.819
2.818
2.817
2.816
2.816
2.815
2.811
= 0.05, dfN = 3
Effect Size, f
0.10 0.25 0.40
0.55
0.65
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.25
0.28
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.43
0.46
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.60
0.86
1.00
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.93
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.45
0.50
0.54
0.58
0.62
0.67
0.70
0.74
0.77
0.80
0.83
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
473
TA B L E B . 1 5 : C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R C H I - S Q U A R E D
TABLE B.15: CRITICAL VALUES FOR CHI-SQUARED

Using Table B.15
2
For any given df, the table shows the values of critical
corresponding to various levels
2
of probability. The observed is statistically signicant at a given level when it is equal to
or greater than the value shown in the table.
The following table lists methods for determining the degrees of freedom for different
types of the 2 test.
Goodness-of-t Test
df = k 1
Test of independence
df = (r 1)(c 1)
k represents the number of

categories
r and c represent the number of
rows and columns
Examples:
= 0.05
2 critical = 43.773
df = 30
If 2 observed 2 critical then reject H0
474
TAB L E B.15. Critical Values for Chi-Squared

df = 0.995 = 0.99 = 0.975 = 0.95 = 0.05 = 0.025 = 0.01 = 0.005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.000
0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412
0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156
2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601
5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434
8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520
11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787
14.458
15.134
15.815
16.501
17.192
17.887
18.586
19.289
19.996
20.707
27.991
35.534
43.275
51.172
59.196
67.328
0.000
0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.872
1.239
1.647
2.088
2.558
3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260
8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
12.198
12.878
13.565
14.256
14.953
15.655
16.362
17.073
17.789
18.509
19.233
19.960
20.691
21.426
22.164
29.707
37.485
45.442
53.540
61.754
70.065
0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831
1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247
3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262
6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591
10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120
13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791
17.539
18.291
19.047
19.806
20.569
21.336
22.106
22.878
23.654
24.433
32.357
40.482
48.758
57.153
65.647
74.222
0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940
4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851
11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493
19.281
20.072
20.867
21.664
22.465
23.269
24.075
24.884
25.695
26.509
34.764
43.188
51.739
60.391
69.126
77.929
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.070
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307
19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410
32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773
44.985
46.194
47.400
48.602
49.802
50.998
52.192
53.384
54.572
55.758
67.505
79.082
90.531
101.879
113.145
124.342
5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.832
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483
21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170
35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
41.923
43.195
44.461
45.722
46.979
48.232
49.480
50.725
51.966
53.203
54.437
55.668
56.895
58.120
59.342
71.420
83.298
95.023
106.629
118.136
129.561
6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209
24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566
38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892
52.191
53.486
54.775
56.061
57.342
58.619
59.893
61.162
62.428
63.691
76.154
88.379
100.425
112.329
124.116
135.807
7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188
26.757
28.300
29.819
31.319
32.801
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997
41.401
42.796
44.181
45.558
46.928
48.290
49.645
50.994
52.335
53.672
55.002
56.328
57.648
58.964
60.275
61.581
62.883
64.181
65.475
66.766
79.490
91.952
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.170
TA B L E B . 1 6 : C R I T I C A L VA L U E S F O R M A N N W H I T N E Y u - T E S T
475
TABLE B.16: CRITICAL VALUES FOR MANNWHITNEY u-TEST

Using Table B.16
This table provides the critical values for the MannWhitney U -test. Note that when
calculating this statistic, you can determine the value of U and U . When calculating
U , its value must be less than or equal to the tabled value to be considered statistically
signicant at the level of selected. When calculating U , its value must be greater than
or equal to the tabled value to be considered statistically signicant at the level of
selected.
476
N2
10
1
2
0
27
0
30
0
24
0
28
1
31
1
35
2
38
0
25
1
29
1
34
2
38
3
42
4
46
0
24
1
29
2
34
3
39
4
44
5
49
6
54
0
28
1
34
3
39
4
45
6
50
7
56
9
61
1
31
2
38
4
44
6
50
7
57
9
63
11
69
0
27
1
35
3
42
5
49
7
56
9
63
11
70
13
77
0
30
2
38
4
46
6
54
9
61
11
69
13
77
16
84
0
33
2
42
5
50
7
59
1O
67
13
75
16
83
18
92
1
35
3
45
6
54
9
63
12
72
15
81
18
90
21
99
1
38
3
49
7
58
10
68
13
78
17
87
20
97
24
106
1
41
4
52
7
63
11
73
15
83
18
94
22
104
26
114
2
43
5
55
8
67
12
78
16
89
20
100
24
111
29
121
2
46
5
59
9
71
13
83
18
94
22
106
27
117
31
129
2
49
6
62
10
75
15
87
19
100
24
112
29
124
34
136
2
52
6
66
11
79
16
92
21
105
26
118
31
131
37
143
0
38
3
54
7
69
12
83
17
97
22
111
28
124
33
138
39
151
Critical values for U and U for a directional test at = 0.005 or a nondirectional test at = 0.01
To reject the null hypothesis for the two sample sizes, U must be equal to or less than the smaller of the tabled values and U must be equal to
or greater than the larger of the tabled values.
N1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
TAB L E B.16. Critical Values for MannWhitney u-Test
0
40
3
57
8
72
13
87
18
102
24
116
30
130
36
144
42
158
20
477
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
0
38
0
40
0
33
1
35
1
38
1
41
2
43
2
46
2
49
2
52
3
54
3
57
2
42
3
45
3
49
4
52
5
55
5
59
6
62
6
66
7
69
8
72
5
50
6
54
7
58
7
63
8
67
9
71
10
75
11
79
12
83
13
87
7
59
9
63
10
68
11
73
12
78
13
83
15
87
16
92
17
97
18
102
10
67
12
72
13
78
15
83
16
89
18
94
19
100
21
105
22
111
24
116
13
75
15
81
17
87
18
94
20
100
22
106
24
112
26
118
28
124
30
130
16
83
18
90
20
97
22
104
24
111
27
117
29
124
31
131
33
138
36
144
18
92
21
99
24
106
26
114
29
121
31
129
34
148
37
143
39
151
42
158
21
100
24
108
27
116
30
124
33
132
36
140
39
148
42
156
45
164
48
172
24
108
27
117
31
125
34
134
37
143
41
151
44
160
47
169
51
177
54
186
27
116
31
125
34
125
38
144
42
153
45
163
49
172
53
181
56
191
60
200
30
124
34
134
38
144
42
154
46
164
50
174
54
184
58
194
63
203
67
213
33
132
37
143
42
153
46
164
51
174
55
185
60
195
64
206
69
216
73
227
36
140
41
151
45
163
50
174
55
185
60
196
65
207
70
218
74
230
79
241
39
148
44
160
49
172
54
184
60
195
65
207
70
219
75
231
81
242
86
254
42
156
47
169
53
181
58
194
64
206
70
218
75
231
81
243
87
255
92
268
45
48
164
172
51
54
177
186
56
60
191
200
63
67
203
213
69
73
216
227
74
79
230
241
81
86
242
254
87
92
255
268
93
99
268
281
99
105
281
295
(Continued)
478
N2
11
10
1
2
0
21
0
24
1
26
1
29
1
32
0
20
1
23
1
27
2
30
3
33
3
37
4
40
0
20
1
24
2
28
3
32
4
36
5
40
6
44
7
48
1
23
2
28
3
33
4
38
6
42
7
47
8
52
9
57
0
21
1
27
3
32
4
38
6
43
7
49
9
54
11
59
12
65
0
24
2
30
4
36
6
42
7
49
9
55
11
61
13
67
15
73
1
26
3
33
5
40
7
47
9
54
11
61
14
67
16
74
18
81
1
29
3
37
6
44
8
52
11
59
13
67
16
74
19
81
22
88
1
32
4
40
7
48
9
57
12
65
15
73
18
81
22
88
25
96
2
34
5
43
8
52
11
61
14
70
17
79
21
87
24
96
28
104
0
26
2
37
5
47
9
56
12
66
16
75
20
84
23
94
27
103
31
112
0
28
2
40
6
50
10
60
13
71
17
81
22
90
26
100
30
110
34
120
0
30
3
42
7
53
11
64
15
75
19
86
24
96
28
107
33
117
37
128
0
32
3
45
7
57
12
68
16
80
21
91
26
102
31
113
36
124
41
135
0
34
4
47
8
60
13
72
18
84
23
96
28
108
33
120
38
132
44
143
0
36
4
50
9
63
14
76
19
89
24
102
30
114
36
126
41
139
47
151
1
37
4
52
9
67
15
80
20
94
26
107
32
120
38
133
44
146
50
159
N1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
39
5
55
10
70
16
84
22
98
28
112
34
126
40
140
47
153
53
167
20
479
N2
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
0
26
0
28
0
30
0
32
0
34
0
36
1
37
1
39
2
34
2
37
2
40
3
42
3
45
4
47
4
50
4
53
5
55
5
43
5
47
6
50
7
53
7
57
8
60
9
63
9
67
10
70
8
52
9
56
10
60
11
64
12
68
13
72
14
76
15
80
16
84
11
61
12
66
13
71
15
75
16
80
18
84
19
89
20
94
22
98
14
70
16
75
17
81
19
86
21
91
23
96
24
102
26
107
28
112
17
79
20
84
22
90
24
96
26
102
28
108
30
114
32
120
34
126
21
87
23
94
26
100
28
107
31
113
33
120
36
126
38
133
40
140
24
96
27
103
30
110
33
117
36
124
38
132
41
139
44
146
47
153
28
104
31
112
34
120
37
128
41
135
44
143
47
151
50
159
53
167
31
113
35
121
38
130
42
138
46
146
49
155
53
163
56
172
60
180
35
121
39
130
43
139
47
148
51
157
55
166
59
175
63
184
67
193
38
130
43
139
47
149
51
159
56
168
60
178
65
187
69
197
73
207
42
138
47
148
51
159
56
169
61
179
66
189
70
200
75
210
80
220
46
146
51
157
56
168
61
179
66
190
71
201
76
212
82
222
87
233
49
155
55
166
60
178
66
189
71
201
77
212
82
224
88
235
93
247
53
163
59
175
65
187
70
200
76
212
82
224
88
236
94
248
100
260
56
60
172
180
63
67
184
193
69
73
197
207
75
80
210
220
82
87
222
233
88
93
234
247
94
100
248
260
101
107
260
273
107
114
273
286
(Continued)
480
N2
10
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
15
1
17
1
20
2
22
2
25
3
27
0
16
1
19
2
22
3
25
4
28
4
32
5
35
0
15
1
19
2
23
3
27
5
30
6
34
7
38
8
42
1
17
2
22
3
27
5
31
6
36
8
40
10
44
11
49
1
20
3
25
5
30
6
36
8
41
10
46
12
51
14
56
0
16
2
22
4
28
6
34
8
40
10
46
13
51
15
57
17
63
0
18
2
25
4
32
7
38
10
44
12
51
15
57
17
64
20
70
0
20
3
27
5
35
8
42
11
49
14
56
17
63
20
70
23
77
0
22
3
30
6
38
9
46
13
53
16
61
19
69
23
76
26
84
1
23
4
32
7
41
11
49
14
58
18
66
22
74
26
82
29
91
1
25
4
35
8
44
12
53
16
62
20
71
24
80
28
89
33
97
1
27
5
37
9
47
13
57
17
67
22
76
26
86
31
95
36
104
1
29
5
40
10
50
14
61
19
71
24
81
29
91
34
101
39
111
1
31
6
42
11
53
15
65
21
75
26
86
31
97
37
107
42
118
2
32
6
45
11
57
17
68
22
80
28
91
34
102
39
114
45
125
2
34
7
47
12
60
18
72
24
84
30
96
36
108
42
120
48
132
2
36
7
50
13
63
19
76
25
89
32
101
38
111
45
126
52
138
N1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
38
8
52
13
67
20
80
27
93
34
106
41
119
48
132
55
145
20
481
N2
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
0
22
1
23
1
25
1
27
1
29
1
31
2
32
2
34
2
36
2
38
3
30
4
32
4
35
5
37
5
40
6
42
6
45
7
47
7
50
8
52
6
38
7
41
8
44
9
47
10
50
11
53
11
57
12
60
13
63
13
67
9
46
11
49
12
53
13
51
14
61
15
65
17
68
18
72
19
76
20
80
13
53
14
58
16
62
17
67
19
71
21
75
22
80
24
84
25
89
27
93
16
61
18
66
20
71
22
76
24
81
26
86
28
91
30
96
32
101
34
106
19
69
22
74
24
80
26
86
29
91
31
97
34
102
36
108
38
114
41
119
23
76
26
82
28
89
31
95
34
101
37
107
39
114
42
120
45
126
48
132
26
84
29
91
33
97
36
104
39
111
42
118
45
125
48
132
52
138
55
145
30
91
33
99
37
106
40
114
44
121
47
129
51
136
55
143
58
151
62
158
33
99
37
107
41
115
45
123
49
131
53
139
57
147
61
155
65
163
69
171
37
106
41
115
45
124
50
132
54
141
59
149
63
158
67
167
72
175
76
184
40
114
45
123
50
132
55
141
59
151
64
160
67
171
74
178
78
188
83
197
44
121
49
131
54
141
59
151
64
161
70
170
75
180
80
190
85
200
90
210
47
129
53
139
59
149
64
160
70
170
75
181
81
191
86
202
92
212
98
222
51
136
57
147
63
158
67
171
75
180
81
191
87
202
93
213
99
224
105
235
55
143
61
155
67
167
74
178
80
190
86
202
93
213
99
225
106
236
112
248
58
62
151
158
65
69
163
171
72
76
175
184
78
83
188
197
85
90
200
210
92
98
212
222
99
105
224
235
106
112
236
248
113
119
248
261
119
127
261
273
(Continued)
482
N2
10
0
10
0
12
0
14
1
15
1
17
1
19
0
9
0
12
1
14
2
16
2
19
3
21
3
24
4
26
0
12
1
15
2
18
3
21
4
24
5
27
6
30
7
33
0
10
1
14
2
18
4
21
5
25
6
29
8
32
9
36
11
39
0
12
2
16
3
21
5
25
7
29
8
34
10
38
12
42
14
46
0
14
2
19
4
24
6
29
8
34
11
38
13
43
15
48
17
53
1
15
3
21
5
27
8
32
10
38
13
43
15
49
18
54
20
60
1
17
3
24
6
30
9
36
12
42
15
48
18
54
21
60
24
66
1
19
4
26
7
33
11
39
14
46
17
53
20
60
24
66
27
73
1
21
5
28
8
36
12
43
16
50
19
58
23
65
27
72
31
79
2
22
5
31
9
39
13
47
17
55
21
63
26
70
30
78
34
86
2
24
6
33
10
42
15
50
19
59
24
67
28
76
33
84
37
93
2
26
7
35
11
45
16
54
21
63
26
72
31
81
36
90
41
99
3
27
7
38
12
48
18
57
23
67
28
77
33
87
39
96
44
106
3
29
8
40
14
50
19
61
25
71
30
82
36
92
42
102
48
112
3
31
9
42
15
53
20
65
26
76
33
86
39
97
45
108
51
119
4
32
9
45
16
56
22
68
28
80
35
91
41
103
48
114
55
125
0
19
4
34
10
47
17
59
23
72
30
84
37
96
44
108
51
120
58
132
N1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0
20
4
36
11
49
18
62
25
75
32
88
39
101
47
113
54
126
62
138
20
483
N2
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
0
20
1
21
2
22
2
24
2
26
3
27
3
29
3
31
4
32
4
34
4
36
5
28
5
31
6
33
7
35
7
38
8
40
9
42
9
45
10
47
11
49
8
36
9
39
10
42
11
45
12
48
14
50
15
53
16
56
17
59
18
62
12
43
13
47
15
50
16
54
18
57
19
61
20
65
22
68
23
72
25
75
16
50
17
55
19
59
21
63
23
67
25
71
26
76
28
80
30
84
32
88
19
58
21
63
24
67
26
72
28
77
30
82
33
86
35
91
37
96
39
101
23
65
26
70
28
76
31
81
33
87
36
92
39
97
41
103
44
108
47
113
27
72
30
78
33
84
36
90
39
96
42
102
45
108
48
114
51
120
54
126
31
79
34
86
37
93
41
99
44
106
48
112
51
119
55
123
58
132
62
138
34
87
38
94
42
101
46
108
50
115
54
122
57
130
61
137
65
144
69
151
38
94
42
102
47
109
51
117
55
125
60
132
64
140
68
148
72
156
77
163
42
101
47
109
51
118
56
126
61
134
65
143
70
151
75
159
80
167
84
176
46
108
51
117
56
126
61
135
66
144
71
153
77
161
82
170
87
179
92
188
50
115
55
125
61
134
66
144
72
153
77
163
83
172
88
182
94
191
100
200
54
122
60
132
65
143
71
153
77
163
83
173
89
183
95
193
101
203
107
213
57
130
64
140
70
151
77
161
83
172
89
183
96
193
102
204
109
214
115
225
61
137
68
148
75
159
82
170
88
182
95
193
102
204
109
215
116
226
123
237
65
144
72
156
80
167
87
179
94
191
101
203
109
214
116
226
123
238
130
250
69
151
77
163
84
176
92
188
100
200
107
213
115
225
123
237
130
250
138
262

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Appendix B

TABLE B.1: PROPORTIONS OF THE AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Area between z and + z 0.4032 + 0.4032 = 0.8064 or 80.64% of curve

TAB L E B.1. Proportions of the Area Under the Normal Curve

0.5000 + 0.4032 = 0.9032 or 90.32% of curve

Area at and above z = 1.30

0.4032 + 0.5000 = 0.9032 or 90.32% of curve

TABLE B.2: 1200 TWO-DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

TAB L E B.2. 1200 Two-Digit Random Numbers

TABLE B.3: CRITICAL VALUES FOR STUDENTS t-TEST

TAB L E B.3. Critical Values for Students t -TEST

Level of Signicance of a One-Tailed or Directional Test

TABLE B.4: POWER OF STUDENTS SINGLE SAMPLE t-RATIO

TAB L E B.4. Power of Students Single Sample t -Ratio

Power Table: Single Sample t-Ratio

TABLE B.5: POWER OF STUDENTS TWO SAMPLE t-RATIO, ONE-TAILED

Using Table B.5

TAB L E B.5. Power of Students Two Sample t -Ratio, One-Tailed Tests

Power Table: Two Sample t-Ratio, One-Tailed Tests

TABLE B.6: POWER OF STUDENTS TWO SAMPLE t-RATIO,

Fail to reject null

Using Table B.6

TAB L E B.6. Power of Students Two Sample t -Ratio, Two-Tailed Tests

Power Table: Two Sample t-Ratio, Two-Tailed Tests

TABLE B.7: CRITICAL VALUES FOR PEARSONS CORRELATION

If robserved rcritical then reject H0

If robserved rcritical then reject H0

TAB L E B.7. Critical Values for Pearsons Correlation Coefcient

TABLE B.8 CRITICAL VALUES FOR SPEARMANS RANK ORDER

For example, rS = 0.60, N = 42

TABLE B.9: r TO z TRANSFORMATION

TABLE B.10: POWER OF PEARSONS CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

TAB L E B.10. Power of Pearsons Correlation Coefcient

= 0.05 One Tailed

= 0.05 Two Tailed

TABLE B.11: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE F-RATIO

From the Summary Table

From Table B.11

Fcritical (2, 38) = 5.21, = 0.01

Fcritical (2, 39) = 5.18, = 0.01

Example: Two-Factor ANOVA

From the Summary Table

Fcritical (1, 54) = 4.02

Fcritical (1, 54) = 7.12

dfN = 1, dfd = 54 Fobserved = 0.01

TAB L E B.11. Critical Values for the F -Ratio

Degrees of Freedom Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

Degrees of Freedom Denominator

Degrees of Freedom Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

Degrees of Freedom Denominator

TABLE B.12: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE Fmax TEST

Number of Variances in Study

TABLE B.13: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE STUDENTIZED RANGE TEST

Number of Means in Set

TAB L E B.13. Critical Values for the Studentized Range Test

Degrees of Freedom For Denominator

Degrees of Freedom For Denominator

TABLE B.14: POWER OF ANOVA

Note that for effect sizes in this type of analysis,

TAB L E B.14. Power of Anova

TABLE B.15: CRITICAL VALUES FOR CHI-SQUARED