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ttheera@cisco.com
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2
Session Goals
Objectives
Understand history and business drivers for MPLS
Agenda
Topics
Introduction
MPLS Technology Basics
MPLS Layer-3 VPNs
MPLS Layer-2 VPNs
Advanced Topics
Summary
Introduction
What Is MPLS?
Multi
Protocol
Label
Switching
What is MPLS?
Brief Summary
Its all about labels
Technology Comparison
Key Characteristics of IP, Native Ethernet, and MPLS
IP
Native Ethernet
MPLS
Label based
TTL support
No TTL support
TTL support
Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
IP Header
802.3 Header
QoS
OAM
IP ping, traceroute
E-OAM
MPLS OAM
Forwarding
Control Plane
Packet Encapsulation
MPLS protocols
Evolution of MPLS
Technology Evolution and Main Growth Areas
Evolved from tag switching in 1996 to full
IETF standard, covering over 130 RFCs
Key application initially were Layer-3 VPNs,
followed by Traffic Engineering (TE),
and Layer-2 VPNs
Optimize MPLS
for Cloud
Optimize MPLS for
packet transport
Optimize MPLS for video
Cisco ships
MPLS
1997 1998
First MPLS TE
Deployments
1999 2000
Large Scale
L2VPN
Deployments
First L2VPN
Deployments
2001 2002
Large Scale
L3VPN
Deployments
2003 2004
Large Scale
MPLS TE
Deployments
2005 2006
2007 2008
First LSM
Deployments
First MPLS TP
Deployments
2013 2014
Topics
Basics of MPLS Signaling and Forwarding
MPLS reference architecture
MPLS Labels
Layer-3 VPNs
Management
Layer-2 VPNs
Transport
IP/MPLS (LDP/RSVP-TE/BGP)
MPLS OAM
Service (Clients)
MPLS OAM
MPLS Forwarding
11
MPLS Domain
CE
PE
PE
CE
CE
CE
PE
PE
12
MPLS Labels
Label Definition and Encapsulation
Labels used for making
forwarding decision
TC
TTL
Label, S=1
Layer 3
Packet
Label, S=0
Label, S=1
Layer 3
Packet
13
MPLS QoS
QoS Marking in MPLS Labels
MPLS label contains 3 TC bits
TC
At ingress PE router
Layer-2 Header
MPLS Header
IP DiffServ Marking
DSCP
Layer 3 Header
14
Label Imposition
(Push)
Label swapping
By P router; forward packets using
labels; indicates service class &
destination
CE
PE
Label Swap
Label Swap
L1
Label Disposition
(PoP)
PE
L3
L2
CE
CE
CE
PE
PE
15
Forwarding
IP
MPLS
Label based
TTL support
TTL support
Exchange of labels
Label bindings
Downstream MPLS node advertises what
label to use to send traffic to node
MPLS forwarding
Control Plane
Packet
Encapsulation
IP Header
QoS
OAM
IP ping, traceroute
MPLS OAM
LDP, RSVP
16
LDP
Forwarding path
LSP
RSVP signaling
Aka MPLS RSVP/TE
Enables enhanced capabilities, such as
Fast ReRoute (FRR)
RSVP
LSP or TE Tunnel
Primary and, optionally, backup
Based on TE topology database
Forwarding
Calculation
Packet
Encapsulation
Single label
17
Establish IP
reachability
Forwarding Table
In
Address
Label Prefix
Out Out
Iface Label
Forwarding Table
In
Address
Label Prefix
Forwarding Table
Out Out
Iface Label
128.89
128.89
171.69
171.69
In
Address
Label Prefix
Out Out
Iface Label
128.89
0
0
128.89
0
1
Routing Updates
(OSPF, EIGRP, )
171.69
18
Forwarding
Table
Forwarding
Table
Address
I/F
Address
I/F
128.89
128.89
171.69
171.69
Forwarding
Table
Address
I/F
128.89
171.69
128.89
0
128.89.25.4 Data
128.89.25.4 Data
1
128.89.25.4 Data
128.89.25.4 Data
171.69
19
Forwarding Table
In Address Out Out
Label Prefix IfaceLabel
128.89
1
20
Forwarding Table
Forwarding Table
171.69
21
21
171.69
36
Out label
0 128.89
0
0
1
Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP)
171.69
(Downstream
Allocation)
20
Forwarding Table
Forwarding Table
Forwarding Table
171.69
21
21
171.69
36
0 128.89
0
1
128.89.25.4 Data
0
128.89.25.4 Data
30 128.89.25.4 Data
20 128.89.25.4 Data
11
Forwarding based on
Label
171.69
21
So what?
22
This gives you lots of flexibility around how you send traffic across your network
Three steps:
1. Information distribution
2. Path calculation
3. LSP signaling
23
IP/MPLS
TE
Topology
database
24
Find
shortest
path to R8
with 8Mbps
IP/MPLS
R1
15
10
10
R8
10
10
TE
Topology
database
25
Head end
IP/MPLS
L=16
RESV
Tail end
PATH
TE LSP
26
Router A
Router B
Router D
Router E
ABDE
Backup tunnel:
B C D (pre-provisioned)
Router Y
Router X
Router C
Primary Tunnel
Backup Tunnel
27
MPLS OAM
Tools for Reactive and Proactive Trouble Shooting of MPLS Connectivity
MPLS LSP Ping
Used for testing end-to-end MPLS connectivity similar to IP ping
Can we used to validate reachability of LDP-signaled LSPs, TE tunnels, and PWs
Auto IP SLA
Automated discovery of all available equal cost LSP paths between PEs
LSP pings are being sent over each discovered LSP path
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
28
Summary
Key Takeaways
MPLS networks consist of PE routers at in/egress and P routers in core
29
Layer-3 VPNs
Layer-2 VPNs
Transport
IP/MPLS (LDP/RSVP-TE/BGP)
MPLS Forwarding
MPLS OAM
Management
Service (Clients)
31
32
33
PE-CE
Link
VPN signaling
Between PEs
Exchange of VPN policies
PE
CE
PE-CE
Link
VPN Signaling
PE
VPN
Policy
CE
VPN
Policy
VPN
Policy
VPN
CE Policy
PE
CE
PE
PE-CE link
Connects customer network to MPLS
network; either layer-2 or layer-3
34
Multi-Point
Layer-2 VPNs
CE
connected
to PE via
p2p L2
connection
CE
connected to
PE via
mp2mp
Ethernet
connection
CE-CE L2
connectivity
CE-CE
routing; no
SP
involvement
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
CE-CE L2
connectivity
CE-CE
routing; no
SP
involvement
Management
Service (Clients)
Layer-3 VPNs
Layer-2 VPNs
Transport
IP/MPLS (LDP/RSVP-TE/BGP)
MPLS Forwarding
MPLS OAM
37
VPN signaling
Between PE routers: customer routes exchanged via BGP (MP-iBGP)
PE-CE link
Can be any type of layer-2 connection (e.g., FR, Ethernet)
CE configured to route IP traffic to/from adjacent PE router
Variety of routing options; static routes, eBGP, OSPF, IS-IS
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
38
CE
VRF
Green
VPN 1
MPLS Backbone
CE
VPN 2
PE
VRF
Blue
39
Static routes
eBGP
OSPF
IS-IS
PE-CE
Link
PE
CE
PE-CE
Link
PE
Blue VRF
CE
CE
Blue VRF
Red VRF
Red VRF
CE
PE
PE
40
41
eBGP:
16.1/16
CE1
PE1
BGP advertisement:
VPN-IPv4 Addr = RD:16.1/16
BGP Next-Hop = PE1
Route Target = 100:1
Label=42
Blue VPN
eBGP:
16.1/16
PE2
CE2
ip vrf blue-vpn
VRF
parameters:
RD 1:100
Name
= blue-vpn
route-target
export
RD = 1:100
1:100
Import
Route-Target
route-target
import = 100:1
Export Route-Target = 100:1
1:100
42
IPv4
IGP
Label C
VPNv4
Label
IGP
Label B
IPv4
VPNv4
Label
IGP
Label A
IPv4
IPv4
IPv4
IPv4
Packet
IPv4
Packet
CE1
VPNv4
Label
PE1
P1
P2
PE2
CE2
43
CPE
Edge
Core
VPN Core
Edge
CPE
Benefits
Leverage same network for
multiple services and customers
(CAPEX)
Highly scalable
Network
Segment
MPLS Node
Typical
Platforms
CPE
Edge
Core
CE
PE
ASR1K
ASR9K
CRS-1
ISR/G2
7600
ASR9K
ASR1K
ASR903
ME3800X
44
Benefits
Network segmentation only
requires edge node configuration
Flexible routing; different IP
connectivity can be easily
configured; e.g., full/partial mesh
Access
Edge
Network
Segment
MPLS Node
Typical
Platforms
Core
VPN Core
Edge
Access
Access
Edge
Core
CE
PE
ASR1K
7600
CRS-1
ISR/G2
ASR1K
ASR9K
7600
6500
45
MPLS VPNs
at DC edge
Access
Top Of Rack Distribution
Benefits
Only single Data Center edge
node needed for segmented
layer-3 access
Enables VLAN/Layer-2 scale (>
4K)
Core
Core
Edge
Data Center
Network
Segment
MPLS Node
Typical
Platforms
Distribution
Core
Edge
CE or PE
P or CE
PE
N7K
N7K
ASR9K
6500
6500
7600
46
Easy to solve with BGP, the worlds only political routing protocol!
Also works with static routes: no dynamic handoff, no potential for dynamic
mess
47
Summary
Key Takeaways
MPLS Layer-3 VPNs provide IP connectivity among CE sites
MPLS VPNs enable full-mesh, hub-and-spoke, and hybrid IP connectivity
CE sites connect to the MPLS network via IP peering across PE-CE links
MPLS Layer-3 VPNs are implemented via VRFs on PE edge nodes
VRFs providing customer routing and forwarding segmentation
BGP used for signaling customer VPN (VPNv4) routes between PE nodes
To ensure traffic separation, customer traffic is encapsulated in an additional
VPN label when forwarded in MPLS network
Key applications are layer-3 business VPN services, enterprise network
segmentation, and segmented layer-3 Data Center access
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
48
Layer-3 VPNs
Layer-2 VPNs
Transport
IP/MPLS (LDP/RSVP-TE/BGP)
MPLS Forwarding
MPLS OAM
Management
Service (Clients)
50
Point-to-Point
Layer-2 VPNs (VPWS)
Multipoint-to-Multipoint
Layer-2 VPNs
VPLS services
Multipoint-to-Multipoint
EVPN
EVPN
VPLS
BGP-based mp2mp
PBB-EVPN
PBB-EVPN
51
MPLS L2 VPN
Why so many solutions?
Started with p2p, but that doesnt scale well
52
Attachment
Circuit (AC)
Attachment
Circuit (AC)
Pseudo-Wire 1
PE
CE
PE
Layer-2
CE
Layer-2
CE
CE
Layer-2
PE
Pseudo-Wire 2
Layer-2
PE
Signaling: LDP
53
3
4
CE
PE
2
P
4
LDP session
PE
CE
54
Eth
IGP
Label C
PW
Label
IGP
Label B
Eth
PW
Label
IGP
Label A
Eth
Eth
Eth
Ethernet
Frame
Ethernet
Frame
CE1
PW
Label
PE1
P1
P2
PE2
CE2
55
Attachme
nt
Circuit
(AC)
PE
CE
Attachme
nt
Circuit
(AC)
PE
Layer
-2
CE
Layer
-2
CE
CE
Layer
-2
PE
PE
Layer
-2
56
EVPN
Provides mp2mp
BGP advertisement:
L2VPN/EVPN Addr = CE1.MAC
BGP Next-Hop = PE1
Route Target = 100:1
Label=42
BGP RR
CE1
PE
PE
CE3
CE4
CE2
PE
PE
57
PBB-EVPN
Combines Provider Backbone
Bridging (802.1ah) with EVPN
Scales better than straight EVPN
Removes the need to flood all MAC
addresses in BGP
BGP advertisement:
L2VPN/EVPN Addr = PE1.B-MAC
BGP Next-Hop = PE1
Route Target = 100:1
Label=42
Provides mp2mp
BGP RR
CE1
Signaling: BGP
CE2
PE
PE
CE3
CE4
PE
PE
CE
PE
PE
CE
Benefits
Leverage same network for
multiple services and
customers (CAPEX)
Highly scalable
Network
Segment
CE
PE
Typical
Platforms
M3400
ME3800X
CRS-1
ASR901
ASR903
ASR9K
ASR9K
59
Data Center
DC
Edge
Data Center
DC
Edge
Core
Core
Edge
Data Center
Edge
Benefits
Single WAN uplink to connect to
multiple
Data Centers
Easy implementation of
segmented layer-2 traffic
between Data Centers
DC
Edge
Core
Network
Segment
MPLS Node
Typical
Platforms
Edge
Core
DC Edge
Core
Edge
CE
PE
ASR9K
CRS-1
ASR9K
7600
ASR9K
7600
6500
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
60
Summary
Key Takeaways
L2VPNs enable transport of any Layer-2 traffic over MPLS network
Typical applications of L2VPNs are layer-2 business VPN services and Data
Center interconnect
61
Advanced Topics
IPv6
CE
6PE
IPv6
IPv4 MPLS
6PE
CE
Easier to deploy
Security mechanism
IPv6
CE
6VPE
IPv6
IPv4 MPLS
6VPE
CE
63
Uni-Directional
LSP
MPLS /
IP
IP/MPLS
Benefits of Label-Switched
Multicast
Efficient IP multicast traffic
forwarding
Enables MPLS traffic protection and
BW control of IP multicast traffic
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
P2MP or MP2MP
LSP Tree
Label Switched
Multicast (LSM)
IP/MPLS
64
Bi-Directional
MPLS TP Tunnel
Benefits of MPLS TP
Meets transport-oriented operations
requirements
Enables seamless migration to dynamic
MPLS
CE
PE
PE
CE
Transport
IP/MPLS
(LDP/RSVP-TE/BGP)
MPLS-TP
(Static/RSVP-TE)
MPLS Forwarding
65
Futures
New MPLS Developments on the Horizon
Global Optimization
S-PCE/SDN
MPLS Multilayer
Optimizaton
TE+TP+RSVP+GMPLS
Control Plane
Reduction
Segment Routing
66
Summary
Summary
Key Takeaways
Its all about labels
Label-based forwarding and protocol for label exchange
Best of both worlds L2 deterministic forwarding and scale/flexible L3 signaling
68
69
Terminology Reference
Acronyms Used in MPLS Reference Architecture
Terminology
Description
AC
AS
CoS
Class of Service
ECMP
IGP
LAN
LDP
LER
Label Edge Router. An Edge LSR Interconnects MPLS and non-MPLS Domains.
LFIB
LSP
LSR
NLRI
P Router
PE Router
An LER in the Service Provider Administrative Domain that Interconnects the Customer Network and the Backbone Network.
PSN Tunnel
70
Terminology Reference
Acronyms Used in MPLS Reference Architecture
Terminology
Description
Pseudo-Wire
PWE3
QoS
Quality of Service
RD
Route Distinguisher
RIB
RR
Route Reflector
RT
Route Target
RSVP-TE
VPN
VFI
VLAN
VPLS
VPWS
VRF
VSI
71