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Ch.5Microbialmetabolism

Metabolismbasics(Fig.5.1)

Breakdownofcarbohydrates,lipidsandproteins
toproducecellularenergy(catabolism)
Redox(reduction/oxidation)reactionscapture,
storeanduseenergyviaelectrontransfers
amongmolecules
Photosynthesiscapturesandstoresenergyfrom
Photosynthesis captures and stores energy from
light
Biosynthesisofmacromoleculesandtheir
precursors(anabolicreactions)

Metabolismisthesumofallbiochemicalreactionsinthe
cell(pathways)
Catabolicpathwaysbreakdownnutrientstoyieldsmaller
moleculesandcapturestoredenergy
Anabolicpathwayssynthesizelargermoleculesfrom
smallerprecursorsanduseenergy
1

Basicconceptsofmetabolicprocesses

Redoxreactions(Fig.5.2)

Cellsobtainnutrientsfromphotosynthesisand/or
transportfromenvironment
Nutrientsarecatabolizedtoreleaseandcapture
storedenergyinformofATPorNADHor
electrochemical(chemiosmotic)gradients
Nutrientsareconvertedto12basicprecursorsby
p
y
enzymesinbasicpathways(e.g.,glycolysis,Krebs
cycleandpentosephosphatecycle)
Anabolicreactionsconvertprecursormolecules
(12)intobuildingblocks,buildingblocksinto
macromolecules(polymerization)and
macromoleculesintocellstructurestoforma
newcell.
3

Electroncarriers

Fundamentallyallbiochemicalreactionsinvolvethe
transferofelectrons
Reductionisthegainofelectrons;oxidationislossof
electronsandthesearecoupled
Amoleculethathasbeenreducedbecomesrelatively
morenegative,anoxidizedmoleculesbecomesrelatively
4
morepositive

ATPproduction(Fig.5.3)

NAD+/NADH,
NADP+/NADPHand
FAD/FADH2areallcellular
electroncarriersusedby
cells
Electronsaretransferred
l
f
d
withprotons(Htransferred)
Manymetabolicpathways
requiretheseelectron
carriers
5

Substratelevelphosphorylationinvolvetransferofhigh
energyphosphatetoADPfromanotherphosphorylated
organiccompound
Oxidativephosphorylationusesenergyfromhighenergy
electrontransfersduringrespirationtomakeATPfrom
ADPandPi
Photophosphorylationusesenergyfromlighttomake 6
electrons high energy

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Enzymes(Figs.5.4,5.5)

Enzymesareusually
proteinsthatcatalyze
(speedup)
biochemical reactions
biochemicalreactions
Enzymesoftenrequire
cofactors
Ribozymesare
enzymesmadeofRNA
insteadofprotein
7

10

Enzymaticreactions(Fig.5.7)
Substratebindsto
activesiteofenzyme
Enzymecatalyzes
reaction
Productsleaveactive
site

Enzymaticactivity(Fig.5.8)

Thermaldenaturationofproteins(Fig.5.9)

11

IncreasingheatcausesHbondstobreak
MicrobesliveatalltempsatwhichliquidH2Oisfoundand
theoptimumfolding/activityofproteinscoincidewith
optimalgrowthtemperature
pHcauseschargesonproteinstochange,sodenaturation
12
occursviabreakingofionicbonds

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Glycolysis catabolismofglucose(Fig.5.13)

Fig.5.13

Glycolysisisametabolicpathwayinwhich
glucose(6Csugar)isoxidizedtopyruvicacid
(2x3C),producingATPandNADH
Foraerobes,pyruvicacidfurtherbrokendownvia
For aerobes pyruvic acid further broken down via
KrebscycletoyieldmoreNADH,FADH2 andATP
ElectronsfromNADHandFADH2 enterelectron
transportsystemandformaH+gradient
H+gradientusedtomakeATP

13

Productsofglycolysis(Fig.5.14

14

Substratelevelphosphorylation(Fig.5.15)

2NADHand4ATP
produced
ATPproductionvia
substratelevel
phosphorylations
Fermentationoccursif
pyruvicaciddoesnot
py
entertheKrebscycleand
ifelectronsfromglucose
metabolismdontgo
downETS
Fermentationtypically
anaerobicandyieldsacid
biproducts

Thesereactionsare
partofglycolysis
ATPonlyproducedvia
thismechanismduring
hi
h i d i
fermentation
SufficientlevelsofATP
aremadetoallow
growthofmicrobes

15

16

Pentosephosphatepathway(Fig.5.16)

Pentosephosphatepathway(Fig.5.16)

Usedinconjunctionwithglycolysisbymost
microbes
GeneratesNADPHandprecursorsfor
makingbuildingblocks(aminoacids,
nucleotidesugars)
Generatesstartingmaterialfor
photosynthesis,ribulose5 phosphate

17

18

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Krebs(akaTCA)cycle(Fig.5.19)

Respiration theelectrontransportsystem
Fig.5.20
MostoftheATPproduced
inmicrobesisproduced
byanelectrontransport
system
Thesystemisaseriesof
membranebound
electroncarriers
Aselectronsflow,energy
isusedtopumpH+sout
ofcell
ManydifferentETSsoccur
inmicrobes
19

ATPproductionduringrespiration(Fig.5.21)

20

Fermentation(Fig.5.22andTable5.3)
Fermentation
yieldsofATPsmall
relativeto
respiration
Fermentationof
sugarsquicklyuses
i kl
upNAD+,which
needstobe
regeneratedto
keepupATP
production

H+sarepumpedoutaselectronspassthroughvarious
carriers,especiallycytochromes
AsconcentrationofH+builds,theyareforcedbackthrough
membraneboundATPsynthases,makingATP
WhenO2 isfinalelectronacceptor,themostATPisproduced
21

RegeneratingNAD+
Somefermentationproducts(Fig.5.23)

22

Fig.5.13

23

24

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Photosystemsandchlorophylls(Figs.5.26
and5.27)

Photosynthesisoverview
2partsofphotosynthesis,onelight
dependent(photophosphorylation)andthe
othernot(CO2 fixation,CalvinBenson
cycle)
Photophosphorylationuseslightto
Photophosphorylation uses light to
generatehighenergyesthatgenerateATP
inaprocesssimilartorespiration
TheATPfromthelightdependent
reactionsisusedtodrivethereductionof
CO2 toform6Csugarsfrom5Csugars
CO2 fixationalsorequiresNADPH
25

Photosystemsarefoundon
specialmembranescalled
thylakoids
Photosystemscontain
chlorophyllmolecules
embedded in sea of light
embeddedinseaoflight
harvestingpigments
Lightenergycollectedand
transferredtochlstoacctivate
electrons
Highenergyestransferred
fromchlsthroughETStp
produceH+gradandthenATP
26

Cyclicphotophosphorylation(Fig.5.28a)

Noncyclicphotophosphorylation(Fig.5.28b)

ATPisgeneratedfromprotonmotiveforcegeneratedas
electronsmovethroughETS
Thefinaleacceptoristheinitialdonorinacycle
TheNADPHneededforCO2fixationmustcomefrom
27
somewhereelse

2lightdependentstepsareneededtoelevate
lowenergyesfromH2Otohighenoughlevelto
generatePMFandgenerateATP+NADPH
O2 isthebiproductwhenH2Oise donor
28

Table5.5

Calvincycle(Fig.5.29)

29

30

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CalvinBensoncycle
UsesRuBisCotogenerate2x3Cmolecules
pereachCO2 moleculeaddedtothe5C,
ribulosebisphosphate
Cyclerequires3ATPand2NADPHforeach
CO2 fixed(andreduced)
fixed (and reduced)
EnergyfromtheATPandNADHisstored
andcanlaterberecoveredfromthesugars
produced
G3Pfeedsdirectlyintoglycolysis
31

32

33