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foundation
V8i (SELECTseries 4): Release 5.3
Verification Manual
DAA039050-1/0001
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Verification Manual i
Table of Contents
Introduction
14
16
23
23
26
32
38
44
53
62
71
77
83
88
99
99
105
112
115
123
125
125
129
133
138
140
145
Verification Manual iii
150
158
164
170
176
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
182
4.13 ISPilecap 2
189
196
201
201
206
211
215
220
229
233
240
247
253
258
264
271
280
287
295
302
311
321
321
330
338
347
357
357
361
366
371
375
380
385
385
394
403
412
413
414
415
416
418
418
419
420
421
422
424
425
426
430
435
Index
437
439
Figures
439
Tables
443
Verification Manual v
Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD.foundation
V8i (SELECTseries 4) Release 5.3 verification problems. Verification Problems can be found
under Start Page > Example > Verification.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or
particular foundation type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation). Hand calculation title
(e.g., AS GEN ISO 1) indicates corresponding STAAD.foundation file name.
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program
results is provided for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and
sliding factor of safety, shear force, etc.
Verification Manual 1
Chapter 4
Section 1
Verification Manual 3
Chapter 1
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation
1.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2
Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 57.6 KN
Weight of above soil = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.500 x 18 KN = 51.84 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 2.4 x 2.4 x (0.500+0.400-0.200) x
9.81 KN = 39.554 KN
Load due to surcharge = 2.4 x2.4 x 10 KN =57.6 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (500+57.6 +51.84+57.6 -39.554 ) KN
= 627.486 KN
Maximum pressure = 627.486 /(2.4x2.4) = 108.94 KN/ m2
108.94 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation = 627.486 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
1.1.4 Comparison
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Result
Result
Bearing Pressure
108.94 KN/m2
108.63 KN/m2
Resisting force for sliding (x)
313.74 KN
312.867 KN
Resisting Moment for
752.98 KNm
750.87 KNm
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for sliding (z)
313.74 KN
312.867 KN
Resisting Moment for
752.98 KNm
750.87 KNm
Overturning (x)
Percent Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Verification Manual 5
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
1.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.5 m2
Assuming 3.935 m x 3.935 m x 0.5 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1693.56 =
846.78 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Verification Manual 7
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.935x 1693.56 = 3332.08 KNm
Hence FOS=3332.08 /50 = 66.64> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.935x 1693.56 = 3332.08 KNm
Hence FOS=3332.08 /50 = 66.64 > 1.5
Hence OK
Verification Manual 9
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Verification Manual 11
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (121.83 + 135.63)x0.5=128.73kN/m2
AverageBase Pressure along other edge = (135.63 +149.43)x0.5 = 142.53 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 142.53 + (128.73 - 142.53)x
2559.5/3935 = 133.55 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 142.53 + (128.73 - 142.53)x
1375.5/3935 = 137.71 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (142.53 +137.71)x0.5 1.3755 x 3.935 = 758.41 kN
So max SF along Z axis Fuz = 759 kN
Developed shear stress v = 759x1000/(3935 x442) =
= 0.44 N/mm2
cmax = 0.2.fc = 5 N/mm2
1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2738
2 = 1
3 = 1
c =1.2.3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.575N/mm2
Hence OK
= 1.544 N/mm2
Verification Manual 13
Chapter 1
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1
1.2.4 Comparison
Table 1-2: Australian verification example 2 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Corner Pressure
109.373 KN/m2 109.373 KN/m2
None
99.53 KN/m2
99.525 KN/m2
119.22 KN/m2
912.86 KNm
119.22 KN/m2
912.45 KNm
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
912.86 KNm
758.4 KN
912.42 KNm
757.25 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for sliding
758.4 KN
2026 KN
846.78 KN
757.25 KN
2024.93 KN
846.78 KN
Negligible
None
846.78 KN
3332 KNm
846.78 KN
3332 KNm
None
3332 KNm
3332 KNm
1.3.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm. Depth of GWT=250 mm.
Figure 1-3: Plan and Elevation
1.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x600/115 m2 = 10.435 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.7 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 x 2.7 x 0.600 x25 KN = 202.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 2.7-2x0.3x0.3) x 0.450 x18 KN = 107.892 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 2.7 x (0.45+0.6-0.25) x9.81 KN = 105.948 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x600+202.5 +2.25+107.892 -105.948) KN =
1406.694 KN
Maximum pressure= 1406.694 /(5 x2.7) = 104.199 KN/ m2
104.2 KN/ m2 <105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Verification Manual 15
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.7x 1406.694 = 1899.04 KNm
Hence OK
1.3.4 Comparison
Table 1-3: Australian verification example 3 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
2
2
Bearing Pressure
104.2 KN/m
104.2 KN/m
None
Resisting Moment for
3516.735 KNm 3516.816 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
1899.04 KNm 1899.08 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (X)
1.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 1.15 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.85 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 2.85 m x 0.500 x25 KN = 178.125 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+550+178.125 +2.25) KN = 1330.38 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1330.38 /(5x2.85) = 118.34 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5
CG of load = (1x600+4x550)/(600+550) = 2.43478 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.43478 = 0.065217 m
So Moment Mz = Pxe = 75 KNm
Zz = 2.85 x 52/6 = 11.875 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 6.32 KN/m2
Stress at left end = P/A + M/Z = 99.68 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A + M/Z = 87.04 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
99.68 KN/m2<100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Verification Manual 17
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.85 x 1330.38 = 1895.79 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual 19
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
Figure 1-5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces
2 = 1
3 = 1
c =1.2.3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.488 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
2 way shear= 774.52 KN
v =
N/mm2
= 774.52x1000/(300x2+300x2+444x4)x444 = 0.5862
Verification Manual 21
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
1.4.4 Comparison
Table 1-4: Australian verification example 4 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
99.68 KN/m2 99.68 KN/m2
Negligible
Governing Moment
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
87.64 KN/m2
172 KN-m
87.04 KN/m2
167 KN-m
201 KN-m
201 KN-m
495 KN-m
299.42 KN
774.52 KN
481 KN-m
299.37 KN
774.52 KN
None
Negligible
710.4 KN
3326 KNm
710.04 KN
3326 KNm
None
1896 KNm
1896 KNm
None
Negligible
Section 2
2.1.2 Problem
A column 400mm X 400mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN.
The safe bearing pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The
concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.
Verification Manual 23
Chapter 2
2.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
2.1.3 Solution
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 x 25 = 78.125 kN.
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 78.125) kN = 1178.125 kN.
Area required = 1178.125 / 200 m2 = 5.890625 m2.
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2
The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.
MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Try an overall depth of 500 mm with 20 mm bars.
Effective depth = 500 40 20 10 = 430 mm.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 1976.31 mm2.
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0012 x 2500 x 430 = 1625 mm2 < AS (Hence
Safe)
Let us provide 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Verification Manual 25
Chapter 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
= 0.395 N / mm2 > v (Hence Safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 625.5 mm from the column face. The
critical perimeter is shown in Figure 6.3.
Perimeter = 1690 x 4 = 6760 mm.
Shear = 256 x (2.52 1.69 2) = 868.8 kN.
v = 868 x 103 / (6760 x 430) = 0.3 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Spacing
We provided 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 x 2 - 16) / (10 -1) = 267.11 mm.
2.1.4 Comparison
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Results
Result
Effective Depth
430 mm
430 mm
Governing Moment
352.8 KN-m
352.8 KN-m
Area of Steel
1976.31
1976.31
2
Shear Stress (One0.369 N/mm
0.369 N/mm2
Way)
Shear Stress (Two0.3 N/mm2
0.3 N/mm2
Way)
Percent Difference
None
None
None
None
None
2.2.2 Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the
following table. The proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure
6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150 kN / m2. The materials to be used in the
foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load
770
78
Imposed Load
330
34
2.2.3 Solution
Self-weight of footing = 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 120.96 kN.
Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 120.96 = 1220.96 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1220.96/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 139.65 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence
Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 +163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 -163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.
Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.955 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 40 10 = 450 mm.
Verification Manual 27
Chapter 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 2119.475 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3600 x 500 / 100 = 2340 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions
= 0.96d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 3472.334 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2800 x 500 / 100 = 1820 mm2 <
calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
The critical section Y2 Y2 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure
6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 177.78 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 177.78 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 569.96 kN
=473.388 kN / m2
,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 429.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 429.6 = 644.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 29
Chapter 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Figure 2-6: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X -X :
2
The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure
6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 7.25 = 415.85 kN
=256.698 kN / m2
,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 409.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 409.6 = 614.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Figure 2-7: Section considered for punching shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle
at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 x 3.6 x 132.28 + 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x (186.38 132.28) =
1606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.74)2 x 146.255 + 0.5 x (1.74)2 x (172.4 146.255) =
482.38 kN
Punching shear force = 1606.05 482.38 = 1123.67 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.74 x 4 = 6.96 m.
Punching shear stress = 1123.67 / (6.96 x 0.43) = 375.46 kN / m2.
Verification Manual 31
Chapter 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
2.2.4 Comparison
Table 2-3: British verification example 2 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Result
Result
Effective Depth (X-X)
430 mm
430 mm
Effective Depth (Y-Y)
450 mm
450 mm
Governing Moment (My)
395.955 KN-m 395.943 KN-m
Governing Moment (Mx )
619.862 KN-m 619.909 kN-m
Area of Steel (Along X-X)
2340.00
2340.00
Area of Steel (Along Y-Y)
3472.2334
3472.2334
2
Shear Stress (One-Way) (Y1- 473.388 kN/m 444.81 kN/m2
Y1)
Shear Stress (One-Way) (X1- 256.698 kN/m2 256.698 kN/m2
X1)
Shear Stress (Two-Way)
375.46 kN/m2 375.44 kN/m2
Percent Difference
None
None
None
None
None
None
Negligible
None
None
2.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.5 m2
Assuming 3.85 m x 3.85 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.85 x 3.85 x 0.65 x 25 KN = 240.865 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+240.865) KN = 1740.865 KN
Maximum pressure =1740.865/(3.85x3.85)=KN/ m 2 = 117.45 KN/m 2 <120 KN/m 2 (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m 2 = 141.676 KN/m 2
Verification Manual 33
Chapter 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
eff
K=
= =0.0253 <
0.156
Hence safe
eff
K=
= 0.0253 <
0.156
Hence safe
Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 3862.3 m 2m
Therefore, Astx =
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 3862.3 m 2m
Therefore, Astz =
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.1689
umax
= 141.676 x 3.85 x
= 644.18 KN
= 0.282N/mm2
= 4 N/mm 2
c1
0.17 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 35
Chapter 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
1 N/mm 2
V3 =
= 0.352 N/mm 2
Vc =
0.704 N/mm 2
Vce =
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.1689
umax
= 141.676 x 3.85 x
= 644.18 KN
= 0.282N/mm2
= 4 N/mm 2
c1
V1 =
1 N/mm 2
V2 =
1 N/mm 2
V3 =
= 0.352 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.704 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 891 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
= 4.3347 m 2
1485.87 KN
Vm1 =
= 0.3 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm 2
0.17 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
Vc =
= 0.352 N/mm 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 35
= 110 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 35
= 110 mm
Verification Manual 37
Chapter 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Hence OK
2.3.4 Comparison
Table 2-4: British verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Bearing Pressure
117.45
117.45 KN/m2
None
2
KN/m
Ku
0.0253
0.0252
Negligible
Governing Moment
859.26 KN- 856.92 KN-m
Negligible
m
Shear Force(One-Way) 644.18 KN 642.87 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1485.87 KN 1483.64 KN
Negligible
Steel required
3862 m2m 3851 m2m
0.28% (
Negligible)
Resisting force for
870.43 KN 870.43 KN
None
sliding
Resisting Moment for
3351.1 KNm 3351.1 KNm
None
Overturning
2.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 5.3 m x 5.3 m x 0.75 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.75 x 25 KN = 526.687 KN
Weight of soil = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.5 x 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+526.687+252.81) KN = 2779.5 KN
Maximum pressure = 2779.5 KN/ (5.3 m x 5.3 m) KN/ m 2 = 98.9 KN/m 2 <100 KN/m 2
(Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2000 KN) / (5.3 m x 5.3 m)KN/m 2 = 99.678 KN/m 2
Chapter 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
eff
K=
= =0.026 <
0.156
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
K=
= =0.026 <
0.156
Hence safe
Z=d
40 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
= 6351.73 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 6351.73 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.173
= 955.2 KN
955.2(103)/(5300
= 4 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
V3 =
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
x 692) = 0.26N/mm2
0.708 N/mm2
Verification Manual 41
Chapter 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.173
umax
= 99.68 x 5.3 x
= 955.2 KN
0.173 N/mm 2
V1 =
1 N/mm 2
V2 =
1 N/mm 2
V3 =
= 0.354 N/mm 2
Vc =
0.708 N/mm 2
Vce =
So V < Vce , Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.645 m2
Vmax =
2237.3 KN
= 0.345 N/mm 2
0.173 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm 2
Vc =
= 0.354 N/mm 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 16 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 165 mm
In the ZDirection
No. of 16 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 165 mm
Verification Manual 43
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
2.4.4 Comparison
Table 2-5: British verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
692 mm
692 mm
None
Bearing Pressure
98.9
98.75 KN/m2
Negligible
2
KN/m
Ku
0.026
0.026
Negligible
Governing Moment
1651 KN-m 1647.74 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way) 955.2 KN
952.85 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2237.3 KN 2232.14 KN
Negligible
2
2
Steel required
6352 m m 6357.649 m m
Negligible
Resisting force for
1389.75 KN 1374.762 KN
Negligible
sliding
Resisting Moment for
7365 KNm 7148.63 KN
Negligible
Overturning
2.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 m2 = 10 m2
Assuming 3.65 m x 3.65 m x 0.75 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =80 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V =1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m 3
Verification Manual 45
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m 2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m 2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m 2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m 2
= 118.694 KN/m 2 <120 KN/m 2
Hence safe
eff
K=
= =0.016 <
0.156
Hence safe
Figure 2-9: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
K=
= =0.01481 <
0.156
Hence safe
Verification Manual 47
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 2-10: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Z=d
= 0.983 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
Minimum area of steel Ast
= 2594 m 2m
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3558.75 mm 2
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz =
Minimum area of steel Ast
= 2412 m 2m
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3558.75 mm 2
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.14
umax
= 0.19N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
0.14 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.329 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.658 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 49
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 2-11: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.141
V
126.103 x 0.983 x 3.65= 452.46 KN
umax
= 0.177 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm 2
0.141 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.329 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.658 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
968.11 KN
= 0.1472 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm 2
Vc =
0.14 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.329 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 51
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 2-13: Section considered for punching shear
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 115 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 115 mm
2.5.4 Comparison
Table 2-6: British verification
Reference
Value of
Result
Effective Depth (mm)
692
Corner Pressure (KN/m2)
118.69
Ku
Governing Moment (KNm)
Shear Force ,One-Way
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
Steel required (mm2)
Resisting force for sliding
(KN)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (KN-m)
example 5 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifResult
ference
692
None
118.69
None
98.95
98.95
98.95
98.95
118.69
0.01481
118.69
0.0146
Negligible
0.0156
646.08
0.0158
643.82
Negligible
694.84
488.69
692.8
486.65
Negligible
452.46
968.11
456.42
961.62
Negligible
3558.75
3558.75
None
3558.75
724.9
3558.75
724.898
Negligible
724.9
2645.8
724.898
2645.8
Same
2645.8
Verification Manual 53
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
2.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fx100 KN, fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 90 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
2.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/90 = 16.67 m2
Assuming 4.65 m x 4.65 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =-0.65x100 =-65 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4.65x 4.65x 0.65x25 = 351.37 KN
54 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1851.37 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m 3
Mx=0
Mz = -65 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m 2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m 2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m 2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m 2
= 89.5 KN/m 2 <90 KN/m 2
Hence safe
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1851.37 = 925.685 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.65x 1851.37 = 4304.43 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual 55
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
eff
K=
=0.027 <
0.156
Hence safe
K=
=0.02606 <
0.156
Hence safe
Z=d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
Minimum area of steel Ast
= 4890 m 2m
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3929.25 mm 2
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz =
Minimum area of steel Ast
= 4706 m 2m
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3929.25 mm 2
Verification Manual 57
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.178
umax
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.178 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.356 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.712 N/mm 2
Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at d dist from the face of column
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.171
umax
0.171 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.351 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.702 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 59
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1782 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
= 2.082x2.082 =4.3347 m 2
1679 KN
= 0.3394 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm2
Vc =
0.171 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.351 N/mm 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 44
= 105 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 42
= 115 mm
Verification Manual 61
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
2.6.4 Comparison
Table 2-7: British verification example 6 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Corner Pressure
81.75
81.74 KN/m2
None
2
KN/m
89.5 KN/m2
89.5
89.5 KN/m2
KN/m2
81.74 KN/m2
89.5
KN/m2
Ku
Governing Moment
81.75
KN/m2
0.02606
0.027
1068.71
KNm
0.026
None
0.0269
1065.83 KNm
Negligible
1103.31 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way)
1109.62
KNm
740.36 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Steel required
714 KN
712 KN
1679 KN
1677 KN
2
4890 m m 4959.354 m2m
Negligible
Negligible
4706 m2m
925.68 KN
4790.8 m2m
925.68 KN
None
925.68 KN
4304.43
KNm
925.68 KN
4304.43 KNm
None
736.98 KN
Negligible
4304.43 KNm
4304.43
KNm
2.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2
Assuming 4.45 m x 4.45 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4.45x 4.45x 0.65x25 = 321.79 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1821.79 KN
Verification Manual 63
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m 3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 92KN/m 2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 85 KN/m 2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92 KN/m 2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 98.81 KN/m 2
= 98.81 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.45x 1821.8 = 4053.5 KNm
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
eff
K=
=0.027 <
0.156
Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m 2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m 2
Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN
Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
Moment = Fx LA = 1047.85 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
d
eff
K=
= 0.027 <
0.156
Hence safe
Verification Manual 65
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Z=d
=<0.95d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 4165 m 2m
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz =
= 4165m 2m
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.158
umax
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.158 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.342 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.684 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 67
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.158
umax
= 0.272 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V1 =
1 N/mm 2
V2 =
1 N/mm 2
V3 =
= 0.342 N/mm 2
Vc =
Vce =
0.684 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
68 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
= 2.082x2.082=4.335 m 2
1640 KN
= 0.3315 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm 2
Vc =
0.158 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
1 N/mm 2
= 0.342 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 69
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 37
= 120 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 37
= 120 mm
2.7.4 Comparison
Table 2-8: British verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Corner Pressure
92KN/m2
92 KN/m2
None
85.2 KN/m2 85.91 KN/m2
Ku
Governing Moment
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Steel required
Resisting force for
sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
92 KN/m2
92 KN/m2
98.81
KN/m2
0.027
98.81 KN/m2
0.0266
Negligible
0.027
1047.85
KNm
0.0266
1045 KNm
Negligible
1047.85
KNm
720 KN
1045 KNm
718.71 KN
Negligible
720 KN
1640 KN
12 @ 120
c/c
910.9 KN
718.71 KN
1638 KN
12 @ 118 c/c
Negligible
Negligible
910.8 KN
Negligible
910.9 KN
4053.5
KNm
910.8 KN
4053.4 KNm
Same
4053.4 KNm
4053.5
KNm
Verification Manual 71
Chapter 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
2.8.3 Solution
Figure 2-16: Plan and Elevation
Ultimate pressure =
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.5 x 1108.6 = 831.45 KNm
Hence OK
eff
Hence OK
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 0.016=
eff
<0.156
Hence OK
ux
eff
Verification Manual 73
Chapter 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
Hence OK
Z=d
= 0.998 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 637 m 2m
Therefore, Astx =
Z=d
= 0.998 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 792 m 2m
Therefore, Astx =
Z=d
= 0.994 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 761 m 2m
Therefore, Astx =
Percentage of steel p =
t
= 0.143
umax
= 225.68 KN
= 0.276 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm 2
V1 =
1 N/mm 2
V2 =
1 N/mm 2
V3 =
= 0.331 N/mm 2
Vc =
0.662 N/mm 2
Vce =
So V < Vce , Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 816 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 3.24 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
v =
= 4 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 75
Chapter 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
Figure 2-17: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams
2.8.4 Comparison
Table 2-9: British verification example 8 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
147.82 KN/ 147.82 KN/m2
None
m2
Governing Moment
140 KN-m 135.77 KN-m
Negligible
174.9 KNm
174.9 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
168 KN-m
168 KN-m
225.68 KN 225.69 KN
3.24 KN
3.24 KN
3.24 KN
2771.5
KNm
831.45
KNm
Negligible
None
3.24 KN
2771.5 KNm
Negligible
831.46 KNm
Negligible
Verification Manual 77
Chapter 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
2.9.3 Solution
Figure 2-18: Plan and Elevation
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.7 x 1327.63 = 1128.48 KNm
Hence OK
eff
Hence OK
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 0.0276=
eff
<0.156
Hence OK
ux
Chapter 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
d
eff
Hence OK
Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1187 m 2m
Z=d
= 0.968 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1284.5 m 2m
Z=d
= 0.99 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1342.74 m 2m
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.17
umax
= 347.24 KN
0.17 N/mm 2
V1 =
1 N/mm 2
V2 =
1 N/mm 2
V3 =
= 0.351 N/mm 2
Vc =
0.702 N/mm 2
Vce =
So V < Vce , Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 666 mm from the column face.
Two way shear = 380.43 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
v =
= 380.43x1000/(6528)x544=0.131 N/mm 2
= 4 N/mm 2
Verification Manual 81
Chapter 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
= 4 N/mm 2
2.9.4 Comparison
Table 2-10: British verification example 9 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
138.46
138.45 KN/m2
None
KN/m2
126.28 KN/m2
126.28
KN/m2
Governing Moment
214 KN-m 212 KN-m
Negligible
231.62
KNm
231.78 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
249.42 KNm
242.122
KNm
347.24 KN 347.24 KN
380.42 KN 380.43 KN
407.34 KN 407.34 KN
3916.5
3916.5 KNm
KNm
1128.48
1128.48 KNm
KNm
None
None
None
None
2.10.2 Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the
base is not to exceed 2.0 m. the safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The
materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Verification Manual 83
Chapter 2
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
Figure 2-20: Plan and Elevation
2.10.3 Solution
Let us assume the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130) = 1250 kN.
Area of base = 1250 / 160 = 7.81 m 2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m 2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat is as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6) = 1249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m 2.
Verification Manual 85
Chapter 2
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 970.95 mm 2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2000 x 600 / 100 = 1560 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1808 mm2.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 436.6 mm 2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2000 x 600 / 100 = 1560 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
V=
= 0.228 N/mm 2.
= 0.39 N/mm 2.
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 87
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.10.4 Comparison
Table 2-11: British verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Max Bending
221.7 kN-m 201.204 kN-m
9.2
Moment (-)
Max Bending
99.7 kN-m
108.94 kN-m
9.2
Moment (+)
Area of Steal
780 mm2/m 780 mm2/m
None
Required
Base Pressure
138.84
136 kN/m2
2
kN/m2
Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment
computations
Verification Manual 89
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.11.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:Mz =+45.89 (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) (-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by: 1=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89/53)-(6*148.32/53)=47.283KN/m2
2=((500+625)/25)-(6*195.89/53)-(6*148.32/53)=28.478KN/m2
3=((500+625)/25)-(6*195.89/53)+(6*148.32/53)=42.717KN/m2
4=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89/53)+(6*148.32/53)=61.522KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = mu*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, FacFor Overturning:tor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = 98.32 200* (0 +1) = -298.32 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of
Footing) * Width of Footing*0.5 = 3098.425 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
About Z- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89
+ 300* (0 +1) = 345.89 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of
Footing) * Width of Footing*0.5 = 3398.425 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
Verification Manual 91
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}=
264.48 KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of
steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
About Z- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.30.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}=
457.874 KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of
steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
Verification Manual 93
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2
+0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Design shear stress, v = 144.134/(5.0 x 0.93) =30.996 kN/ m2
Now, VC1 = min(0.8 (fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
=
348.5494 kN/ m2
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 348.5494 = 522.824 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
= 348.5494 kN/ m2
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 348.5494 = 522.824 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 95
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle
at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 12.8806 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (27.1194 12.8806)
= 500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:a = 27.1194 ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 24.3998 KN/m2
b = 12.8806 + ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 15.60021 KN/m2
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.
Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m.
Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36 x 0.93)= 26.885 kN / m2.
Verification Manual 97
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}=
457.874 KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
2.11.4 Comparison
Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Result
Result*
there-of)
Moment about X 264.48
259.98 KNm
Error due to approxKNm
imation in base pressure interpolation
Moment about Z 457.874
448.24 KNm
Error due to approxKNm
imation in base pressure interpolation
Area of steel
6500.00 6500.00 mm2
Negligible
2
about X-X
mm
Area of steel
6500.00 6500.00 mm2
Negligible
about Z-Z
mm2
Shear Stress
48.64
46.66 KN/ m2
Error due to approx2
KN/ m
imation in base pres(One way) along
sure interpolation
X
Shear Stress
30.996
29.28 KN/ m2
Error due to approxKN/ m2
imation in base pres(One way) along
sure interpolation
Z
Shear Force
309.038 305.46 KN
Error due to approxKN
imation in base pres(Two way)
sure interpolation
Factor of Safety
2.1656
2.167
Negligible
against Sliding
(X)
Factor of Safety
3.2484
3.250
Negligible
against Sliding
(Z)
Factor of Safety
10.386
10.392
Negligible
against Overturning (X)
Factor of Safety
9.82516
9.830
Negligible
against Overturning (Z)
Section 3
Verification Manual 99
Chapter 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 3-1: Plan and Elevation
3.1.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada
load combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL +1.5 LL = (1.25 X 1300 kN) + (1.5 x 1000 kN) =
3,125 kN
Required area of footing: 3125/300 = 10.41 m2
Total Axial load = 3125+Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 KN
weight of soil=3.6 x 3.6 x 1.5 x 16 = 311.04 KN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
3125+233.28+311.04 =3669.32 KN
So stress on soil=369.32/(3.6x3.6)=283.12 KN/m2
=1030913 N =1031 KN
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Vumax =
= 768.22 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 x 690=621 mm
Chapter 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
bw = 3600 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc =
= 1030913 N = 1031 KN
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 345 mm from the column face.
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2x0.5x.69)2=1.2996 m2
Vmax =
1.2996)=2811.63 KN
241.126x(3.6x3.6-
= 0.8936 N/mm2
=4
=L/B =4.5/4.5 =1
1.8525 N/mm2
2.5846 N/mm2
1.235 N/mm2
As effective depth>300 mm so the multiplier=1300/(1000+deff)=0.769
So,
Vr1= 1.424 N/mm2 =1424 KN/m2
Vr2= 1.987N/mm2 = 1987 KN/m2
Vr3= 0.9497 N/mm2 = 949.7 KN/m2
So min {Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} = 949.7 KN/m2
So allowable shear = Vc = 949.7 KN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Along Z Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/(f'c) db
Along X Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/(f'c) db
k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45
k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (400 MPa)/(25MPa) x 19.5 mm = 449.28 mm
Available Length = (3600-450)/2-50 = 1525 mm
Hence OK
= 1076.66 KN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.8125
s=0.85
Chapter 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
= 0.62817
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, =0.001892
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
Mux =
= 1076.66 KN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.8125
s=0.85
= 0.62817
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, =0.001892
Hence OK
3.1.4 Comparison
Table 3-1: CSAverification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
2
Bearing Pressure
286.45
283.5 KN/m
Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment
1076.66 KN- 1076.64 KN-m
Negligible
m
1076.66 KN-m
1076.66 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 768.22 KN
768.01 KN
Negligible
768.22 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2811.63 KN
Resisting Shear Force 1031 KN
(One-Way)
1031 KN
Resisting Shear Stress 949.7 KN/m2
(Two-Way)
Resisting force for
1834.66 KN
sliding
1834.66 KN
Resisting Moment for 6604.78 KNm
Overturning
6604.78 KNm
Ast (B)
6750 mm
768.01 KN
2811.49 KN
1031.14 KN
Negligible
None
1031.14 KN
949.86 KN/m2
Negligible
1837.09 KN
Negligible
1837.09 KN
6613.4 KNm
Negligible
6613.4 KNm
6750 mm
None
Ast (T)
6750 mm
6750 mm
6750 mm
6750 mm
None
Ld (rqrd)
6750 mm
449.28 mm
6750 mm
449.28 mm
None
Ld (available)
449.28 mm
1525 mm
449.28 mm
1525 mm
None
1525 mm
1525 mm
Chapter 3
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2
3.2.2 Problem
Design of a square Isolated Footing
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored
dead load of 900 kN and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored
soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square
footing.
The compressive strength fc is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All
steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2
respectively.
Figure 3-2: Plan and Elevation
3.2.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada
load combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) =
2,325 kN
Required area of footing: 2,325 /300 = 7.75 m2
Vumax =
= 550.24 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc =
=655986 N =655.99 KN
Chapter 3
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2
Along ZDirection
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Vumax =
= 550.24 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc =
= 655986 N = 655.99 KN
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 270 mm from the column face.
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+2x0.5x.54)2 = 1.0816 m2
Vmax =
v =
= 0.91 N/mm2
=4
=L/B =5/5 =1
1.657 N/mm2
2.645 N/mm2
1.1046 N/mm2
As effective depth > 300 mm so the multiplier = 1300/(1000+deff) = 0.844
So,
108 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Development Length
Along Z Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/(f'c) db
k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45
k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (350 MPa)/(20MPa) x 19.5 mm = 439.52 mm
Available Length = (3000-500)/2-50 = 1200 mm
Hence OK
Along X Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/(f'c) db
k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45
k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (350 MPa)/(20MPa) x 19.5 mm = 439.52 mm
Available Length = (3000-500)/2-50 = 1200 mm
Hence OK
Verification Manual 109
Chapter 3
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2
= 605.46 KN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.82
s=0.85
= 0.0346
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So, =0.002405
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux =
= 605.46 KN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.82
s=0.85
= 0.0346
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So, =0.002405
Hence OK
3896 m2m
Chapter 3
3.3 CSA General Isolated Foundation 3
3.2.4 Comparison
Table 3-2: CSA verification example 2 comparison
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Reference Result
Result
Bearing Pressure
296.73 KN/m2
296.07 KN/m2
Governing
605.46 KN-m
605.46 KN-m
Moment
605.46 KN-m
605.46 KN-m
Shear Force(One- 550.24 KN
550.06 KN
Way)
550.24 KN
550.06 KN
Shear Force(Two- 2045.56 KN
2045.45 KN
Way)
Resisting force for 1335.3KN
1332.3 KN
sliding
1335.3KN
1332.3 KN
Resisting Moment 4005.45 KNm
3996.827 KNm
for Overturning
4005.45 KNm
3996.827 KNm
Ast (B)
#20@190 c/c
#20@190 c/c
Percent
Difference
Negligible
None
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
None
Ast (T)
#20@190 c/c
#20@190 c/c
#20@190 c/c
#20@190 c/c
None
Ld (rqrd)
#20@190 c/c
439.52 mm
#20@190 c/c
439.52 mm
None
Ld (available)
439.52 mm
1200 mm
439.52 mm
1200 mm
None
1200 mm
1200 mm
3.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/90 m2 = 13.33 m2
Assuming 4.3 m x 4.3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.500 x 25 KN = 231.125 KN
Weight of above soil = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.450 x 18 KN = 149.77 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.3x4.3 x (0.500+0.450-0.300) x 9.81
KN = 117.9 KN
Load due to surcharge = 4.3x4.3 x 10 KN =184.9 KN
Chapter 3
3.3 CSA General Isolated Foundation 3
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.3 x 1647.895 = 3542.97 KNm
Hence OK
3.3.4 Comparison
Table 3-3: CSA verification
Reference
Value of
Result
Bearing Pressure
89.12 KN/
m2
Resisting force for sliding 823.95 KN
(x)
Resisting Moment for
3542.97
Overturning (z)
KNm
Resisting force for sliding 823.95 KN
(z)
Resisting Moment for
3542.97
Overturning (x)
KNm
example 3 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifResult
ference
89.03 KN/ m2
Negligible
823.12 KN
Negligible
3539.366 KNm
Negligible
823.12 KN
Negligible
682.862 KNm
Negligible
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Figure 3-4: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
3.3.7 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm
Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No
1
2
3
4
X Coordinate (mm)
-600
-600
600
600
Z Coordinate (mm)
-600
600
600
-600
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.25
SO, Load on pilecap = 1.25x800+54.15 x1+0.78x1= 1054.93 KN
Load on each pile =1054.93 /4=263.73 KN
Figure 3-5: Bending sections considered
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 75 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar ( Bar No 10),
effective depth
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
c = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
1 = 0.8475 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 282.25 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = 239.208 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
C = 5539 x 103 KN(Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Muz < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Punching Shear
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =231.85 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=from pile3=from pile 4= 263.73 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1054.92 KN
b0=Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face=2.(Column Length+Column
Width+2d)x 2= 4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2)=2854.88
Therefore Shear stress c= =Vmax/(b0 x d)= 797 KN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
= 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
c = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f' = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
c
mod factor=1
Vr1=(1+2/c).0.2..c.(f'c).mod factor=1800 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2=(0.2+(s. dv)/bo)..c.(f'c).mod factor=2549 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)
Vr3=0.4..c.(f'c).mod factor= 1200 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3)=1200 KN/m 2
V < VResistance , Hence safe
Where
1= 0.85- 0.0015.fc>=0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
c = 0.6 (clause 8.4.2)
s = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation (steel area ratio = 0.165 %
Therefore, Astx = .b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Provided area = 2280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
3.3.8 Comparison
Table 3-4: CSA verification
Reference
Value of
Result
Depth
600 mm
Governing Moment (wrt 250.54 KNX axis)
m
Resisting Moment (wrt 1906 KN-m
Z axis)
Governing Moment (wrt 250.54 KNX axis)
m
Resisting Moment (wrt 1906 KN-m
Z axis)
Shear Force(One-Way) 274.5 KN
X
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 KN
Way) X
Shear Force(One-Way) 274.5 KN
Z
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 KN
Way) Z
Shear stress(Two-Way) 797 KN/m2
Resistance Shear Stress 1200
(Two-Way)
KN/m2
Ld required
381 mm
Ld Available ( Along X) 775 mm
Ld Available ( Along Z) 775 mm
Ast ( Along X)
2280 mm2
example 5 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifResult
ference
598 mm
Negligible
250.54 KN-m
None
1933 KN-m
Negligible
250.54 KN-m
None
1933 KN-m
Negligible
274.3 KN
None
471.8 KN
Negligible
274.3 KN
None
471.8 KN
Negligible
787.6 KN/m2
1200 KN/m2
None
None
381 mm
775 mm
775 mm
2240 mm2
None
None
None
Negligible
3.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2
Assuming 5.7 m x 3.15 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist=3500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 x 3.15 x0.500 x25 KN = 224.44 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.25x0.25x0.4x25=1.25 KN
Chapter 3
3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 2134.4 KN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.15x 2134.4 = 3361.7 KNm
Hence OK
3.4.4 Comparison
Table 3-5: CSA verification
Reference
Value of
Result
Bearing Pressure
118.87
KN/m2
Resisting Moment for
6083 KNm
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
3361.7
Overturning (X)
KNm
example 5 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifResult
ference
118.87 KN/m2
None
6083 KNm
None
3361.7 KNm
None
Section 4
4.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2,
and Load Factor = 1.5.
Chapter 4
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 4-1: Plan and Elevation
4.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/10 m2 = 10 m2
Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Weight of footing = 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.6 x 25 KN = 183.75 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100
KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section,
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 KN-m
Assuming 35 mm clear cover and 10 mm bar, effective depth
de = (600-35-0.5 x 10) mm = 560 mm
Ku,max =
= 0.479
x B x de = 2646.4 mm2
Ast = 0.5 x
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.135
Corresponding allowable
= 0.28 N/mm2
= 424.289 KN
c,all
(Hence
= 0.698 N/mm2
Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = Ks x
= 1 x 0.25
= 0.968 N/mm2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Chapter 4
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Spacing
No. of 10 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 33.69 (34)
= 102.73 mm
4.1.4 Comparison
Table 4-1: IS verification example 1 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
560 mm
560 mm
None
Governing
514.826 KN- 514.821 KN-m
Negligible
Moment
m
Area of Steal
2646.40
2645.01 mm2
0.05
2
mm
Shear Stress (One- 0.216 N/mm2 0.216 N/mm2
None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 0.698
0.700 N/mm2
0.286
2
Way)
N/mm
4.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 250
MPa, Column Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Chapter 4
4.2 IS General Isolated Foundation 2
Figure 4-4: Plan and Elevation
4.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2
Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.35 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.35 x 25 KN = 50.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+50.4) KN = 650.4 KN
Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 x 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 <120
KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 x 1.5 /(2.4 x 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 56.25 x 2.4 x 0.95 x 0.95 /2=
169.21875 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
de = (350-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 294 mm
Ku,max =
= 0.53
x B x de = 2837.87 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0015 x B x D = 1260 mm2
Ast = 0.5 x
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.4022
Corresponding allowable
= 0.42 N/mm2
= 246 KN
= 0.3486N/mm2 <
c,all
Hence safe
= 0.96 N/mm2
Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = Ks x
= 1 x 0.25
= 0.968 N/mm2
Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.2 IS General Isolated Foundation 2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Spacing
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 25.09 (26)
= 91.52 mm
4.2.4 Comparison
Table 4-2: IS verification example 2 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
294 mm
294 mm
None
Governing
169.2187 KN- 169.2187 KN-m
None
Moment
m
Area of Steel
2837.87 mm2 2836.34 mm2
0.05
Shear Stress (One- 0.3486
0.3486 N/mm2
None
Way)
N/mm2
Shear Stress (Two- 0.96 N/mm2 0.96 N/mm2
None
Way)
Chapter 4
4.3 IS General Isolated Foundation 3
Figure 4-6: Plan and Elevation
4.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 4.95 m x 4.95 m x 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79) KN = 2428.79 KN
Maximum pressure = 2428.79/(4.95x4.95) = 99.124 KN/ m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 2428.79 =
1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2428.79 = 6011.25 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru= 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.3 IS General Isolated Foundation 3
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 7358 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 4158 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 7358 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 321 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.887 m2
Vmax =
2892 KN
= 1.19 N/mm2
=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.4 IS General Isolated Foundation 4
4.3.4 Comparison
Table 4-3: IS verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
99.124
99.124 KN/m2
None
KN/m2
Governing Moment
1638.06
1638.038 KN-m
None
KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way)
1020 KN
1019 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
2892 KN
2891 KN
Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1214.395
1214.397 KN
None
(X)
KN
Resisting Moment for
6011.25
6011.155 KNm
None
Overturning (Z)
KNm
Resisting force for sliding 1214.395
1214.397 KN
None
(Z)
KN
Resisting Moment for
6011.25
6011.155 KNm
None
Overturning (X)
KNm
4.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/110 m2 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3.65 m x 3.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.65x3.65x0.6 x 25 KN = 199.8 KN
Surcharge= 20 KN/m2
Surcharge force=20x3.65x3.65= 266.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000+266.4+199.8)= 1466.2 KN
Maximum pressure = 1466.2/(3.65x3.65)=
110 KN/m2 (Hence OK)
Chapter 4
4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.65 x 1466.2 = 2675.815 KNm
Hence OK
4.4.4 Comparison
Table 4-4: IS verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
2
2
Bearing Pressure
110 KN/m 109.9 KN/m
Negligible
Resisting Moment for
2675.815
2672.535 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (x)
KNm
Resisting force for
733.1 KN
732.2 KN
Negligible
sliding (z)
Resisting Moment for
2675.815
2672.535 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (z)
KNm
Resisting force for
733.1 KN
732.2 KN
Negligible
sliding (x)
4.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/110 m2 = 10.91 m2
Assuming 3.7 m x 3.7 m x 0.55 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.7x3.7x0.55 x 25 KN = 188.237 KN
Weight of above soil = 3.7x3.7x0.45 x 18 KN = 110.889 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+188.237+110.889) KN = 1499.126
KN
Maximum pressure = 1499.126/(3.7x3.7) = 109.5 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Chapter 4
4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1499.126
= 749.6 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.7 x 1499.126 = 2773.383 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 4120 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 2442 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 4120 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.226
= 587.7 KN
Chapter 4
4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.226
= 587.7 KN
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 246 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.627 m2
Vmax =
1718 KN
= 1.1 N/mm2
=L/B =3.7/3.7 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.5.4 Comparison
Table 4-5: IS verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation
Value of
Result
Result
Bearing Pressure
109.5
109.45 KN/m2
KN/m2
Governing Moment (x&Z) 702.97 KN- 700.1 KN-m
m
Shear Force(One-Way) ( 587.7 KN
586 KN
x&Z)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
1718 KN
1716.5 KN
Resisting force for sliding 749.6 KN 749.187 KN
(X)
Resisting Moment for
2773.4
2771.9 KNm
Overturning (Z)
KNm
Resisting force for sliding 749.6 KN 749.187 KN
(Z)
Resisting Moment for
2773.4
2771.9 KNm
Overturning (X)
KNm
Percent Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter 4
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6
Figure 4-9: Plan and Elevation
4.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 4.95 m x 4.95 m x 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Weight of above soil = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 220.522 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 240.369 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79+220.522-240.369) KN =
2408.943 KN
Maximum pressure = 2408.943/(4.95x4.95) = 99.12 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 2408.943 =
1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2408.943 = 5962 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Chapter 4
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 7358 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 4158 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 7358 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 321 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.887 m2
Vmax =
2892 KN
= 1.19 N/mm2
=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Verification Manual 149
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
4.6.4 Comparison
Table 4-6: IS verification example 6 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
98.314
98.2832 KN/m2
None
KN/m2
Governing Moment
1638.06
1634 KN-m
Negligible
(x&Z)
KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) ( 1020 KN
1017 KN
Negligible
x&Z)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
2892 KN
2889.7 KN
Negligible
Resisting force for
1204 KN
1204 KN
None
sliding (x)
Resisting Moment for
5962 KNm 5960 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for
1204 KN
1204 KN
None
sliding (z)
Resisting Moment for
5962 KNm 5960 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (x)
4.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.50 m2
Assuming 3.95 m x 3.95 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.95x3.95x0.6 x 25 KN = 234.04 KN
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1500+234.04) KN = 1734.04 KN
Maximum axial pressure =P/A= 1734.04 /(3.95x3.95) = 111.138 KN/ m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120x0.6 72 KNm
Total moment (Mx=72 KNm
Zx=3.95x3.952/6 = 10.27 mm3
M/Z=7.01 KN/m2
So,
1=P/A M/Z=104.129 KN/m2
2=P/A M/Z=104.129 KN/m2
3=P/A +M/Z=118.148 KN/m2
4=P/A +M/Z=118.148 KN/m2
118.148 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Verification Manual 151
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =120
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1734.04 =
867.02 KN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)x0.5 = 133.69
KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)x0.5 = 154.73
KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 +(133.69154.731) x 2125/3950 = 143.42 KN/m2
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 +(133.69154.73) x 1825/3950 = 145.01 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F x LA
Where:
F = (133.69 + 143.42) x 0.5 x 1.825 x 3.95 = 1080.38 KN
LA = (143.42 +2x 133.69) x 1.825/ [3x (144.21 +144.21)] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.19 kNm
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 998 KNm
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 5323 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 2844 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 5323 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.236
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21
KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 +(144.21 144.21) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 +(144.21 144.21) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SFat critical section
F = (144.21 +144.21) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 730.84 KN
So max SFalong X axis Fux = 731 KN
Developed shear stress v = 731 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.341 N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2486
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)x0.5 = 133.69
KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)x0.5 = 154.73
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 +(133.69 154.73) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 +(133.69 154.73) x 1283/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SFat critical section (left)
F = (133.69 +140.53) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 694.84 KN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (15473 +147.90) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 766.83 KN
So max SFalong X axis Fux = 731 KN
So max SF=767 KN
Developed shear stress v = 767 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.358 N/mm2
Now allowable stress = 0.359 N/mm2
v < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 271 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.709 m2
Vmax =
2148 KN
= 1.177 N/mm2
=L/B =3.95/3.95 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c
Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
Figure 4-11: Final Plan Dimensions
4.7.4 Comparison
Table 4-7: IS verification example 7 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Max Bearing
104.129
104.129 KN/m2
None
Pressure
KN/m2
MinBearing
118.148 KN
118.148 KN
None
Pressure
Governing
999 KN-m
994 KN-m
Negligible
Moment
950 KN-m
946 KN-m
Shear Force(One- 767 KN
764 KN
Negligible
Way)
731 KN
728 KN
Shear Force(Two- 2148 KN
2146 KN
Negligible
Way)
4.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 400 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 4-12: Plan and Elevation
4.8.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x400/120 m2 = 6.67 m2
Assuming 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)
Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.375 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.375+2.25) KN = 918.625 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.625 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.34 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2
Chapter 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
Chapter 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
Percentage of steel pt =
Vumax = 168.2 KN
= 0.133
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 489.89 KN
v =
N/mm2
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 489.89 KN
v =
N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
4.8.4 Comparison
Table 4-8: IS verification example 8 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
118.35
118.35 KN/m2
None
KN/m2
Governing Moment
197 KN-m 191.4 KN-m
Negligible
37.49 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
37.4 KN-m
122.5 KN-m
122.5 KNm
168.2 KN
168.2 KN
489.89 KN 489.88 KN
None
Negligible
489.89 KN 489.88 KN
2641 KNm 2641 KNm
None
620 KNm
None
620 KNm
4.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2
Assuming 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 123.75 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x18 KN = 74.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+123.75+2.25+74.25) KN =
900.25 KN
Maximum pressure = 900.25 /(5 x1.65) = 109.12 KN/ m2
109.12 KN/ m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2
Chapter 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.65 x 900.25 = 742.7 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
Percentage of steel pt =
Vumax = 169.3 KN
= 0.133
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 434.3 KN
v =
N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3
4.9.4 Comparison
Table 4-9: IS verification example 9 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
109.12
108.92
KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment
105 KN-m 101.8 KN-m
Negligible
131.2 KN-m 131.2 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
None
None
434.3 KN 434.3 KN
2250 KNm 2246 KNm
Negligible
None
4.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2
Assuming 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 133.65 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x18 KN = 80.19 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) x9.81
KN = 78.67 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+133.65+2.25+80.19-78.67) KN =
1137.42 KN
Maximum pressure= 1137.42 /(5.4 x1.65) = 127.66 KN/ m2
127.66 KN/ m2 <130 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5 / (5.4 x 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2
Chapter 4
4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.65 x 1137.42 = 938.37 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 x5.4x0.6752/2 = 207 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5504 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3
= 0.133
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 630.07 KN
v =
N/mm2
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 630.07 KN
v =
N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4
4.10.4 Comparison
Table 4-10: IS verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
127.48
127.66
KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment
200 KN-m 199.9 KN-m
Negligible
112.4 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
112.4 KN-m
207 KN-m
207 KN-m
223.95 KN 223.89 KN
630.07 KN 630.08 KN
Negligible
None
630.07 KN 630.08 KN
3071 KNm 3067 KNm
Negligible
Negligible
4.11.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x350/00 m2 = 7.78 m2
Assuming 6 m x 1.75 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 6 m x 1.75 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 157.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+157.5 +2.25) KN = 859.75 KN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6x1.75) = 81.88 KN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 x (0.5 x 0.6) = 33 KNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 KNm
Z=1.75x6 2/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 KN/m2
Streaa at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 KN/m2
Streaa at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 KN/m2
88.16 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.75 x 859.75 = 752.28 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.75-0.3)/2 = 0.725 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) x6x0.7252/2 = 157
KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5860 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 449.289 KN
v =
= 449.289 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 =
0.245 N/mm2
=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.11.4 Comparison
Table 4-11: IS verification example 11 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result
Result
Difference
Bearing Pressure
88.17 KN/m2 88.16 KN/m2
Negligible
Governing Moment
75.59 KN/m2
129.7 KN-m
75.6 KN/m2
95 KN-m
8.5%
264.25 KN-m
264.25 KN-m
None
157 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 248.61 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 449.289 KN
458.245 KN
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
167 KN-m
248.61 KN
449.29 KN
6%
None
None
2579.25 KNm
458.24 KN
2579.25 KNm
None
752.28 KNm
752.28 KNm
None
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.1 Reference
4.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
4.12.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D = 600 mm
Take D=650 mm
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance = 350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 4-12: Pile Locations
X CoorPile No
dinate
(mm
1
-600
2
-600
3
600
4
600
in Plan
Z Coordinate
(mm)
-600
600
600
-600
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5 x 800 + 58.66 x 1 + 0.78 x 1 = 1259.44 KN
Load on each pile = 1259.44 /4 = 314.86 KN
deff = 532 mm
AboutX Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = 299.12 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 532 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =1900 mm ,
D = 532 mm
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 1558 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1482 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 1558 m2m
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
AstZ = 1558 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1482 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 1558 m2m
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 317.116 x 0.375 = 113.37 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 226.74 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 317.116 x 0.375 = 113.37 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 4 = 317.116 x 0.375 = 113.37 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 226.74 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = 317.116 x 0.375 = 113.37 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 226.74 KN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 226.74 KN
Percentage of steel pt =
Vumax = 226.74 KN
= 0.154
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
Vumax = 226.74 KN
= 0.154
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =266 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 317.12
KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1268.464 KN
4x(250+532/2+532/2)=3128 mm
v =
= 0.76 N/mm2
=L/B =1900/1900 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.12.4 Comparison
Table 4-13: IS verification example 12 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Governing
299.12 KNm 229.112 KN-m
None
Moment
Shear Force(One- 226.74 KN
222 KN
Negligible
Way)
Shear Force(Two- 1268.464 KN 1259.44 KN
None
Way)
4.13 ISPilecap 2
4.13.1 Reference
4.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50
KN,fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500
mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity =300 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Figure 4-21: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
4.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile dia, D=600 mm
Take D=800 mm
Verification Manual 189
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 5 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5x1100+114.9 x1+0.78x1= 1765.68 KN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5x115= 172.5 KNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction =1765.68 /5=353.136 KN
Reaction from moment= +/- 172.5x0.849/(4x0.849 2) = +/-50.795 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 353.136 +50.795 =403.931 KN
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 353.136 -50.795 =302.341 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 353.136 KN
Calculation of Moment
About Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=302.341 x 0.724=218.89 KNm
Contribution from pile 2=403.931 x 0.724=292.446 KNm
Contribution from pile 3=1.4 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 512.74 KNm
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4=302.341 x 0.724=218.89 KNm
Contribution from pile 5=403.931 x 0.724=292.446 KNm
Contribution from pile 3=1.4 KNm
So Total Mz X2X2 = 512.74 KNm
So Max value of Mz = 512.74 KNm
About X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=302.341 x 0.724=218.89 KNm
Contribution from pile 4=302.341 x 0.724=218.89 KNm
Contribution from pile 3=1.4 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 439.18 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = 403.931 x 0.724=292.446 KNm
Contribution from pile 5 = 403.931 x 0.724=292.446 KNm
Contribution from pile 3=1.4 KNm
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 586.292 KNm
So Max value of MX = 586.292 KNm
deff = 532 mm
deff = 532 mm
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
AstZ = 2341 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 2300 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provided area = 2341 m2m
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =302.341 x0.572=173 KN
Contribution from pile 4 =302.341 x0.572=173 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 346 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
194 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Percentage of steel pt =
Vumax = 404 KN
= 0.138
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
Vumax = 462 KN
= 0.141
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =347.5 mm from the column face.
Chapter 4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
= 0.538 N/mm2
=L/B =2397/2397 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k2397<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.13.4 Comparison
Table 4-15: IS verification example 13 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Governing
586 KNm
570 KNm
Negligible
Moment
512.74 KNm 512.5 KNm
Shear Force(One- 462 KN
461 KN
Negligible
Way)
404 KN
415 KN
Shear Force(Two- 1412.544 KN 1412 KN
None
Way)
Depth
800 mm
800 mm
None
4.14.2 Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm)
with 4-25 bars and C2 (500 mm x 500mm) with 4-28 bars supporting axial loads P1
= 900 KN and P2 = 1600 KN respectively (under service dead and live loads). The column
C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the property line. The center-tocentre distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the base of
the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 KN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in
the columns as well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
4.14.3 Solution
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):
Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
Chapter 4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
c,allowable
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C 2 = 2400 KN
Developed shear stress,
c,allowable
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Calculation of reinforcement
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) = 1227 KN-m
Maximum negative moment/width = 1227/2 KN-m/m = 613.5 KN-m/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
Ast = 0.5 x
x B x de
B = 1000 mm
de = 865 mm
Mu= 613.5 x 106 N-mm
Ast = 2067.97 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1140mm2/m
4.14.4 Comparison
Table 4-16: IS verification example 14 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Max Bending
603.201 KN- 613.5 KN-m/m
1.68
Moment(-)
m/m
Max Bending
219.687 KN- 223 KN-m/m
1.48
Moment(+)
m/m
Area of Steal
2014.835
2067.97 mm2/m
2.56
Required
mm2/m
Base Pressure
227 KN/m2
226.67 KN/m2
Negligible
Chapter 4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
Section 5
5.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live
load = 275 kips, Service surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130 pcf,
Permissible soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete
(fc) = 3,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
Chapter 5
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 5-1: Elevation and loads
5.1.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Total weight of surcharge = (0.130 x 5 + 0.1) = 0.75 ksf
Net permissible soil pressure = 4.5 0.75 = 3.75 ksf
Required base area of footing = (320 + 275) / 3.75 = 166.667 ft 2
[Clause 15.2.2]
Use a 13 x 13 ft square footing (Af = 169 ft 2).
Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads
are used. [Clause 15.2.1]
Pu = 1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 kips [Eq. 9-2]
qu = (Pu/A) = (860/169) = 5.089 ksf
Wide-beam action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 13(6.0 2.33) = 47.71 ft 2
Vu = 5.089 x 47.71 = 242.796 kips
V = (2(f'c)bwd) [Eq 11 - 3]
= 0.75(2(3000) x 156 x 28)/1000 [Clause 9.3.2.3]
= 359 kips > Vu O.K.
Two-way action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Tributary area =
= 152.889 ft 2
Chapter 5
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
= Minimum of
[Eq 11-33,11-34 & 11-35 respectively]
bo = 2(30 + 28) + 2(12 + 28) = 196 in.
bo/d= 196/28 = 7
= 40 for interior columns
=
Vc = 0.75 x 3.6 (3000) x 196 x 28/1000 = 812 kips > Vu = 780 kips
O.K.
Calculation of Reinforcement
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection)
Required Rn =
psi
Ld =
[Eq. 12-1]
in.
[Clause 12.2.4]
C = minimum of
Chapter 5
5.2 US General Isolated Foundation 2
Ld =
12.2.1]
Since Ld = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction
(156/2 - 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.), the No.8 bars can be fully developed.
Use 13 No.8 each way.
5.1.4 Comparison
Table 5-1: US verification example 1 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
28 in
28 in
None
Governing
1190.86 ft1190.77 ft-kips
Negligible
Moment
kips
Area of Steal
9.61 in2
9.70 in2
0.94
Shear Stress (One- 242.79 kips
242.56 kips
Negligible
Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 778.05 kips
778.01 kips
Negligible
Way)
5.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 122 inch x122 inch x18 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 122 x122 x18 x 0.159/(123)= 24.66 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+24.66) KN = 224.66 Kip
Maximum pressure = 224.66 /(122 x 122) = 0.0151 Ksi=2.17 Kip/sqft <2.2
Kip/sqft (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Chapter 5
5.2 US General Isolated Foundation 2
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 in kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation= 0.5 x 224.66 =
112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.5 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=18-2-1=15 inch
Punching Shear Vm = 0.018813 x 122 x 122 - 0.0189 x 27 x 27 = 266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 = Vmax / (Pm*d)= 164.81 Ksi
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=108 inch
V1
V2
774125.57 lb
= 92.24 Kip
= 2x(4000) x 122 x 15 lb =
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
= 92.24 Kip
= 2x(4000) x 122 x 15 lb =
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
Chapter 5
5.2 US General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Z Direction
z = 0.002405
Therefore, Astz = z*b*d = 4.4 in2
5.2.4 Comparison
Table 5-2: US verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Effective Depth
15 inch
15 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0151 Ksi 0.0151 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
3487 in kip 3471 in kip
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for
sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
Negligible
92.24 Kip
91.8 Kip
266.24 Kip 266.29 Kip
112.33 Kip 112.33 Kip
Negligible
None
13704.26
in kip
13703.75 in kip
Negligible
5.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 sqft
Assuming 160 inch x160 inch x21 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 160 x160 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 49.47 Kip
Weight of soil above footing 160 x160 x32 x 0.159/(123)= 53.57 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250+49.47 +53.57) KN = 353.04 Kip
Chapter 5
5.3 US General Isolated Foundation 3
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 353.04 =
176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 160 x 353.04 = 28243.2 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=21-2-1=18 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.013673x160x160-0.0137x30x30=337.68 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 120 inch
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=120 inch
V1
V2
= 122.76 Kip
= 2x(4000) x160x18 lb =364.3 Kip
Along Z Direction
= 122.76 Kip
= 2x(4000) x160x18 lb =364.3 Kip
Chapter 5
5.3 US General Isolated Foundation 3
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 / 2 = 6002 in kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =6668.89 in kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1287 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
z = 0.002188
Therefore, Astz = z*b*d = 6.3 in2
5.3.4 Comparison
Table 5-3: US verification example 3 comparison
Reference
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Result
Result
Effective Depth
18 inch
18 inch
Bearing Pressure
0.0138 Ksi
0.0138 Ksi
Governing Moment
6002 in kip
5989 in kip
6002 in kip
5989 in kip
Shear Force(One92.24 Kip
91.8 Kip
Way)
92.24 Kip
91.8 Kip
Shear Force(Two337.68 Kip
337.7 Kip
Way)
Resisting force for
176.52 Kip
176.37 Kip
sliding
Resisting Moment for 28243.2 in kip 28218.85 in kip
Overturning
Percent Difference
None
None
Negligible
Negligible
None
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.4 US General Isolated Foundation 4
Figure 5-6: Elevation and Plan
5.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =300/2.1 = 142.86 sqft
Assuming 158 inch x158 inch x21 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 158 x158 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 48.24 Kip
Weight of soil above footing 158 x158 x25 x 0.159/(123)= 40.82 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x(25+21-10) x 3.61398x105= 32.479 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (300+48.24 +40.82 -32.479) = 356.581
Kip
Maximum pressure = 356.581 /(158x158) = 0.0143 Ksi=2.059 Kip/sqft <2.1
Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 =
178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 356.581 = 28169.899 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=21-2-1=18 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016825 x 158 x 158 - 0.0169 x 30 x 30 = 404.81 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 120 inch
c = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 120 inch
Chapter 5
5.4 US General Isolated Foundation 4
Figure 5-7: Section considered for two-way shear
V1
V2
lb
= 146.87 Kip
= 2x(4000) x158x18 lb = 359.74 Kip
Along Z Direction
= 146.87 Kip
= 2x(4000) x158x18 lb = 359.74 Kip
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
z = 0.002637
Therefore, Astz = z*b*d = 7.45 in2
5.4.4 Comparison
Table 5-4: US verification
Reference
Value of
Result
Effective Depth
18 inch
Bearing Pressure
0.0143 Ksi
Governing Moment
7114.95
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for
sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
example 4 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifResult
ference
18 inch
None
0.0143 Ksi
None
7082.85 in kip
Negligible
in kip
7082.85 in kip
7114.95
in kip
146.87 Kip
146.2 Kip
Negligible
146.87 Kip
404.81 Kip
178.29 Kip
146.2 Kip
404.86 Kip
178.18 Kip
None
Negligible
28169.899
in kip
28152.53 in kip
Negligible
5.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 130 inch x130 inch x19 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123)= 29.55 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 Kip
Zx = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.0136 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
So stress at four corners
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 229.55 =
114.775 Kip
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in kip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 in kip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in kip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 in kip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 8 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=19-2-1=16 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018813x122x122-0.0189x27x27=266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 =
= 164.81 Ksi
V2
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 +0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157
Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 +0.018405) x 0.5 =
0.0175 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 0.0175) x 43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Fuz = 97 kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =
0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157
Ksi (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 +0.018405) x 0.5 =
0.0175 Ksi (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 0.0175) x 71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 0.0175) x 59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 +2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu(right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =4333.3334 in kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1303 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
z = 0.002215
Therefore, Astz = z*b*d = 4.61 in2
5.5.4 Comparison
Table 5-5: US verification example 5 comparison
Reference
Percent DifValue of
STAAD.foundation
Result
ference
Effective Depth
16 inch
16 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0136 Ksi 0.0136 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for
sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
0.0122 Ksi
0.0123 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
0.015 Ksi
3899.52
in kip
0.0149 Ksi
3893.52 in kip
Negligible
3893.52 in kip
3899.52
in kip
96.43 Kip
96.05 Kip
Negligible
96.43 Kip
266.96 Kip
114.775 Kip
96.05 Kip
267.01 Kip
114.773 Kip
Negligible
None
114.775 Kip
14920.75
in kip
114.773 Kip
14920.466 in kip
Negligible
14920.466 in kip
14920.75
in kip
Chapter 5
5.6 US General Isolated Foundation 6
Figure 5-9: Elevation and Plan
5.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/120 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3140 mm x 3140 mm footing dimension, with 490 mm depth
Punching Shear
Weight of footing = 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.49 x 25 = 120.78 KN
Punching Shear Vm = 1400/(3.14 x 3.14) x (3.14 x 3.14-0.665 x 0.665) =
1337.2 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + d + 2 x d) = 2660 mm
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm .d) = 1211.34 KN/m2
c = Width of col/depth of col = 250/250 = 1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 2660 mm
V1 = (2+4/c)fc.bc.d = 0.083x(2+4/1)x25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 2748.7
KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)fc.bc.d = 0.083x(40x 415/2660+2)x25 x 2660 x 415x
1/1000 = 3775.17 KN
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de =0.083 x 4 x 25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 =1832.47 KN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) =1832.47
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 141.993 x 3.14 x ((3.14-0.25)/2-0.415) = 459.23 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2fc.b.d =0.083x2x25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 =
1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Chapter 5
5.6 US General Isolated Foundation 6
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529
1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0193
min = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.140.25)/2)]2 = 465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2
2m.Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
x = 0.002359
Therefore, Astz = x.b.d = 3074 m2m
5.6.4 Comparison
Table 5-6: US verification example 6 comparison
Reference
Percent DifValue of
STAAD.foundation
Result
ference
Effective Depth
415 mm
415 mm
None
Bearing Pressure
119.92 KN/m2
119.96 KN/m2
None
Resisting force for sliding
472.936 KN
472.945 KN
None
472.936 KN
1856.23 KNm
472.945 KN
1856.276 KNm
Negligible
Governing Moment
1856.23 KNm
465.48 KNm
1856.276 KNm
465.48 KNm
None
Shear Force(One-Way)
465.48 KNm
459.23 KN
465.48 KNm
459.4 KN
Negligible
459.23 KN
811.18 KN
459.4 KN
810.737 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Shear Resistance (Two-Way)
Reinf X
Reinf Z
811.18 KN
1337.2 KN
1374.35 KN
3074 m2m
3074 m2m
810.737 KN
1337.28 KN
1372.8 KN
3076.9 m2m
3076.9 m2m
None
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Figure 5-10: Elevation and Plan
5.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 = 10 m2
Assuming 3500 mm x 3500 mm x 540 mm footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.54 x 25 = 165.38 KN
Weight of soil = (3.5 x 3.5- 0.25 x 0.25) x 0.5 x 18 = 109.69 KN
Weight reduction for Buoyancy = 3.5 x 3.5 x (0.54 + 0.5 0.2) x 9.81 =
100.95 KN
Surcharge Load = (3.5 x 3.5 0.25 x 0.25) x 5 = 60.94 KN
Therefore, total Axial load on the footing = 1435.063 KN
Total Moment on the footingMx = 10 + 5x 0.54 = 12.7 KNm
Mz = 10 - 5x 0.54 = 7.3 KNm
Zx = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Zz = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1435.063 /(3.5 x 3.5) = 117.15 KN/m2
Mx/Zx = 12.7 /7.1458 = 1.78 KN/m2
Mz/Zz = 7.3 /7.1458 = 1.03 KN/m2
234 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 =
574 KN
Hence OK
For Overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 12.7 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/12.7 = 197.75 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 7.3 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/7.3 = 344 > 1.4
Hence OK
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Section Design
Fy = -1.4 x 1200 KN = -1680 KN
Fx = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Fz = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Mx = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Mz = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Modifying Moments due to lateral forces:
Mx= 17.78 KNm & Mz= 10.22 KNm
D= 540 mm, So deff = 650- 50-25 = 465 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 232.5 from the column face.
Effective Depth= 465 mm
Punching Shear bc = 1609.9 KN = 1610 KN
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) = 2207.63 KN
So, 0.75Vc = 1655.73 KN
Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe
Along Z Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column
Average Base pressure at left edge = 138.59 KN/m2
Average Base pressure at right edge = 135.71 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 137.636 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 136.665 KN/m2
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Figure 5-13: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction
About X Axis
Average Base pressure at left edge = 134.66 KN/m2
Average Base pressure at right edge = 139.64 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 136.98 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 137.33 KN/m2
Figure 5-15: Bending pressure about X axis
Chapter 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
Along Z Direction
x = 0.002325
Therefore, Astz = x.b.d = 3784 m2m
5.7.4 Comparison
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison
Value of
Effective Depth
Bearing Pressure
540 mm
116.397 KN/m2
114.35 KN/m2
114.35 KN/m2
117.9 KN/m2
117.91 KN/m2
Percent Difference
None
None
119.95 KN/m2
119.95 KN/m2
574.05 KN (Xdir) 574.05 KN (Xdir)
574.05 KN (Zdir
2511 KNm (WRT
Z)
Governing Moment
638 KNm
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
642 KNm
564 KN
642 KNm
564 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
561 KN
1610 KN
561 KN
1610 KN
None
None
574.05 KN (Zdir)
2511 KNm (WRT Z) None
2511 KNm (WRT X)
5.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi,
fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch. and C/C
column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction
=0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =24 inch. Depth of GWT=10 inch
5.8.3 Solution
Figure 5-16: Elevation and Plan
Chapter 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
2 way shear Vm = 67.37 Kip
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
Chapter 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
V1
V2
lb
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
2 way shear Vm = 67.37 Kip
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
V1
V2
lb
1 = 0.85
(as fc=4)
(as fc=4)
(as fc=4)
Chapter 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
Reinforcement Calculation
z (top) = 0.002597
z (bot) = 0.0018
x = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast =*b*d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.512 in2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.18 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.395 in2
5.8.4 Comparison
Table 5-8: US verification
Reference
Value of
Result
Bearing Pressure
0.0136 Ksi
Governing Moment
488.736
in kip
2414.897
in kip
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
411.608
in kip
42.73 Kip
66.8 Kip
66.8 Kip
2972.44
in kip
example 7 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifResult
ference
0.0135 Ksi
Negligible
461.95 in kip
Negligible
2414.41 in kip
411 in kip
43.07 Kip
67.37 Kip
Negligible
Negligible
67.37 Kip
2972.48 in kip
Negligible
20435.8 in kip
20435.52
in kip
5.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft
Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.73 Kip
Weight of pedestal=2x12x12x20x0.159/123 = 0.530 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.73 +0.530) Kip = 147.26 Kip
Maximum pressure from axial load= P/A = 147.26 /(275x44) = 0.0122 Ksi
Mz=360+360=720 Kip
Mz=0
Chapter 5
5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 44x 147.26 = 3239.72 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
2 way shear Vm = 67.48 Kip
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
V1
V2
lb
V2
(as fc=4)
Chapter 5
5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2
(as fc=4)
About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85
(as fc=4)
Reinforcement Calculation
z (bot) = 0.0018
z (top) = 0.00238
x(bot) = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast = *b*d
Chapter 5
5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2
Figure 5-19: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams
5.9.4 Comparison
Table 5-9: US verification example 8 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Reference Result
Result
Difference
Bearing Pressure
0.0135 Ksi
0.0135 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
Shear Force(OneWay)
Shear Force(TwoWay)
Resisting Moment
for Overturning
0.0109 Ksi
791 in kip
0.0109 Ksi
830 in kip
2440 in kip
2439.66 in kip
552.82 in kip
47.126 Kip
534 in kip
46.8 Kip
Negligible
67.48 Kip
66.91 Kip
Negligible
70.28 Kip
3239.72 in kip
20248.25 in kip
69.81 Kip
3239.518 in kip
Negligible
Negligible
20246.985 in kip
Chapter 5
5.10 US General Combined Foundation 3
5.10.3 Solution
Figure 5-20: Elevation and Plan
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure = 1.4 x 2 x1500/(7 x 4.5) = 133.33 KN/m2
Deff = 784 mm
Figure 5-21: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Verification Manual 255
Chapter 5
5.10 US General Combined Foundation 3
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 4136 mm
c
eff
V = 4.f bc de = 5382.76 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
= Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1
c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 4136 mm
c
eff
V = 4 f b d = 5382.76 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c
Reinforcement Calculation
z (top) = 0.0018
z (bot) = 0.0018
x = 0.001871
Chapter 5
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4
Therefore, Ast = b d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 6350 mm2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 6350 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10268 mm2
5.10.4 Comparison
Table 5-10: US verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
119.05
119.05
None
2
(KN/m )
Governing Moment
300.54
293.97
Negligible
(KNm)
1574.82
1574.60
Shear Force, OneWay (KN)
Shear Force, TwoWay (KN)
2107.4
954.8
2107.4
43.07 Kip
Negligible
1957.4
1957.4
None
1957.4
1957.4
5.11.3 Solution
Figure 5-22: Elevation and Plan
Chapter 5
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure from axial load = 1.4 x 2 x1200/(7 x 3.25) = 147.692 KN/m2
Mz1 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Mz2 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Total Moment = -14.42 + -14.42 = -28.84 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -28.84 KNm (Hence OK)
Zz= 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
So M/Z = -1.09 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A - M/Z= 146.61 KN/m2
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Two way shear, V
= 1602.987 KN
Chapter 5
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 2896 mm
c
eff
V = 4.(f ) b d = 2278.69 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Two way shear, V
= 1602.17 KN
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 2896 mm
c
eff
V = 4.(f ) b d = 2278.69 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c
uz
= 238.94 KNm
uz
= 1259.84KNm
nz
2 m R /f < 1 , Hence OK
n y
max
Hence OK
Take =
min
= 0.0018
Hence OK
ux
= 1163 KNm
nz
2 m R /f < 1 , Hence OK
n y
max
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
z (top) = 0.0018
z (bot) = 0.0018
x = 0.004
Therefore, Ast = b d
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
5.11.4 Comparison
Table 5-11: US verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Bearing Pressure
119.6
119.6
None
2
(KN/m )
118.04
118.04
Governing Moment
239
237
Negligible
(KNm)
1260
1260
Shear Force, OneWay (KN)
Shear Force, TwoWay (KN)
1163
917
1169
917
None
1602.99
1602.99
None
1602.17
1602.18
5.12.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 27 in.
Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
Table 5-12: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No
(in)
(in)
1
-54
-27
2
-54
27
3
0
-27
4
0
27
5
54
-27
6
54
27
Pilecap Length = 2(54)+2(18) = 144 inch
Pilecap Width = 54+2(18) = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 144 inch x90 inch x 31 inch
Weight of footing = 144 x 90 x 31 x 0.16/123 = 37.2 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (330+37.2 +0.267) =367.467 kip
So Pile reaction = 367.467 /6= 61.244 kip < 65 kip
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2)+0 1(.267) = 499.467
Load on each pile =499.467/6=83.245 kip
Punching Shear
Figure 5-25: Section considered for punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 0.944 x 83.245 = 78.58 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 490.14 kip
Pm = 4 (12+13+13) =152 inch
= L/B =12/12 =1
V1= (2 +4/ c)(fc) bc d = (2+4/1) (4000) 152 26 =1499.6 (10)3 lb
V2 = (40 d/b +2)(fc) bc d = (40 26/152 + 2) (4000) 152 26 =
2210 (10)3 lb
V3= 4.(fc) bc de = 4 (4000) 152 26= 999.78 (10)3 lb
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 999.78 kip
So, 0.75 Vc = 749.8 kip
Vm< 0.75 Vc , Hence safe
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
Each pile is taking reaction 83.245 kip
d critical = 5.486 inch
Effective depth = 26 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
So Total V X1X1 = 166.49 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 =pile6=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2,3,4 =0 Kip
So Total V X2X2 = 166.49 Kip
So V parallel to X direction = 166.49 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2(fc) bc d =2 (4000) 90 26 lb
=295.99 (10)3 lb
0.75 Vc1=222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 6 =pile 7 =83.245 x0.222=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
So Total V Z1Z1 = 55.5 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =83.245 x0.167=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip
So Total V Z2Z2 = 55.5 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 55.5 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2(fc) bc d =2 (4000) 90 26 lb
=295.99 (10)3 lb
0.75 Vc1 = 222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
268 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 60/(0.85 4) = 17.65
y
= 0.85 (as f = 4)
1
bal
= 0.75
= 0.0018 ( as f = 60 Ksi)
max
min
bal
= 0.02138
y
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.74 in2
5.12.4 Comparison
Table 5-13: US verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Pile Reaction (kip)
83.245
83.244
None
Governing Moment
670
718
15%
(ft kip)
437
502.6
Shear Force, One166.49
166.49
None
Way (kip)
55.5
55.5
Shear Force, Two490.14
490.217
Negligible
Way (kip)
fc = 4
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
Figure 5-26: Elevation and Plan
5.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch
Take D=27 inch
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =54 mm. Edge diatance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Table 5-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate ZCoordinate
No
(in)
(in)
1
-27
-27
2
-27
27
3
27
27
4
27
-27
Pilecap Length = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
Pilecap Width = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of footing = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So Pile reaction from axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 ft kip =600 in kip
Using Rivet theoryReaction from moment= +/- 600x0.27/(4x272) = +/-5.55 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.55 = 48.185 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.55 = 37.085Kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip
As there is no net uplift/lateral load, so each pile is safe in uplift & lateral capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.4
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip
Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ft kip = 840 in kip
Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip
Reaction from moment= +/- 840x27/(4x272) = +/-7.78 Kip
Verification Manual 273
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 57.629 +7.78 = 65.409 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 57.629 -7.78 = 49.849 Kip
Punching Shear
Figure 5-27: Section considered for two-way shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.5 inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.409 Kip
So total punching shear Vm= 230.516 kip
Pm = 4x(12+11+11) =136 inch
=L/B =12/12 =1
V1
V2
= 1602.9 x 1000 lb
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-28: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 51.195 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 3 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2 =0 KN
So Total V X2X2 = 51.195 Kip
= 2x(4000) x 90 x 22 lb = 250.4 x
0.75.Vc1=187.84 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 4 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 2,3 =0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 44.31 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 3 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,4 =0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 58.08 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 58.08 kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =
1000 lb
= 2x(4000) x 90 x 22 lb = 250.4 x
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
Calculation of Moment
Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of MzFor moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ft kip
Contribution from pile 4=65.409 x21/12=114.46 ft kip
Contribution from pile 3,4=0 in kip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 207.1 ft kip
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ft kip
About X Axis
Calculation of MxFor moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=49.849 x 21/12=87.24 ft kip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=0 ft kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 174.47 ft kip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=65.409 x 21/12=114.465 ft kip
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ft kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 228.93 ft kip
So Max value of MX = 228.93 ft kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =254.37 ft kip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.07 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0412 <1 , Hence OK
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, AstZ = 3.6 in2
5.13.4 Comparison
Table 5-15: US verification example 11 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Reference Result
Result
ference
Pile Reaction
49.849 Kip
49.851 Kip
None
Governing
Moment
65.409 Kip
207.1 ft kip
228.93 ft kip
Shear
51.195 Kip 58.08
Force(One-Way) Kip
Shear
Force(TwoWay)
230.516 kip
65.407 Kip
219.654 ft kip
Negligible
294.254 ft kip
51.226 Kip
None
58.14 Kip
230.517 kip
None
5.14.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 655 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =1200 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Table 5-16: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-848.528
-848.528
2
-848.528
848.528
3
0
0
4
848.528
-848.528
5
848.528
848.528
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1000) + 1(106.56)+0 1(0.78) = 1507.34 KN
Load on each pile = 1507.34/5 = 301.468 KN
deff = 740 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 615 mm
Punching Shear
Figure 5-31: Section considered for punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =307.5 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile4 = from pile 5 = 301.468
KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 1205.9 KN
Pm = 4 (250 + 307.5 + 307.5) =3460 mm
= L/B = 250/250 = 1
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-32: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (615 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 3,4,5 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 522.548 KN
Verification Manual 283
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47=261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 3,2,1 =0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 522.548 KN
Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2(fc) bc d = 1225 KN
0.75 Vc1= 918.8 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 522.548 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 4 =0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 522.548 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2(fc) bc d = 1225 KN
0.75 Vc1= 918.8 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 415/(0.85 25) = 19.529
y
bal
= 0.75
max
min
bal
= 0.019297
y
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2657 mm2
5.14.4 Comparison
Table 5-17: US verification example 11 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Pile Reaction, Service
221.5
221.4
Negligible
(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ulti301.5
301.4
Negligible
mate (KN)
Governing Moment
489
485
Negligible
(KNm)
489
485
Shear Force, One523
520
Negligible
Way (KN)
523
520
Shear Force, Two1206
1206
None
Way (KN)
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Figure 5-34: Elevation and Plan
5.15.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1758.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 KN
Moment (Mz) = 1.4(100) = 140 KNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 140 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 332.02 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -140 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 254.24 KN
deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 655 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =327.5 mm from the column face.
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Figure 5-35: Section considered for punching shear
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-36: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (655 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0.9x 333.03 = 299.72 KN
Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, &6 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = = 2(299.72) KN= 599.4 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0.9(254.24) = 228.82 KN
Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, &4 = 0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 2(228.82) = 457.63 KN
Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 599.4 KN
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 415/(0.85 25) = 19.529
y
bal
= 0.75
max
min
bal
= 0.019297
y
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2948 mm2
5.15.4 Comparison
Table 5-19: US verification example 13 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Pile Reaction, Service
241
241
Negligible
(KN)
241
241
Governing Moment
(KNm)
Shear Force, OneWay (KN)
Shear Force, TwoWay (KN)
213
213
213
213
185
185
185
332
185
332
332
332
293
293
293
293
254
254
254
578
254
572
Negligible
318
600
318
599
Negligible
0
1463
0
1462
Negligible
None
5.16.2 Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc = 3000psi
(column and footing), fy = 60000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.
Chapter 5
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
Figure 5-38: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1
12 in. x 12 in.
4 No. 7 bars
DL = 60 kips
LL = 60 kips
Column 2
15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 8 bars
DL = 110 kips
LL = 90 kips
5.16.3 Solution
Step 1- Find out ultimate soil pressure
Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips
Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
Pw= P1 + P2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips
Ultimate ratio UR= (168 + 276) / 320 = 1.3875
qult = qa x UR= 2 x 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads
and then switching to ultimate values.
= 15 x 276
= 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.
Step 3 - Find B
BLq = 444
B=
= 8.143 ft
dV =
V = 22.48 x 168
V = 0 at x =
dM =
M=
168 (x 0.5)
M=
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Chapter 5
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
Figure 5-39: Forces on foundation
Step 5 - Select depth based on analysis for both widebeam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B vc d = 166.39 22.48 d
vc = 11.825 ksf (allowable =
d=
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using d just obtained for a three-side zone and
vc =
= 4.07 ft 2
A=
= 156.8 kips
A=
= 7.01 ft 2
And
V = 276 7.01 x
= 256.74 kips
v=
= 10.59 ft
As (d - a/2) =
As (16.765 0.98 As) =
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
= 14.79
Chapter 5
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
p=
steel
= 0.00467 >
L =
q=
M=
= 3.585 ft
x 12 = 773.45 in-kips
= 14.323
= 26.3 in
or
Ld = 0.004 x 0.875 x 60000 = 21 in
Ld furnished = 3.585 x 12 3 = 40 in
Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:
B = 15 + 16 x 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
L =
= 3.46 ft
q=
M=
x 12 = 746.6 in-kips
= 14.379
> 2
Use 2
fc = 0.75 x 0.7 fc x 2 = 3.15 ksi
P = 15 x 15 x 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276
Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Step 9 - Conclusion
Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in2 / ft for minimum
requirement of 200 / fy (could use 0.28 x 1.33 >= T and S alternatively but would require
increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also)
Use 10 No. 7 bars
Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
5.16.4 Comparison
Table 5-20: US verification example 12 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Average Base Pressure
0.01911
0.02 kip/in2
4.657
kip/in2
Maximum Negative
543.76 ft- 529.064 ft-kips
2.70
Bending Moment
kips
Maximum Positive
147.7 ft149.12 ft-kips
0.96
Bending Moment
kips
Required Area of
0.94 in2/ft 0.909 in2/ft
3.3
Reinforcement
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and
moment computations.
Figure 5-41: Plan and Elevation
5.17.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 3.75m X 3.75m X 1.0m
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:Mz = -10.32 (-300*1) = 289.68 KNm
Mx= +45.89 +(-200*1) = -154.11 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:s1=((500+351.562)/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)-(6*289.68/3.753)=
75.980KN/m2
s2=((500+351.562)/14.0625)-(6*154.11/3.753)-(6*289.68/3.753)=
10.0621KN/m2
s3=((500+351.562)/14.0625)-(6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=
45.131KN/m2
s4=((500+351.562)/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=
111.049KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = *(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (474.6848/300) =1.5823 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = *(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (474.6848/200) =2.373 > 1.5 Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = 45.89
200* (0 +1) = -154.11 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5
= 1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/154.11) =11.5506 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =-10.32
+ 300* (0 +1) = 289.68 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5
= 1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/289.68) =6.1449 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and
two-way action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22
in)
tributary area
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147
KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 68.5147- {(68.51472.5964)/3.75*0.805} =54.36424 KN/ m2[0.805=(3.75/20.920.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =3.75*{54.36424*0.805+0.5*(68.5147-54.36424)*0.805}= 185.47 KN
Vu = (2(f'c)bwd) = 0.75(2(4349.39) 147.6378
529.0018 kips = 2354.06 KN > Vux and Vuz
Hence O.K.
tributary area
36.22)/1000 =
= 35.555
= Minimum of
= 5.304348
=
Vc = 0.75 4 x
= 100.467 kips
192.126
O.K.
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
About X Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126
KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307+86.049)/2 = 53.0899
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 18.02126)/3.75*1.725} =36.958 KN/ m2 [1.725= 3.75-(3.75/2+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =3.75*{36.958*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(53.0899-36.958)*1.725*1.725*2/3}=
266.2033 KNm
KN/m2 =13.5105
Required Rn =
psi
0.00022 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00027 = 0.000207
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
min
Since
is <
= 0.00180
min,
so
min
=0.00180
Required As =
About Z Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147
KN/m2
= 0.9)
KN/m2 =8.44355
Required Rn =
psi
0.00014 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00014 = 0.000129
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
min
Since
is <
= 0.00180
min,
so
min
=0.00180
Required As =
bd= 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
Try with 16mm bars (Af =201.06 m2m)
So, no. of bars reqd = 6210/ 201.06 =31 bars
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Ld = 0.02 Ab
= 0.02* 201.06*(415/300.5)= 304.68 mm
Available development length of the bars = 0.5*(L-Dcol) C cover = 1675 mm
> 304.68 mm.
Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50 mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {3750-2*(50+8)}/30 = 121.13 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
5.17.4 Comparison
Table 5-21: US verification example 14 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Value of
Result
result*
there-of)
Moment about X 266.2033 269.53
Error due to
(KNm)
approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Moment about Z 325.87126 328.41 m
Error due to
(KNm)
approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Area of steel
6210
6106.05
Error due to
about X-X (mm2)
approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Area of steel
6210
6241.05
Error due to
about Z-Z (mm2)
approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Shear force
185.47
186.09
Error due to
approximation in base
(One way) along
pressure interpolation
X (KN)
Shear force
148.9025 144.21
Error due to
approximation in base
(One way) along
pressure interpolation
Z (KN)
Shear force
447.079 447.38
Negligible
(Two way) (KN)
Factor of Safety
against Sliding
(X)
Factor of Safety
against Sliding
(Z)
Factor of Safety
against
Overturning (X)
Factor of Safety
against
Overturning (Z)
1.582
1.582
Negligible
2.373
2.373
Negligible
11.5506
11.550
Negligible
6.1449
6.145
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
5.18.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Depth of Soil = 0.5m
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/m3
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Factor of Safety against Overturning =1.5
Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.5
Permissible soil pressure =
Column dimension = 0.3m x 0.3m,
Strength of concrete (fc) = M-30 = 4349.39 Psi
Strength of steel (fy) = Fe-415
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and
moment computations.
5.18.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2
Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).
Using a depth of 1m;
Use a 5 .0m
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Mz =+45.89 (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) (-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
1=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)-(6*148.32 /5.03)=
47.28336KN/m2
2=((500+625)/25)-(6*195.89 /5.03)-(6*148.32 /5.03)= 28.478KN/m2
3=((500+625)/25)-(6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=42.7167KN/m2
4=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=61.522
KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.1656 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing)= 98.32 200* (0 +1) = -298.32 KN-m
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and
two-way action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22
in)
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194
12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Along X-X axis:
Vu = qs
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73}
=22.89603 KN/ m2 [ 1.73=(5/2 +0.3 0.92 0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN
Vu = (2(f'c)bwd) = 0.75(2(4349.39) 196.8504
705.3265 kips = 3138.703 KN > Vux and Vuz
36.22)/1000 =
Hence O.K.
tributary area
= Minimum of
bo = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in
= 5.304348
=
Vc = 0.75 4 x
= 100.467 kips O.K.
192.126
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
About X-Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806
KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194
12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu = 5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}=
264.48 KNm
Required Rn =
0.0001675 = (0.92/1.0)
0.0001675 = 0.0001541
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
min = 0.00180
Since is < min , = min =0.00180
Required As = bd= 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
About Z- axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027
KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.402710.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}=
457.874 KNm
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section (
= 0.9)
Required Rn =
0.00029 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00029 = 0.000267
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
min = 0.00180
Since is < min , = min =0.00180
Required As = bd = 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
Try with 20 mm bars (Af =314.16 mm2)
So, no. of bars required = 8280/ 314.16 =27 bars
Ld = 0.02 Ab
(For # 35M bars and smaller)
= 0.02* 314.16*(415/300.5)= 476.0625m
Available development length of the bars= 0.5*(L-Dcol) C cover = 2375 mm
> 476.0625 mm. Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {5000-2*(50+10)}/26 = 187.6923 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
5.18.4 Comparison
Table 5-22: US verification example 15 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Value of
Result
result*
there-of)
Moment about X 264.48
264.53 KNm
Negligible
KNm
Moment about Z 457.874
457.83 KNm
Negligible
KNm
Area of steel
8280
8906.40 mm2
Error due to
about X-X
mm2
approximation in
base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel
8280
8321.40 mm2
Error due to
about Z-Z
mm2
approximation in
base pressure
interpolation
Shear force
226.1924 225.67 KN
Error due to
KN
approximation in
(One way) along
base pressure
X
interpolation
Shear force
144.134
143.58 KN
Negligible
KN
(One way) along
Z
Shear force
470.232
470.01 KN
Negligible
KN
(Two way)
Factor of Safety
2.1656
2.166
Negligible
against Sliding
(X)
Factor of Safety
3.2484
3.248
Negligible
against Sliding
(Z)
Factor of Safety
10.386
10.386
Negligible
against
Overturning (X)
Factor of Safety
9.82516
9.825
Negligible
against
Overturning (Z)
Section 6
6.1.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.677 sq.inch, i.e if single guy rod is used,min
dia of rod required = 1.5 inch
Necessary Factors of Safety are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material SpecificationAssume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi
Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Dry Density
(pcf)
115
115
115
6.1.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 83.815 x Cos 54.231 =
48.9656 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 83.815 x Sin 54.231 = 68.0245
Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Thus
Pp= .h.Kp + 2C.Kp
So Pp or a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + .h.Kp
Where:
Kp= Passive EP coeff of the present layer
= Soil density of Soil at present layer
h= Thickness of present layer
C= Cohesion of Present layer)
Note: Here, = Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (-soil) is used
Adhesion factor = 0.31 + 0.34/C
Figure 6-1: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
<=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit
Soil Depth
upper lvl of
layer(ft)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
Soil Depth
lower lvl of
layer(ft)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2167.1918
2340.028
2512.8643
2638.8093
2717.8631
2796.9169
2875.9707
0
0
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1083.596
1170.014
1256.432
1319.405
1358.932
1398.458
1437.985
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Soil Depth
upper lvl of
layer(ft)
13
13.5
14
14.5
Soil Depth
lower lvl of
layer(ft)
13.5
14
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 38.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
6.1.4 Comparison
Table 6-2: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Sliding Resistance (kips)
103.786
103.71
Negligible
Uplift Resistance (kips)
234.34
234.495
Negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.12
2.117
Negligible
Vertical FOS
3.445
3.448
Negligible
Factored moment resisted by top rebar
127.122
127.086
Negligible
(ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (vertically hog408.37
407.66
Negligible
ging) (ft-kip)
Factored moment resisted by front
91.506
91.553
Negligible
rebar (ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (horizontally
355.472
354.856
Negligible
hogging) (ft-kip)
6.2.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load conditionAxial Tension = 75.926 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 49.816 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.4 inch
Dry Density
(pcf)
106
106
106
6.2.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Soil Depth
upper lvl of
layer(ft)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1158.709
1185.242
1211.776
1230.499
1241.413
1252.327
1263.241
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
6.2.4 Comparison
Table 6-5: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result
Result
Difference
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
119.605
119.542
negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
135.072
135.123
negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.443
2.44
negligible
Vertical FOS
2.328
2.329
negligible
factored moment resisted by 132.0033 131.963
negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity
408.37
407.66
negligible
(vertically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by 111.4087 111.454
negligible
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity
355.472
354.865
negligible
(horizontally hogging)
(ft kip)
6.3.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 92.435 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 31.289 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.849 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia
of rod required = 1.6 inch
Necessary FOS are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification
Assume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi
Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi
Strength of Gye Rod steel = 50 Ksi
unit weight of Concrete = 150 lb/cu.ft
unit weight of Soil = 62.4 lb/cu.ft
Dry Density
(pcf)
105
105
105
6.3.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 92.435 x Cos 31.289 =
78.9806 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 92.435 x Sin 31.289 = 48.024 Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Kp=tan2 (450+/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-/2)
Note: is in degree
Pa = .h.Kp
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Figure 6-13: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Soil Depth
upper lvl of
layer(ft)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1492.265
1545.893
1583.585
1605.343
1627.101
1648.858
1670.616
1692.373
1714.131
1735.888
Soil Depth
upper lvl of
layer(ft)
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
Soil Depth
lower lvl of
layer(ft)
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Now Design check for the top & front face rebar are to be
done
Top Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force (V)= 48.024 Kip
Figure 6-15: Top rebar force diagram
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Figure 6-16: Bending moment diagram - top
6.3.4 Comparison
Table 6-8: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result
Result
Difference
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
163.161
163.306
Negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
151.296
151.355
Negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.066
2.064
Negligible
Vertical FOS
3.151
3.153
Negligible
factored moment resisted by
78.039
78.011
Negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity
603.099 602.06
Negligible
(vertically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by
128.3438 128.361
Negligible
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity
356.394
355.775
Negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ft kip)
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Figure 6-18: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
Layer
Type
sand
silt
silt
silt
silt
silt
silt
Dry Density
(pcf)
104
105
105
106
106
106
106
6.4.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 250 x Cos 50 = 160.6297 Kip
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Figure 6-19: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 6 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 92.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 3.60609375 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = .As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1488.8 ft kip
ratio = 1488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 8 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 68.19 inch
Area of each front rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 3.60609375 sq.inch
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.662885 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = .As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1101.2 ft kip
ratio = 1101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
6.4.4 Comparison
Table 6-10: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result
Result
Difference
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
413.423
413.174
negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
719.211
719.281
negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.574
2.571
negligible
Vertical FOS
3.755
3.756
negligible
factored moment resisted by
373.5576 373.447
negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity (ver1488.835 1486.29
negligible
tically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by
313.2285 313.359
negligible
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity (hor1101.17
1099.277
negligible
izontally hogging) (ft kip)
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Section 7
7.1.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30
ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft 3,
Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi
Chapter 7
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Figure 7-1: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.1.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Skin Friction
Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0
0
0.7171
<=1.0
= 0.5 x -0.25
>1.0
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0
0
0.59045
Chapter 7
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3
K=0.8 (for straight pier)
Friction angle between soil and pier
Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerf = x c
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tan
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Qf (kip)
6.3228
48.1136
66.7777
121.214
Qf_modified
(kip)
2.3711
48.1136
51.9382
102.423
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
q (kip)
5.184
31.58
18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Qp (kip)
16.286
99.211
56.549
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.1.4 Comparison
Table 7-1: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip
56.571 kip
56.549 kip
Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin
102.487 kip
102.423 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial
144.916 kip
144.834 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 18.857 kip
18.849 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance 34.162 kip
34.141 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
48.305 kip
48.278 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.2.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.
Chapter 7
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.2.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Chapter 7
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Skin Friction
Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
3.1746
0.8178
1.0672
1.9157
Factor
Layer
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Qf (psf)
41.469
98.835
Layer
Layer3
Layer4
Total Skin Friction
Qf (psf)
110.584
248.814
499.702
Qf_modified
(psf)
6.9115
98.835
110.584
165.876
382.206
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
q (psf)
9000
9900
18000
27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Qp (psf)
113.097
124.407
226.195
339.292
p_bott
= 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
Chapter 7
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
Factored Capacity
7.2.4 Comparison
Table 7-2: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip
339.429 kip
339.292 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin
382.486 kip
382.206 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 648.371 kip
647.985 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 113.143 kip
113.097 kip Negligible
Factored Skin
127.495 kip
127.402 kip Negligible
Resistance
Factored Total Axial
216.124 kip
215.995 kip Negligible
Capacity
7.3.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 14
3. Clay - , 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 16
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
366 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Chapter 7
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
Figure 7-3: Pier Elevation
7.3.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55
Layer
0
0
0.55
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0.9017
0.8536
0
Rs (kip)
19.578
110.095
62.204
191.877
Chapter 7
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Total Modified Skin
Friction
Rs_modified
(kip)
7.342
110.095
48.381
165.817
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
q (kip)
13.2
15.6
5.611
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
RB (kip)
41.469
49.009
17.628
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.3.4 Comparison
Table 7-3: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Result
UnfactoredTip
17.635 kip
Resistance
Unfactored Skin
165.884 kip
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial
169.376 kip
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 5.878 kip
Factored Skin Resistance 55.295 kip
Factored Total Axial
56.459 kip
Capacity
example 3 comparison
Reference
Difference
Result
17.628 kip
Negligible
165.817 kip
Negligible
169.308 kip
Negligible
5.876 kip
55.272 kip
56.436 kip
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
7.4.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, N60 10
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60 12
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, N60 14
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, N60 15
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone
for skin frictionTop - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Verification Manual 371
Chapter 7
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Figure 7-4: Pier Elevation
7.4.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Layer
1
2
3
4
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer
1
2
3
4
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
Chapter 7
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA
Layer
Rs (kip)
41.469
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
1
2
3
4
(Total Skin Friction)
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
1
2
3
4
q (kip)
3.646
3.880
5.611
27
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
3
4
RB (kip)
45.815
48.759
70.510
339.292
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.4.4 Comparison
Table 7-4: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification
STAAD.foundation
Value of
Result
Unfactored Tip
339.429 kip
Resistance
Unfactored Skin
382.360 kip
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial
648.246 kip
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 113.143 kip
Factored Skin Resistance 127.453 kip
Factored Total Axial
216.082 kip
Capacity
example 4 comparison
Reference
Difference
Result
339.292 kip Negligible
382.206 kip
Negligible
647.985 kip
Negligible
113.097 kip
127.453 kip
213.658 kip
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
7.5.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
Chapter 7
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.5.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Chapter 7
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC
Layer
1
2
3
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55
Layer
0
0
0.55
1
2
3
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
K=0.8 (for straight pier)
Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor
Layer
0.462
0.540
0
1
2
3
Friction angle between soil and pier
Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method
For cohesive soil layerf = x c
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tan
Layer
1
2
3
tan(1) = 0.675
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f x As
Layer
1
2
3
(Total Skin Friction)
Rs (kip)
10.030
69.596
62.204
141.829
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor F = 1
r
Factor N
cp
=9
qp
=0
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr x Nqp x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nqp
Layer
1
2
3
q (psf)
0
0
18000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
3
RB (kip)
0
0
56.549
Un-factored Capacity
Chapter 7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
Factored Capacity
7.5.4 Comparison
Table 7-5: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip
56.571 kip
16.549 kip
Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin
121.824 kip
121.737 kip
Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 164.253 kip
164.149 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 18.857 kip
5.516 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin
40.608kip
40.579 kip
Negligible
Resistance
Factored Total Axial
54.751 kip
54.716 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.6.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
380 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Chapter 7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
Figure 7-6: Pier Elevation
7.6.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Layer
1
2
3
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55 (All layers)
tan( ) = 0
1
Rs (kip)
41.469
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
3
4
RB (kip)
0
0
0
339.292
Verification Manual 383
Chapter 7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 339.292 kip
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.6.4 Comparison
Table 7-6: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip
339.429 kip
339.292 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin
382.360 kip
382.206 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 648.246 kip
164.149 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 113.143 kip
113.097 kip Negligible
Factored Skin
127.453 kip
127.402 kip Negligible
Resistance
Factored Total Axial
216.082 kip
54.716 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Section 8
Plant Foundation
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
8.1.1 Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 10ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 4ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 1 ft
Diameter, Dp = 5 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Figure 8-1: Tank and foundation elevation
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 0 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 3.8 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
8.1.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 0 mph
Verification Manual 387
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Exposure category D, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.9 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 8-2: Wind loads
Elevation
Kz
Pressure Width Area Shear Moment
1
1.03023
0
4
4
0
0
11
1.03023
0
4
40
0
0
Total Wind Shear = 0 kip
Total Wind Moment = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 6 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
20
2o
20
10
18
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Governing Loads
Axial = 20 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Table 8-6: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
10
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Governing Loads
Axial = 10 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 15.625 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 3.1066 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9 (D +W
uped
ped
s_ped_req
= F /( f ) = -8.192(10)-3 in2
u
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 11.769 kip
ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 0.015 ksi
c
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil = 0 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-7: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 8-8: Soil Bearing Check
Load
Max Soil
Min Soil
Case Bearing (ksf) Bearing (ksf)
1
0.2414
0.2414
2
0.2414
0.2414
3
0.2414
0.2414
4
0.4582
0.4582
5
0.2173
0.2173
6
0.4123
0.4123
7
0
0
8
0
0
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.4582 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.4233 ksf
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-3: One-way shear dimensions
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 2.724551
ft
m = f / (0.85 f ) = 17.647
y
2 m R / f = 2.597(10)-3
n
st_prov
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter, Df = 10 ft
Footing Thickness, Tf = 2 ft
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
8.1.3 Comparison
Table 8-9: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
Hand CalPercent DifSTAAD.foundation
culations
ference
Footing Diagonal
10
10
none
Footing Thickness
2
2
none
Footing Soil Bear0.458
0.496
8%
ing
Stability Check
0
0
n/a
One Way Shear
0.266
0.266
0%
Check
Punching Shear
6.463
6.564
2%
Check
Reinforcement Pro0.460
0.447
3%
vided
Note: Soil Bearing values are generated from graph; %diff also contains human errors.
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 14 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 24 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 1 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 16 ft
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
Shear
Moment
0.507899 0.507899
3.301344 28.06143
1.349026 23.60796
1.413912 31.81303
1.469238 40.40405
3.121944
109.268
3.272105 147.2447
0.659847 33.65219
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
Table 8-15: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial
Shear
Moment
(kips)
(kip-ft)
Case (kips)
1
92.4
0
0
2
79.2
0
0
3
79.2 24.15251 663.2949
4
79.2 0.394208 3.153661
5
25.2 24.15251 663.2949
6
59.4 0.394208 3.153661
7
25.2 0.16724 1.337917
8
63
12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip
Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 2.0833 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 759.9049 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 97.42292 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9 (D +W
uped
ped
s_ped_req
= F /( f ) = 1.473 in2
u
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : #5 - 32
Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Area of Steel Provided = 1.472746 in. 2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig.
An = 0.060107
Compressive Force In Each Dowel Based on PIP STC03350 4.6.2
P =M
u
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 728.889 kip
ped
F = P /A = 84.211 ksi
c
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-16: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
2.376857
3.36579
3
0.017400
459.778
4
2.913937
2.74543
5
0.017975
445.060
6
0.009203
869.292
7
1.165810
6.86219
8
1.012977
7.89752
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 2.10298 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 1.94299 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-7: One-way shear dimensions
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) =
1.628742 ft
Rn = Mu / (0.9 1ft d2) = 0.079 ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2 m Rn / fy = 0.047
st_req
min
= 0.0018
st_min
=p
min
Spacing Required
s = 18 in.
Area of Steel Provided
A
st_prov
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.2.2 Comparison
Table 8-17: Vertical Vessel verification example 2 comparison
Hand CalPercent DifSTAAD.foundation
culations
ference
Footing Diagonal
16
16
0
Footing Thickness
1
1
0
Footing Soil Bear2.1030
2.102
0
ing
Stability Check
2.7454
2.748
0
One Way Shear
4.1857
4.193
0
Check
Punching Shear
17.58
17.951
2
Check
Reinforcement Pro0.20453
0.18765
9
vided
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 1 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Figure 8-9: Tank and foundation elevation
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
8.3.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 90 mph
Verification Manual 405
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Exposure category B, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 8-19: Wind loads
Elevation
Kz
Pressure Width Area
Shear
Moment
1
0.57472
0.01302
10
10 0.088534 0.044267
15
0.57472
0.01302
10
140
1.23948 9.915838
20
0.623954 0.014135
10
50 0.480594 8.410392
25
0.66503 0.015066
10
50
0.512232 11.52522
30
0.700591 0.015871
10
50 0.539622 14.83962
Total Wind Shear = 2.86 kip
Total Wind Moment = 44.735 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.3
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
40
40
40
20
36
18
30
49.8
0
2.8605
2.3816
2.8605
2.3816
1.1908
1.4302
1.1871
0
44.735
19.053
44.735
19.053
9.5264
22.368
18.565
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip
Shear = 2.86046 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
Table 8-23: Applied Load at
Top of Pedestal - Strength
Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1
56
0
0
2
48
0
0
3
48 4.5767 71.577
4
48 3.4023 27.218
5
18 4.5767 71.577
6
36 3.4023 27.218
7
18
1.7011 13.609
8
27 2.2884 35.788
Governing Loads
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 2.08333 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 80.730 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 35.788 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9 (D +W
uped
ped
s_ped_req
= F /( f ) =0.116 in2
u
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 135.957 kip
ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 12.43 ksi
c
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil, W
soil
= 9.477 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-24: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
0.4864
14.392
3
0.2390
29.291
4
0.5949
11.766
5
0.2480
28.222
6
0.1495
46.825
7
0.2676
26.159
8
0.1853
37.780
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 8-25: Soil Bearing Check
Load
Max Soil
Min Soil
Case Bearing (ksf) Bearing (ksf)
1
0.6751
0.2453
2
0.8672
0.3164
3
0.7695
0.2808
4
0.7440
0.7440
5
0.7449
0.2539
6
0.5402
0.5402
7
0.7100
0.2137
8
0.8152
0.3399
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.8672 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.8012 ksf
Verification Manual 409
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-11: One-way shear dimensions
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.538921
ft
Rn = Mu / (0.9 1ft d2) = 0.014 ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2 m Rn / fy = 7.944(10)-3
st,req
min
= 0.0018
st,min
min
d 1 ft = 0.188 in2
st_prov
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
Chapter 8
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1
8.3.3 Comparison
Table 8-26: Vertical Vessel verification example 3 comparison
Hand CalPercent DifSTAAD.foundation
culations
ference
Footing Diagonal
14
14
none
Footing Thickness
1
1
none
Footing Soil Bear0.8672
0.835
4%
ing
Stability Check
11.766
12.898
9%
One Way Shear
0.9052
1.13
20%
Check
Punching Shear
12.085
12.338
2%
Check
Reinforcement Pro0.2045
0.1878
9%
vided
Comparison
Table 8-27: Vertical Vessel verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Base Shear Empty Case
5.902132222
5.902
0.0022403
(kip)
Base Shear Operating
11.80426444
11.804
0.0022403
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty
59.02132222
59.021
0.00054595
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 118.0426444
118.043
0.00030121
Case (kip ft)
Chapter 8
8.6 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 3
Comparison
Table 8-28: Vertical Vessel verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Base Shear Empty Case
3.9693
3.969
0.007
(kip)
Base Shear Operating
7.9386
7.939
0.005
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty
39.693
39.69
0.007
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating
79.3858
79.39
0.005
Case (kip ft)
Comparison
Table 8-29: Vertical Vessel verification example 6 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Base Shear Empty Case
0.49096
0.491
0.0081
(kip)
Base Shear Operating
0.98192
0.982
0.0081
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty
4.9096
4.91
0.0081
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating
9.8192
9.82
0.0081
Case (kip ft)
Chapter 8
8.8 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 5
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2, TL = 12 sec.
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kips
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kips
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 10 ft
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1.461
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 2.4
SDS = 0.413, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.15 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 0.012, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear
Shearempty = C S x Empty wt = 1.25 kips
Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shearoperating = C S x Operatingwt = 2.499 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment empty = Shearempty x CG = 12.496 kip*ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment operating = Shearoperating x CG =24.992 kip*ft
Comparison
Table 8-30: Vertical Vessel verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Base Shear Empty Case
1.249592
1.25
0.03264
(kip)
Base Shear Operating
2.499184
2.499
0.00736295
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty
12.49592
12.496
0.0006402
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating
24.99184
24.992
0.0006402
Case (kip ft)
Comparison
Table 8-31: Vertical Vessel verification example 8 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Base Shear Empty Case 0.903868649
0.904
0.01452995
(kip)
Base Shear Operating
1.807737298
1.808
0.01452995
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty
9.038686492
9.039
0.00346839
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 18.07737298
18.077
0.00206331
Case (kip ft)
Chapter 8
8.9 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 6
wt
= 4.722 kip
Comparison
Table 8-32: Vertical Vessel verification example 9 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Seismic Response Coef0.02361
0.024
1.631
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating
4.722
4.722
0.006
Case (kip)
wt
= 14.289 kip
Comparison
Table 8-33: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Seismic Response Coef0.0715
0.071
0.63
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating
14.289
14.289
0.002
Case (kip)
Chapter 8
8.12 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 9
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.0, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 3 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1.2, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS 0.263, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.1, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 0.017, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = Cs Operating
wt
=3.339 kip
Comparison
Table 8-34: Vertical Vessel verification example 11 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Seismic Response Coef0.0167
0.017
1.787
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating
3.339
3.339
0.007
Case (kip)
wt
= 40.429 kip
Comparison
Table 8-35: Vertical Vessel verification example 12 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Seismic Response Coef0.2021
0.202
none
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating
40.429
40.429
none
Case (kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Verification Manual 421
Chapter 8
8.14 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 2
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z
qz
(psf)
15.195
15.195
16.143
16.920
17.582
18.680
19.578
20.344
20.415
A
(ft2)
15
210
75
75
75
150
150
150
15
F (kip)
0.194
2.712
1.029
1.079
1.121
2.382
2.496
2.594
0.260
13.867
M (ft kip)
0.097
21.698
18.010
24.269
30.823
83.823
112.329
142.663
15.748
448.995
Comparison
Table 8-36: Vertical Vessel verification example 13 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Wind Shear on Top of
13.867
13.867
none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
448.995
448.898
negligible
Pier (ft kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z
qz
(psf)
23.339
23.339
24.536
25.507
26.329
27.680
28.775
29.702
30.509
31.019
A
(ft2)
20
280
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
140
F
(kip)
0.317
4.444
1.668
1.734
1.790
3.764
3.913
4.039
4.149
2.953
28.77
M (ft kip)
0.159
35.550
29.198
39.026
49.235
131.756
176.103
222.171
269.700
217.046
1169.945
Chapter 8
8.15 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 3
Comparison
Table 8-37: Vertical Vessel verification example 14 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Wind Shear on Top of
28.774
28.774
none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1169.945
1168.516
0.12
Pier (ft kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z
Kz
0.575
0.575
0.624
0.665
0.701
0.761
0.811
0.854
0.892
0.917
qz
(psf)
19.449
19.449
21.115
22.505
23.709
25.740
27.434
28.901
30.203
31.037
A
(ft2)
20
280
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
140
F (kip)
0.265
3.703
1.436
1.530
1.612
3.501
3.731
3.931
4.108
2.955
26.771
M (ft kip)
0.132
29.625
25.127
34.433
44.336
122.522
167.899
216.183
266.993
217.169
1124.42
Comparison
Table 8-38: Vertical Vessel verification example 15 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Wind Shear on Top of
26.771
26.771
none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
1124.42
1123.23
0.11
Pier (ft kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Verification Manual 425
Chapter 8
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z
qz
A
(psf) (ft2)
19.449 6
19.449 84
21.115 30
22.245 24
F
(kip)
0.079
1.111
0.431
0.363
1.984
M (ft kip)
0.040
8.888
7.538
7.987
24.452
Comparison
Table 8-39: Vertical Vessel verification example 16 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent DifValue of
Result
Result
ference
Wind Shear on Top of
1.984
1.984
none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
24.452
24.293
negligible
Pier (ft kip)
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation
errors can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical
solution, then check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip
Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip
426 STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
= 0.4
Verification Manual 427
Chapter 8
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Load
EQ
EQ
W
W
Empty Operating Test Thermal Bundle
Live Erection
Comb.
Trans Long Trans Long
16
0
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
17
0.9
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial
Transverse Longitudinal
Load
Longitudinal Transverse
Load
Moment
Moment (ftComb.
Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
kip)
1
42.4
0
0
0
0
2
42.4
0
0
0
0
3
42.4
0
5
0
0
4
42.4
2.25
0
0
0
5
42.4
0
7
0
0
6
42.4
10.5
0
0
0
7
36.8
0
5
0
0
8
36.8
2.25
0
0
0
9
38.16
0
4.9
0
0
10
38.16
7.35
0
0
0
11
33.12
0
4.41
0
0
12
33.12
4.9
0
0
0
13
44.0
0
5
0
0
14
44.0
2.25
0
0
0
15
39.176
0
2.075
0
0
16
39.176
0.9338
0
0
0
17
36.8
0
0
0
0
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial
Transverse Longitudinal
Load
Longitudinal Transverse
Load
Moment
Moment (ftComb.
Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
kip)
1
59.36
0
0
0
0
2
50.88
0
0
0
0
3
50.88
0
4
0
0
4
50.88
3.6
0
0
0
5
50.88
0
7
0
0
6
50.88
10.5
0
0
0
7
33.12
0
4
0
0
8
33.12
3.6
0
0
0
9
38.16
0
7
0
0
10
38.16
10.5
0
0
0
11
33.12
0
6.3
0
0
12
33.12
7
0
0
0
13
39.60
0
4
0
0
Chapter 8
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2
Axial
Transverse Longitudinal
Load
Longitudinal Transverse
Load
Moment
Moment (ftComb.
Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
kip)
14
39.60
3.6
0
0
0
15
56.64
0
2
0
0
16
56.64
1.8
0
0
0
17
33.12
0
0
0
0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD.foundation analysis.
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation
errors can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical
solution, then check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip
Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when
vessel is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also
contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
S1 = 0.882, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.296, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 1, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.15, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 6 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft +10.416 ft - 5 ft =
fa = , Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = , Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 1.53, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.882, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 0.074, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Chapter 8
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)
= 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip
Load
EQ
EQ
W
W
Empty Operating Test Thermal Bundle
Live Erection
Comb.
Trans Long Trans Long
10
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
11
0.9
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
12
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0.9
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0.9
15
0
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
16
0
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
17
0.9
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial
Transverse Longitudinal
Load
Longitudinal Transverse
Load
Moment
Moment (ftComb.
Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
kip)
1
60
0
0
0
0
2
60
0
0
0
0
3
60
0
2.5
5
0
4
60
1.125
0
0
10
5
60
0
5.404
20.27
0
6
60
5.404
0
0
20.27
7
40
0
2.5
5
0
8
40
1.125
0
0
10
9
54
0
3.783
14.19
0
10
54
3.783
0
0
14.19
11
36
0
2.522
9.457
0
12
36
2.522
0
0
9.457
13
44
0
2.5
5
0
14
44
1.125
0
0
10
15
53.12
0
1.038
2.075
0
16
53.12
0.467
0
0
4.150
17
40
0
0
0
0
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial
Transverse Longitudinal
Load
Longitudinal Transverse
Load
Moment
Moment (ftComb.
Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
kip)
1
84
0
0
0
0
2
72
0
0
0
0
3
72
0
4
8
0
4
72
1.8
0
0
16
5
72
0
5.404
20.27
0
6
72
5.404
0
0
20.27
Chapter 8
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2
Axial
Transverse Longitudinal
Load
Longitudinal Transverse
Load
Moment
Moment (ftComb.
Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
kip)
7
36
0
4
8
0
8
36
1.8
0
0
16
9
54
0
5.404
20.27
0
10
54
5.404
0
0
20.27
11
36
0
3.602
13.509
0
12
36
3.602
0
0
13.509
13
39.6
0
4
8
0
14
39.6
1.8
0
0
16
15
76.8
0
2
4
0
16
76.8
0.9
0
0
8
17
36
0
0
0
0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD.foundation analysis.
Section 9
Technical Support
These resources are provided to help you answer support questions:
l
Chapter 9
D
Deadman Anchors
321
Drilled Pier
357
E
Eccentricity
88
I
Index
Indian Code
125
IS 456
125
P
Plant Foundation
385
A
ACI 318
201, 321
AS3600
Australian
14,
16
U
United States Code
201
V
Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
385
3, 6
B
British
Combined Foundation
Isolated Foundation
71, 77
83
British Code
23
BS8110
23
C
Canadian Code
99
CSA A23.3
99
15
17
20
24
24
24
27
28
30
31
33
47
48
50
51
52
63
69
Chapter 11
Figures
72
76
78
82
84
89
91
100
106
113
116
117
119
120
123
126
128
129
130
132
134
139
141
146
151
158
159
162
165
169
171
174
177
181
183
189
197
197
Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
199
202
Figure 5-2: Considered sections for two-way (bo) and beam (bw) action
203
204
207
211
216
218
221
230
234
236
237
238
239
239
241
243
247
252
254
255
259
261
265
267
272
274
276
278
281
282
Verification Manual 441
Chapter 11
Figures
283
285
288
290
291
293
296
298
298
303
305
307
313
315
324
325
326
328
328
329
331
333
336
336
337
341
342
344
345
346
346
348
350
353
353
354
358
363
368
372
377
382
386
386
392
392
395
395
401
401
404
404
410
410
Tables
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
14
16
22
26
26
32
38
44
53
62
71
77
83
Verification Manual 443
Chapter 11
Tables
88
98
105
112
115
122
124
129
133
138
140
145
150
158
164
170
176
182
183
188
190
196
199
206
210
215
220
229
233
240
246
253
258
264
266
271
273
280
281
287
289
295
302
311
320
322
330
331
334
338
339
342
347
348
355
361
366
371
375
380
384
387
388
389
389
389
390
391
391
394
Chapter 11
Tables
396
397
398
398
398
399
400
403
405
406
407
407
407
408
409
409
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
424
425
426
428
428
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
429
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
429
432
432
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
433
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
433
Chapter 11
Tables