HSC2 U1 WK 1

HSC Mathematics
(2U)
Geometrical Applications of
Differentiation
Week 1 First Derivatives and Turning Points
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HSC Mathematics (2U)

Geometrical Applications of Differentiation
Week 1 Theory
The First Derivative and Stationary Points:
The first derivative of the function can be used to determine whether a point on the curve is
increasing, decreasing or stationary. The first derivative can also be thought of as the gradient
function of the curve.
The first derivative of a function can either be positive, negative or equal to zero.
When the first derivative at a point = is:
1) POSITIVE (i.e. () > 0), the slope of the tangent at the point = has POSITIVE gradient.
We say that () is INCREASING at = .
2) NEGATIVE (i.e. () < 0), the slope of the tangent at the point = has NEGATIVE
gradient. We say that () is DECREASING at = .
3) EQUAL TO ZERO (i.e. () = 0), the slope of the tangent at the point = has ZERO
gradient which means the tangent is horizontal. We say that () is STATIONARY at = .
Example:
Determine whether () is increasing, decreasing or stationary at the points where = , , ,
and .
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Solution:
() is increasing at = and = since the gradients of the tangents at = and = are
positive which means () > 0 and () > 0.
() is decreasing at = since the gradient of the tangent at = are negative which
means () < 0.
() is stationary at = and = since the gradient of the tangent at = and = equal to
zero which means ( ) = 0 and () = 0.
Example:
For the function () = 2 + 1, determine whether () is increasing, decreasing or
stationary at the points = 0, 1 and 2.
Solution:
() = 3 2
At = 0,
(0) = 3(0) 2
= 2
(0) < 0
() is decreasing at = 0.
At = 1,
(1) = 3(1) 2
=1
(1) > 0
() is increasing at = 1.
At = 2
(2) = 3(2) 2
= 10
(2) > 0
() is increasing at = 2.
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Example:
For the function () = 21 + 39,
a) find ().
b) For what value of is:
(i) () = 0
(ii) () > 0
(iii) () < 0
Solution:
a) () = 3 42 + 39
= 3( 14 + 13)
= 3( 1)( 13)
b)
(i) 3( 1)( 13) = 0
= 1, 13
(ii) 3( 1)( 13) > 0
< 1, > 13
(iii) 3( 1)( 13) < 0
1 < < 13
Stationary Point and Turning Point:

Stationary points can be divided into three different types of turning points, minimum point,
maximum point and stationary point of inflexion.
(NOTE: The stationary point of inflexion will be discussed in later sections).

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First Derivative: Maximum and Minimum Points:

The relationship between the maximum point and the first derivative can be described in the
following diagrams.

()
Suppose the point = is a maximum point, then all the points to the left of will have positive
gradient and all the points to the right of will have negative gradient. This is true for all maximum
points.
In contrast, the relationship between minimum point and the first derivative has the following
properties.
()
Suppose the point = is a minimum point, then all the points to the left of will have negative
gradient and all the points to the right of will have positive gradient. This is true for all minimum
points.

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Example:
Determine whether = 1 is a maximum point or a minimum point for the function = 2 3
by using the first derivative.
Solution:
= 2 3

!
= 2 2
0.9
1
1.1

0
+

= 1 is a minimum point.
Example:
Determine whether = 1 is a maximum point or a minimum point for the function = 8 2
by using the first derivative.
Solution:
= 8 2

!
= 2 2

1.1
1
0.9

0
+

= 1 is a maximum point.
Example:
Sketch the function () = 3 24, state clearly the coordinates of any maximum and
minimum points.
Solution:
() = 3 24
() = 3 6 24
Stationary points occur when () = 0 (i.e. when the gradient of the tangent is horizontal).
3 6 24 = 0
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3( 4)( + 2) = 0
= 4, 2
= 4 and 2 are stationary points.
Test whether the stationary points are maximum or minimum points.
At = 4,

()

At = 2
3.9
4
0
4.1
+

()

2.1
+
2
0
1.9
= 4 is a minimum point and = 2 is a maximum point.

The y-coordinates of the critical points:
(4) = 4 3(4) 24(4)
(4) = 80
(2) = (2) 3(2) 24(2)
(2) = 28
The maximum point has coordinates (2, 28) and the minimum point has coordinates (4, 80).

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Week 1 Homework
1. In the diagram below, write down the point where:
a) () = 0
b) () > 0
c) () < 0
2. For the function () = 3 + 6 1,

a) find ()
b) Determine whether () is stationary, increasing or decreasing for the following points:
(i) = 0
(ii) = 2
(iii) = 1
(iv) = 1
3. For the function () = + 3 18 + 4,
a) find ()
b) Determine whether () is stationary, increasing or decreasing for the following points:
(i) = 0
(ii) = 2
(iii) = 1
(iv) = 4
4. Determine whether the following functions are increasing or decreasing for all x.
a) () = 2 + 4
b) () = 3
c) () = 3 2
d) () = 4
5. Find the stationary points for the following functions, then determine whether it is a maximum
or a minimum point.
a) () = (2 + 1)( + 3)
b) () = ( 4)%
c) () = 2
d) () = (3 2 1)'
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'! (
e) () = !% ,
f)
() =
*
,
! (
6. For the function () = ,

a) find ()
b) find any stationary point
c) Is the function strictly increasing for all x? Why or why not?
7. For the function () = ,
a) find ()
b) For what value of x is () increasing, decreasing or stationary?
8. For the following graphs, match the graphs on the left hand side with the graph of its derivative
on the right hand side.

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10
9. For the function () = 2 + 3 12,

a) find ()
b) for what value of x is:
(i) () = 0
(ii) () > 0
(iii) () < 0
*
10. Show that () = ! is decreasing for all x except = 0.

*
11. Show that () = ! is increasing for all x except = 3.

12. By using the table below, determine whether = 2 is a minimum or a maximum point.
1.5
2
2.5

()
13. By using the table below, determine whether = 5 is a minimum or a maximum point.

5.5
5
4.5

1.23
2.36
14. Complete the following tables by finding the first derivative of the given function and find the
coordinates of the maximum or minimum point. Hence, sketch the function, showing all
important features.
a) () = 4 5
0
1
2

()
b) () = 6 + 7 3
2
3

()
c) () = 2 +

2
1

()
d) () = 12

1
()
15. Find the coordinates of any stationary points of the following functions then determine the
nature of the stationary point by using the first derivative table.
a) () = + 7 18
b) () = 6 + 7 5
c) () = 2 + 5 4 + 1
d) () = + 3 9 + 4
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11
16. a) Show that the first derivative of () = 2 3 is () = 6( 1).
b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points.
c) By using a table of values of (), determine the nature of the stationary points.
d) Sketch (), showing all important features.
17. a) Show that the first derivative of () = 2 + is () = (3 1)( 1).
b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points.
c) By using a table of values of (), determine the nature of the stationary points.
d) Sketch (), showing all important features.
18. What is the maximum value of () = 3 .
19. What is the minimum value of () = 3 2.
20. For the curve = ( + 1) ,
*
a) Show that there are stationary points at = 0, 1 . .

b) By using a table of values of , determine the nature of the stationary points.
c) Hence, sketch the curve, indicating all critical points.
/
21. For the function () = + + , show that there is a stationary point at = 0.
22. The function = + 3 has a stationary point at = 1, find the value of .

23. The function () = 6 + 3 + 2 has a stationary point at = 2, find the value of .
24. The function = + + has a stationary point at 1(1, 9), find the value of b and c.
*
25. For the function () = !, show that there is no stationary point for all .
End of Homework

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HSC Mathematics

T: (02) 8007 6824

HSC Mathematics (2U)

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

Stationary Point and Turning Point:

(NOTE: The stationary point of inflexion will be discussed in later sections).

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

First Derivative: Maximum and Minimum Points:

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

= 4 is a minimum point and = 2 is a maximum point.

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

2. For the function () = 3  + 6 1,

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

6. For the function () =  ,

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

9. For the function () = 2  + 3  12,

10. Show that () = ! is decreasing for all x except = 0.

11. Show that () = ! is increasing for all x except = 3.

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HSC Mathematics (2U)

a) Show that there are stationary points at = 0, 1 . .

22. The function  =  + 3 has a stationary point at = 1, find the value of .

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2. For the function () = 3 + 6 1,

6. For the function () = ,

9. For the function () = 2 + 3 12,

10. Show that () = ! is decreasing for all x except = 0.

11. Show that () = ! is increasing for all x except = 3.

a) Show that there are stationary points at = 0, 1 . .

22. The function = + 3 has a stationary point at = 1, find the value of .