FIBER OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION
Fiber optical communication (FOC) have been the most
exciting, and probably the most challenging, aspects of modern
system. Fibers differ from other communication method because
they offer many benefit, low cost, enormous bandwidth, very small
attenuation, low weight and size, and they are best for security
against external interference. So fibers need much little space and
they so flexible that can be used in places that other conventional
cable cannot occupy.
The main component of FOC system is typically, a modulator
and light source, the fiber, coupler and switches, repeaters,
receiver and decoder logic. With regard to the fiber, much higher
bit rates and longer distances between repeater are now available
cause of pulse broadening, low loss fiber can be manufactures on
a production basis and material dispersion is reduced by shifting
the wavelength band of minimal to overlap with the band of
minimum attenuation.

OPTICAL FIBER
An optical fiber is a dielectric wave-guide that is normally
used to transmit light energy from anoe points to another points.
The normal fibers are cylindrical in shape and consist of three
parts:
An inner core
A core surrounding cladding
An outside buffer coating

Cladding

Core

Buffer Coating

Picture of a single optical fiber

The coating are used to protect, isolated and strengthens the

fiber. The wave guiding properties of the fiber are primarily
determined by the core and cladding. The light guiding properties
of a fiber can be explained in terms of a fundamental optical
parameter n known as the index of refraction of a medium. The
relation is

Where by:
C
=
V
=

speed of light in free space

speed of light in a mediums optical

index of refraction

The range values of n are 1.0 for air and 1.5 for glass where
the refractive index usually varies with wavelength. The index of
refraction n1 of the core is greater then the index of refraction n 2 of
the cladding. The boundary between the cladding and the core
acts as a reflecting surface to the transmitted light. Fibers of quality
are used for communication, but the distances are the problem.
Much attention to ensure that the lowest attenuation possible get.

STEP INDEX FIBER

Light can move to a fiber wave-guide consisting of an inner
dielectric, of refractive index n1 and an outer cladding of refractive
index n2, if n1 is slightly larger than n2. Outside the fiber, the airs
are assumed to have a refractive index n0.
So, by the law of refraction,
n0sin0 = n1sin1 = n1sin2
At the core-cladding boundary
n1sin2 = n2sin3
n0

n2
n1

Path Of Meridional Ray In Fiber

GRADED INDEX FIBER

The effect of mode dispersion can be minimized, by using

graded profile of the shape in next figure. The difference between
theory ang practice is that it is very difficult to produce the exact
profile required, and the effect of a slight derive from it is marked.
Far more it is difficult to produce the fiber to conform to theory, but
there is bound to be some variation of with length and this will
allow dispersion to occur, with a consequent reduction bandwidth.

Refractive
Index

n1

Core

cladding

Ideal graded profile to minimize mode dispersion

The graded index changes the paths followed by the waves
traveling down the fiber. In term of ray-theory, the path is sinusoidal
in shape, with the light traveling more quickly at the core-cladding
boundary than in the center of the guide, where the refractive is at
a maximum.
The effectiveness of a particular profile on reducing the
mode dispersion is also a function of wavelength, so it is possible
to reduce the dispersion in a fiber by operating it at its most
valuables wavelength

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: APPLICATION AND PROBLEM

There are also some noises to be considering in fiber

communication. The most important noise sources related
exclusively to the photo detector are the quantum noise associated
with the generation of photo carriers, the dark current noise and
the avalanche gain or excess-gain noise. Another source of noise,
surface leakage noise, can be controlled by careful design and
fabrication. Both quantum and dark current noise are often
modeled as shot noise processes.
There also many applications of optical fiber systems, and
the most we known is long distance telephony. In the mid-1960s, it
is known that the coaxial cable would not the best medium to
makes the telephony systems grows bigger. This consideration
made by referring to attractive alternative and over mode circular
wave-guide. Optical fiber were also interesting, but their high loss
made them unable to challenge coaxial cable. Maybe next
millennium the considerable amount of research into the material
and equipment aspects of fiber production began to be successful
and the attenuation fell rapidly.
The type of frequency required new emitters and detector.
Silicon detector had been clearly the best performer at the shorter
wavelength. The type of emitter used will depend on the
application. The almost linear output versus drive relationship of an
LED makes it particularly attractive. It is also the obvious choice for
low speed, low cost digital systems, by using step index fiber,
which has a large value of NA.
The length of an optical fiber system will not limited to curtain
media, it can achieve without intermediate amplification. In digital
system, regenerators will be required at intervals. Regenerators
introduce additional problem for the manufacturer. Supply voltage
must be provided and since regenerators are often placed in
remote locations, the supply has to be fed along the optical cable.

SUMMARY

One of the most significant events UN communication

technologies in the last quarter of the twentieth century is the
development of fiber optical communication. Some elementary
estimates of the information handling capacity of single mode fiber
based on intersymbol interference and discussed optimum
detection strategies when optical signal with Poisson statistic.
Coupled with digital representation of signal and integrated
circuit of density and complexity, optical fiber system are
transforming the aspiration of communication engineers, and
encouraging a tremendous upsurge of innovation. In fact, for the
first time in the history of telecommunication, we have more
capacity and flexibility than we can use for any system presently
come to mind.