FSMS Concrete2 Calculation

Simplified calculation methods
following the EN 1992-1-2 standard

Patrick Bamonte
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - DICA
Politecnico di Milano
Introduction
many civil structures of great importance are at risk of fire
the development of fire and the consequent rise of
temperature brings in two harmful effects:
I
I
decay of stiffness and strength of the building materials

thermal dilations of the structural members
these circumstances oblige the designer to take into due

account the possibility of a fire event when evaluating the
bearing capacity
EN 1992-1-2 (EC2 Fire Design)
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
Introduction
2 / 55
Some examples
New York (USA), WTC, September 2001:

structural collapse due to a variety of factors
Introduction
3 / 55
Some examples
Gretzenbach (Switzerland), underground parking,

November 2004: collapse due to punching
Introduction
4 / 55
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
General
Basis of design
Material properties
Design procedures
Tabulated data
High strength concrete (HSC)
Annexes
Introduction
5 / 55
General requirements
Structural elements can be checked in terms of their

separating function: E criterion (integrity) or I criterion
(insulation)
bearing capacity: R criterion
the combination of the three criteria: REI
In the following reference will be made only to the control of the
bearing capacity (R criterion).
Basis of design
6 / 55
Design values of material properties

The design values of the material properties (fk or Ek ) can be
determined as follows:
Xd,fi = k Xk /M,fi
where
Xk is the characteristic value of a strength or deformation
property
k is the reduction factor dependent on the material
temperature
M,fi is the partial safety factor for the relevant material
property (recommended value = 1)
Basis of design
7 / 55
Thermal and physical properties at elevated

temperatures
The design thermal properties ( and c) can be determined as
follows:
Xd,fi = Xk, /M,fi
Xd,fi = M,fi Xk,
if an increase in Xk, is favourable

if an increase in Xk, is unfavourable
where
Xk, is the characteristic value of the property
M,fi is the same coefficient used for the mechanical
properties
Basis of design
8 / 55
Safety verification
The verification of the safety in terms of bearing capacity, at any
given fire duration t, can be written as follows:
Ed,fi Rd,t,fi
where
Ed,fi is the design effect of actions for the fire situation,
determined in accordance with EN 1991-1-2, including
effects of thermal expansions and deformations
Rd,t,fi is the corresponding design resistance in the fire
situation
Basis of design
9 / 55
Design actions
Actions acting on the structure in fire condition can be
determined as follows:
summing the permanent loads Gk and the variable loads
Qk,i amplified with the combination coefficients 1,1 and 1,2
reducing the combination at ambient temperature using
coefficient fi :
Ed,fi = fi Ed
where fi =
Gk + fi Qk,1
G Gk + Q,1 Qk,1
where Ed are the actions at ambient temeprature and fi is

the coefficient for a frequent combination.
Basis of design
10 / 55
Design actions
civil
buildings
0.8
railroad
bridges*
0.7
1,1 = 0.9
0.6
0.7
fi 0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
storage
building*
0.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Qk,1 / Gk
reduction coefficient fi for G = 1.35 and Q = 1.5

Basis of design
11 / 55
Concrete
The behaviour of concrete in compression is represented by
means of a temperature-dependent stress-strain diagram, which
depends on
peak stress fc,
deformation at the peak stress c1,
deformation at ultimate cu,
The variation of these characteristics depends only upon the
type of aggregate in the concrete (siliceous or calcareous); no
provisions are given for light-weight concrete.
Mechanical properties
12 / 55
Concrete
Sargin
P-R
Fire Design
c / fc
1.0
cubic softening branch

0.8
0.6
linear softening branch

0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
c []
comparison between different - diagrams for concrete

13 / 55
Concrete
1.2
calcareous aggregate
1.0
fc, / fck
0.8
0.6
0.4
siliceous aggregate
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
compressive strength decay for concrete

14 / 55
Concrete
1.2
1.0
EN 1992-1-2
fc / fc20
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
temperature [C]
experimental strength decay for different concretes

15 / 55
Concrete
50
c1, , cu, []
40
cu,
30
c1,
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
peak and ultimate deformation of concrete as a function of

temperature
16 / 55
Concrete
c / fc
T = 20 C
1.0
T = 200 C
0.8
T = 400 C
0.6
T = 600 C
0.4
0.2
T = 800 C
T = 1000 C
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
c []
temperature-dependent stress-strain curves

17 / 55
Concrete
The tensile strength, where applicable (e.g. shear strength of
UNREINFORCED members), can be reduced by means of a
linear decay law:
fck ,t () = kck,t () fck ,t
where
kck ,t () = 1.0
for
20C 100C
100
kck ,t () = 1.0
500
for
100C 600C
Beyond 600C no tensile stresses are allowed.

18 / 55
Concrete
1.2
fctk, / fctk
1.0
0.8
kck,t()
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
temperature [C]
tensile strength decay for concrete

19 / 55
Reinforcing steel
The behaviour of reinforcing steel can be determined on the
basis of three parameters:
elastic modulus Es,
proportional limit fsp,
maximum stress level fsy,
The decay of the parameters is different depending on
the ductility class (X or N)
the production process (hot rolled or cold worked)
20 / 55
Reinforcing steel
1.2
class N
class X
1.0
hot rolled
fsy, / fyk
0.8
0.6
0.4
cold worked
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
decay of the maximum stress for reinforcing steel

21 / 55
Prestressing steel
The behaviour of prestressing steel can be determined on the
basis of five parameters:
elastic modulus Ep,
proportional limit fpp,
peak stress fpy,
deformation at peak stress pt, and at ultimate pu,
The decay of the parameters is different depending on the
production process.
22 / 55
Prestressing steel
1.2
fpy, / (0.9fpk)
1.0
quenched and tempered

(bars)
0.8
0.6
0.4
cold worked
(wires and strands)
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
decay of the maximum stress for prestressing steel

23 / 55
Calculation methods
Different calculation methods are allowed by the standard. They
are characterized by an increasing computational effort and thus
by an increasing degree of accuracy:
tabulated data
simplified calculation methods for specific structural
elements
advanced calculation methods, to simulate the behaviour of
I
I
I
structural elements
parts of the structure
the entire structure
Specific provisions are given for particular phenomena, such as

explosive spalling, the falling-off of concrete chips and
discontinuity zones.
Calculation methods
24 / 55
Tabulated data
The tabulated data have been developed on an empirical basis
confirmed by experience and theoretical evaluation of tests. The
main assumptions are:
standard fire of limited duration (t 240)
concrete density between 2000 and 2600 kg/m3
siliceous aggregate
The tables can be used also for other types of concrete
(calcareous or light-weight); using tabulated data also allows a
proper control of spalling.
Tabulated data
25 / 55
First example: square column

civil builiding
fire exposure on all sides
Qk1 /Gk = 0.3 fi = 0.7
axial force at ambient temperature: NSd = 560 kN
fcd = fck = 30 MPa, fyd = fyk = 500 MPa
pinned
h = 3.00 m
30 x 30 cm
4 bars 16 mm
net cover 30 mm
pinned
Tabulated data
26 / 55
Calculation of NRd at 20C

Design concrete strength:
fcd = 0.85
fck
fsk
= 19 MPa fsd =
= 435 MPa
c
s
Bearing capacity in pure compression:

NRd = fcd Ac + fsd As = 19 90000 + 435 804 = 1784 kN
Safety verification at 20C:
NRd = 1784 kN NSd = 560 kN
Tabulated data
27 / 55
Method A
the axial force in fire conditions is evaluated:
NSd,fi = fi NSd = 0.7 560 = 393 kN
the ratio fi between NSd,fi and NRd is evaluated:
fi = NSd,fi /NRd = 0.22
the minimum dimensions of the structural element are taken
from the tables, or, in our case, the R-class:
fi 0.20, bmin = 300 mm, a = 38 mm
Tabulated data
R 90
28 / 55
Method A
determination of the R-class of the element using Table 5.2a

(applicable for rectangular and circular columns)
Tabulated data
29 / 55
Method B
the load level n in fire condition is evaluated:
n=
NEd,fi
= 0.31
0.7 (fcd Ac + fsd As )
the mechanical reinforcement ratio is evaluated:

=
As fsd
= 0.24
Ac fcd
the minimum dimensions of the structural element (or the

R-class) are taken from the tables:
n = 0.31, = 0.24
Tabulated data
R 90
30 / 55
Method B
Standard fi re
resistance
1
Mec hanic al
reinforce ment
ratio
2
3
Minimum dimensions (mm). Colu mn width bmin/axis distanc e a

n = 0,15
n = 0 ,3
n = 0,5
5
n = 0,7
6
R 30
0,100
0,500
1,000
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
200/3 0:2 50/25* 300/3 0:3 50/25*

200/3 0:2 50/25*
150/2 5*
200/3 0:3 00/25*
150/2 5*
R 60
0,100
0,500
1,000
150/3 0:2 00/25*

150/2 5*
150/2 5*
200/4 0:3 00/25*

150/3 5:2 00/25*
150/3 0:2 00/25*
500/2 5*
300/4 0:5 00/25*
250/3 5:3 50/25* 350/4 0:5 50/25*
200/4 0:4 00/25* 300/5 0:6 00/30
R9 0
0,100
0,500
1,000
200/4 0:2 50/25*

150/3 5:2 00/25*
200/2 5*
300/4 0:4 00/25*

200/4 5:3 00/25*
200/4 0:3 00/25*
500/5 0:5 50/25* 550/4 0:6 00/25*

300/4 5:5 50/25* 500/5 0:6 00/40
250/4 0:5 50/25* 500/5 0:6 00/45
R 1 20
0,100
0,500
1,000
250/5 0:3 50/25*

200/4 5:3 00/25*
200/4 0:2 50/25*
400/5 0:5 50/25*

300/4 5:5 50/25*
250/5 0:4 00/25*
550/6 0:6 00/45

550/2 5*
450/5 0:6 00/25* 500/6 0:6 00/50
600/6 0
450/4 5:6 00/30
R 1 80
0,100
0,500
1,000
400/5 0:5 00/25*

300/4 5:4 50/25*
300/3 5:4 00/25*
500/6 0:5 50/25*

450/5 0:6 00/25*
450/5 0:5 50/25*
550/6 0:6 00/30

500/6 0:6 00/50
500/6 0:6 00/45
(1)
600/7 5
(1)
600/7 5
600/7 0
600/6 0
(1)
(1)
(1)
500/6 0:5 50/25* 550/4 0:6 00/25*

0,100
450/4 5:5 00/25* 550/5 5:6 00/25*
0,500
400/4 5:5 00/25* 500/4 0:6 00/30
1,000
* Normall y the co ver re quired by EN 1992-1-1 will control.
R 2 40
determination of the R-class of the element using Table 5.2b

(applicable for rectangular and circular columns)
Tabulated data
31 / 55
Other elements
Tabulated data are available for other elements:
load-bearing walls
flat and ribbed slabs (continuous or simply-supported)
beams (continuous or simply-supported)
non load-bearing walls
For the first two elements, which are bidimensional, the tables
specify the REI-class; for beams only the parameter R is
specified, whereas for non load-bearing walls the EI-class is
given.
Tabulated data
32 / 55
The 500C isotherm method

This is a very popular and simple method (also called swedish
method), based on the following assumptions:
standard fire curve (or equivalent)
dimensions greater than a minimum
reduction of the effective section:
I
I
concrete with 500C has fc = 0

the decay of the steel strength is explicitly evaluated, on the
basis of the temperature
33 / 55

y
effective section
500C
T
T = T(x=0, y, t)
fc
fc = fc (20C)
representation of the 500C isotherm method

34 / 55

The calculation procedure can be summarized as follows:
the position of the 500C isotherm on the section is worked
out
the width bfi and the effective depth dfi of the reduced (or
effective) section (enveloped by the 500C isotherm) are
worked out
the temperature si of each rebar is worked out
the decay ks (si ) of the strength of each rebar is worked out
the bearing capacity is evaluated, by means of the usual
calculation procedures
It is worth noting that all bars can be taken into account, also
those falling outside the effective section.
35 / 55
Decay of the reinforcing steel

1.2
1.0
fsy, / fyk
0.8
s,fi > 2%
s,fi < 2%
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
decay of the reinforcing steel in simplified methods

36 / 55
Worked-out example
beam in pure bending (no axial force and shear)
three sides exposed to the fire
fcd = fck = 25 MPa, fyd = fyk = 500 MPa
300
450
400
16 mm bars
30
240
30
37 / 55
Evaluation of MRd at 0 (20C)

The calculation is performed under the assumption that
concrete has reached its ultimate strain cu = 3.5
all the rebars are yielded (si = fyk )
b
cu
C
x
d2 = d3
d1
MRd
As1
s1
s2
T1
T2
As3
As2
38 / 55
Evaluation of MRd at 0 (20C)

total compression and tension:
C = 0.8fck bx
e T =
3
X
fyki Asi
equilibrium in the horizontal direction:

P3
fyki Asi
T =C x = 1
= 50 mm
0.8fck b
rotation equilibrium with respect to the centroid of the
compression zone:
MRd =
3
X
fyki Asi (di 0.4x) = 206 kNm
1
39 / 55
Reduced section at 60 fire duration

Reference is made to the thermal profiles of the standard for
t = 60 and rectangular section 300 600. . .
bfi = 260 mm
T = 420C, fyk1 = 480 MPa

T = 520C, fyk2 = 365 MPa
T < 400C, fyk3 = 500 MPa
40 / 55
Evaluation of MRd at 60 fire duration

C = 0.8fck bfi x
e T =
3
X
fyki Asi

P3
fyki Asi
T =C x = 1
= 52 mm
0.8fck bfi
compression zone:
MRd =
3
X
1
41 / 55

The thermal profiles t = 120 lead to hgiher temperatures in the
rebars, and thus to lower values of the yield strength.
bfi = 220 mm
T = 630C, fyk1 = 200 MPa

T = 740C, fyk2 = 90 MPa
T = 450C, fyk3 = 440 MPa
42 / 55
Evaluation of MRd at 120 fire duration

C = 0.8fck bfi x
e T =
3
X
fyki Asi

P3
fyki Asi
T =C x = 1
= 33 mm
0.8fck bfi
compression zone:
MRd =
3
X
1
43 / 55
Worked-out example
The geometry is modified, by reducing the concrete cover:
300
450
400
100
16 mm bars
75
150
75
44 / 55

bfi = 260 mm
T < 400C, fyk1 = 500 MPa

T < 400C, fyk2 = 500 MPa
T < 400C, fyk3 = 500 MPa
The calculation of the resisting moment yields MRd = 206 kNm

(= MRd at 0).
45 / 55
Comparisons
1.2
100%
MRd,t / MRd,0
1.0
80%
87%
0.8
0.6
42%
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
time [min]
The increase of the concrete cover has beneficial effects,

because of the enhanced protection for the rebars.
46 / 55
Role of the steel

MRd,t / MRd,0 , fym,t / fym,0
1.2
MRd,t / MRd,0
fym,t / fym,0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
time [min]
The reduction of MRd is due solely to the steel, when the

behaviour is governed by steel yielding.
47 / 55
The zone method

This method, also called Hertz method, is based on the
following assumptions:
the section is divided in several zones, parallel to the
isothermal lines
the damage of the superficial zone is evaluated, on the
basis of the average temperatures of the different zones
the reduced section is identified
the usual procedures are applied to the reduced section
48 / 55
The zone method

wall
slab
rectangular beam
T-beam
typical zones for common elements
49 / 55
Temperatures at 60 fire duration

The average temperature is evaluated in the different zones
(here there are 15), that are taken parallel to the isothermal lines
in the compressed part of the section:
4-5 cm: Tm = 78C

9-10 cm: Tm = 220C
14-15 cm: Tm = 760C
50 / 55
Damage of the concrete

The damage of the superficial layers of concrete is evaluated,
on the basis of the temperatures.
temperature [C]
1000
1.2
kc(60)
800
kc(120)
600
1.0
0.8
0.6
400
0.4
T(120)
200
T(60)
0
0.2
0.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
cm
51 / 55
Evaluation of the reduced section

The average damage is evaluated:
n
kcm
(1 0.2/n) X
=
kc (i )
n
i=1
The reduced width is calculated:

kcm
az = w 1
kc (M )
where M is usually on the axis of simmetry.
52 / 55
Reduced section
The reduced width, as a function of time, can be plotted:
effective width [cm]
35
30
500C isotherm method
25
zone method
20
15
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
time [min]
53 / 55
Another simplified method
In Appendix E a third method is proposed:

it applies to elements with distrinuted loads, designed by
means of linear elastic calculation without or with limited
redistributio
it can be applied whenever the tabulated data are not
applicable
the steel decay is evaluated as given before
54 / 55
Simply-supported beams and slabs

The verification requires that:
MEd,fi MRd,fi
The acting moment MEd,fi is calculated as
2
/8
MEd,fi = wEd,fi leff
The internal moment MRd,fi is evaluated as

MRd,fi = (s /s,fi ) ks () MEd (As,prov /As,req )
MEd is the moment acting on the section at 20C
As,prov is the total area of steel
As,req is the minimum area required at room temperature
55 / 55

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FSMS Concrete2 Calculation

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Simplified calculation methods

following the EN 1992-1-2 standard

decay of stiffness and strength of the building materials

these circumstances oblige the designer to take into due

EN 1992-1-2 (EC2 Fire Design)

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

New York (USA), WTC, September 2001:

Gretzenbach (Switzerland), underground parking,

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

Structural elements can be checked in terms of their

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

Design values of material properties

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

Thermal and physical properties at elevated

if an increase in Xk, is favourable

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

where Ed are the actions at ambient temeprature and fi is

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

reduction coefficient fi for G = 1.35 and Q = 1.5

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

cubic softening branch

linear softening branch

comparison between different - diagrams for concrete

compressive strength decay for concrete

experimental strength decay for different concretes

peak and ultimate deformation of concrete as a function of

temperature-dependent stress-strain curves

Beyond 600C no tensile stresses are allowed.

tensile strength decay for concrete

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

decay of the maximum stress for reinforcing steel

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

quenched and tempered

decay of the maximum stress for prestressing steel

Specific provisions are given for particular phenomena, such as

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

First example: square column

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

Calculation of NRd at 20C

Bearing capacity in pure compression:

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

determination of the R-class of the element using Table 5.2a

the mechanical reinforcement ratio is evaluated:

the minimum dimensions of the structural element (or the

The EN 1992-1-2 standard

Minimum dimensions (mm). Colu mn width bmin/axis distanc e a

200/3 0:2 50/25* 300/3 0:3 50/25*

150/3 0:2 00/25*

200/4 0:3 00/25*

200/4 0:2 50/25*

300/4 0:4 00/25*

500/5 0:5 50/25* 550/4 0:6 00/25*

250/5 0:3 50/25*

400/5 0:5 50/25*

550/6 0:6 00/45

400/5 0:5 00/25*

500/6 0:5 50/25*

550/6 0:6 00/30

500/6 0:5 50/25* 550/4 0:6 00/25*

determination of the R-class of the element using Table 5.2b

The EN 1992-1-2 standard