Actas Proceedings Energy Efficiency and Historic Buldings1

LPEZ, M.; YEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELL, L., (Coord.).
Actas del Congreso Internacional

de Eficiencia Energtica y Edificacin Histrica / Proceedings of the International Conference on
Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings (Madrid, 29-30 Sep. 2014). Madrid: Fundacin de Casas
Histricas y Singulares y Fundacin Ars Civilis, 2014. ISBN: 978-84-617-3440-5
Edited by
Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares
Fundacin Ars Civilis
Coordinated by
Mnica Lpez Snchez. Fundacin Ars Civilis
Ana Yez Vega. Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares
Sofia Gomes da Costa. Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares
Lourdes Avell Delgado. Fundacin Ars Civilis
Copyright
2014. Texts: the respective authors (or their employers); Proceedings: the coordinators and editors.
International Conference
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS
MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
Table of contents
PRESENTACIN ............................................................................................................... - 11 Eficiencia energtica y edificacin histrica: un reto del presente..................................... - 13 Cristina Gutirrez-Cortines y Mnica Lpez Snchez. Fundacin Ars Civilis
Eficiencia energtica y edificacin histrica: un reto del futuro ........................................ - 14 Ana Yez Vega. Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares
Committees .................................................................................................................... - 15 Programme..................................................................................................................... - 16 -
Governance, management, participation and mediation..........................................- 21 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION FOR WORLD HERITAGE MANAGEMENT ............................ - 22 RONCHINI, C.; POLETTO, D.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND URBAN RENEWAL OF A UNESCO-LISTED HISTORICAL

CENTER: THE CASE OF PORTO .......................................................................................... - 38 SANTOS, .; VALENA, P.; SEQUEIRA, J.
HISTORICAL HERITAGE: FROM ENERGY CONSUMER TO ENERGY PRODUCER. THE CASE

STUDY OF THE ALBERGO DEI POVERI OF GENOA, ITALY .................................................. - 45 FRANCO, G.; GUERRINI, M.; CARTESEGNA, M.
IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC CORNISH BUILDINGS GRANT

FUNDING, MONITORING AND GUIDANCE ........................................................................ - 61 RICHARDS, A.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDINGS WITH HERITAGE VALUES: REFLECTION,

CONFLICTS AND SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................ - 75 GIANCOLA, E.; HERAS, M. R.
PROPUESTA METODOLGICA PARA LA REHABILITACIN SOSTENIBLE DEL

PATRIMONIO CONTEXTUAL EDIFICADO. EL CASO DEL CENTRO HISTRICO DE LA
CIUDAD DE MRIDA, YUCATN / Methodological proposal for the sustainable
rehabilitation of context heritage building. The case of the historic downtown of
Merida, Yucatan ............................................................................................................. - 82 MEDINA, K.; RODRGUEZ, A.; CERN, I.
More contents on http://energyheritage.wordpress.com/
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Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts, techniques, practices, uses,

materials, methodologies ........................................................................................- 99 SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND
BEST PRACTICE.............................................................................................................. - 100 HEATH, N.
EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA Y VALORES PATRIMONIALES. LECCIONES DE UNA

INVESTIGACIN Y UN SEMINARIO / Energy efficiency and heritage values. Lessons of
a Research and a Seminar ............................................................................................. - 110 GONZLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.
ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS.

THE CASE STUDY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA .......................................................... - 118 LUCCHI, E.; GAREGNANI, G.; MATURI, L.; MOSER, D.
HISTORIC BUILDING ENERGY ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES ..... - 135 SOUTULLO, S.; ENRIQUEZ, R.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. R.
DESIGN OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A WALL-HEATED

CHURCH: SANTA MARIA ODIGITRIA IN ROME................................................................. - 145 MANFREDI, C.; FRATERNALI, D.; ALBERICI, A.
EXEMPLARY ENERGETICAL REFURBISHMENT OF THE GERMAN ACADEMY IN ROME

"VILLA MASSIMO" ........................................................................................................ - 160 ENDRES, E.; SANTUCCI, D.
SISTEMA MVIL INTEGRADO PARA LA REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS:

LSER 3D, TERMOGRAFA, FOTOGRAFA, SENSORES AMBIENTALES Y BIM / Integrated
mobile system for building energy rehabilitation: 3D laser, termography, fotography,
environmental sensors and BIM .................................................................................... - 169 SNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.; FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.; ROCA BERNRDEZ, D.; ARMESTO GONZLEZ, J.;
DAZ VILARIO, L.; LAGELA LPEZ, S.; RODRGUEZ VIJANDA, M.; NEZ SUREZ, J.; MARTNEZ
GMEZ, R.
CONSECUENCIAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y ENERGTICAS DE UNA MALA PRCTICA.

ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS / Energy and constructive consequences of a bad
practice. Skinned architectures ..................................................................................... - 186 DE LUXN GARCA DE DIEGO, M.; GMEZ MUOZ, G.; BARBERO BARRERA, M.; ROMN LPEZ,
E.
EL BIENESTAR TRMICO MS ALL DE LAS EXIGENCIAS NORMATIVAS. DOS CASOS.

DOS ENFOQUES / Thermal comfort beyond legislation. Two examples. Two
approaches ................................................................................................................... - 201 DOTOR, A.; ONECHA, B.; GONZLEZ, J. L.
LA MONITORIZACIN Y SIMULACIN HIGROTRMICA COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA

MEJORA DEL CONFORT, PRESERVACIN Y AHORRO ENERGTICO DE ESPACIOS
PATRIMONIALES. EL CASO DE LA IGLESIA DE SAN FRANCISCO DE ASIS, MORN DE LA
FRONTERA / Measurement and hygrothermal simulation model, a tool to enhance
thermal comfort, preservation and saving energy of heritage site. Case study: the
church of San Francisco of Ass in Morn de la Frontera ................................................. - 210 MUOZ, C.; LEN, A.; NAVARRO, J.
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TERESE3: HERRAMIENTA INFORMTICA PARA LA EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA MEDIANTE

LA SIMULACIN CALIBRADA DE EDIFICIOS / TERESE3: informatic tool for the energetic
efficiency through the calibrated simulation of buildings ............................................... - 226 GRANADA, E.; EGUA, P.; MARTNEZ, R.; NEZ, J.; RODRGUEZ, M.
EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA Y ANLISIS TRMICO PARA SISTEMAS DE AIRE

CENTRALIZADO: UN CASO DE ESTUDIO / Energy Efficiency and thermal analysis for
centralized air heating systems: a case study ................................................................. - 238 MARTNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.; GOMEZ-HERAS, M.; FORT, R.; VARAS-MURIEL, M. J.
ANALISIS ENERGETICO DEL MUSEO DE HISTORIA DE VALENCIA MEDIANTE DISTINTAS

HERRAMIENTAS DE SIMULACIN / Energy assessment of the History Museum of
Valencia using various simulation tools ......................................................................... - 249 TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.
APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR PASIVO EN LA RETCULA URBANA DE LA CIUDAD

HISTRICA. EL CASO DE CDIZ / Passive solar gains in the urban grid of the historic
city. The case study of Cadiz .......................................................................................... - 257 SNCHEZ-MONTAS, B.; RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.; PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A.
TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER

STATION IN ITALY ......................................................................................................... - 275 PRETELLI, M.; FABBRI, K.
ANALISIS ENERGTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE UNA CASA EN REQUENA

MEDIANTE PROGRAMAS DE SIMULACIN / Energy analysis and improvement
proposal of a house in Requena (Spain) using simulation software ................................. - 281 TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.
UNA REVISIN DE PUBLICACIONES EN EDIFICIOS DESDE EL ASPECTO ENERGTICO / A

review of papers in buildings from the energetic perspective ......................................... - 292 TORT-AUSINA, I.; MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.; VIVANCOS, J.L.
MORTEROS MIXTOS DE CAL Y CEMENTO CON CARACTERSTICAS TRMICAS Y

ACSTICAS MEJORADAS PARA REHABILITACIN / Lime-cement mixture with
improved thermal and acoustic characteristics for rehabilitation ................................... - 303 PALOMAR, I.; BARLUENGA, G.; PUENTES, J.
NEAR ZERO ENERGY HISTORIC BUILDING. TOOLS AND CRITERIA FOR ECOCOMPATIBLE
AND ECOEFFICIENT CONSERVATION .............................................................................. - 318 BAIANI, S.
INTEGRANDO RENOVABLES EN LA CIUDAD HEREDADA: GEOTERMIA URBANA /

Integrating renewable in the inherited city: urban geothermal....................................... - 329 SACRISTN DE MIGUEL, M. J.
ANLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA DE UN EDIFICIO

HISTRICO DE CARTAGENA: ANTIGUO PALACIO DEL MARQUS DE CASA-TILLY /
Analysis and proposals for improving the energy efficiency of a historical building in
Cartagena: the former Palace of the Marquis of Casa-Tilly ............................................. - 344 COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.; MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C.
REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS DE VIVIENDAS BAJO EL PLAN ESPECIAL DE

PROTECCIN DEL PATRIMONIO URBANSTICO CONSTRUIDO EN DONOSTIA-SAN
SEBASTIN / Building energy retrofit of dwellings under the special plan of urban
built heritage protection in Donostia-San Sebastian ....................................................... - 357 -
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MARTN, A.; MILLN, J. A.; HIDALGO, J. M.; IRIBAR, E.
IS TEMPERIERUNG ENERGY EFFICIENT? THE APPLICATION OF AN OLD-NEW HEATING

SYSTEM TO HERITAGE BUILDINGS ................................................................................. - 366 DEL CURTO, D.; LUCIANI, A.; MANFREDI, C.; VALISI, L.
TERMOGRAFA INFRARROJA Y EDIFICIOS HISTRICOS.................................................... - 380 MELGOSA, S.
SIMULATION MODEL CALIBRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL USE HISTORIC

BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................... - 388 ENRQUEZ, R.; JIMNEZ, M.J.; HERAS, M.R.
THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE

HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCES IN PALERMO .................................................... - 397 GENOVA, E.; FATTA, G.
ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY AND

BIOMASS OF THE CEDER RENOVATED BUILDING ............................................................ - 407 DAZ ANGULO, J. A.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. H.
Legal and technical regulation and historic buildings ............................................. - 419 OLD BUILDING, NEW BOILERS: THE FUTURE OF HERITAGE IN AN ERA OF ENERGY
EFFICIENCY ................................................................................................................... - 420 JANS, E.; ICOMOS, M.; KOPIEVSKY, S.; AIRHA, M.
HISTORIC WINDOWS: CONSERVATION OR REPLACEMENT. WHAT'S THE MOST

SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION? LEGISLATIVE SITUATION, CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT
RESEARCHES ................................................................................................................. - 432 PRACCHI, V.; RAT, N.; VERZEROLI, A.
ENERGY RETROFIT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING IN A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE: AN

INTEGRATED COST OPTIMALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT............................ - 450 TADEU, S.; RODRIGUES, C.; TADEU, A.; FREIRE, F.; SIMES, N.
PARQUE EDIFICADO O PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO: LA PROTECCIN FRENTE A LA

INTERVENCIN ENERGTICA. EL CASO DEL BARRIO DE GROS DE SAN SEBASTIN /
Built Park or Built Heritage: Protection against energy intervention. The case of Gros
district of San Sebastian ................................................................................................ - 464 URANGA, E. J.; ETXEPARE, L.
SIMULTANEOUS HERITAGE COMFORT INDEX (SHCI): QUICK SCAN AIMED AT THE

SIMULTANEOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT EVALUATION FOR PEOPLE AND
ARTWORKS IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS ............................................................................. - 478 LITTI, G.; FABBRI, K.; AUDENAERT, A.; BRAET, J.
PROBLEMTICA DE LA POSIBLE CERTIFICACIN ENERGTICA CON CE3X DEL

PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTNICO: EL CASO DEL ALMUDN DE VALENCIA / Difficulties
found in the possible energy certification of heritage by using the CE3X software: the
case of El Almudn of Valencia ....................................................................................... - 495 CUARTERO-CASAS, E.; TORT-AUSINA, I.; MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.; OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I.
PROTOCOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN

PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CASE STUDY OF POZUELO DE ALARCN MUNICIPALITY ................... - 506 RUBIO, A.; MACAS, M.; LUMBRERAS, J.
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Promotion, training, education .............................................................................. - 513 THE WORK OF THE SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS ALLIANCE AND AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDANCE WHEEL FOR RETROFIT ............................................. - 514 MAY, N.; RYE, C.; GRIFFITHS, N.
TRAINING OF EXPERTS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT AT THE FRAUNHOFER CENTRE FOR THE
ENERGY-SAVING RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDINGS AND THE PRESERVATION OF
MONUMENTS AT BENEDIKTBEUERN .............................................................................. - 528 KILIAN, R.; KRUS, M.
SPECIALIZED ENERGY CONSULTANTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE ............................ - 535 DE BOUW, M.; DUBOIS, S.; HERINCKX, S.; VANHELLEMONT, Y.
RENERPATH: METODOLOGA DE REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS

PATRIMONIALES / RENERPATH: Methodology for Energy Rehabilitation of Heritage
Buildings....................................................................................................................... - 543 PERN, J. R. ; MARTN LERONES, P.; BUJEDO, L. A.; OLMEDO, D.; SAMANIEGO, J.; GAUBO, F.;
FRECHOSO, F.; ZALAMA, E.; GMEZ-GARCA BERMEJO, J.; MARTN, D.; FRANCISCO, V.; CUNHA,
F.; BAIO, A.; XAVIER, G.; DOMNGUEZ, P.; GETINO, R.; SNCHEZ, J. C.; PASTOR, E.
LEVANTAMIENTOS ARQUITECTNICOS EN EL MEDIO RURAL / Architectural surveys in

rural areas .................................................................................................................... - 553 HIDALGO, J.M.; MILLN, J. A.; MARTN, A.; IRIBAR, E.; FLORES, I.; ZUBILLAGA, I.
AUTHORS INDEX .................................................................................................... - 567 -
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PRESENTACIN
En primer lugar y con carcter previo a abordar las diferentes cuestiones

planteadas en el Congreso Internacional Eficiencia Energtica y Edificacin
Histrica, la Fundacin Casas Histricas y Singulares y la Fundacin Ars
Civilis firmamos un convenio de colaboracin en mayo de 2013 que
estableca un marco de cooperacin entre las dos entidades, que
comparten una parte de sus objetivos y fines fundacionales y un inters
especfico por el ahorro energtico aplicado a elementos histricos, sean
estos ciudades o bienes concretos. En este contexto, decidimos
presentarnos a la convocatoria 2013 de ayudas para el fomento de la
cultura cientfica, tecnolgica y de la innovacin, de la Fundacin Espaola
para la Ciencia y la Tecnologa, con cuyo apoyo econmico y tcnico hemos
abordado la organizacin y celebracin de este Congreso Internacional.
Por consiguiente, el Congreso Internacional naci como una actuacin
de colaboracin entre entidades pblicas y privadas y con la intencin de
dar respuesta a uno de los retos de la sociedad espaola y europea para las
prximas dcadas, como es la adaptacin energtica y la generalizacin de
prcticas que permitan alcanzar los compromisos nacionales y europeos de
lucha contra el cambio climtico (Estrategia EU Horizonte 2020) y con l
pretendimos conseguir varios objetivos:
1) En el campo de la investigacin, establecer puntos de inters comn

entre los sectores implicados y difundir aquellos estudios de caso que,
tomando determinadas soluciones, mejoran la eficiencia energtica de
los inmuebles histricos preservando su carcter, valores y su
integridad histrica.
2) Revisar los criterios de buenas prcticas y reunir en un mismo espacio a
los agentes implicados en toda la cadena de la eficiencia energtica y
de la edificacin histrica (investigacin-mercado-usuario/cliente finalciudadana); y contribuir a asentar unas bases que permitan avanzar en
un terreno an por consolidar.
3) Establecer estrategias que permitan llevar a la prctica los criterios de
proteccin, habitabilidad y uso exigidos en las normativas actualmente
vigentes.
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Este Congreso se ha estructurado en cinco lneas temticas,

consideradas fundamentales para el establecimiento de esas bases que se
acaban de mencionar:
a) Gobernanza, gestin, mediacin y participacin (cmo tomar decisiones
y facilitar procesos).
b) Conocimiento tradicional y tecnolgico: conceptos, tcnicas, prcticas,
usos, materiales y metodologas (qu es lo que se puede hacer).
c) Regulacin normativa y tcnica y edificacin histrica (cmo relacionar
las imposiciones legales que afectan a los edificios histricos y las
medidas de ahorro energtico).
d) Formacin y difusin (dnde se forman los especialistas y cmo se
informa a la sociedad).
e) Mecanismos de financiacin (cmo reunir los recursos econmicos
necesarios).
En todas ellas se han presentado diferentes experiencias relevantes de
distintos pases para iniciar el anlisis, la discusin y el trabajo que ha
permitido llegar a criterios consensuados.
En el Congreso Internacional han participado profesionales de distintas
instituciones y disciplinas cientficas, con responsabilidad y relacionadas con
el Patrimonio histrico edificado, y ha sido un xito como podr verse en
los diferentes trabajos que tratamos de recoger en estas Actas.
Por ltimo, slo nos queda agradecer a la Fundacin Espaola para la
Ciencia y la Tecnologa su apoyo econmico y a todos los ponentes,
personas que han presentado comunicaciones y psters, as como a los
asistentes y entidades colaboradoras (portal Prefieres y Cetenma) su
compromiso con este tema y el haber hecho posible este proyecto.
Teresa Gonzlez-Camino Meade
Juan ngel Espaa Taln
Presidenta Fundacin Casas

Histricas y Singulares
Presidente Fundacin Ars Civilis
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Eficiencia energtica y edificacin histrica: un reto del

presente
La eficiencia energtica es un tema que lleva implcito una presencia marcada de investigacin
y aplicacin tecnolgicas. No obstante, al haberse convertido en una prioridad poltica, de manera
muy clara en el caso de la Unin Europea, sus implicaciones sociales hacen necesario un
tratamiento ms amplio y de mayor complejidad, que exige una visin holstica e integral de todas
las esferas que se van a ver afectadas por la aplicacin y desarrollo a corto plazo de esas polticas.
Sin embargo, si no se logra hacer de esa prioridad poltica una prioridad de la sociedad,
difcilmente podrn alcanzarse los objetivos perseguidos.
Nos encontramos en este momento, por tanto, ante un escenario europeo de apoyo claro a las
necesidades de adaptacin energtica, que incluye una normativa de obligado cumplimiento, al
tiempo que ante el problema global de cmo hacerlo con el extenso parque edificado histrico
existente en todas las ciudades europeas.
Como respuesta a ese reto, la Fundacin Ars Civilis viene trabajando en los ltimos aos
llevando a cabo una serie de actividades para dar visibilidad a ese desafo a la vez que presentar a
quienes son los responsables de la toma de decisiones el conocimiento que se est generando
desde la investigacin, los resultados y aplicaciones y productos testados, y las entidades y
ciudades que estn aportando soluciones y aplicando medidas e iniciativas exitosas, en algunos
casos con enfoques integrados e implicacin y dilogo entre los agentes implicados.
Nuestro mbito de actuacin se haba centrado hasta la fecha en las instituciones europeas en
Bruselas (concretamente en el Parlamento Europeo), con el proyecto del que ahora presentamos
las Actas nos propusimos generar un foro de debate que pudiera integrar a los diferentes perfiles
profesionales y mbitos de investigacin que trabajan sobre estos temas, al tiempo que a
gestores de diferentes entidades y administraciones privadas y pblicas y a otros entes
financiadores; todo ello, abierto a la participacin ciudadana y de la mano de los propios usuarios.
Un pilar de nuestra filosofa de trabajo es la visin integral, el enfoque sistmico, materializado
en este caso en los 5 bloques temticos que articulan el programa del Congreso. En un recorrido
desde lo concreto, o cmo mejorar la eficiencia energtica o el confort en un inmueble histrico,
hasta lo global, o cmo dar visibilidad y avanzar hacia modelos de ciudad ms equilibrada
energticamente que se proponen para el siglo XXI, y que se corresponden con las dinmicas
propias de las ciudades histricas adaptadas inteligentemente a las demandas de nuestro
momento.
Cristina Gutirrez-Cortines y Mnica Lpez Snchez. Fundacin Ars Civilis
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Eficiencia energtica y edificacin histrica: un reto del

futuro
En la actualidad, nuestra vida ha de afrontar, en todos sus mbitos, los retos de la
sostenibilidad. En la edificacin, ello se concreta en normativas sobre rehabilitacin, ahorro y
mejora energticas mediante la utilizacin de equipamientos y nuevos materiales y energas para
la calefaccin, iluminacin, ventilacin, acristalamiento, aislamientos, techumbres, etc. La
Directiva Europea 2010/31 sobre la eficiencia energtica en la edificacin, reconoce la excepcin
de los edificios histricos, definidos como particulares, y defiende, no la imposicin de una
normativa general, sino la promocin de intervenciones adaptadas a la naturaleza cultural de los
inmuebles histricos. La sostenibilidad energtica, tema muy actual pero poco tratado en el
mbito del Patrimonio Cultural, genera gran inters entre investigadores y usuarios porque aporta
beneficios medioambientales, as como posibilidades de ahorro y viabilidad econmica, mediante
la transferencia de conocimiento desde el mbito de la investigacin cientfica al de su aplicacin
prctica.
Las ciudades y edificios histricos de Europa tienen un papel fundamental en la vida y en la
economa de la ciudadana. Los inmuebles histricos son en realidad edificios vivos, residencias,
locales de trabajo y fuentes de rendimiento para los ciudadanos, que los sienten como propios.
Desde la Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares creemos que estos edificios pueden ser
sostenibles energticamente, siempre y cuando se respeten sus valores culturales, se eviten
intervenciones poco afortunadas e irreversibles y se siga la reglamentacin que les afecta en
entornos histricos protegidos.
La celebracin del Congreso Internacional Eficiencia Energtica y Edificacin Histrica ha
significado para nuestra entidad sobre todo poder compartir con los diferentes agentes
implicados que han participado en las sesiones y debates esta preocupacin por la necesidad de
acomodar, de una forma sostenible, la conservacin de los bienes culturales con la deseable
eficiencia energtica. Esta experiencia compartida nos ha permitido constatar que diversos grupos
de investigacin de diferentes pases estn trabajando para conseguir resultados efectivos en
elementos histricos y que, ms que una falta de trabajos, no existe la suficiente visibilidad para
que los estudios lleguen a la ciudadana, que requiere datos para afrontar cambios en la gestin
de los inmuebles histricos. Por ello, consideramos que la celebracin del Congreso Internacional
ha sido muy oportuna y entendemos que constituye una actuacin que sin duda tendr
continuidad en el tiempo.
Por ltimo, es una buena ocasin para agradecer el soporte constante y diario de los
miembros de la Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares, pues gracias a ellos podemos
desarrollar nuestro trabajo en la defensa del Patrimonio Cultural; tambin es un buen momento
para agradecer a nuestros miembros corporativos, la Fundacin Ramn Areces, la Fundacin
BBVA, la Fundacin Mapfre y Kalam, que se hayan unido a nosotros en esta labor de
mantenimiento de los bienes histricos.
Ana Yez Vega. Fundacin de Casas Histricas y Singulares
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Committees
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Cristina Gutirrez-Cortines. Chair of the Scientific Committee. Professor of History of Art.

Former Member of European Parliament. Vicepresident of Ars Civilis Foundation.
Mara del Rosario Heras Celemn. Head of the Energy Efficiency in Buildings Unit in CIEMAT
(Centre for Energetic, Environmental and Technological Researches).
Ralf Kilian. Fraunhofer of Fisic of the Construction IBP Institut.
Margarita de Luxn Garca de Diego. Professor at the Superior Technical School of

Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Madrid.
Jos Luis Gonzlez Moreno-Navarro. Professor of Architectural Construction at the

Polytechnic University of Catalonia.
Elena Lucchi. Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC).
Romn Fernandez-Baca. Director of the Andalusian Historical Heritage Institute.
ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE
Michle Sanglier. Universit Libre de Bruxelles. Coordinator of Innovation Area, Ars Civilis
Foundation.
Gabriel Ruz Cabrero. Governor at the Historic Houses Foundation. Professor at the School
of Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Madrid.
Ana Yez. Director of the Historic Houses Foundation. Professor at Complutense

University of Madrid.
Mnica Lpez Snchez. Coordinator Cultural Industries and Heritage Area, Ars Civilis
Foundation
COORDINATION
Sofia Gomes da Costa. Coordinator of projects and activities at the Historic Houses
Foundation.
Carlos San Miguel. Technical Coordination at the International Conference on Energy

Efficiency and Historic Buildings.
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Programme
29th September
INAUGURATION
Teresa Gonzlez-Camino. President Historic Houses Foundation (FCHS)
Juan ngel Espaa. President Ars Civilis Foundation
Carlos Jimnez. Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute (IPCE)
Fernando Nasarre. Subdirector General de Poltica de Suelo del Ministerio de Fomento
OPENING SESSION
Building of Tomorrow Highlights of the Austrian Research and Innovation Programme. Ingolf Schdler.
Deputy Director General Innovation. Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology.
Austria
Dans le cadre des travaux damnagement ou de restauration des monuments historiques, Il appartient au
matre douvrage (ou au propritaire) de fixer les objectifs en matire de performance nergtique des
btiments. Quelles stratgies peuvent-tre mises en uvre pour dfinir ces objectifs ?. Philippe
Charron. Assistant director, Direction of the preservation of monuments and collections of the Center
of the National Monuments. France
EU Research and Innovation Policy initiative Renaturing cities. Maria Yeroyanni. Policy Officer. Unit
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation.
European Commission
Session 1: GOVERNANCE, MANAGEMENT, PARTICIPATION AND MEDIATION

Keynote lecture
Sustainable Energy Action for World Heritage Management. Chiara Ronchini. World Heritage Site Energy
Efficiency Manager, Edinburgh World Heritage. UK
Keynote lecture
Energy Efficiency and Urban Renewal of a UNESCO-listed historical centre: The case of Porto.lvaro
Santos, Jos Sequeira & Paulo Valena. Porto Vivo Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa
Portuense. Portugal
Presentations
Historical heritage: from energy consumer to energy producer. The case of study of Albergo dei Poveri in
Genoa, Italy. Giovanna Franco & Marco Guerrini. Universit degli Studi di Genova, Italy
Improving energy efficiency in historic Cornish buildings: grant funding, monitoring and guidance. Andrew
Richards. Historic Environment (Team) Lead, Historic Environment Service, Economy Enterprise and
Environment, Cornwall Council, UK
Propuesta metodolgica para la rehabilitacin sostenible del patrimonio contextual edificado. El caso del
centro histrico de la ciudad de Mrida, Yucatn. Karla Isabel Medina, Antonio Rodrguez, Ileana
Mara Cern. University Modelo, Mexico
Questions and debate.
Chairmen: Pedro Ballesteros Torres. International Relations Officer, DG Energy, European Commission &
Cristina Gutirrez-Cortines. Former deputy of the European Parliament and Vice-President of Ars
Civilis Foundation
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Session 2: TRADITIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

Posters
3
TERESE : herramienta informtica para la eficiencia energtica mediante la simulacin calibrada de

edificios. Enrique Granada, Pablo Egua, (University of Vigo); Ramn Martnez (Proyestegal S.L.),
Jess Nez (Dielectro industrial S.A.) & Miguel Rodrguez (Clece S.A.). Spain
Energy Efficiency and thermal analysis for centralized air heating systems: a case study. Mara Inmaculada
Martnez, Miguel Gmez, Rafael Fort, Mara Jos Varas. IGEO (CSIC-UCM), Spain
Anlisis energtico del Museo de Historia de Valencia mediante distintas herramientas de simulacin.
Isabel Tort, Jos Luis Vivancos, Antonio Martnez, Claudia Mendoza. Universitat Politcnica de
Valncia, Spain.
Aprovechamiento solar pasivo en la retcula urbana de la ciudad histrica. El caso de Cdiz. Benito
Snchez, Carlos Rubio, Jess A. Pulido. University of Seville, Spain
Technical system history and heritage.Kristian Fabbri & Marco Pretelli, University of Bologna, Italy.
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Refurbishment of Historic Buildings: Risks, Solutions and Best Practice. Nicholas Heath.
Director, NDM Heath Ltd. UK
Keynote lecture
Eficiencia energtica y valores patrimoniales. Lecciones de una investigacin y un seminario. Jos Luis
Gonzlez. Polytechnic University of Catalonia. Spain
Presentations
Architectural integration of photovoltaic systems in historic districts. The case study of Santiago de
Compostela. Elena Lucchi. EURAC, Italy.
Historic building energy assessment by means of simulation techniques. Silvia Soutullo, Jos Antonio
Ferrer & Mara del Rosario Heras. CIEMAT, Spain
Design of a control system for the energy consumption evaluation in a wall-heated church: Santa Maria
Odigitria in Rome. Carlo Manfredi (Politecnico di Milano); Daniele Fraternali, Andrea Alberici (Servizi
Territorio SRL), Italy
Exemplary energetical refurbishment of the German Academy in Rome Villa Massimo. Daniele Santucci
(Ingenieurbro Hausladen) & Elisabeth Endres (Engineering Company Hausladen, Technische
Universitt). Germany
Sistema mvil integrado para la rehabilitacin energtica de edificios: lser 3D, termografa, fotografa,
sensores ambientales y BIM. Claudio Snchez, Alexandre Filgueira, David Roca, Julia Armesto, Luca
Daz, (University of Vigo); Susana Lagela; Miguel Rodrguez (Clece S.A.), Jess Nez (Dielectro
industrial S.A.) & Ramn Martnez (PROYESTEGAL S.L.). Spain
Chairman: Juan Carlos Prieto, Director Fundacin Santa Mara la Real. Spain
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30th September
SESSION 2 (continued). Presentations
Consecuencias energticas y constructivas de una mala prctica. Arquitecturas desolladas. Margarita de
Luxn (ETSA-UPM, GIAU+S, UPM), Gloria Gmez (CC60), Mar Barbero (GIAU+S, UPM) & Emilia Romn
(GIAU+S, UPM). Spain
El bienestar trmico ms all de las normativas. Dos casos. Dos enfoques. Alicia Dotor, Beln Onecha
(Efficient Heritage); Jos Luis Gonzlez (Polytechnic University of Catalonia), Spain
Environmentally sustainable performance of historic buildings. The case of places of worship. Magdalini
Makrodimitri, University of Cambridge, UK
La monitorizacin y simulacin higrotrmica como herramientas para la mejora del confort, preservacin y
ahorro energtico de espacios patrimoniales. El caso de la iglesia de San Francisco de Ass, Morn de la
Frontera. Carmen Mara Muoz, ngel L. Len & Jaime Navarro. University of Seville, Spain
Chairman: Juan Carlos Prieto, Director Fundacin Santa Mara la Real, Spain
SESSION 3: LEGAL AND TECHNICAL REGULATION AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS

Keynote lecture
Can EU Legislation Make European Buildings Sustainable, Comfortable & Beautiful?. Randall Bowie, Chief
Consultant at Rockwool International A/S. Denmark
Presentations
Old building, new boilers: the future of heritage in an era of energy efficiency. Edwina Jans. Museum of
Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Australia
Historic windows: conservation or replacement, whats the most sustainable intervention? Legislative
situation, case studies and current research. Valeria Pracchi. Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Energy retrofit of a historical building in a UNESCO World Heritage Site: an integrated cost optimality and
environmental assessment.Srgio Fernando Tadeu, Carla Rodrigues, Antnio Tadeu, Fausto Freire &
Nuno Simes. University of Coimbra, Portugal
Parque edificado o patrimonio edificado: la proteccin frente a la intervencin energtica. El caso del
Barrio de Gros de San Sebastin. Eneko Jokin Uranga & Lauren Etxepare. UPV/EHU, Spain
Simultaneous heritage comfort index (SHCI): quick scan aimed at the simultaneous indoor environmental
comfort evaluation for people and artworks in heritage buildings. Kristian Fabbri (University of
Bologna, Italy), Giovanni Litti, Amaryllis Audenaert & Johan Braet (University of Antwerp, Belgium).
Italy Belgium
Chairmen: Isabel Gonzlez. University of Mlaga & Jos Luis Gonzlez. Polytechnic University of Catalonia.
Spain
Posters
3
Problemtica de la posible certificacin energtica con CE X del patrimonio arquitectnico: el caso del
Almudn de Valencia. Esteban Cuartero, Isabel Tort, Jaume Monfort & Inmaculada Oliver.
Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain
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RENERPATH: Metodologa de Rehabilitacin Energtica de Edificios Patrimoniales. J. R. Pern, P. Martn

Lerones, L. A. Bujedo, D. Olmedo, J. Samaniego, F. Gayubo, F. Frechoso, E. Zalama, J. Gmez-Garca
Bermejo, D. Martn (Fundacin CARTIF, Spain); V. Francisco, F. Cunha, A. Baio (CTCV, Portugal); G.
Xavier (RECET, Portugal), P. Domnguez, R. Getino (EREN, Spain); J. C. Snchez & E. Pastor (Fundacin
Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain)
SESSION 4: PROMOTION, TRAINING, EDUCATION

Keynote lecture
The work of the STBA and an introduction to the Retrofit Guidance Wheel. Nicholas Heath. Sustainable
Traditional Buildings Alliance, UK
Presentations
Training of Experts for Energy Retrofit at the Fraunhofer Centre for the Energy-saving Renovation of Old
Buildings and the Preservation of Monuments, Benediktbeuern. Ralf Kilian. Fraunhofer of Fisic of the
Construction IBP Institut. Germany
Specialized energy consultants for Architectural Heritage. Michael de Bouw, Samuel Dubois, Sandrine
Herinckx & Yves Vanhellemont. Belgian Building Research Institute, Belgium
Rehabilitacin energtica en edificios docentes. Lecciones aprendidas para su aplicacin en edificacin
singular docente. Antonia Pacios, ETSII-UPM, Spain
Chairman: Lourdes Prez. Directora Tcnica, Oficina Tcnica, Consorcio de Santiago, Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
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SESSION 5: FUNDING MECHANISMS

Round Table
Chairman: Mario Aymerich Fabregat. Director, Environment and Regional Development, Projects
Directorate, European Investment Bank (EIB)
Fernando Garca Mozos. Chief of Domestic and Buildings Department. Institute for Diversification and
Saving of Energy (IDAE). Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism. Spain.
Begoa Beneytez. Director of Environment and Climate Change Office, Santander Bank
Questions and debate
CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSURE

Marta Garca de Cassasola. Andalusian Historical Heritage Institute (IAPH)
Pedro A. Prieto. Director of Energy Saving and Efficiency. Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy
(IDAE). Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism. Spain
Ana Yez. Manager, Historic Houses Foundation (FCHS)
Mnica Lpez. Coordinator Area of Cultural Industries & Heritage, Ars Civilis Foundation
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Posters only exhibition:

Levantamientos arquitectnicos en medio rural. Juan Maria Hidalgo, Jose Antonio Milln, Alex Martn, I.
Flores (University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU); Eider Iribar (Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en
la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco); I. Zubillaga (University of Deusto). Spain
Anlisis del comportamiento energtico y confort trmico con DesignBuilder y Ecotect. Caso de estudio:
vivienda de 1851 en Requena (Valencia). Isabel Tort, Antonio Martnez, Claudia Mendoza & Sal
Segu. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain
Una revisin de publicaciones en edificios histricos desde el aspecto energtico. Isabel Tort, Antonio
Martnez & Jos Luis Vivancos. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain
Near Zero Energy Historical Building. Tools and criteria for ecocompatibile and ecoefficient conservation.
Serena Baiani. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Lime-cement mixture with improved thermal and acoustic characteristics for rehabilitation. Irene
Palomar, Gonzalo Barluenga & Javier Puentes. University of Alcal, Spain
Porto Vivo Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense. Portugal
European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC). Italy
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Governance, management, participation and mediation
Models and strategies for management and decision making.
Governance: analysis of practices and case studies.
Stakeholders: roles, issues, mediation and participation.
Feasibility studies of integrated solutions and models.
Gobernanza, gestin, participacin y mediacin
Modelos y mecanismos de gestin y toma de decisiones.
Gobernanza: anlisis de prcticas y casos reales.
Agentes implicados: roles, problemticas, mediacin y participacin.
Estudios de viabilidad integral de soluciones y modelos.
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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION FOR WORLD HERITAGE

MANAGEMENT
RONCHINI, C.; POLETTO, D.
RONCHINI, C.: Edinburgh World Heritage. Edinburgh - UK. ChiaraRonchini@ewht.org.uk
POLETTO, D.: UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in Europe. Venice - Italy. d.poletto@unesco.org
ABSTRACT
We know that we need to adapt our historic environment to meet the challenges of climate change, and
for our efforts to be sustainable, we must take collective action to mainstream energy efficiency in the
management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS).
This paper examines sustainable energy governance both at local and international level, drawing on the
successful experiences of Edinburgh, RENFORUS and the UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in
Europe. Joint action is necessary to tailor and apply sustainable energy principles to the different sites
constraints and potential opportunities, as well as to the sites unique genetic code their outstanding
universal value, authenticity (OUV), integrity and living communities.
Edinburgh is considered an exemplar of best practice in sustainable energy governance, policy and
projects for the 252 cities in the World Heritage List, and for the thousands of historic cities and villages
within the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Climate change objectives and actions form an integral
part of Edinburghs WHS Management Plan, the joint effort of local stakeholders - Edinburgh World Heritage
(EWH), the City of Edinburgh Council (Local Authority) and Historic Scotland (Government Agency), user
groups and the wider international community.
As the Edinburgh model demonstrates, Management Plans are only as valuable as the process of
consultation and engagement at its core. Edinburghs innovative operational framework has enabled the
Plan to focus its actions on the reduction of carbon emissions and abatement of fuel poverty, for both of
which the WHS is a hot spot. Sustainable energy governance and common goals shared by the Sites
stakeholders are key to delivering projects on the ground. Along with partners, EWH has implemented
energy efficiency programmes, community-led regeneration and innovative retrofitting projects that aim to
sensitively address climate change issues in the WHS without compromising its authentic character.
Edinburgh projects, such as Energy Heritage, Renewable Heritage and Gilmours Close, raise awareness
of the sustainable features inherent in our built heritage, and demonstrate that it is possible to successfully
marry energy efficiency and heritage conservation.
UNESCO designated sites can therefore lead the way in terms of sustainable energy and climate change
mitigation policies, acting as exemplars for other sites and foremost inspiring policies and practices of energy
sustainability for non-designated sites globally.
Key words: energy, sustainability, heritage, World Heritage management
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
World Heritage Cities (WHCs) are more vulnerable than other cities to the effects of climate
change, as highlighted in the Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage [1]. Examples
are as numerous as they are astonishing, belonging to different ends of the world biosphere,
ranging from marine to terrestrial, from glaciers to archeological sites, historic cities and
settlements[i]. Climate poses an ultimate threat of a global magnitude to the already existing
More contents on https://energyheritage.wordpress.com/
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human-induced risks, such as pollution, urban sprawl and mass tourism that affect UNESCO
designated sites and WHCs in particular. It has thus become even more challenging to conserve
these Sites.
However, despite the urgency of preserving their outstanding universal value (OUV),
authenticity and integrity, we often face opposition when seeking to mitigate or adapt WHCs to
the effects of climate change. Some ineffective management systems, lack of action at policy
level, old fashioned ideas - which depict WHS as places where nothing is permitted and nothing
should be experimented for the sake of their best conservation-, rigid financial mechanisms, poor
involvement of local communities and insufficient critical mass all inhibit the delivery of projects
for the abatement of carbon emissions, one of the primary causes of climate change.
When dealing with WHCs and climate change, it is essential that threats are identified and
agreed by all stakeholders in order to create political support to carry out actions on the ground.
Exemplar governance structures, such as the one pioneered in Edinburgh, demonstrate that
WHCs can lead by example in the fight against climate change. These models build on the existing
strengths of the sites, both physical and organisational, to create a solid operational framework to
deploy high-level actions.
For instance, historic cities are already inherently sustainable, thanks to their dense and
compact structure, which allows for a more efficient, low-carbon mobility and thanks to their
historic fabric, which utilise adaptive passive systems and locally sourced materials.
Furthermore, traditional governance systems can be employed to mainstream climate change
mitigation in the city management, as they are recognised and accepted systems by the city
stakeholders. These systems should be tailored to incorporate a grassroots approach to create a
stronger political leverage as a driver to implement carbon reduction projects and ensure longterm custodianship.
1. EDINBURGH & ITS WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Edinburgh was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1995, because of its OUV, namely the
striking contrast between the organic, medieval Old Town and the neoclassical New Town. The
Old Town sits on a ridge laid out in a fishbone structure, with the Royal Mile as the main spine
stretching from Edinburgh Castle to Holyrood Palace. The New Town not only features a
completely different architecture, with its chessboard like structure, but also embodies a
completely different school of thought the Scottish Enlightenment, which since the 18th century
has been exported all over the world.
The World Heritage Site boundaries comprise the Old Town and the New Town, and contain
seven conservation areas, defining different character areas and protected by stricter planning
regulations. To add another layer of protection, 75% of the buildings in Edinburgh are listed,
which is the highest percentage in the UK after London.
Edinburgh does not have, however, a buffer zone, as most WHSs have. After a long review of
the existing statutory tools and extensive consultations, it was decided that a buffer zone was not
needed as protective policies, such as conservation areas and key view policy [2], are already in
place to act and safeguard, just like a buffer zone would operate.
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Figure 1: The Old and the New Towns of Edinburgh's World Heritage Site
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Figure 2: Edinburgh's listed buildings
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Figure 3: Extract from the Key View Policy in Edinburgh
There is an invisible layer, however, that cannot be seen with a naked eye. The World Heritage
Site is, unfortunately, a hot spot for fuel poverty.
This is particularly true in the Old Town, due to the transient population and the buildings
energy rating. The New Town, instead, appears to be in low fuel poverty not because the
buildings are more energy efficient, but because its population is more affluent and can afford to
pay bills.
Owing to the above-mentioned planning constraints and fuel poverty areas, it is extremely
challenging to work towards the very high carbon reduction targets that the Scottish Government
has set: 42% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 [3].
It is also very challenging when dealing with an exceptionally complex housing stock. In
Edinburgh, 45% of the buildings are tenemental, i.e. in multiple-ownership and multipleoccupancy (this compares with a 20% Scottish average); 30% of the buildings are pre-1919, which
are considered by most as hard-to-treat properties (this compares with an average across
Scotland of 20%). The majority of Edinburghs listed buildings were built in either the Georgian or
Victorian period, however, 4% are listed medieval buildings, featuring very thick stone walls and
small windows. These present different challenges from post-War listed buildings, which
represent a further 4% of the overall listed buildings in the WHS.
2. EDINBURGH WORLD HERITAGE AND THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Tackling all these challenges holistically, Edinburgh World Heritage (EWH) is an independent
non-governmental organisation, created in 1999 by a merger of the Edinburgh Old Town Renewal
Trust and the Edinburgh New Town Conservation Committee. EWH represents therefore the
amalgamation from these predecessor bodies with over 40 years experience.
EWH is set up to manage, protect and promote the WHS in Edinburgh, working through three
different strands of work. Firstly, EWH works on education campaigns to raise awareness and
engender a sense of custodianship of the Site; secondly, it administers a Conservation Funding
Programme for the restoration and enhancement of the historic fabric; lastly, it works on policy,
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influencing and drafting the Management Plan (MP) for the Site together with the two key
partners, The City of Edinburgh Council (local authority) and Historic Scotland (Government
agency for the protection of the historic environment).
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Figure 4: Fuel poverty map and Edinburgh WHS boundaries
The MP is a UNESCO requirement and is the key document that sets out the vision for the Site.
Per se, the MP is a simple a piece of paper; its value lies, instead, in the process of its creation.
Edinburgh has already produced two MPs for its Site. The second MP sets out the strategic
framework for 2011-2016 [4].
Best practice dictates that the engagement process needs to be at the core of the plan in order
to create a vision and actions based on shared values. Far from being a tick-box exercise, in
Edinburgh a year long consultation process was undertaken to incorporate everybodys views,
involving all key stakeholders, but also, professionals, community groups, academia, industry and
the international community.
On top of issues such as historic environment, living communities, economy and transport, this
second MP includes for the first time the concepts of climate change, sustainability and risk. Clear
objectives, clear actions and clear monitoring strategies are defined by measurable indicators to
ensure that these actions are implemented and objectives achieved:
Objective 30: To take account of climate change and sustainability issues in safeguarding the
outstanding universal value of the Site.
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Objective 31: To understand Risk issues by establishing a Risk Register, which will be regularly
reviewed.
The MP is produced by a working partnership, the WHS Steering Group, comprising EWH, the
City of Edinburgh Council and Historic Scotland. This innovative approach to the creation of the
Plan ensures that all the key Sites stakeholders agree on a strong vision, take ownership of the
document and facilitate the delivery of its actions on the ground. The MP is not a still process or a
finished product, but very much a cyclical system of management, actions and monitoring, which
is continuously updated and reviewed by the WHS Steering Group.
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Figure 5: Second Edinburgh WHS Management Plan
3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS

On the wake of the publication of the MP in 2011, the only aspect that the press picked up was
climate change. The BBC stated: The aim of the project is to demonstrate how historic buildings
are made more energy efficient, helping to alleviate fuel poverty without impacting on the
character of the building, which is the precise message the MP wants to convey [5].
Despite being widely used to describe listed and pre-1919 buildings, the term hard-to-treat is
a negative phrasing, focusing on problems instead of solutions. In the past eight years, EWH has
instead focused on solutions, what can actually be achieved in order to make traditionally built
properties more energy efficient without compromising their authenticity and integrity.
Traditionally built properties were built to last, have stood hundreds of years, and, thus, are
already inherently very sustainable. They feature locally sourced materials, passive systems such
as natural ventilation, and vernacular techniques, such as solid stone walls, which, because of
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their thermal mass, perform much better than assessed by standard energy software. (In note: In
situ calculations carried out by Historic Scotland demonstrated that solid stone walls have an
average U-value of 1.0 W/m2K instead of 2.1 W/m2K as calculated by SAP.) All these aspects need
to be considered when retrofitting and upgrading a traditional building with energy efficiency
measures, avoiding instead any loss of original, sound fabric whenever practicable.
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Figure 6: Historic Home Guide on Energy Efficiency
EWH has collected this wealth of experience in best practice guidance for homeowners living
in traditional and listed properties [6], to demonstrate that it is possible to improve energy
efficiency in these buildings without compromising their authentic character. EWH also runs a
programme of awareness raising and capacity building initiatives for residents to improve their
buildings and reduce their fuel bills. Funded by the Scottish Government programme The Climate
Challenge Fund, energy efficiency workshops are held every autumn to help make residents more
confident in looking after their traditional properties on their own, install simple and effective
energy efficiency measures such as draught-proofing, loft insulation and reinstating wooden
shutters, and ultimately save energy and money.
EWH also disseminates best practice also on the international level, through the International
Scientific Committee on Sustainability and Energy, and the RENFORUS platform, a UNESCO
initiative on renewable energy for WHSs and Biospheres [7]. RENFORUS has collected best
practice examples from all around the world, including Edinburgh, with the aim to demonstrate
that WHSs and biospheres can lead the way in the fight against climate change and be models for
many other cities globally.
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4. PROJECTS
Creating critical mass and political support through the MP exercise enabled EWH, together
with numerous partners, to deliver many energy efficiency projects on the ground.
4.1. Gilmours Close, low-carbon social housing
Figure 7: Gilmours Close after the refurbishment in 2008, front (left) and rear (right)
An exemplar of successful marriage between heritage conservation and energy efficiency,

Gilmours Close project was awarded Sustainable Social Housing Refurbishment in 2009.
The building is a B-listed 4 storey, 19th century stone tenement, with a commercial ground
floor, located in the heart of the World Heritage site in the Grassmarket area. Before its
refurbishment in 2008, the Gilmours Close was vacant and the shopfronts neglected. The
refurbishment comprised a thorough faade protection scheme, with stone repointing and
chimney repairs in traditional stone and lime mortar. The shopfronts were revamped and 17
supported flats for vulnerable young people were created and are now managed by Hillcrest
Housing Association. Energy principles, such as secondary glazing, have been added on the main
elevation.
At the rear, which was not subject to such strict planning constraints, the architects [8] were
much freer to transform the building. Sun spaces were added for passive solar gain, internal
lining, Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) and a ground source heat pump, with
17, 70-metre deep boreholes down the bed rock. The heat is transformed in a plant room at the
back of the building and then transferred to all 17 flats through under-floor heating.
This project followed best practice, as its fabric was made wind and water tight, before any
energy efficiency measures were added. This is essential in order to assess the buildings
performance, and establish the location and the extent of the upgrades. Despite the sites
constraints - a prominent listed building in a conservation area of the busy historic core; restricted
access; pedestrian and car traffic the project demonstrated that it is possible to sensitively
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improve the thermal performance of a hard-to-treat building without any detrimental effect on
its historic fabric.
4.2. Energy Heritage & Renewable Heritage
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Figure 8: Solar panels being installed on the valley-gutter roof of listed buildings
In partnership with Edinburgh-based Changeworks, EWH promoted the Energy Heritage

project, providing a best practice guide to improve energy efficiency in traditional and historic
homes [9].
The project comprised the installation of a wide range of energy efficiency measures, as well as
micro-renewables. Solar panels were installed on the valley gutter roof of these B-listed buildings,
each panel providing solar hot water for each flat. Because of the M-shaped roof, the panels are
completely concealed from street level, which made it possible to overcome the strict planning
constraints of the listing and the Old Town Conservation Area location that would normally forbid
any alteration of the historic roofscape.
Very importantly, the refurbishment did not incur in any loss of historic fabric. On the contrary,
the opportunity was taken to restore the building and reinstate original features, such as wooden
shutters, which are excellent energy efficient as well as heritage friendly measures.
Energy Heritage and Renewable Heritage have shown that the sustainability and energy
efficiency of historic homes can be improved by sensitive and appropriate use of clean energy
generation systems.
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4.3. Hardest-to-treat
Figure 9: Sir Basel Spences Canongate Housing
EWH together with the Browns Close residents, Historic Scotland and the City of Edinburgh
Council are working on a project to address both best practice conservation and energy efficiency
in a post-War listed building with multiple ownership and multiple occupancy. The project can be
a model for the 4% of listed buildings that are post-War in the Edinburgh WHS in, and the many
more examples that can be found in Scotland and Europe.
The B-listed building is a fine example of modernist architecture from renowned architect Sir
Basil Spence. It was built in 1969 as an interesting mix of brutalist, concrete construction with
vernacular elements. The building has a 50-year design life, and definitely was not designed to be
energy efficient.
In this project, best practice was followed from the start with the production of a Conservation
Statement, which defines the areas of higher and lower significance in the building, and therefore
what degree of alteration is permissible. The energy efficiency improvements proposed have
been assessed against these parameters, in order to understand the impact they would have on
the integrity and authenticity of the building as well as the actual efficacy of the measures.
Due to their unique characters, traditional, historic and listed buildings or sites have to be
carefully assessed through a tailored conservation analysis and an energy assessment in order to
identify the most appropriate scope of works. This is very true for post-War listed buildings as
well, and definitely this exercise helped identify the best energy efficiency measures for this
building. For instance, photovoltaic panels and CHP systems have been both selected as
appropriate measures, both from their impact on the significance of the building and their
calculated performance.
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Figure 10: Extract from the energy assessment matrix
4.4. Historic Street Lighting Strategy
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Figure 11: Waverley Bridge LED installation
Edinburgh is targeting the historic fabric holistically, not just addressing energy efficiency to
the buildings but also the space-between-the buildings. Energy efficient / smart historic street
lighting is definitely becoming a more important topic for historic cities.
The city centre in Edinburgh is poorly lit, and therefore the aim is to increase lighting levels in
some streets, but overall reduce consumption. whilst LEDs are installed when a more modern
approach to lighting is required and suitable, such as in the Waverley Bridge project. Here the LED
art installation has dramatically improved the lighting levels, improving the safety and reducing
anti social behaviour of the area.
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Figure 12: Long-life induction lamps in the historic core
However, LEDs are not always the most appropriate solution, as they do not give the quality of
light needed for historic lighting. Long-life induction lamps are used instead of LEDs, as the
equipment can be retrofitted within the existing original shell or a reproduction. Long-life
induction lamps have also a more diffused light and a less sharp definition than LEDs. Long-life
savings are made through maintenance, as the 10-year durability is comparable to LEDs. They are
also quite adaptable, as they can be dimmed by electronic gear.
They both are still very expensive solutions. The hope is that further development is going to
be made on LEDs to be widely applicable in the historic environment at a more convenient
quality-cost-durability ratio.
5. DUBROVNIK PRINCIPLES
Edinburghs experience shows that good levels of energy efficiency can protect the
sustainability of traditional homes (both their fabric and their function), and ensure that
householders achieve affordable warmth and improved comfort levels. It has also demonstrated
that clean renewable energy can also be generated on site and on a much smaller scale, without
compromising the quality and authenticity of the heritage. With the appropriate knowledge and
good governance, micro-generation has a future role to play in historic cities.
On this note, the Dubrovnik Principles were conceived by UNESCO Venice Office, EWH and
partners to guide other WHSs through best practice methodology to mainstream energy
efficiency in their management systems. The principles draw on the experience gained through
the three-year initiative Summer School on Sustainable Energy Governance in UNESCO WHSs, held
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in Dubrovnik to build capacity of professionals and local authorities in the management of WHSs
[10].
As the UNESCO RENFORUS initiative publication, Good Practices: success stories on sustainable
and renewable energies in UNESCO Sites [7] highlights, there are several lessons to be learned on
sustainable energy of historical towns and sites inscribed as UNESCO property. This is where
Edinburgh finds its perfect location with the above listed projects and activities. It is all a matter of
finding the balance between the need to conserve the OUV of the sites at stake, the criteria upon
which the same sites have been nominated and the overall undertaking to make a sustainable use
of it, and the energy issue, which is increasingly becoming a prominent chapter of sustainability.
The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention [11] state
that World Heritage properties may support a variety of ongoing and proposed uses that are
ecologically and culturally sustainable and that may contribute to the quality of life of the
communities concerned. The translation of this general principle into practice in the field of
energy and climate change mitigation policies is in the hands of inspired people within the
management authorities of the sites, in its local communities and citizens, in its policy makers and
in the management systems they are able to conceive and implement. Where such a set of
inspired actors have room to manoeuvre in the right governance settings, the results are very
encouraging and encompassing different scales of application, from single monumental sites to
entire historical cities and towns.
Alongside Edinburgh, for instance, the Viennas second climate protection programme (Klip)
underpins a set of combined measures to curb CO2 emissions and replacing fossil fuels by
employing amongst other measures, a significant number of solar thermal power installations,
wherever applicable. A combination of geothermal and waste energy sources constitutes the
backbone of the district heating system of Ferrara, one of the most important examples of
integrated energy systems. Furthermore, the largest abbey in Europe, the Abbey of Fontevraud,
part of the WHS of the Loire Valley, runs virtually entirely on renewables with the completion of
its newly built energy centre and its enhanced energy efficiency measures, including smart energy
for lighting and a mix of renewables (wood boiler, solar panels etc.) all made without
compromising the OUV and the criteria of integrity and authenticity at the base of its inscription
in UNESCO properties. Last but not least, the bio-fuelled district heating in the medieval town of
Visby located in the island of Gotland, which has banned fossil fuels in its district heating since
year 2006.
Positive results should not only be praised, but investigated in their constitutive elements in
order to understand if general guiding recommendations may be drawn from the UNESCO
designated sites experiences. This approach was undertaken, and ten general principles were
conceived in the framework of the international workshop, Upgrading Life in Historical Towns
Renewable Energy, held in Dubrovnik, Croatia in October 2013, in parallel with the Summer School
on Sustainable Energy Governance in UNESCO WHSs. The principles were then shared, further
discussed and later finalised during the Workshop on Renewable Energy Strategy in the Spanish
Biosphere Reserves Network held in Barcelona in November 2013 under the auspices of the MaB
(Man and Biosphere) Commission and the Government of Spain. The recommendations pertain to
the sphere of governance, capacity building and education along with a few general points
relating to the implementation strategy.
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In terms of governance, UNESCO designated sites should rely on an integrated management

system that must necessarily include the sustainable energy dimension among its strategic
components within the frameworks of sustainable development and climate change mitigation
strategy [12].
Furthermore, the mainstream of general principles in the management plan of the sites is
toothless if clear objectives, concrete sustainable energy action plans and reliable monitoring
functions are not put in place to ensure both compliance and effectiveness. The robustness of the
initiatives undertaken is majorly determined by the level of ownership and of appropriateness
expressed by its social constituents (communities, users, local authorities and national
governments) with dedicated actions and project-based activities carried out to bridge the gap
between formal statements and substantial policies and practices.
Participation and community involvement should be reinforced with adequate expertise, with
sufficient interdisciplinary skills to act as a driving force for enhancing sustainable energy on site,
empowering local actors and offering a voluntary service of mentoring and counselling on
sustainable energy to citizens and local administrators. Capacity building both within the
community and the pool of local expertise should also be fostered by dedicated training
programmes, using similar sites as learning cases. The World Heritage Information Network
(WHIN) should also be used, bringing together representatives from energy, cultural and
environmental sectors and integrating natural and cultural conservation requirements with
sustainable energy-related applications and innovation.
Public awareness on sustainable energy concepts and practices to UNESCO designated sites
should be enhanced as a part of the overall objective of Education for Sustainable Development,
through the sharing of science-based evidence of direct experiences and successful case studies
applied in other UNESCO sites as made also available through the RENFORUS Initiative.
In terms of implementation strategy, a holistic approach to project and site activities is
necessary. This should include, wherever appropriate, the concept of Historic Urban Landscape
[13], in order to a) enhance the relationship between people and their places, b) engender a
sense of long-term custodianship of the sites tangible and intangible heritage, and c) establish a
baseline reference for operational and budgetary purposes. Moreover, the magnitude and the
scale of actions should be differentiated to ensure their feasibility. The body in charge of
sustainable energy management in the site should be able to establish a range of improvement
measures, from the simple to the more complex, and to analyse their impact on the sites assets
and communities. These measures should be implemented through an integrated approach
combining practical solutions ranging from conservation to energy with a dedicated monitoring
system to assess achieved results. The same body should be also capable of a) supporting the
delivery of effective and necessary actions of consultation and interfacing with public and private
institutions; b) designing and coordinating community-based project implementation and
monitoring actions on site; and, c) providing feedback to governing bodies on possible policy
changes and liaising with national/international actors and possible donors to mobilise extra
financial and institutional resources to increase the impact of its activities.
Finally, if the authors may suggest a way forward for UNESCO designated sites, then one
should relate clearly to the sites highly demonstrative, inspiring and universal nature. Sites must
act as exemplars and first and foremost inspire policies and practices of energy sustainability for
non-designated sites globally. Sustainable energy management is feasible through an integrated
system embedded in the sites governance, whilst preserving the sites unique assets, both at
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cultural and natural levels, and fostering an improved quality of life and comfort levels of their
communities.
6. ABOUT THE AUTHORS

CHIARA RONCHINI
M.Arch RIBA RIAS
World Heritage Site Energy Efficiency Manager
Edinburgh World Heritage
5 Bakehouse Close, 146 Canongate, Edinburgh
EH8 8DD
T: +44 (0)131 220 7734
E: ChiaraRonchini@ewht.org.uk
W: www.ewht.org.uk
Chiara Ronchini is the World Heritage Site Energy Efficiency Manager with Edinburgh World Heritage.
She leads a small team initiating, managing and delivering energy efficiency programmes, community-led
regeneration projects and developing climate change research for the Site through local, national and
international networks.
Chiara is a UK Chartered Architect and currently sits on the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee
on Energy and Sustainability. She also teaches the governance module at the UNESCO School on
Sustainable Energy in World Heritage Sites in South-East Europe.
Chiara previously collaborated with UNESCO in Uzbekistan, on the Management and Conservation Plan
of the Historic City of Bukhara. She also worked with the World Heritage Centre as a Consultant, advising on
the definition of a sustainable management system for Historic Cairo, within the framework of the
programme Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage in Egypt.
DAVIDE POLETTO
UNESCO Venice Office
Consultant,
Science Unit
4930 Castello - Palazzo Zorzi
30122 Venice, Italy
+ 39 (041) 260.15.26
d.poletto@unesco.org
Davide Poletto is a practitioner of international cooperation and an expert in sustainable development
and governance affairs with main professional field work experience in South East Europe since 1999.
He graduated in Political Sciences, International Relations, at the University of Padua and is a former
Marie Curie fellow at the University of Keele in UK. He holds a European PhD in analysis and governance of
sustainable development from the University Ca Foscari of Venice.
He joined UNESCO in 2009 and started to collaborate with the Venice Office from 2006. He carries out a
number of interdisciplinary and extra budgetary activities related to the broad field of international
cooperation and sustainability issue, Sustainable Energy and Risk Preparedness.
He is also author and co-author of international articles and books on the abovementioned subjects.
Davide Poletto has been the main initiator and designer of the UNESCO School on Sustainable Energy in
UNESCO designated Sites.
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7. REFERENCES
[1]
Colette, A. (2007). Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage
Centre.
[2]
The City of Edinburgh Council (2010). The Skyline Study.

http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20065/conservation/249/the_skyline_study. Edinburgh.
[3]
The Scottish Government (2009). Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2009/12/contents.
[4]
Edinburgh World Heritage, The City of Edinburgh Council, Historic Scotland (2011). The Old and New
Towns of Edinburgh World Heritage Site Management Plan 2011-2016.
http://www.ewht.org.uk/uploads/downloads/WHS_Management_Plan%202011.pdf.
[5]
(18 October 2011). Edinburgh World Heritage site: Effect of climate change. BBC News.
[6]
Ronchini, C., & Haase, K. (2014, 2 ed.). Historic Home Guide: Energy Efficiency. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
World Heritage.
[7]
Benchikh, O., & Marin C. (2013). Success stories on sustainable and renewable energies in UNESCO
Sites. UNESCO. http://195.76.147.227/renforus/site/?page_id=2592 &
http://195.76.147.227/renforus/site/pdf/GOOD%20PRACTICES/GOODpracticesRENFORUSop.pdf.
[8]
Jack, A. - Assist Architects (2009). Gilmours Close: Edinburgh World Heritage Site Low Carbon
refurbishment. CIC Start Online.
[9]
Changeworks, Edinburgh World Heritage (2008 & 2009). Energy Heritage & Renewable Heritage.
http://www.changeworks.org.uk/uploads/83096-EnergyHeritage_online1.pdf.
nd
http://www.changeworks.org.uk/uploads/Renewable_Heritage_Online.pdf.
[10] Hartman, V., Kirac, M., Zanki, V., Grozdek, M., Poletto, D., & Ronchini, C. (2013).
Energy Efficiency and Energy Management in Cultural Heritage. Zagreb: UNESCO Regional Bureau for
Science and Culture in Europe, Venice (Italy) & United Nations Development Programme in Croatia.
[11] (July 2013). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO
WHC.
[12] (2013). Sustainable Energy, International Perspective and UNESCO designated sites. Energy Bulletin
15.
[13] (2012). World Heritage: Benefit Beyond Borders. UNESCO Publishing, Cambridge University Press.
8. NOTES
[i]. This is the case, for instance, in the disappearing glaciers of the Sagarmatha National Park in the
Himalayas. This causes not only the loss of aesthetic values fundamental to its inscription in the
UNESCO sites list but, above all, the irreversible loss of biodiversity and the disruption to its
hydrological regime with glacial lake outburst floods and the probability of scarcity of water supply for
about two billion people in the downriver territories of India.
An additional example can be found in Kilimanjaro national park, inscribed in 1987 because of its
outstanding natural beauty. Its glaciers, which have persisted for more than 10.000 years, have now
almost disappeared, the same effect can be observed in Mount Kenya and Ruwenzori, whose glaciers
are expected to disappear in the next 20 years.
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND URBAN RENEWAL OF A UNESCOLISTED HISTORICAL CENTER: THE CASE OF PORTO
SANTOS, .; VALENA, P.; SEQUEIRA, J.
SANTOS, .: Porto Vivo, SRU Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense S.A., Porto Portugal.
sru.portovivo@cm-porto.pt
VALENA, P.: Porto Vivo, SRU Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense S.A., Porto Portugal.
SEQUEIRA, J.: Porto Vivo, SRU Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense S.A., Porto Portugal.
ABSTRACT
Porto Vivo, SRU promotes the rehabilitation of degraded heritage, and among the established
partnerships, it was developed the Guide of Terms of Reference for Energetic-Environmental Performance
with the Faculty of Engineering and the Regional Directorate of Culture in order to improve and regulate the
energy efficiency of buildings.
Nowadays, the intervention in built heritage includes rehabilitation and conservation of the urban and
architectural identity, but also the recreation of the living spaces for people and activities of today.
There should be caution in the intervention of the buildings, but it is necessary some commitment as far
as the comfort conditions are concerned, which in the 21st century building users require. Heritage
rehabilitation cannot be only a conservative activity, but something that adds value without distorting the
essence, and in this context, heating and energy efficiency issues as well as soundproofing issues have a very
important value.
The financing of these types of interventions in classified heritage is complex, so Porto Vivo, SRU
developed, under the CSI Europe Project[i], financed by the URBACT II programme, a JESSICA type funding
proposal that aims to support the rehabilitation of private buildings predominantly residential. Being this
one of the actions of the Local Action Plan, under development, it may become an instrument replicable in
other European cities.
Key words: Porto Vivo, SRU, Heritage, Energy Efficiency, CSI Europe, World Heritage, Rehabilitation
1. INTRODUCTION
Today we are adding another layer to the 3,000 years of the urban fabric of the Historic City
Centre of Porto. This layer is built on our modern knowledge, our technology and our resources,
with respect to the legacy and to our common heritage.
Porto Vivo, SRU is a company devoted to the urban rehabilitation of the downtown area of
Porto since 2004, creating, through multiple partnerships, synergies for improving the physical
and qualitative conditions of the buildings and of the urban spaces. The experience with the
action programmes of Morro da S and Mouzinho/Flores Axis, namely, in the energy efficiency
operations, is of great relevance and will be highlighted in this work.
The publication of the a guide of terms of reference for the energetic and environmental
performance in the rehabilitation of buildings of the Historic Centre of Porto, in 2010, done in the
framework of the action programme of Morro da S, is the result of the convergence of
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institutions with responsibilities in the common work of buildings rehabilitation in the Historic
Centre of Porto (Porto Vivo, SRU, the Energy Agency of Porto, the Building Physics Laboratory, the
Construction and Real Estate Institute, and the Regional Directorate of Culture). It targets all the
agents that intervene in the rehabilitation process by delivering guidelines for design and
implementation, aiming at a better energetic-environmental performance of the rehabilitated
buildings.
Such publication and such practice, such way of rehabilitating, are aligned with the common
objective of making Porto a city strongly less productive of CO2. The city is committed with the
Covenant of Mayors and with the Europe 2020 Strategy, and so the attention to the
environmental dimension, eco-sustainable urban projects, is highly valorised.
Reaching this point, our interest is concentrated in some questions, which will be developed in
the present work, as for instance:
How can Energy Efficiency really be promoted in historic areas?
How can this contribute to the goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy?
How can this concern with Energy Efficiency be put into practice when renovating 15th
century houses to 21st standards?
Another topic of discussion is related with the implementation of JESSICA[ii] financial

instrument and how it has allowed the development of new projects, namely the promotion of
sustainable urban development. Such an instrument is relevant when we try to expand the
support to urban rehabilitation of historic buildings and upgrade them by introducing energy
efficiency components. Thus, Porto Vivo, SRU has designed a JESSICA-type fund that stands as a
support to small property owners that do not have the resources or cant get commercial loans to
perform these kinds of operations. We highlight also how such a mechanism can be strengthened
and replicated by other cities or entities.
In the next section, we will present the company Porto Vivo, SRU and how it has developed
two main projects of rehabilitation and revitalization of the city centre, one in Morro da S and
the other one in Mouzinho/Flores Axis. Following section will deal with the energy efficiency
publication and how it presents a technical roadmap to any project promoter. Finalizing, we will
briefly present the fund intended to support energy efficiency operations in the Historic Centre of
Porto.
2. THE COMPANY PORTO VIVO, SRU AND ITS INTERVENTION IN THE HISTORIC CENTRE
OF PORTO WORLD HERITAGE
Porto Vivo, SRU is a public company, with two shareholders; one being the national Institute of
Housing and Urban Rehabilitation (60%) and the other one the City Council of Porto (40%). It was
set up in 2004, with five main strategic objectives defined in the Masterplan [1] of the company,
namely:
the renovation and re-population of the city centre;
the development of business and promotion of Porto downtown area;
the revitalisation of commerce;
the development of tourism, culture and leisure;
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the improvement of public spaces.
After ten years of work in the area, significant changes have been made. The historic centre
and the downtown area is no longer a part of the city which is forgotten or in a state of disrepair,
but it is now one of the most vibrant and attractive part of the city.
The historic centre of Porto was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. In 2008,
Porto Vivo, SRU and the City Council of Porto have produced the Management Plan of the
Historic Centre of Porto World Heritage [2], which highlights the complexity of intervening in this
site.
Porto Vivo, SRU has used an interdisciplinary approach to make progress in terms of
preservation and valorisation of the historic centre, and consequently its long-term protection
and vitality.
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Image 1: Urban Rehabilitation Area of the Historic Centre of Porto [3]
The Urban Rehabilitation Area of the Historic Centre of Porto [3] covers half a square
kilometre, with a population of approximately 5,000 people, and a total number of 1,773
buildings. The intervention was structured into ten operations, but firstly it was concentred on
two sections: Morro da S and Mouzinho/Flores Axis (cf., Image 1). The action programmes of
Morro da S and Mouzinho/Flores Axis have been supported by the Operational Programme ON.2
of the National Strategic Reference Framework.
The action programme of Morro da S considers specific characteristics of the area, namely,
socio-economic ones. The plan indicates a total of 1,000 inhabitants, 50% of whom are over 65
years old, living in an area where the average income is 250 per month. For a total number of
228 buildings, mainly from Medieval times, 96% need repair work. The action programme
designed for this area included, as physical investment, the improvement of public spaces, the
building of a students residence and a tourist accommodation unit, the extension and upgrading
of a residence for elderly, the provision of temporary accommodation for the residents, and,
finally, the promotion of Energy Efficiency in the buildings owned by Porto Vivo, SRU.
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In the case of Mouzinho/Flores Axis, among its specific features, it is highlighted in its action
programme how more commercial this area is. The streets are wider and the buildings, which
total 421, are more recent, as they date from 16th century until the 19th century. More than half
of these have some sort of commerce. Here, 45% of the buildings are assessed as in bad state of
conservation, and 20% of the buildings are vacant. In this case, the action programme of
Mouzinho/Flores included some important physical interventions: the improvements of public
spaces; the renovation of the museum of the Holy House of Mercy of Porto; the business
incubator of the Youth Foundation; and the Port Wine tour. It was also proposed in the original
action programme the project of developing Energy Efficiency in the buildings. However, the plans
were put on hold as, because this action was not eligible for funds. The European Union
regulations determined that private owners of the buildings could not benefit from subsidies.
Porto Vivo, SRU has also worked on energy efficiency in a more intangible way, namely, by
developing a Guide [4] for any promoter who wants to rehabilitate a building in the historic
centre, and by proposing a JESSICA-type Fund for the support of renewing. The Guide was
developed in partnership with the Porto Energy Agency, the Regional Directorate of Culture, the
Laboratory of Physics of Construction and the Institute of Construction, while the Fund is being
developed within the Local Support Group of the CSI Europe project, where Porto Vivo, SRU is the
partner institution. These themes will be developed in the next sections.
3. A TECHNICAL ROAD MAP: THE TERMS OF REFERENCE GUIDE FOR ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
The rehabilitation of buildings in historical centres, a condition for their vitality, faces two
challenges: to give them modern standards of comfort and habitability while preserving the
architectural and cultural identity.
In the last century, the housing standards have evolved towards more comfort and more
energy consumption, with associated negative environmental impacts. So, it became essential to
guarantee that construction solutions and technologies used in the rehabilitation of the building
envelope maximise its passive performance and then, to assess the best energy resources and
technology to satisfy each situation. That is why it was developed a guideline for the energyenvironment performance in the rehabilitation of buildings in the historical centre of Porto.
The "Guide of Terms of Reference for the Energetic-Environmental Performance:
Rehabilitation of Buildings of the Historic Centre of Porto" [4] highlights and quantifies the
opportunities, the means and the limits of the different construction solutions.
This is intended to establish models for acting in the roofs, facades and draws, in order to
improve the thermal insulation when having high temperatures (+/- 28 Celsius) or low
temperatures (+/- 10 Celsius). It is further considered the promotion and regulation of the
installation of solar panels that avoid the use of energy less-environmentally friendly.
With regard to roofs and facades, the proposal goes towards putting thermal insulation panels
under the tiles, sometimes outside the facade under the coating, sometimes inside when there
arent conditions outside, because of ceramic tiles, for instance.
Regarding frames for draws, keeping the design and the more traditional way of usage, it is
pointed out the use of double glazing.
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As far as solar panels are concerned, their installation must be integrated and levelled with the
tiles plan, by not creating any visual aggression when they can be seen in the roofs at higher
levels.
These actions increase the cost of any intervention by about 12%, but in ten years this
investment is recovered as a result of the economy in energy consumption.
Still, the lack of financial support to investors who wish to intervene in buildings built in these
areas, where the rules and requirements are higher and more costly than elsewhere which
makes some of them quit , made Porto Vivo, SRU work on a fund which could support this kind
of operations.
4. A FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT: A JESSICA-TYPE FUND FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE

RENEWING THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF PORTO WORLD HERITAGE
Porto Vivo, SRU has projected the creation of a Fund [5], which falls within the creation of
Urban Development Funds (UDFs), framed by JESSICA initiative. Within the Framework
Programme 2014-2020, the application of EU Structural Funds as reimbursable funding will be
reinforced via these new financial engineering schemes, instead of the traditional way of assisting
stand-alone projects through non-repayable funds. Nevertheless, the relevance of the latter form
of funding for various public-driven projects is still crucial.
The proposal of creating a JESSICA-type fund is being produced by the Local Action Group for
the project CSI Europe, which has been co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund
through the URBACT II Programme. Such proposal is still a work in progress.
It was take into account the needs and pressing problems for the rehabilitation of buildings in
the Historic Centre of Porto. Therefore, Porto Vivo, SRU proposed a Fund that should be applied
to deep or medium-size rehabilitation interventions. However, the interventions are conditioned
to the use of techniques and materials that contribute to the energy efficiency, thus reducing the
energy bills of domestic consumption, as well as CO2 emissions, and also contributing to comfort
and improved health and well-being of the population [6]. There objectives are in line also with
the Europe 2020 Strategy goals.
The access of EU funds to private owners is a crucial aspect in this equation. In historical
centres, as it is proposed for Porto, this is critical so that the strategy of urban rehabilitation is
pursued by the local community as a whole. The logic is to support the small property owner and
the resident owner; otherwise it would be encouraged a process of gentrification, which is
altogether undesirable. These owners suffered directly the pressure on the town centre of an
uncontrolled expansion of the urban periphery, which exerted direct competition for public
investment in infrastructural projects, enabling property investment and demand for home
ownership, since it was facilitated by loans granted by banks at low interest rates.
Therefore, the purpose of the Fund REENERGI.CHP [5] is to encourage and leverage
rehabilitation and recovery interventions of buildings, at broaden terms, supporting actions aimed
at increasing the comfort in their use and improving energy efficiency. Moreover, it is intended to
provide contemporary conditions of use of dwellings and old buildings, whose locations and
neighbourhood contexts generate re-housing dynamics and boosting dynamics of local
economies. It also aims at achieving a universe currently not covered by supports within the
rehabilitation and recovery processes of buildings, particularly because European funding is not
eligible to private developers wishing to rehabilitate residential buildings, for own use or rental.
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Since this proposal is still being worked on by the Local Action Group of the CSI Europe project,
a more detailed analysis cannot be made at this stage.
5. CONCLUSION
We have focused on the rehabilitation process conducted by Porto Vivo, SRU in the city centre
of Porto. It was presented in this work the company and the way it has developed two specific
projects, namely, the action programmes Morro da S and Mouzinho/Flores Axis.
Such experience has had an impact in the way Porto Vivo, SRU is promoting energy efficiency
in the context of rehabilitation interventions. The technical roadmap offers a way forward, but
there was still lacking the support to small property owners, a gap which this public company is
looking to overcome.
The proposal of a financial instrument, which will be part of the Local Action Group of the CSI
Europe project, can become the way to spread the rehabilitation works at a massive scale.
Porto city centre has strong protection regulations of the physical heritage, due to its UNESCO
classification, but it is still struggling to meet the energy efficiency targets set. Aligning the
technical roadmap with the JESSICA-type financial instrument facilitates the knowledge and the
mechanism to put in practice these common objectives.
6. REFERENCES
[1]. Porto Vivo, SRU and Cmara Municipal do Porto (2005). Masterplan para a Revitalizao Urbana e
Social da Baixa do Porto. Porto: Porto Vivo, SRU. Retrieved from: http://www.portovivosru.pt/pt/areade-atuacao/enquadramento
[2]. Cmara Municipal do Porto & Porto Vivo, SRU (Eds.). (2010). Plano de Gesto do Centro Histrico do
Porto Patrimnio Mundial. Porto: Porto Vivo, SRU.
[3]. Porto Vivo, SRU (2012). Delimitao da rea de Reabilitao Urbana do Centro Histrico do Porto em
Instrumento Prprio. Porto: Porto Vivo, SRU. Retrieved from:
http://www.portovivosru.pt/pdfs/DEL_ARU_CHP_JUN_2012.pdf
[4]. Porto Vivo, SRU, AdE Porto Agncia de Energia do Porto, LFC Laboratrio de Fsica das Construes,
InCI, I.P. Instituto da Construo e do Imobilirio & Direo Regional da Cultura do Norte (2013).
Reabilitao de Edifcios do Centro Histrico do Porto: Guia de Termos de Referncia para o
Desempenho Energtico-Ambiental (2nd Ed.). Porto: Porto Vivo, SRU. Retrieved from:
http://www.portovivosru.pt/morro_se/fileManager/editor/pdfs/Guia_Termos_Referencia.pdf
[5]. Porto Vivo, SRU (2014). Urban Development Fund Proposal: REENERGI.CHP. Porto: Porto Vivo, SRU.
[6]. Copenhagen Economics (2012). Multiple benefits of energy efficient renovations in buildings. Retrieved
from: http://www.renovateeurope.eu/uploads/Multiple%20benefits%20of%20EE%20renovations%20in%20buildings%20%20Full%20report%20and%20appendix.pdf
7. NOTES
[i]. CSI Europe: City Sustainable Investment in Europe Making financial instruments work for cities has
been co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the URBACT II Operational
Programme.
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[ii]. Acronym of the "Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas" initiative, financial
instrument promoted by the European Commission and developed by the European Investment Bank
(EIB) with the support of the Council of Europe Development Bank.
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HISTORICAL HERITAGE: FROM ENERGY CONSUMER TO

ENERGY PRODUCER. THE CASE STUDY OF THE ALBERGO
DEI POVERI OF GENOA, ITALY
FRANCO, G.; GUERRINI, M.; CARTESEGNA, M.
FRANCO, G.: University of Genoa, Polytechnic School, Department DSA. Genoa Italy. francog@arch.unige.it
GUERRINI, M.: University of Genoa, Polytechnic School, Department DSA. Genoa - Italy
CARTESEGNA, M.: Engineer. Genoa - Italy
ABSTRACT
The monumental complex of the Albergo dei Poveri was built between the late Seventeenth century and
the middle of the Nineteenth as a monumental structure for charitable purposes. The idea of the complex
was based on the segregation of poor and diseased people, divided for sex, age, social status and physical
health. The monumental complex occupies a total surface of about 60,000 square meters, and the green
area behind the complex, Valletta San Nicola, about 25,000 square meters. The building was almost
completely abandoned since more than a decade, hence a renewal project was defined in order to allow a
complete use of the building as a university campus (pole for humanities). Given its size and location in the
heart of the city, the building could represent in the future a great opportunity for urban renewal.
According to that, the Rector assigned, in 2011, to the School od Specialization in Architectural and
Landscape Heritage (director prof. Stefano F. Musso) the task of preliminary researches related to the
building restoration and renovation. This paper is focused on the aspects concerning the relation between
improvement of energy efficiency and conservation of historical and architectural values, as this balance is
often considered in conflict.
Main aim of the part of the research here described, and still in progress, is the definition, from a
methodological and technical point of view, of feasibility studies in order to submit the historical
monumental heritage in a process of "energy efficiency" and "smart grids" (the research is funded by a grant
from Regione Liguria). Following this main objective, the work investigates the possibility to use the
monumental complex and its site as an energy-producer, and not only an energy-consumer. In particular, a
feasibility study has been prepared, according to the structural and constructive characteristics of the
complex, to obtain an efficient use of energy resources. Supported by Ansaldo Energia, the researchers
begun an analysis to determine the most appropriate solutions for energy production technology through
co-generation and tri-generation with microturbines powered by gas.
The paper deals with: the general master plan with new uses; energy demand; the results and the
problems of calculation through current software for heating and cooling; the analysis of the electricity
demand and the needs of domestic hot water; the definition of the most suitable intervention to improve
thermal behavior of the architectural complex and to produce energy.
Key words: energy audit, energy efficiency, Cultural Heritage, renewable energy, conservation
1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainability and Heritage represent two terms that more and more frequently are put
beside, as Cultural Heritage, tangible and intangible, is not only seen, nowadays, as a product of a
specific site or society, but is strictly linked to the general principles of sustainable growth.
Nevertheless, numerous conflicts emerge while considering traditional architecture as an
occasion for the future sustainable growth. Cultural Heritage may be seen as a repository of
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valuable reusable resources and their integrated conservation can extend the active life in
reasonable future economic conditions. But historical architectures and districts are at the same
time non-renewable resources and therefore the interventions should be able to cope with
specific conflicts of interests, so that the achievement of new requirements for modernisation do
not alter intrinsic values of the historical heritage.
Moreover, the relation between Sustainability and Heritage is often reduced to the mere
technical sphere of energy saving or the application of new technical disposals supplied by
renewable energies. Contemporary age often confuses technological innovation with the social
utility of techniques to solve problems, therefore contributing to a vision of technology assumed
to have total and absolute value. The relationship between technological innovation and
architectural and environmental research is, consequently, still largely a process of the simple
application of products and technologies, in other words, of applied science, which does not
constitute real innovation. This often leads to an unbalanced and risky relationship and to a
greater emphasis on just the technical components that do not correspond to effective cultural
advancement. Neither do they improve the capacity to assimilate and modify the technology to
achieve higher long-term objectives.
A new approach and balance between Sustainability and Heritage may contribute to an ever
more necessary overturn in the objectives and cultural references which until now have been
considered exclusive. This is the methodological approach at the base of the research here
presented focused on the Albergo dei Poveri of Genoa, specific object of a research program of
national interest (PRIN 2010 Built Heritage Information Modelling/ManagementBHIMM,
national coordinator prof. Stefano Della Torre, responsible for the local Unity of Genoa prof.
Stefano F. Musso). The complex is also object of a grant from Liguria Region, involving Ansaldo
Energia, titled Smart grid: intelligent management of historical architectural heritage fund on the
European Social Fund Liguria Region 2007-2013 Axis IV Human Capital specific objective l/6
(scientific referent prof. arch. Giovanna Franco, researcher arch. Marco Guerrini, energy
consultant: prof. ing. Anna Magrini, technical plants consultant: ing. Marco Cartesegna).
2. THE COMPLEX OF THE ALBERGO DEI POVERI OF GENOA, AN OCCASION OF

RESEARCH
The Albergo dei Poveri in Genova is a vast architectural complex that developed between
the mid-seventeenth and the nineteenth century, but was never completed according to the
original plan [1]. Further, it knew several transformations in the internal spaces, due to the
changing of the social reality of the town, of the evolution of the scientific, social and political
thought and, consequently, of the methods of hosting the poor and taking care of them. For these
purposes the Albergo was founded by Emanuele Brignole Sale, a representative of one of the
richest and outstanding noble families belonging to the exclusive circle of those who ruled the
Oligarchic Republic, since the times of its father Andrea DOria. It hosted, during the periods of
maximum expansion and activity, almost three thousand of persons and it closed its doors every
night as it were a place of reclusion. Till the recent abandonment and thanks to its strategic
position and scale, it thus represented for centuries, an important urban (infra)structure. The
Albergo was built in a valley immediately out of the second city walls of the sixteen century and
remained out of the urban settlement till their destruction (first decades of the nineteen century)
realized to allow the growth of the city towards the surrounding hills to the north. This means
that the architects had to design, first of all, the re-modeling of the valley, the reduction of their
rocks sloping sides, the covering of their river(s) and the successive filling of the natural basin to
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obtain a regular and flat surface upon which founding the complex. For these reasons we are not
simply in front of a building, even if huge and vast, but of a real urban structure that deeply
affected and modified the landscape. The main steps of its construction date between 1656, year
of the complete acquisition of the land, and 1696 when the south and east wings were almost
completed. The main works ended in 1832 with the construction of part of the north wing and the
west one, never completing the original plan towards west, for technical and economical reasons
and other transformations were afterwards realized to adapt the complex to new needs.
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Image 1. The complex of Albergo dei Poveri and the green valley behind (Valletta S. Nicola)
2.1. The status of the complex and a strategy for the future
At the end of the Nineties of the past century, the complex has been assigned to the
University of Genoa, by the legitimate owner, through a specific Loan for Use for 50 years. The
original previsions of the Athenaeum was to transfer in the complex all the Faculties of the
Humanities that are still hosted in some monumental palaces of the Seventeenth century Strada
Balbi. For several general reasons (that is not the case to highlight here), the original plan has
been developed really slowly and with several stops, due to different problems of economic and
technical nature that at least in part derive just from a lack of knowledge of the architectural
complex, of its real consistency and state of conservation. The insufficient knowledge brought, in
fact, to parallel insufficiencies of each plan and, in the meantime, the impossibility to occupy the
complex in the same phase and to reuse it as a whole determined the uncontrolled development
of the decay problems. This situation deeply affects on almost all the roofs and the covering
structures, on frames, windows and doors, plasters, internal installations and finishes but also on
the external spaces and those of the inner courtyards. Uncontrolled infiltrations of rain waters,
the actions of animals, of homeless and of vandals, the disordered growth of infesting vegetation
that were already evident when the University took total responsibility (economical, technical,
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administrative) of the complex, are now even more dangerous. Quite absurd, also the few parts
and limited that have been till now restored or rehabilitated and refurbished to host didactic
activities, a library, administrative offices, are already in critical conditions, independently by the
evaluation that we could express about these interventions under the point of view of their
architectural quality or of their cultural premises. Another aspect of the difficult situation that the
University now faces, is provoked by the fact that during the past decades all the technical
regulations set by the State and by different Authorities are deeply changed. It has been a
constant process towards higher levels of control in each field involved. This process imposes now
new standard, parameters and requirements that the original projects do not respect and that
compulsorily involve any new hypothesis regarding the re-use of the ancient structures and
spaces.
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Image 2. Three-dimensional view of the architectural complex from south-east (E. Macchioni)
2.2. The general masterplan

The University, after many years of casual additions of separate and partial projects, has
decided to change the way in which the problem could be faced and hopefully managed and
solved. For this purpose the Athenaeum is trying to re-formulate and update the Loan for Use
with the Brignole Sale Institute, in order to prolong its validity till 99 years. It is necessary to
make reasonable and sustainable the further investment of public economic resources that, in
any case, must be searched because the needs exceed the normal economic balance sheet of the
University. It is thus impossible to go on the same paths of the recent past and a general strategic
plan was needed, based on a clear vision of the future not only of the architectural compound in
itself, or as a simple new venue for the University, but as a fundamental part of the town.
Given its impressive size and location in the heart of the city (with a total covered surface of
more than 60.000 sqm), the complex could represent a fantastic opportunity for the renewal and
valorization of this part of the town. Therefore, a restoration/renovation feasibility plan has been
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prepared under the impulse of the Rector, by the School of Specialization in Architectural
Heritage and Landscape (director prof. Stefano F. Musso, with prof. Giovanna Franco), supporting
the technical offices of the Athenaeum, in order to allow a complete re-use of the complex as a
university campus. Nowadays only 30% of the available space (abandoned) has been recovered
and is regularly used for classrooms and didactic activities, a library, department offices and other
university functions. The remaining parts are dangerously exposed to the actions of all the
imaginable causes of physical degradation. Further, the ancient inner spaces have strong
morphological and organizational features (large rooms, in some cases fragmented during the
past decades, covered with complex vaults in the lower levels and with ceilings in the upper ones,
monumental stairs but lack of safety exits...) that make very difficult to modify them in order to
be adapt for new uses, preserving their historical values and architectural characters. Moreover,
the Albergo has also evident problems to be heated, insulated and cooled, so that also the
improvement of its energetic behaviour is a real and crucial challenge for the University.
For these reasons, it has been designed a Strategic Plan (or Master Plan) aimed at the full
use of the complex that can be implemented through phases spread over time and contains the
following main information:
[1]. distribution layout, with the identification of the possible future uses of the covered
spaces, of the open and closed ones;
[2]. system access from the outside;
[3]. identification of the main interventions of constructive nature and architectural needed to
reduce the available space in a safe condition.
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Image 3. The general Master Plan (3D model by E. Macchioni)
The Strategic Plan is now ready and is the basis to which to anchor the continuous updating of
data derived from the studies made and still in progress and also the ongoing confrontation with
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the structures of the University. All these elements configure therefore a good-practice, totally
innovative for the University in the field of management, including economic, of the process of
restoration/recovery/reuse of the monumental complex.
3. SMART MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

Parallel to the definition of the Strategic Plan, it has been started an analysis on its thermal
behaviour in the actual state, preliminary to any following consideration concerning possible and
suitable strategies for the improvement of its energy efficiency. The research has been organised
in the following phases [2].
1. Identification of one or more portion of historical heritage and of its formal and constructive
features to perform a feasibility study about its energy behaviour and enhancement. The
complexity of ambience and structures requires, in fact, a careful choice of calculation methods
and highlights the difficulties encountered in their validation in a so large and diverse monument.
2. Energy modelling; analysis of the selected portions, energy audit and identification of energy
demand for its actual or future use. Identification of the best technical approach and of the main
problems that arise facing an historical complex. The calculation of energy needs for new uses,
according to the Strategic Plan has also been compared with actual energy consumption in the
part of the complex that has already been restored and used, to verify the reliability of calculation
methods. Analysis of requirements follows an exploration on effectiveness, in terms of induced
benefits of thermal insulation systems, on the most fragile parts of the structures.
3. Identification of the most suitable technologies for thermal insulation and for energy
production and assessment of the possible inclusion in a smart grid program. In particular, the
considered actions refer to the intelligent use of energy for the liveability and the management of
the historical monuments, energy saving for heating, cooling, the necessary energy supply of
other plant equipment and the possible autonomous energy production and consumption. Each
of these actions has to be carefully evaluated, considering architectural compatibility and
conservation of historical structures and materials.
4. Evaluation of the possibility to enhance thermal behaviour and to use micro-generation
systems.
All this work, in terms of feasibility, leads to define guidelines for future interventions,
highlighting, since early stages, the real problems linked to technical feasibility. The role of the
technical partner, who is currently commercializing micro-turbine for cogeneration and trigeneration, is to verify the possibility of making the complex from a low energy building to an
energy producer, and to possibly serve, in addition to the complex itself, other buildings owned
by the University close located to the Albergo dei Poveri.
4. CALCULATION OF THERMAL ENERGY DEMAND

4.1 . Data acquisition for calculation of thermal behaviour of the complex
The set of data that the software required for the calculation of the energy demand for
heating was collected during a long campaign of survey. The actors involved in this phase of work,
beyond the Authors, have been: the students of the School of Specialization in Architectural
Heritage and Landscape, researchers of the group dealing with architectural restoration on the
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Department of Sciences for Architecture and the technicians working at the Laboratory of
Analytical Methods for the Restoration and the History of the Built Environment (MARSC).
The direct survey, even recurring to different tools as longimetric survey, topographical one,
laser scanner and Z-scan, has been integrated with data deriving from an analysis into different
archives (Archivio di Stato di Genova, Archivio Storico del Comune di Genova, Archivio Istituto
Brignole, Archivio della Regione Liguria), trying to re-draw the history of small modification on the
complex.
To calculate energy demand its been necessary, firstly, to define the parts of the so called
building envelope in their technical behaviour and thermo-physical characters.
From the constructive point of view, the complex is like a massive stone masonry wall
structure, whose wings are internally divided by pilasters that support cross or barrel vaults with
lunettes, made of bricks. The complex has been heavily damaged during the last war, when the
bombs destroyed significant portions of roofs and floors, especially on the north and east wings.
These parts have been reconstructed following the ideas of the period: roof structures are made
of reinforced concrete and bricks, external terraces, instead of pitched roofs, are made with SAP
technology (brick and steel), internal floors are consolidated with reinforced concrete beams. The
roof structures, not damaged by the bombs, are made of wooden pitch beams supported by brick
pillars on brick arches. Between one arch and the other, the ceiling is made by a light wooden
structure finished, in the internal surface, with plaster, according to the tradition of historical
Genoese buildings.
Once obtained the geometric and constructive data, the determination of thermo-physical
properties of external walls, windows, roofs and ground floor has been carried out with reference
to the technical norm UNI 10351 Building materials - thermal conductivities and vapor
permeabilities. The building envelope has been divided into several portions each of which having
the same properties and characteristics in terms of thickness, thermal conductivity, surface mass
and thermal capacity.
Images 4 and 5. Brick vaults (intermediated floor) and light wooden vaults (under the roof)
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Image 6. Three-dimensional modellisation of a vault after a lase scanner campaign (R. Babbetto)
Table 1: Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of masonry walls
4.2. The calculation of energy demand through the use of software

The issues relating to the determination of the energy aspects in new buildings and in existing
ones has become a matter of great importance within the national, community and global energy
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policies. Great importance in the process of determining the fuel consumption is based on the
level of definition in data collection and in the type of the computing system.
Nowadays computing systems established by the European Standard EN ISO 13790: 2008 are
of two types: the dynamic method and the steady-state method (or quasi-steady state method).
The dynamic method uses sophisticated computing systems that assess the effects of climatic
variation on the building during the course of 24 hours and allow you to get the results on an
hourly basis.
The steady-state method (or quasi-steady state method) is based upon wider timing of
evaluation, usually monthly, taking into account the effects of the thermal capacity of the
building, in responding to climate variability, through the use of corrective factors. The steady
state method has been the method chosen in our case study. If, on the one hand, it provides
more approximate results, on the other hand it requires a smaller amount of data for the
determination of the calculation parameters. Facing a historical complex, this method has been
considered the most suitable one, regarding the timetable of the research and the large amount
of data needed. This difficulty can lead to deficiencies in the acquisition of data, or errors in the
process itself that may jeopardize the reliability of the final results.
Once defined the calculation method, it was necessary to build a simulation model for the
complex, taking into account a number of approximations, to transfer and translate real data into
the calculation program. The approximations are geometric and structural. From the geometric
point of view the monumental spaces are characterized by decorative and constructive elements
of complicated geometries and very difficult to be correctly transferred into the threedimensional model. To overcome these problems the structures were reduced to simpler forms.
The types of roofs have not been reported in their complex shapes, but all rooms with vaulted
ceiling have been reduced to plane ceiling, considering, as the main height to calculate the
volume, and average height. This approximation is allowed within the method of calculation, but
it would not be permitted in a dynamic calculation. From the structural point of view, the
constructive features of the walls are approximately calculated considering always uniform the
thickness of the plaster which covers the wall externally and internally. The characteristics of the
floors were assumed, whereas it was not possible to perform sampling or direct inquiries, in
agreement with the period of construction and subsequent modifications investigated through to
historical and archive documentation. Overhangs and sunscreens that affect solar gains, in
accordance with the method of calculation, were not taken into account.
4.3. Validation of building energy modelling

The definition of a building energy model requires a large number of parameters and the data
collection is quite complex and time-consuming due to the age of the construction. La lack of data
concerning the constructive stratigraphy, the variety of building techniques and successive
maintenance operations constitute real difficulties for modelling the building envelope.
Nevertheless, according to the aim of the building simulation and to the related accuracy, a series
of approximations have to be assumed both for the complexity of the structures, the computer
model and for the data lack. In this regard, it is important to define validation criteria for the
model results using the comparison with actual data, which represent the real behaviour of the
case study. As a part of the complex (approximately 30%) has already been restored, the total
annual energy consumption/surface has been used as validation criteria.
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Considering some uncertain input data, the previous mentioned aproximations and the
necessary difference among calculation and real behaviour, the model is considered accepatable
only if the following condition is verified:
-0.2 < (Etot - E*tot)/E*tot < 0.2
E*tot = E*fuel + fp,elE*el = E*fuel + E*p,el
Etot = Efuel + fp,elEel = Efuel + Ep,el
Etot : total specific energy demand [kWhth /m2year]
Efuel : total specific anergy demand related to fuel consumption [kWhth /m2year]
Eel : total specific electric demand [kWhel /m2year]
fp,el = 2.6 kWhth / kWhel is the factor of conversion of electric energy in primary energy
Ep,el = fp,elEel is the total primary energy demand corresponding to electric energy consumption
[kWhth /m2year]
The symbol (*) indicates the measures of the part of the complex already restored
Table 2: Energy consumption of the part of the building already restored
Table 3: Specific Energy consumption of the part of the building already restored
For the part of the complex that still need to be restored (almost 70%) there have been
evaluated those terms that contribute to define the energy demand. In particular, it has been
considered energy consumption to produce heating and hot water and electric consumption for
lighting, technical equipment, technical plants as pumps or ventilators or cooling (considerared
electric), as in the following tables.
Table 4: Energy demand
Table 5: Specific energy demand
In respect to the part already restored there are the following differences:
(Efuel - E*fuel)/ E*fuel = (122.56 - 150.34)/150.34 - 0.185 = -18.5 %
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(Ep,el - E*p,el)/ E*p,el = (103.45 - 113.08)/113.08 - 0.085 = -8.5 %

(Etot - E*tot)/ E*tot = (226.02 - 263.43)/263.43 - 0.142 = -14.2 %
As the difference between specific demands is less than 20%, the model is considered
acceptable.
4.4. Current state of the complex and possible interventions to improve energy
efficiency
The improvement of energy efficiency of the historical complex depends in part on the
installation of specific technical disposals and in part on the improvement of thermal behavior of
those buildings elements that are characterized by thermal losses. For this reason, there have
been individuated four possible interventions, all related to the parts connected with exterior
environment (external walls, roof structure, floors and windows). These intervention could be
done all together or partially (especially for those concerning external windows), so it is really
important to determine in advance what gain in terms of energy consumption they could allow.
The calculation program was set to produce results for five different scenarios: the first of the
status quo and the other four, labeled with letters A, B, C, D, which take account of the
improvement of thermal behavior as result of building interventions.
The value of natural ventilation is considered, in the draft standard (UNI / TS 11300), as 0.3
volumes/hour. This value has been increased up to 0.5 volumes/hour, in the calculation of the
energy for heat load, for all the scenarios considered except the intervention D (insertion of new
and certificated windows beyond the restoration of the old ones) that, of course, implies a
reduction of natural ventilation.
Specifically, the scenario of intervention A takes into account the insulation of the roof and has
been translated into the calculation software, changing the characteristics of the attic rooms
adjoining compartments of the project. Specific attention should be posed in this kind of
intervention, not to alter existing morphology and geometries. Within the City of Genoa, the legal
limit for the transmittance of opaque structures is horizontal or inclined by 0,26 W/m2K.
The scenario B refers to the insulation of the floors (ground floor and the ceiling under the roof
structure) It has been suggested the addition of an insulating layer thickness of 8 cm with a of
0.035 W/mK and a nominal density of 50 Kg/m3. Depending on the type of construction of the
roof structure, heavy (reinforced concrete) or light (wooden), the insulating panels can be placed
in semi-rigid or flexible in mattresses, leaning to the existing structure, or with self-supporting
structure fixed to the perimeter walls. Anyway, they shouldnt be posed directly under the stones
slates.
The scenario C is related to the isolation of the external wall under the windows with the
inclusion of a layer of 10 cm of insulation (with of 0.035 W/mK and a nominal density of 50
Kg/m3). This isolation, for example in the in the form of rigid panel, could be posed on the existing
wall structure and covered by a new layer of plaster.
Finally, the last scenario (intervention D) considers the possibility of adding a certificate frame
windows coupled to the exiting one, to be restored. This intervention specifically responds to the
need on conservation and safeguard of historical values. The new wooden window would be
inserted along the inside perimeter of the existing masonry (Uf 1,8 W/m2K) and with double
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glazing with low-emissivity coating (Ug 2,7 W/m2K and a transmission coefficient equal to normal
solar 0.75).
Table 6: Technical interventions to improve energy efficiency
4.5. Results and considerations

The results have been organized within a summary table that describes the consumption,
divided per floor, and energy gains (in percentage) linked to each scenario and to the total sum of
them.
It is possible to know the values of the heat load [Qp] for each ambience of the Albergo dei
Poveri identified by an alphanumeric code. The individual ambience (or rooms) take into account
the different intended use and constructive and structural characteristics.
Table 7: Winter heating energy consumption, energy efficiency and energy gains
Among the new uses assigned in the Master Plan there is also the new Library for Laws, that is
underneath specific technical regulations as concerns air exchange and requires the installation of
an AHU (air handling unit) as well as the services for university residences, offices, library,
classrooms, restaurants and bar.
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Using the fan coil terminals as heating, the treated air coming from the AHU is introduced into
indoor rooms without altering the heat balance of the room itself.
5. ELECTRIC ENERGY DEMAND (LIGHTING)

The necessary data for the development of the calculation were obtained according to UNI EN
12464-1 Lighting of workplaces. Part 1: Indoor work places, and the table developed by ENEA the
National Agency for Energy and the Environment (ENEA) - Information related to energy saving
lighting.
The legislation has provided information on the number of lux required for any programmed
use, following the Master Plan, while the table ENEA has provided a range of values (among which
the maximum has been considered for the calculation).
The hypothesis for the re-use of the Albergo dei Poveri foresees the use of LED lamps which
luminous efficiency data were obtained by consulting the catalog of producing companies
(considering an average value of luminous efficiency of 76 L/W). In addition to the calculation of
each new use, it were taken into account the orientation of the helio-thermic axis and the
presence of obstacles that could reduce the solar gain in terms of natural lighting. For the nonresidential uses (like the new urban street inside the complex in the north-south direction) the
number of average daily hours of use was multiplied by the number of working days per year (255
days).
Table 8: Electric energy demand
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6. ENERGY DEMAND OF HOT WATER

The demand for hot water has been calculated on the basis of different references, in relation
to the proposed new uses and maximum value of crowding (especially concerning university
dwellings and classrooms). The demand was calculated both in terms of water consumption and
in terms of energy need for the production of domestic hot water.
6.1. Water consumption

For the calculation of the value of maximum crowding in university classrooms it has been
taken into account the Italian Circular 3625/65 of the Ministry of Public Works indicating the
maximum value for classrooms with a capacity of between 60 and 90 people, in 1.5 sqm/person.
The calculation of the pro-capite consumption had instead as a reference the National Program
for the promotion of solar energy, published by the Ministry of Environment and Protection of
Land and Sea. This reference to the calculation of pro-capite consumption (estimated in 5
l/person per day) was also used for the new library and for those spaces for students.
As one library inside the Albergo dei Poveri (Political Sciences, has already been opened few
years ago, the value of maximum crowding for the new library was obtained by comparing it with
existing data. the maximum crowding the space occupied by the library currently in use.
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The calculation of the estimate of demand for domestic hot water regarding the restaurant for
the university campus shall be based on the report of the 13 UNI/TS 11300 Part 2, valid for
restaurants. This technical regulation defines that it is necessary to consider a daily requirement
estimated at 10 liters by the number of meals served per day. The restaurant will be open to
students, professors and guests of the university residences, as visiting professors (300 meals/day
estimated).
The demand for domestic hot water for the residences is based on the report of the 13 UNI/TS
11300 Part 2, including an average surface for each student (128 sqm for each apartment - 1.44
l/m2 per day). Although the architectural project is still not defined, it is possible to estimate a
minimum number of apartments per floor, divided into single or double rooms, depending on the
architectural features of the complex.
Table 9: Possible allocation of university residence
The rooms, single or double, are in number of 13 to 26 guest on the 3rd floor, 22 to 43 guests
on the 4th, 13 to 25 guests on the 5th floor and 3 to 6 guests on the 6th floor. Summing up the data
we get 51 rooms that can accomodate up to 100 students.
Finally, the calculation of the demand for hot water for administrative and departmental
offices is based on the report of the 13 UNI/TS 11300 Part 2. According to technical requirements
it is necessary to consider a daily demand estimated at 0.2 liters/day per square meter (for a total
surface of 3.730 square meters).
Table 10: Domestic hot water consumption
Once known the quantity of hot water consumption, the temperature of utilization and the
temperature of entrance from the water main, it is possible to calculate the relative energy
demand [3]. The following table contains the theoretical energy demand to produce 1 mc (1.000 l)
of water, considering a temperature at the entrance of 12 C [1] and an output temperature of
40C. This considered data is even worse in respect of that from technical regulation UNI-TS
(15C).
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At the plant level, and then for purposes of calculating the useful thermal energy demand for
domestic hot water heating , it was decided to storage of 80% of the daily requirement of hot
water in tanks at a temperature of 60 C.
Table 11: Theoretical energy consumption for domestico water
7. CONCLUSIONS
The results presented in this paper require some in-depth level of assumption for the
hypothesis of energy consumption (among others, the summer cooling, electrical load related to
the plants and other uses other than those relating to lighting). Global measure defined in the
hypothesis of energy consumption will be addressed, along with Ansaldo Energia, duringthe
development of the project.
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The feasibility study will be completed by a costs / benefits study on different technical
combined systems, considering also renewable energy sources. First of all, according to the
energy demand, micro-turbines from Ansaldo, fueled by natural gas, will be dimensioned. They
will be useful to define a system of co-generation or tri-generation (for thermal power, lighting
and possibly localized cooling systems).
Taking into account the involved powers and the distribution of consumption that
characterizes the structure in question , in order to cover a significant percentage of the energy
demand, currently it is assumed the use of No. 3 microturbines.
The following characteristics have been considered: dimensions 900x1810x2527/3652 mm;
weight 2650 kg; fuel consumption 34.5 m3/h; electrical output 100 kW; thermal output 167 kW;
thermal efficiency 48 %.
Similar micro-turbines have been already installed to create energy isles in La Sapienza
University in Rome. In collaboration with the Technical Department of the Municipality, that deal
with the management of the old water systems, it will be also evaluated the possibility of
producing electricity inserting micro hydro-turbines in Rio Carbonara, which runs below the
longitudinal axis of the complex. It will be also possible to think about an integrated system of PV
solar cells in the glass greenhouses that close the amphitheater of the valley S. Nicola and that
have to be preserved and restored.
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Preventive evaluation of environmental and architectural impacts of these technical disposals

will be carefully discussed together with the experts from the Superintendence for Architecture
and Landscape, even using photo-simulations and choosing the best applicable technologies.
8. REFERENCES
[1]. Altavista C. (1999). LAlbergo dei Poveri a Genova: Propriet immobiliare e sviluppo urbano in Antico
Regime (1656-1798). Atti della Societ Ligure di Storia Patria, CXII FASC.I, (pp. 493-529); Banchero G.,
(1846). Opere Pie. Albergo dei Poveri. Genova e le due Riviere, (pp. 4-42); De Marini A. (2000).
LAlbergo dei Poveri apre le porte allUniversit. Collana Annali della Facolt di Giurisprudenza. Genova:
published by Giuffr Editore; Gavazza E., & Rotondi G. (1992). Genova in et barocca, Genova:
published by Nuova Alfa Editoriale; Grendi E. (1975). Pauperismo e lAlbergo dei Poveri nella Genova
del Seicento. Rivista Storica Italiana, IV. Napoli: published by Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane; Guerra A.,
Molteni A. (1995). Il trionfo della Miseria: gli Alberghi dei Poveri di Genova, Palermo e Napoli. Milano:
published by Electa; Parma Armani E. (1978). LAlbergo dei Poveri a Genova: una struttura assistenziale
seicentesca. Genova: published by Comune di Genova Assessorato alle Attivit Culturali; Parma Armani
E. (1978). Albergo dei Poveri. Guida di Genova. Genova: published by Sagep Editrice; Parma Armani E.
(1992). Albergo dei Poveri di Genova (Istituto di ricovero Emanuele Brignole), in Pittarello L. (Ed.).
Luoghi del Seicento genovese: spazi architettonici, spazi dipinti. Ferrara: published by Nuova Alfa
Editore; Parma Armani E. (1977). Genesi e realizzazione di un reclusorio seicentesco: lAlbergo dei
Poveri di Genova. Rivista di studi di storia delle arte, 1, (pp. 103-120); Parma Armani E. (1988).
Pauperismo e beneficenza a Genova: documenti per lAlbergo dei Poveri. Quaderni franzoniani,
semestrale di bibliografia e cultura ligure, I, 2, (pp. 69-180)
[2]. Franco, G, Magrini, A, Pernetti, R & Guerrini, M. (2014). Towards a systematic approach for energy
refurbishment of historical buildings: the case study of Albergo dei Poveri in Genoa, Italy. In Historical
and existing buildings: designing the retrofit. An overview form energy performance to indoor air
quality, AICARR International conference Proceedings, Milan.
[3]. Mario Doninelli, Quaderni Caleffi, N 5 Impianti Idrosanitari; available at: www.caleffi.it.
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IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC CORNISH

BUILDINGS GRANT FUNDING, MONITORING AND
GUIDANCE
RICHARDS, A.
RICHARDS, A.: Cornwall Council, Camborne, Cornwall, England - UK. andrew.richards@cornwall.gov.uk
INTRODUCTION
The character of historic buildings can be easily damaged by inappropriate detailing and choice of
materials especially when their thermal performance is being upgraded. More guidance is needed on what
makes historic buildings important, how they work and appropriate ways of upgrading them. In challenging
times Cornwall Council has been allocating funding from heritage led regeneration schemes to maintain
local traditional building skills and use local materials on historic buildings. This has sustainable benefits and
helps maintain the local vernacular. Appropriate products and materials have been funded on local historic
buildings and the thermal and noise performance of these products and materials have been monitored by
students from local colleges as part of their courses. This has provided local reference points of good practice
and fed in to web based guidance produced by Cornwall Council staff which links to local policy and is being
used to inform Planning and Building Control applications.
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Figure 1. Energy saving measures at Trevu Road, Camborne
BACKGROUND
Cornwall is a remote and relatively poor county in South West England. Cornwall Council is a
unitary local authority which replaced six District Councils and a County Council in April 2009. The
Council provides a wide range of services to more than half a million residents, has an annual
budget of more than 1 billion and is the biggest employer in Cornwall with a staff of over 20,000.
It has the largest number of statutorily protected heritage assets in the United Kingdom (see
Figure 2) including:
1,345 scheduled monuments.
12,552 listed buildings.
145 Conservation Areas covering 4411 hectares.
37 registered parks and gardens.
8 designated wrecks.
3 registered battlefields.
Mining Landscape World Heritage site of 18,222 hectares covering 5.5% of Cornwall
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Figure 2. Map of England showing numbers of listed buildings by local authority. (Dark blue indicates
highest level of listed buildings)
Cornwall Councils Planning and Building Control Departments determine applications to alter
and extend listed buildings and historic buildings in Conservation Areas and the World Heritage
Site. Around 35% of all planning applications affect a designated historic asset. Conservation
Officers are employed to give specialist advice on these applications although recently these
positions have been reduced through reductions to Local Authority budgets.
Planning and Listed Building Consent applications are almost always submitted before Building
Control applications. This means more potentially harmful detailing on historic buildings required
through Building Control requirements are not included on Planning and Listed Building Consent
applications.
Cornwalls exposed location on a peninsula surrounded by sea leads to changeable and severe
weather conditions with horizontal driving rain common. To withstand these conditions
traditional buildings were robustly built with locally sourced stone walls and natural slate roofs.
The cost of local granite and slate is prohibitive with cheaper imported alternatives now used on
historic buildings. Local roofing slate, for example, is two to three times more expensive than
some imported slate. Traditional building skills are declining. There are fewer locally available
builders skilled in traditional building techniques and traditional skills are rarely taught at local
colleges.
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Cornwall suffers from significant deprivation and low wages meaning fuel poverty (where
more than 10% of a households income is being spent on energy) is widespread in many areas.
Many older homes are hard to heat leading to health implications for occupants in particular
young children and the elderly.
HERITAGE LED REGENERATION IN CORNWALL

In order to address these issues Historic Environment staff from Cornwall Council have been
bidding for and implementing heritage led regeneration schemes from national funding bodies
such as Heritage Lottery Fund and English Heritage. These schemes were mostly Heritage Lottery
Funded Townscape Heritage Initiatives (THIs) or English Heritage funded Heritage Led
Regeneration Schemes (HERS). They fund quality traditional repairs to targeted historic buildings
in Conservation Areas using local materials and local traditional building techniques. The schemes
also reinstate missing architectural details through reference to historical photographs and bring
vacant and underused buildings back in to use.
12 Heritage led regeneration schemes have been successfully implemented in Cornwall
between 1998 and 2013. They have created 25 million pounds of investment (including 8.2
million private investment) in historic towns through a combined Cornwall Council contribution of
1.7 million.
- 63 -
Figure 3. THI funded schemes influenced by historic photos
Townscape Heritage Initiatives

Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) use money raised through the National Lottery to give grants to
sustain and transform heritage. Townscape Heritage Initiatives are part of HLFs programme for
schemes which help communities improve the built historic environment of conservation areas.
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The HLF supports partnerships of local, regional and national interests that aim to regenerate
economically disadvantaged historic areas for the benefit of local residents, workers and visitors.
Partnerships can apply for a grant from HLF of between 100,000 and 2 million. Usually THI
schemes have partnership funds made up of contributions from other funding bodies. Partners
contribute to a funding pool in order to increase the size and impact of the scheme. Most Cornish
THIs have had a combined partnership fund of around 1 million.
Bidding for the funding is a two stage process which involves production of an agreed Action
Plan with costs, timescales and targets. It usually takes two years from submitting the initial bid to
an actual commencement of the scheme. A scheme will last five years with grants offered in the
first three years. Cornwall Council has developed and submitted bids themselves and use existing
staff and fixed term project staff funded by the THI to project manage and deliver Action Plans.
THI grants are between 50% and 75% for specified eligible work. This gives property owners an
incentive to use local materials and traditional building techniques and reinstate missing high
level architectural detailing.
Camborne, Roskear, Tuckingmill Townscape Heritage Initiatives (THIs)

Camborne, Roskear and Tuckingmill are three adjoining former mining settlements in West
Cornwall each with their own Conservation Area. They have a combined population of around
30,000 and are situated within the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage
Site. Quality architectural detailing is still evident on many historic buildings although their state
of repair has suffered gradually since the decline in mining from the late nineteenth century.
A THI operated in the three settlements from January 2008 to December 2012 (Phase 1). The
scheme had a combined common fund of 1,491,582 and funded works to 28 historic buildings.
This scheme was very successful with funding fully allocated at an early stage with all proposed
outputs met. Following a successful bid to extend it a new scheme started in January 2012 (Phase
2) and will run until June 2016. Details of funding partnerships and outputs for the two schemes
are shown in Figure 4 below:
Figure 4. Funding partnerships and scheme results
Buildings improved
Listed buildings improved
Buildings with architectural features restored
THI common fund
Heritage Lottery Fund
Cornwall Council contributions
Homes and Communities Agency
Camborne Town Council
Private sector contributions
Buildings removed from the Buildings at Risk register
Sq m of vacant or underused floor space returned to
residential use
Sq m of vacant or underused floor space returned to
commercial use
Phase 1 (actual)
Jan 2008 Dec
2012
Phase 2 (estimated)
Jan 2012 June
2016
Phase 1 and 2
combined
28
8
28
1,048,750
629,250
200,000
200,000
19,500
9,533,017
13
3,508
18
2
15
666,667
500,000
151,667
15,000
5,721,015
5
685
46
10
43
1,715,417
1,129,250
351,667
200,000
34,500
15,254,032
18
4,193
500
862
1,362
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Traditional Skills Training

A rolling programme of training days for local contractors, architects, Council staff and college
students have been funded through the THI (see Figure 6). These programmes give College
students the opportunity of working on a live project, giving a sense of ownership. Traditional
skills training funded by the THI has included:
Building local stone walls, scantle slate roofing, thatching, lime pointing, bag rubbing, wall
capping, stone repair, stone cleaning
Construction of new cob bus shelter with local students who were supervised in cob
construction, scantle slate roofing, oak framing and building stone plinths.
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings practical repair and study day
Traditional Joinery Week including demonstrations of traditional window repair
techniques and draught proofing, making internal shutters and lectures on the history of
traditional windows.
Design and production of cast iron street signs and door handles - students designed the
metalwork and watched production at a local foundry (completed work is now installed
on buildings).
Production of traditional sash windows for installation on a THI funded building as part of
a College course
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Figure 5. Sash window production and timber repairs
Training in traditional timberwork has proved particularly useful. Many local carpenters prefer
to replace historic windows rather than repair them. The THI has funded traditional window
repair on historic buildings and provided training for local contractors and college students in
traditional timber construction and repair techniques (see Figure 5).
The aim is to promote the repair of original building fabric rather than replace it. This provides
cost benefits to occupants and still allows additional thermal improvements to be installed.
Guidance has also been produced on appropriate timber and detailing for timber repairs as well
as appropriate finishes. To reduce maintenance periods finishes such as linseed paint are being
encouraged.
A summary Traditional Skills Training Initiatives on the Cornwall Council website provides
more details: Cornwall Council Townscape Heritage Initiatives
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Figure 6. Traditional skills training carried out through THIs
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Monitored Energy Saving Initiatives

The THI has funded good practice methods of improving energy efficiency in historic buildings
in Camborne, Roskear and Tuckingmill. Improvements to original single glazed traditional timber
windows have been the main focus but sustainable breathable internal insulation methods have
been funded and agreed on future schemes. These include woodfibre board, insulating lime/cork
plaster, hemp lime and clay plaster.
Original Georgian (1710-1830) and Victorian (1837-1901) timber vertical sliding sash windows
remain on many historic buildings. These windows are protected on listed buildings but are being
increasingly replaced on with upvc alternatives on unprotected historic buildings.
Schemes were agreed to repair and overhaul original windows or reinstate windows based on
original details. Thermal and noise performance was then improved through installations of
draught proofing, secondary glazing, internal shutters, thermal shutters and slim double glazing
(see Figure 9).
Some of these improvements were installed on converted historic buildings which were
subdivided in to separate housing units. This allowed subtly different measures to be installed,
enabling the monitoring of thermal and noise performance of each measure. Results of the
monitoring included feedback from occupants and allowed measures to be compared to one
another. Installation in adjoining units also allowed a visual assessment of how they affected the
character of the historic buildings (see Figure 8).
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Figure 7. Energy saving measures carried out through the THI (slim double glazing images top left and right,
breathable wood fibre internal insulation bottom images)
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Figure 8. Image showing different THI funded methods of upgrading single glazed windows
Figure 9. Secondary glazing (left) and internal timber shutters (right) installed behind traditional single
glazed sash windows on THI schemes in Camborne
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Monitoring methods and results

Monitoring methods and programmes are agreed with property owners and carried out by
students from Cornwall Colleges BSc Renewable Energy and Carbon Management course. To date
monitoring has been carried out with:
Remote temperature sensors fixed internally and externally.

Thermal imaging.
Acoustic monitoring equipment.
Monitoring is conditioned on THI grant offers and involves:
1-2 week agreed monitoring period after completion of works and before occupancy
of building. This allows monitoring to take place in even conditions.
12 month monitoring period to take account of seasonal change.
An interview/perceptions questionnaire for occupants at the end of the monitoring
period.
Results of the thermal monitoring carried out so far show that draught proofing, secondary
glazing, internal shutters and slim double glazing are all effective at reducing heat loss without
affecting the character of historic buildings. In most cases, heating bills were reduced by around
15%, giving cost saving of around 100 a year for occupants.
Noise monitoring was carried out on historic properties fronting a main road next to a railway
line with idling traffic when the rail barriers were lowered (see Figure 10). The results showed that
draught proofing single glazed windows made a significant difference to noise performance and
that the performance of secondary glazing and internal shutters were comparable to double
glazing.
Figure 10. Noise monitoring results (In simple terms, the higher the figures in the table above, the better
the noise performance)
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Examples of THI monitoring carried out at Penlu, Tuckingmill
Figure 11. Thermal imaging taken at Penlu, Tuckingmill
Monitoring was carried out on refurbished original internal shutters and reinstated draught
proofed shutters on the building above. The thermal image was taken in March 2012 with the two
left hand shutters ajar, the top middle one fully open and the other three shut.
Internal and external temperature readings were taken with shutters open and closed over an
extended period in 2011. Results showed that if the shutters are closed overnight then the
internal temperature falls by 0.5 -1C less than if shutters are not closed. This implies a reduction
of 5-10% of the annual heat loss from the house and therefore a 5-10% reduction in energy bills
probably nearer to 5% since not all areas of the house will be so directly affected.
Figure 12. Analysis of thermal monitoring at Penlu, Tuckingmill
Further analysis of the data will point to differences in performance of the different shutter
designs and a consideration of the role that shutters can play in cooling during hot weather.
Further more detailed analysis of the energy monitoring carried out on THI target buildings is
included in Appendix 1 of the Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings guide.
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Improving Energy Efficiency in Cornish Historic Buildings guide

On early schemes guidance on how to improve energy efficiency in historic buildings was given
to each property owner applying for a grant. This encouraged measures that would reduce
running costs to be considered while seeking tenders for grant eligible work.
This guidance was developed and made more comprehensive to link in to wider policy and
strategy. It was progressed initially with local college students appointed on an internment and
then developed by the THI Project Team with help from English Heritage (a non departmental
public body of the British Government who advise on the care of the historic environment in
England).
The guidance provides local examples of good practice along with current costs and
performance details of suitable products and collates useful web links to enable further detailed
research. It is intended to be used as a working document by local authority staff, building
owners, professional agents and contractors at an early stage in the Planning process and before
Building Control applications.
The guide concludes that Historic buildings all differ and are subject to varying levels of
protection under the Planning system. They vary in their construction, location, quality of services
and the way they are used. Consequently there is no one size fits all solution to upgrade their
energy efficiency.
Retrofitting can often damage the authenticity, character and setting of a historic building. This
guide highlights behavioural changes and principles that could be followed to upgrade a historic
building whilst retaining its special character.
Sections within the guide provide information and advice on:
Why historic buildings are worth keeping and policy background for retrofitting (Section
1).
The influence of climate and climate change on historic Cornish buildings and factors
affecting energy reduction. (Section 2).
How historic buildings work and ways of controlling moisture and maintaining healthy
living conditions (Section 3).
Simple changes in occupants behaviour that can reduce energy consumption (Section 4).
Suitable products for retrofitting historic buildings and good local examples of their use
including performance details and costs. Useful web links are provided within sections of
the guide to enable further research and will be regularly updated (Section 5).
Details of sustainable materials that could be used for extensions to historic buildings or
new buildings within historic areas. (Section 6).
Reclaimed and recyclable materials (Section 7).
Available funding and useful contacts (Sections 8 and 9).
Feedback on energy monitoring carried out through Camborne, Roskear, Tuckingmill THIs
(Appendix 1).
Energy saving options for heating, lighting and appliances (Appendix 2).
Microgeneration options and guidance (Appendix 3).
Local case studies (Appendix 4)
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Figure 13. Sample sections from the Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Cornish Buildings guide showing
performance data, costs and web links to enable further research.
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Figure 14. Green Deal funded external insulation to these terraced properties in Camborne resulted in loss
of original material and architectural character mainly to doors and windows. Internal insulation would
have been less damaging to their character and the street scene.
Figure 15. The Grade II* Listed former Carpenters Shop at Heartlands, near Camborne was insulated and
clad externally (using 2 60mm thick rigid insulation boards between cladding). This allowed the original
timber boarding to be exposed internally. The shadow gap on the window reveal subtly indicates where the
new external cladding starts. The building has been converted to a caf and bar for Heartlands and achieved
a BREEAM score of excellent.
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See the Heartlands website for more information: http://www.heartlandscornwall.com/
CONCLUSION
The traditional skills training and energy saving initiatives funded through Camborne, Roskear,
Tuckingmill THI have provided the following results:
21 training events have been funded for 470 local builders, architects, Council staff and
college students. Many of these events were limited to groups of under 12 as they involved
practical work on a live project under supervision.
95 Local college students have been given the opportunity to work on live local building
schemes giving a sense of ownership (7 Bench Carpentry, 24 BTEC National Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering, 18 Masonry Construction, 16 BSc Renewable Energy and Carbon
Management, 30 Apprentices and A level students)
Traditional skills including joinery, metalwork, masonry construction and timber repair have
been included as part of Cornwall College building courses. Appropriate ways of upgrading
and monitoring historic buildings has been included as a module on renewable energy and
carbon management courses.
A list of local builders and suppliers has been compiled from builders and suppliers involved
with successful THI work and attendees at training events. This list is regularly updated and
given to property owners seeking costs for work. Finding suitably experienced builders has
been difficult.
Further training sessions in lime plaster, rot eradication, lime/cork insulating plaster and
hemp plaster are planned for 2015.
Good practice energy saving measures have been installed on 21 local housing units, 2
community buildings and 1 commercial unit. This has provided local examples of good
practice along with results of thermal and noise performance and feedback from occupants.
The Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Cornish Buildings guide has been formally
endorsed by Cornwall Council as a material consideration for land use planning purposes and
is available on the Councils Camborne, Roskear Tuckingmill Townscape Heritage Initiatives
web page:
http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=32261
The guide is being used to discuss insulation methods with builders carrying out
comprehensive improvements to local housing as part of Government funding programmes. It
is referred to in pre application applications to Cornwall Councils Planning Service and links to
wider local policy and guidance through:
Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP)
Cornwall Design Guide
Sustainable Buildings Guide
The guide is referred to as good practice in:
National Heritage Counts report 2013
A bid was submitted to Heritage Lottery Fund in August for a Townscape Heritage (TH)
scheme in St Austell, an historic market town in mid Cornwall. If this bid is successful a TH
scheme commencing in June 2016 and finishing in June 2020 will further progress the
traditional skills training and energy saving initiatives progressing through the Camborne,
Roskear, Tuckingmill THI.
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDINGS WITH HERITAGE

VALUES: REFLECTION, CONFLICTS AND SOLUTIONS
GIANCOLA, E.; HERAS, M. R.
GIANCOLA, E.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain. emanuela.giancola@ciemat.es
HERAS, M. R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain. mrosario.heras@ciemat.es
ABSTRACT
The topics of retrofit and energy efficiency issues today are no longer deferrable for the current housing
situation. Today is accrued time for a series of reflections that relate to the current situation and which are
also upstream of the motivations of this conference.
Starting from the fact that, retrofit of building heritage should not endanger the cultural, emotional and
identity values that they represent. To ensure the built heritage conservation it will be necessary to develop
new methodologies to support the decision making process by establishing the optimal level of energy
efficiency which is achievable without endanger the preservation of historic building values.
Additionally, retrofit of building heritage requires society apprehends its value and its importance as a
factor of identity. Thus, by knowledge, feel the need to safeguard it, either by not degradation, either
encouraging or demanding its care. This knowledge is closely linked to education, ranking this as the starting
point for any conscious and respectful society.
Special importance plays the role of the university teaching in creating, at European level, technical
professionals more and more prepared, with more heterogeneous profiles, pragmatic and instrumental
vision, and more professional and scientific rigor; professionals capable, in their activity, to deal with the
many problems and difficulties that the correct practice of intervention on the built requires. In particular,
given the current will, arising from the same owners or managers of buildings, to not left out them of a more
sustainable world, buildings with heritage values, although current regulations do not require them.
It is clear that the relationship between the retrofit of historical architecture, energy efficiency and
sustainability is a significant field for experimentation and research as well as for an updated sense and
development of the restoration practice. Such an activity, namely the scientific research linked to the above
mentioned issues, should give birth to a constant international confrontation, collaboration, debate. This is
an international problem that should be addressed by schools of architectures, restorers, engineering and
public institutions. Research is a very important heritage conservation element because by research can be
performed extensive studies, work cataloguing, all them can forming required database for any outreach
initiative.
It is essential that the academic world and the public institutions through their role of service to society,
to support the development of usable systems for the general public.
Key words: retrofit and energy efficiency
1. INTRODUCCIN
My speech wants to be a reflection on the motivations of the conference given that, although I
work-wise engaged in energy efficiency in buildings and the field of restoration has always been a
personal interest, I still have not been able to combine both. This reflection has been moved
primarily by "problems (sometimes simple misunderstandings of communications between the
professionals involved) which I have often met in the professional environment where I currently
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work and due the fact that I start from the idea that the restoration activity has a value in his own
sustainable by its inherent nature of the maintenance and enhancement of existing, in opposition
to the unnecessary use of the land and the abandonment or decommissioning of existing matter.
The global economic crisis has had a dramatic and eye-catching effect on the housing market
and, in particular, on activities linked to the world of building.
Historic buildings are the hallmark of numerous European cities, towns and villages: historic
quarters give uniqueness to our cities, they are a living symbol of Europes rich cultural heritage,
reflect societys identity and include essential infrastructure for housing, public buildings etc.
Keeping these both intact and alive is a major challenge, because it involves integrating
conservation of the old in the development of the new.
In order to achieve the ambitious CO2 reduction targets it will be necessary to improve the
energy efficiency of the existing buildings. To ensure the built heritage conservation it will be
necessary to develop new methodologies with validated multi-scale cross-disciplinary holistic
approaches fostering interactions among players for improved energy-efficiency of historic
buildings. Valuing not only energy performances but also environmental, aesthetics, historic
value, comfort as criteria for delivering refurbished, user centric and affordable buildings in line
with EU2020 and national strategic objectives and commitments towards 2050.
Tackling refurbishment of historic buildings is a top priority. Governments all over the world
are developing new regulations, incentives or recommendations and investing in research
projects in order to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Due to the
low average renovation rate in Europe, 1.2-1.4% per year, it is estimated that between 80% and
85%; it is expected that, by 2050, about half of the existing building stock in 2012 would be still
operational.
Due to the need to preserve authenticity and integrity, many recently developed solutions in
the field of renovation are not compatible with or adequately adapted for use in historic
buildings. However, governments announcements for grants, could lead home owners to carry
out thermal refurbishment work without taking into account the potential risks related to this
interventions. In previous occasions, the lack of comprehensive information during the decision
making process caused the choice of wrong insulation materials and, as a result, the apparition of
condensations, dampness and mould that may affect both the heritage preservation and
occupants health.
2. TRADITIONAL BUILDING DEFINITION

Historic building is: a building of architectural or historic interest or significance. The interest
or significance may be local or national, and may be consequence of, for example, the building s
age, built form or location. Therefore, it will be necessary to take into account not only listed
buildings, but all traditional buildings.
The value of an historic building lies not only in its architectural value, but in all the different
aspects which together form its cultural significance or cultural heritage values. In his 1908 essay
Der moderne Denkmalkultus, Alois Riegl developed a systematic categorisation of the different
values of a monument, in which he included historic value, artistic value, age value,
commemorative value, use value and newness value. More recently, the Burra Charter (The
Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 1999), which has been widely
adopted as standard guidelines for heritage conservation practice, gave the following definition of
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cultural significance: Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual
value for past, present or future generations. Each individual heritage place has its own key
values, which must be identified and preserved.
3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY

Energy efficient retrofit is useful for structural protection as well as for comfort reasons comfort for users and comfort for heritage collections.
The feasibility of being able to ownscaling/management of energy demand is very useful in
order to reduce their energy consumption maintaining the comfort sensations and minimizing the
greenhouses emissions, depending on the case and the heritage value would be really great.
Additionally, modern living standards may cause climatically problems for buildings. Only the
ability of economical use ensures the heritages continued existence., measures improving energy
efficiency are only acceptable for heritage preservation if they do not destroy the historic value or
disturb its lasting. Historic buildings will only survive if maintained as living space, addressed by
holistic and deep renovation schemes that integrate innovative technologies, adapted standards
and methodologies which consider the district dimension and stakeholder involvement.
Research and innovation are clearly needed to reduce the huge additional investment required
to reach the renovation targets in terms of energy efficiency.
The main problem to improve the traditional buildings performance is that most of them are
considered hard-to-treat. The characteristic that define a traditional building also made these
buildings difficult to upgrade. Conventional measures, like cavity wall insulation, loft insulation or
air tightness, are not always possible to apply. Moreover, beyond the technical difficulties that
could appear, the inherent characteristics of heritage buildings require specific approaches in
each particular case.
Although the carbon emissions reduction target is established and governments are
encouraging practitioners and owners to upgrade the thermal performance of the existing
building stock, there are no specific guidelines or generic hierarchy of interventions to improve
historic and traditional buildings.
As the sustainable traditional buildings alliance summarises in a recent publication: there is a
strong need to develop an open and iterative guidance tool which lays out risks and opportunities
at all stages of the retrofit process and which encourages a systemic and learning-based approach
at all levels including policy (STBA, 2012).
The preservation of the architectural heritage, in the light of the changes in landscapes, sites,
structure and material in the context of different environmental and global changes, consists
today of two major scientific and operational questions: how to document in a complex but quick
way the state of conservation of the buildings and, as a consequence, how choose the restoration,
maintenance and energy efficiency solutions that are more respectful of the authenticity and
integrity of these goods. In fact the historic building retrofit projects pre-suppose a synthesis of
complex, heterogeneous information and data of varied architectural, technical and economical
resolution, which focus on site-specific and climate zone implementation. Among the
methodologies and digital technologies available today two systems seem extraordinarily suited
to respond to these issues although experiences in this regard are still rare and uncoordinated:
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on the one hand the BIM (Building Information Modeling) systems are becoming more
common for the documentation and the design of architectures;
on the other the DSS (Decision Support Systems), to aid in decision making, are presented as
opportunities for the, recognition, revitalization and regeneration of landscapes, sites and
buildings.
The 3D digital construction and documentation of existing heritage buildings is a complex

undertaking that typically involves a cross approach to visualization of heterogeneous datasets.
Despite the widespread adoption of building information modeling (BIM) for the design and
lifecycle management of new buildings, very little research has been undertaken to explore the
value of BIM in the management of heritage buildings and cultural landscapes.
As regards the adoption of sustainable technologies, this is linked with reasonable and shared
decisions. Thus, decision support is needed to encourage the decision makers to commit
themselves to sustainable development. The lack of a simple, comprehensive tool for decisionmaking of non professional persons (building administrators, real estate owners, etc.) has been
identified and a need of such a tool has been recognized. At any rate, deep refurbishment for
historic buildings would be required, meaning:
technological and economic performance improvements for the building envelope (reduce
the demand);
Proper downscaling/management of energy equipment (adjust to a lower demand without

losing energy use efficiency);
Durable performance improvements (avoiding users misuses and/or building disorders);
Users must be engaged and their behaviour properly considered along the different steps in
the value chain;
to set up an innovative approach to the documentation and conservation of architecture

heritage;
the integration of digital tools for documentation and for decision making in choosing
technologies for maintenance and refurbishment of buildings of significant historical and
cultural value, taking into account integrity and authenticity of the different historical and
environmental contexts and historical layers of cultural heritage methods of construction in
Europe;
the creation of a platform, to share in Europe, with the aim to bring together academics,
heritage professionals, and industry leaders in preservation, consolidation and retrofitting
technologies to test and improve the benefits that the integration of a Historic Building
Information Modeling (HBIM) and a web-based Decision Support System (DSS) may offer for
Recording and Managing the rehabilitation of Cultural Heritage Sites.
While there is still resistance in some sectors, it appears that BIM is getting the Architecture,
Engineering, Construction (AEC) industry standard for the design, construction, and management
of new buildings. In the last years heritage documentation has taken a turn toward intelligent
data as it pertains to the cultural analysis and maintenance of existing building. As the BIM
software combines multi-dimensional visualization with comprehensive, parametric databases to
facilitate collaborative design and facility management among project partners, it appears
essential to the management of life-cycle processes such as operation, renewal and development
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of the growing inventory of heritage sites. It is imperative that professionals involved in the
conservation and rehabilitation of architectural heritage be conversant with this technology.
Throughout the world there are many examples of the adoption of Decision Support Systems
in building refurbishment. Various forms of this integration were investigated and several
architectures of systems were offered as in the following items: intelligent building technologies,
retrofitting existing buildings, building refurbishment, historic buildings. As for the DSS in
European projects, in the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5) the objective of INVESTIMMO
project was to assist building owners in elaborating long-term financial investment strategies in
maintenance and refurbishment operations by developing a professional investment decisionmaking tool. In the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) project BRITA in PuBs, one of the project's
goals was to develop a Building Refurbishment Knowledge-based Decision Support System (BRKDSS). In the CIP IEE Programme SECHURBA, co-managed by CNR-ITABC, a Multicriteria analysis
based tool was developed to evaluate the compatibility of retrofit interventions in three historical
buildings, according to economical, environmental, energy and restoration criteria.
4. THE ROLE OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH AS KEY TO MAINTAINING OUR HERITAGE

The basic assumption to operate properly a modern conservation project and functional
adaptation may be enclosed in the statement "preserve means to know."
Retrofit of building heritage requires society apprehends its value and its importance as a
factor of identity. Thus, by knowledge, feel the need to safeguard it, either by not degradation,
either encouraging or demanding its care. This knowledge is closely linked to education, ranking
this as the starting point for any conscious and respectful society.
Education is therefore the first of the criteria for heritage conservation, as it acts to preform.
Ideally, this awareness would prevent the degradation of heritage, so its cost would be limited to
maintenance. However, in a real context, concern for heritage conservation can lead if more
favorable policy interventions that include initial moments of the process of decay or neglect, p
reduced costs of interventions.
The assessment of heritage begins by knowledge, and consequently by its study. In this field,
the field of cultural affairs specialists in multiple disciplines, has emerged in recent decades a
trend of increasing use of methods and "striking" technologies, whose results are spectacular.
This makes us reflect on the appropriateness of our approach of study, and the priority given
sometimes to a showy result against a rigorous work. Study criteria are a key element in heritage
conservation since the results of this will largely depend on the quality of the intervention.
We are aware that the culture and practice of restorative experienced have lived a continuous
updating of the theoretical and operational references. This update, however, depends of the
interaction between the different technical and scientific skills that make up the multidisciplinary
framework typical of the restoration project, which is going to add more knowledge and more
experiences, that for the first time are connect to the project and the typical processes
restoration action, in an experimental and high-profile technology.
We often see research as an isolated act, disconnected from reality, developed within a
hermetic world. Research is a very important heritage conservation element because by research
can be performed extensive studies, work cataloguing, all them can forming required database for
any outreach initiative.
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It is essential that the academic world and the public institutions through their role of service
to society, to support the development of usable systems for the general public.
Special importance plays the role of the university teaching in creating, at European level,
technical professionals more and more prepared, with more heterogeneous profiles, pragmatic
and instrumental vision, and more professional and scientific rigor; professionals capable, in their
activity, to deal with the many problems and difficulties that the correct practice of intervention
on the built requires. In particular, given the current will, arising from the same owners or
managers of buildings, to not left out them of a more sustainable world, buildings with heritage
values, although current regulations do not require them.
5. CONCLUSIONS
It is now clear that build the new will be unable to continue, and that in the next two decades,
we should deal with, as designers, with new professional opportunities, and, as has happened for
example in Italy, take care to put in "reuse" the ancient existing buildings, old and new, and to do
this properly, appropriate and economically sustainable, it is necessary to develop technicians
capable and prepared.
An ideal retrofit of a traditional building is intended to reach the lowest possible energy
demand without endander the conservation of the building and guarantying a healthy indoor
environment and the cost effectiveness of the intervention.
Use of environmental assessment tools have proved in the past their suitability to improve the
awareness of home owners and practitioners. Moreover, these instruments have encouraged the
implementation of higher standard than the established in the building regulations.
Sustainable approach may present some weaknesses to evaluate subjective criteria like
heritage values or gather all the parameters into one indicator, but, on the other hand, the
holistic view of the problem allows making decision easily.
The controversy over the specialization of professional architects acting on the existing
architecture is connected with consideration of restoration as part of architecture or, conversely,
as an autonomous discipline.
Unable to have certain criteria and certain action that can be applied to the generality of cases,
professionals prefer to find the certainty of decisions in method acting.
By Antoni Gonzlez Moreno-Navarro ".methodology does not involve the adoption of an
uniform performance criteria, but on the contrary, to establish the parameters for the choice in
each case the most effective mechanism to give the best answer to the problem posed
objectively.
Another aspect to include for innovative and energy efficient refurbishment for historic
buildings is represented by the large number of micro and small enterprises involved. In this
framework, public intervention at European level is needed to foster the research, development
and deployment of innovative technologies and solutions in a partnership between industry and
the public stakeholders. It allows supporting very early more innovation investments in parallel,
transforming regulatory constraints into business opportunities with new SME driven value chain
creation. It helps concentrating public support at developing a large portfolio of innovative
services and products. The demand for refurbishment services can rise, since becoming more and
more financially attractive (and triggered by affordable prices and value creation for the users
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that can go beyond mere energy savings). An increasing concern for the preservation of cultural
heritage have an important role to play in this context.
4. REFERENCES
Dyrbol, S. Thomsen, K. E. & Alnaek, T. 2010, European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings
Energy policies in Europe Example of best practices, 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on energy Efficiency in
Buildings, August 2010.
RAENG 2010. engineering a low carbon built environment: the discipline of building engineering physics.
London: The Royal Academy of Engineering.
Palmer, J., et al. 2006. Reducing the environmental impact of housing. Environmental Change Institute,
University of Oxford.
Bennadji, A, Scott, J., $ Taylor, B. 2009. Energy conservation Improvement of Existing Building Park,
Constraints and Challenges. In: PLEA 26th Cinference, Quebec; Canada.
STBA, 2012. Responsible Retrofit of Traditional Buildings.
http://wwwspab.org.uk/downloads/STBA%20responsible-retrofit.pdf (29 Jan. 2013)
Antoni Gonzalez Moreno-navarro. Resturar monumentos, una metodologia especifica. Informes de la
Construccion, n397. vol.40.1988.
Alois Riegl, Der moderne denkmalkultus, seine Entstehung, in Gesanmelte Aufstze, Vienna: Dr. Benno
Filser, 1929.
"Burra Charter (vid. Preamble, Articles 1, 3, Guidelines)". Australia ICOMOS. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Russell, Peter; Elger, Dietrich: The Meaning of BIM, Architecture in Computro, Proceedings of the 26th
eCAADe Conference, Antwerpen, September 2008, 531-536.
Pauwels, P., Verstaeten, R., De Meyer, R., Van Campenhout, J.: Architectural Information Modelling for
Virtual Heritage Application, Digital Heritage Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on
Virtual Systems and Multimedia, 2008, 18-23.
Russell, Peter; Elger, Dietrich: The Meaning of BIM, Architecture in Computro, Proceedings of the 26th
eCAADe Conference, Antwerpen, September 2008, 531-536.
Yang J., Peng H.,2001, Decision support to the application of intelligent building technologies, Renewable
Energy 22 (2001) 67-77
Bostenaru, M. (2004), Review of retrofit strategies decision system in historic perspective, Natural Hazards
and Earth System Sciences 2004,4,3, 449462
Kaklauskas A., Kazimieras Zavadskas E., Birute G. (2008), A building's refurbishment knowledge-based
decision support system, International
Journal of Environment and Pollution 2008 - Vol. 35, 2/3/4, 237 - 249
Gigliarelli E, Kikira M., Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings, the case study of the National Theatre of
Rhodes, Greece and of the Zena Castle, Italy, Proceedings of International Conference on Improving
Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings (IEECB10) Frankfurt, Germany
Gigliarelli E., Cessari L., Cerqua A., (2011), Application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for energetic
rehabilitation of historical buildings, Proceedings 11 th International Symposium on the AHP, Sorrento,
Naples, Italy, June 15 18, 2011
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PROPUESTA METODOLGICA PARA LA REHABILITACIN

SOSTENIBLE DEL PATRIMONIO CONTEXTUAL EDIFICADO. EL
CASO DEL CENTRO HISTRICO DE LA CIUDAD DE MRIDA,
YUCATN / Methodological proposal for the sustainable
rehabilitation of context heritage building. The case of the
historic downtown of Merida, Yucatan
MEDINA, K.; RODRGUEZ, A.; CERN, I.
MEDINA, K.: Cerocomacero Arquitectos, Mrida, Yucatn - Mxico. arq.karlamedina@gmail.com
RODRGUEZ, A.: Universidad Anhuac Mayab, Mrida, Yucatn - Mxico. antonio.rodriguez@anahuac.mx
CERN, I.: Indit ecoinnovacin e investigacin ambiental S de RL de CV. Mrida, Yucatn - Mxico
RESUMEN
Hoy en da uno de los principales desafos de los centros histricos en el mundo no es solo la conservacin
fsica del inmueble, tambin lo es el mejorar la calidad de vida de los usuarios a travs de la habitabilidad en
el entorno en el cual realizan sus actividades diarias. Para ello es necesario la investigacin y generacin de
herramientas y metodologas para la gestin e intervencin de entornos urbanos histricos.
La problemtica del centro histrico de la ciudad de Mrida, no es muy diferente a la situacin de otros
centros. Se ha transformado en un ncleo primordial de usos comerciales, servicios de transporte y
abandono de las casas por la bsqueda de nuevos espacios. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, en el centro
histrico de la ciudad de Mrida,se presenta una tendencia de reocupacin de inmuebles histricos en
abandono, reconociendo la opcin de conservacin de inmuebles considerados contextuales, ofreciendo la
oportunidad de integrar a la recuperacin espacial y estructural del inmueble, las necesidades funcionales
actuales y los sistemas encaminados a la sostenibilidad y optimizacin de los recursos naturales,
abandonando el actual estancamiento de las acciones de la conservacin, por considerar al monumento
esttico, estable, permanente e inmutable, cobrando un valor agregado y un nuevo giro de importancia en
su valor inmobiliario.
Este trabajo en desarrollo pretende establecer una propuesta metodolgica que se adapte a las
caractersticas particulares de la ciudad de Mrida (Mxico), integrando estrategias de sostenibilidad en la
intervencin de inmuebles patrimoniales contextuales, tomando como punto de partida metodologas
existentes internacionales, nacionales y locales.
El resultado preliminar de la conformacin de una propuesta metodolgica que permita una intervencin
sostenible en el patrimonio edificado, es la evaluacin cuantitativa de las metodologas tradicionales,
evaluando sus herramientas de intervencin de acuerdo a la importancia que conceden a los valores
patrimoniales, sociales, urbanos y sustentables, identificando dficits y potenciales a travs de resultados
medibles. Esto deja en claro la puesta en valor de las caractersticas del inmueble, las aportaciones en los
aspectos sociales y urbanos, y el nfasis en la sostenibilidad energtica.
Palabras clave: Intervencin sustentable, metodologas centro histrico, herramientas de intervencin,
nuevos uso.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges of the historical centers around the world is not just the
buildings physical preservation but also the fact of improving the users quality of life through the
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habitability in the environment they carry out their daily activities. In order to reach this previous objective,
the research and methodologies, as well as tools creation are needed. All of them related to the treatment
and management of historical urban environments.
The problematic found in Mridas historical center is not different at all from the situation in which
other historical ones are. The insertion of modern architecture leads, mainly, to commercial uses,
transportation service and abandoned houses in order to get new places.
However, nowadays in Mridas historical center, a new trend has emerged. This trend is completely
related to the re-occupation and appropriation of historical abandoned buildings taking into account the
alternative of implementing their contextual preservation by providing the opportunity to integrate the
spatial and structurals building recovery; the current functional needs and systems that lead to the
sustainability and the natural resources optimization, by leaving the current preservation actions standstill
behind in order to consider the monument as static, stable, permanent and unable to change; charging a
value added and turning into a new important twist in its property value.
This work, still in development, pretends to establish a methodological proposal able to adapt to the
particular Mridas city characteristics focused on contextual heritage buildings but taking international
existent methodologies, local and national, as the starting point.
The preliminary results of the creation of a methodology that allows a sustainable intervention in the
built heritage, is the quantitative evaluation of traditional methodologies, evaluating intervention tools,
according to the importance attached to heritage, social, urban and sustainable values, identifying deficits
and potential through measurable results. That points out the enhancement features of the property, the
contributions in the social and urban areas, and the emphasis on energy sustainability.
Key words: Sustainable intervention, methodologies for historic center, intervention tools, new use.
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1. INTRODUCCIN
La insercin de la modernidad, desencadena en el centro histrico, un ncleo primordial de
usos comerciales, servicios de transporte, abandono de las casas por la bsqueda de nuevos
espacios mejor acondicionados a las condiciones climticas, sin ruido, contaminacin, menores
costos de mantenimiento, entre otros aspectos.
Estudios realizados acerca de la situacin actual de la zona del Centro Histrico de la ciudad de
Mrida, concluyen que ste paulatino abandono en los centros histricos del uso habitacional y su
sobre-explotacin con usos comerciales y de servicios, propicia una despersonalizacin de la zona,
adems de mayor abandono, deterioro, inseguridad, decaimiento del turismo y la extensin de la
superficie urbana, traducindose a la prdida de condiciones aptas para la habitacin permanente
[1].
En la actualidad se ha iniciado la reocupacin de los inmuebles que por muchos aos
estuvieron en abandono. Sin embargo, la falta de herramientas locales, produce un
desconocimiento e incertidumbre en los actores de la intervencin del patrimonio que han
decidido intervenir sobre el inmueble. La escaza reglamentacin, procesos poco claros, falta de
conocimiento del proceso de intervencin y el desconocimiento de prcticas locales de
intervencin, son algunos factores que afectan de manera negativa en la intervencin del
patrimonio edificado, en algunas ocasiones irreversibles.
Aunado a esto, la integracin de los aspectos de sostenibilidad en las edificaciones
patrimoniales es an incipiente y pocas veces implementado. En Mrida, no se han desarrollado
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trabajos e iniciativas respecto a la eficiencia energtica y estrategias de integracin de la

sostenibilidad en los edificios del Centro Histrico. Incluso, algunas de las herramientas
encaminadas para la sostenibilidad urbana y eficiencia energtica son descartadas por la
incompatibilidad con las posturas conservacionistas que se establecen en la regin.
La reutilizacin de los inmuebles a travs de la rehabilitacin sustentable, pone en una mesa
de solucin el valor del inmueble. Es verdad, que por s misma, la reutilizacin de los edificios
patrimoniales es una propuesta encaminada a la sostenibilidad, sin embargo, integrando
estrategias de sostenibilidad en diferentes vectores se logra prolongar el uso de ste, aportando
beneficios en aspectos sociales, por la implementacin de otros usos, que favorecen a los
particulares, a la sociedad y al ambiente.
El objetivo de este trabajo es la valoracin de las herramientas tradicionales de la intervencin
patrimonial y los sistemas de certificacin sostenible de edificios existentes, para conocer las
similitudes, los potenciales sustentables considerados, as como los omitidos o no considerados
en las metodologas analizadas para la intervencin del patrimonio edificado. Los resultados
permitirn establecer una metodologa regionalizada de intervencin del patrimonio contextual
edificado encaminada a una mayor sostenibilidad.
2. LA PROBLEMTICA DE LA INTERVENCIN DEL PATRIMONIO CONTEXTUAL EN MRIDA

En la Ciudad de Mrida, el patrimonio contextual edificado, se localiza en la zona establecida
como Centro Histrico, por lo tanto, una de las principales afectaciones que sufre el patrimonio es
consecuencia de la situacin urbana de la zona.
El desarrollo de la vida contempornea plantea necesidades e intereses que han generado
cambios de usos, abandono del uso habitacional, sobre-explotacin del uso comercial y servicios,
prdida de identidad, entre otras consecuencias, tal como apunta Ballina, a raz de los cambios
hacia nuevas formas de vida y sus requerimientos dentro de las tradicionales ciudades coloniales,
importantes actores de estas, la arquitectura y la red histrico-urbana que sta conforma, han
sufrido un fuerte deterioro [2].
Otros autores apuntan que la declinacin en los centros histricos es el resultado de una
combinacin de competencia intensa de la nueva renta suburbana y de las nuevas
concentraciones de servicios, aunado al incremento de automviles, entre otros factores [3].
En los ltimos aos se ha iniciado un proceso de revitalizacin de algunas zonas del centro
histrico, debido a las tendencias de reocupacin de inmuebles que por muchos aos estuvieron
en abandono. Como consecuencia de la re-ocupacin, nuevas oportunidades se presentan para
profesionales arquitectos, que han puesto sus acciones encaminadas a proyectos de
rehabilitacin de inmuebles del centro histrico de la ciudad. Sin embargo, la prctica de la
rehabilitacin ha sido en muchos casos emprica, pocos profesionales tienen los conocimientos
propios de la intervencin, ya que no se imparte durante la preparacin acadmica bsica, sino
hasta una especializacin o posgrado. De igual forma, la inexistente metodologa de intervencin
en la regin afecta la actividad de conservacin, ya que esta permitira esclarecer el proceso para
aquellos que no son expertos de la intervencin patrimonial.
Por otro lado, la conservacin y restauracin en el centro histrico ha centrado su atencin en
inmuebles que tienen un valor histrico o esttico, enfocando los esfuerzos de investigacin y
accin a los monumentos histricos. Estas valoraciones han sido establecidas por los mismos
profesionales del patrimonio, difundindolo como realidad. En consecuencia se ha restado
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importancia a muchos inmuebles que conforman el tejido urbano histrico, y que a pesar de no
tener un alto valor esttico, representan una identidad social, y que la prdida de stos afecta a la
memoria colectiva [4].
La falta de reglamentacin para la intervencin del patrimonio contextual, propicia, entre los
profesionales, el menosprecio de la importancia de una intervencin crtica y consciente para su
conservacin como parte de un tejido, no solo urbano, sino social.
Las entidades gubernamentales tambin han demostrado una falta de inters bajo una
frmula jurdica indolente [5]. Aunque en los ltimos ciclos de gestin, el ayuntamiento de la
ciudad ha encabezado programas de rescate de las fachadas del Centro Histrico, las acciones son
particulares y no representan soluciones a largo plazo para la conservacin del patrimonio.
Por ltimo, en los mismos propietarios de los inmuebles y en la sociedad en general, quienes
ven en estos edificios poco potencial de habitabilidad compatible con el estilo de vida actual y
representan constante prdida monetaria. Por lo que en consecuencia son objeto de
intervenciones inadecuadas o en la mayor parte de los casos, rotundo abandono con la esperanza
de que por s solos se destruyan y puedan construir algo que se ajuste a sus necesidades.
En conjunto, el deslinde de los conocimientos de restauracin, rehabilitacin, sustentabilidad,
y la falta de conocimientos prcticos para las tcnicas de mantenimiento en la ciudad promueven
la ideologa de lo costoso de vivir en edificios ya construidos, particularmente en el centro de la
ciudad, ya que en muchas ocasiones se intervienen de manera inadecuada, ocasionando daos
mayores y encareciendo el proceso.
3. CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES PARA LA CONSERVACIN DEL PATRIMONIO

En principio se debe definir el concepto de conservacin, es entonces que entra en discusin la
diferencia entre la conservacin y la restauracin. La Carta de Venecia distingue entre los dos
conceptos definiciones diferentes, pero complementarias, "La conservacin implica una actividad
permanente (art 4), mientras que la restauracin es una operacin excepcional" [6]. Entonces se
puede entender la conservacin como un conjunto de actividades destinadas a salvaguardar,
mantener y prolongar la pertenencia de los objetos culturales para transmitirlos al futuro.
La Carta de Venecia establece las caractersticas de las intervenciones en s mismas. Los cuatro
tipos aceptados y vlidos desde 1964 hasta la fecha son: liberacin, consolidacin, reintegracin e
integracin. Otros trminos que se describen en la carta de Venecia son la reparacin, la
reestructuracin, la reanimacin y revitalizacin, la adaptacin, adecuacin y acondicionamiento,
la rehabilitacin y habilitacin.
En el texto de la convencin de la Unesco de 1972 el trmino de rehabilitacin sustituye
prcticamente al de restauracin, y actualmente es uno de los trminos fundamentales de la
conservacin. Definindola, en sentido estricto, como "volver a poner en funcionamiento o en
eficiencia" [7], englobando los conceptos de uso, utilizacin, reutilizacin, adaptacin,
revitalizacin y reanimacin, as como el reciclaje, en cumplimiento con el objetivo de la
conservacin [8]
3.1. Principios y directrices

Algunas de las principales ideas normativas del esfuerzo y la disciplina de la conservacin del
patrimonio a considerar en el momento de la intervencin se plantean en los principios y
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directrices que regularn las intervenciones. Entre los principios fundamentales de la restauracin
destacan los establecidos en las teoras de Brandi, especificados por Chico, sin embargo otros
autores han realizado sus aportaciones, sintetizados en la Tabla 1.
Tabla 1. Principios y directrices para la intervencin del patrimonio edificado
Brandi / Chico [9]10)
Utilidad
Compatibilidad
Conservar para no
restaurar
Integralidad
Contextualidad
Autenticidad
Diferenciacin
Liberacin en caso
extremo
Respeto a la segunda
historia
Reversibilidad
Tern [10]
Conservacin In situ
No falsificacin
Historicidad
Reversibilidad
Respeto a la ptina
De Gracia [11]
Arquitectura
descontextualizada
Arquitectura de
contraste
Arquitectura histrica
Arquitectura base
tipolgica
Arquitectura del
fragmento.
Arquitectura contextual
Reyes [12]
Distincin entre lo
nuevo y lo viejo
Mantenimiento de
identidad del
monumento
Unidad y autenticidad
en la reconstruccin y
aadidos
4. ESTRATEGIAS DE LA SUSTENTABILIDAD EN PROYECTOS DE INTERVENCIN

PATRIMONIAL
Hablar de sustentabilidad en la actualidad es una necesidad y un compromiso, no se debe
concebir ninguna accin sin considerar la integracin de este concepto. Actualmente no es un
trmino nuevo o desconocido, sin embargo, en su conceptualizacin hay complejidades y no se ha
logrado integrar como parte de una cultura general, por lo que la lucha consiste en integrarlo al
proceso social, no solo como modelo, paradigma o cualidad develada en un producto [13].
El concepto de sustentabilidad se debe comprender interdisciplinariamente. De acuerdo la
definicin ms popular y citada, la sustentabilidad se entiende como aquello que satisface las
necesidades del presente sin comprometer la capacidad de las nuevas generaciones para
satisfacer las suyas [14]. Esto conlleva a reconsiderar y controlar los efectos de las actividades
humanas en el presente sobre el bienestar futuro, la importancia de mantener integridad de los
procesos ecolgicos y la manera de mejorar la calidad de vida de la actualidad sin negar a las
generaciones futuras una oportunidad equivalente [15].
La arquitectura sustentable o sostenible implica conocer el medio fsico geogrfico, la
interaccin del edificio con el ambiente (ecologa) y la aplicacin de herramientas, tanto de los
principios fsicos (bioclimtica) como la tecnologa (ecotecnias), para la adecuacin a las
condiciones de la regin [16].
4.1. Ecologa en el patrimonio edificado de Mrida

El factor ecologa en la intervencin se establecer, en el proceso de diseo, como una
intencin de modelar el ambiente atendiendo las condiciones geofsicas y a la voluntad creativa
del diseador, tras la evaluacin del entorno, restaurando y conservando las cualidades de ste a
travs de la intervencin [17].
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Es importante considerar en la restauracin y conservacin del entorno, incluyendo el centro

histrico, el ciclo de vida de los materiales. ste se refiere al impacto ambiental que tiene una
actividad o producto (materiales de construccin) durante todas sus fases desde su inicio hasta su
fin, es decir: diseo, extraccin, produccin, distribucin, uso (mantenimiento, recuperacin,
reutilizacin, reciclaje) y desecho. Al respecto, la reutilizacin de los edificios existentes resulta
ms sustentable al ser intervenidos que la nueva produccin de edificacin [18].
4.2. Bioclimtica en el patrimonio edificado de Mrida

Gran parte de los edificios histricos fueron diseados con conceptualizacin bioclimtica, es
decir que se presentan con una adaptacin natural y adecuada al ambiente y en relacin con las
necesidades humanas a travs del manejo de los principios fsicos de la transferencia de calor,
estudio de los elementos climticos del sitio, estrategia de climatizacin pasiva [19]. Bajo estas
consideraciones se marc su composicin y distribucin arquitectnica. Ejemplo de esto son las
dobles alturas, el manejo de la ventilacin cruzada al interior a travs de grandes vanos, los patios
interiores para el mejoramiento del confort trmico, el resguardo del asoleamiento, entre otros.
Sin embargo, en el caso de las edificaciones contextuales, en la actualidad muchas han sido
seccionadas perdiendo estas cualidades. Por lo que surge el reto de devolverle las condiciones de
confort a travs de la abstraccin de los conocimientos fundamentales empleados en estas
edificaciones, para reinterpretarlos y reaplicarlos a las edificaciones que han perdido su
naturaleza bioclimtica, en ocasiones irreversible, pero contemplando a un mismo nivel de
importancia los principios de intervencin del patrimonio.
4.3. Ecotecnias en el patrimonio edificado de Mrida

Tabla 2. Estrategias de sustentable para edificios existentes
Ruiz Covarrubias
Eficiencia energtica. Activa y pasiva
Proteccin trmica de la envolvente. Aislamiento

trmico, lminas de control solar, ventanas con
doble vidrio, otros dispositivos.
Elementos vegetales. Azoteas verdes y Jardines

verticales
Iluminacin natural y artificial.
Energa renovable. Solar, elica y geotrmica.
Gestin del agua. Agua potable, pluvial y residual
Materiales
Residuos
LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations &

Maintenance (O & M).
Sitios sostenibles. Fomenta estrategias que
minimicen el impacto sobre los ecosistemas y los
recursos hdricos.
Eficiencia del agua. Promueve el uso inteligente
del agua, dentro y fuera, para reducir el
consumo de agua potable
Energa y ambiente. Promueve un mejor
rendimiento energtico del edificio a travs de
estrategias innovadoras.
Materiales y Recursos. Fomenta el uso de
materiales de construccin sostenible y la
reduccin de residuos
Calidad ambiental interior. Promueve la calidad
ambiental del aire, iluminacin natural y vistas.
Innovacin en la operacin.
Una ecotecnia es un instrumento desarrollado para aprovechar eficientemente los recursos

naturales y materiales y permitir la elaboracin de productos y servicios [20]. La aplicacin de
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stos en los edificios patrimoniales se condiciona al anlisis de la resistencia estructural de la

construccin patrimonial, a la afectacin de la imagen del edificio y a la viabilidad de la inversin
econmica.
Para una intervencin del patrimonio, en sendas de la sustentabilidad, no hay mucho camino
recorrido, sin embargo, algunos trabajos plantean estrategias sustentables que son importantes
considerar y valorar para su aplicacin [Tabla 2]. El reto es en consideracin de que se trata de
edificaciones con restricciones debido a su valor y temporalidad, por lo tanto, como en cualquier
proyecto arquitectnico, no se debe establecer criterios rgidos de aplicacin, sino que la decisin
para la aplicacin de las herramientas depender de cada caso.
4.4. Urbanismo ecolgico

Una concepcin integral de la intervencin lleva de antemano a considerar el entorno como
parte de la intervencin. Sea una intervencin de un conjunto o de un caso particular del
patrimonio edificado al cual se dirijan los esfuerzos de conservacin, es vital considerar que stos
estn inmersos en un sistema ms amplio, la ciudad, y que conocer la interaccin con sta, los
potenciales y problemas urbanos, y considerar de manera integral en las soluciones que se
planteen enriquecen en su totalidad la intervencin.
El urbanismo sustentable se puede definir como un urbanismo ecolgico el cual es compacto
en su morfologa, complejo y denso en el autoconocimiento de su organizacin; eficiente, sin
impacto metablico y cohesionado socialmente, que toma en consideracin la idoneidad de los
desarrollos urbansticos en funcin de las caractersticas del emplazamiento y de las
potencialidades en cuanto a la consecucin de la habitabilidad urbana y de la eficiencia del
sistema urbano [21], es decir, se habla de una ciudad con compacidad, complejidad, eficiencia y
cohesin.
El movimiento del Nuevo urbanismo propone los cuatro principios bsicos del urbanismo
sustentable en la ciudad: habitacin, trabajo, recreacin, y circulacin.
En el caso del centro histrico, el ambiente geofsico generado no se puede decir que
contribuye y retroacta, ya que ha sido degenerado y daado, sin embargo este puede ser
restaurado a travs de la visin ecolgica y el diseo [22], enriqueciendo la accin de la
intervencin y por lo tanto la conservacin del patrimonio contextual edificado.
5. METODOLOGA DEL TRABAJO

Para este trabajo se realiz una bsqueda documental de metodologas de intervencin del
patrimonio edificado, bajo las palabras clave de Metodologa de intervencin, rehabilitacin,
sustentabilidad. Las metodologas identificadas se clasificaron en tres niveles, internacional,
nacional y local, para conocer el estado del arte a manera de repertorio. Se realiz la seleccin de
las metodologas bajo los siguientes criterios:
a) Que est forjada a travs de una investigacin estructurada.
b) Que sea una herramienta en uso.
c) Relevancia en el campo de aplicacin.
Con la finalidad de facilitar la lectura de la evaluacin, se dividieron en herramientas de
gestin, tcnicas, proyectuales/diseo, y finalmente estrategias sustentables. Posteriormente se
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valoraron los conceptos del valor patrimonial, social, urbano y sustentable que cada metodologa
asigna a travs de las herramientas. Para ello se contempl una escala de valoracin del 0 al 3 tal
como se define en la Tabla 3.
Tabla 3. Escala de valoracin
Valor asignado
0
1
2
3
Concepto
No se contempla o menciona en la metodologa.
Se menciona el concepto.
Se menciona y recomienda su aplicacin pero no se desarrolla como herramienta.
Es una herramienta prioritaria de aplicacin para la metodologa.
Estos valores se representaron en tablas de indicadores [figura 1], los cuales se suman para
obtener los resultados para su lectura y anlisis.
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Figura 1: Ejemplo tabla de indicadores de las herramientas metodolgicas
6. METODOLOGAS DE INTERVENCIN Y SUS HERRAMIENTAS

A continuacin se presentan las metodologas que cumplieron con las caractersticas
planteadas anteriormente, con una breve descripcin.
6.1. Nivel internacional

Mtodo RehabiMed para la rehabilitacin de la arquitectura tradicional mediterrnea.
Origen y autores.
Consorcio RehabiMed, 2005. Unin Europea.

Project Manager: Xavier CASANOVAS. Desarrollo y redaccin del mtodo:
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Oriol Cusid y Ramn Graus

Objeto de estudio.
Estrategia operativa
y estructura general.
La arquitectura tradicional, definida como la arquitectura corriente, viva

porqu est habitada, esencialmente civil y domstica y de construccin
pre-industrial, desarrollada con recursos locales, materiales, tcnicas y
habilidades de sus constructores locales.
Parte de la base de conocer para poder reflexionar, y por lo tanto poder
rehabilitar. Estructurada en: 1) El conocimiento, 2) la reflexin y el
proyecto, 3) la obra y 4) la vida til, dentro de los cuales se desarrollan las
diferentes etapas de trabajo.
LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance.

(LEED para construcciones existentes: Operacin y mantenimiento).
Origen y autores.
Liderazgo en Energa y Diseo Ambiental (LEED).

Desarrollado por el Green Building Council EE.UU. (USGBC), LEED
Objeto de estudio.
Proyectos en edificaciones existentes que no tienen usos de educacin,

centros de datos, comercial, almacenes y centros de distribucin u
hospitales.
Se compone de las siguientes categoras con crditos establecidos:
- Sitios sostenibles. Fomentan estrategias que minimicen el impacto sobre
los ecosistemas y los recursos hdricos.
- Eficiencia del agua. Promueve el uso inteligente del agua, dentro y fuera,
para reducir el consumo de agua potable.
- Energa y ambiente. Promueven un mejor rendimiento energtico del
edificio a travs de estrategias innovadoras.
- Materiales y Recursos. Fomentan el uso de materiales de construccin
sostenible y la reduccin de residuos.
- Calidad ambiental interior. Promueve la calidad ambiental del aire,
iluminacin natural y vistas.
- Innovacin en la operacin.
6.2. Nivel nacional

Teora y prctica de la conservacin de un monumento: Ex convento de Tecamachalco, Puebla.
Origen y autores.
Escuela Nacional de Conservacin, Restauracin y museografa Manuel del

Castillo Negrete. Mxico, 1982.
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Pablo A. Chico Ponce de Len, Juan Antonio Siller Camacho, Guillermo A

Hulsz, Juan Gonzlez Snchez, Jorge Zavala Carrillo
Objeto de estudio.
El monumento arqueolgico
- Actividades previas a la elaboracin del proyecto de restauracin.
- Elaboracin del proyecto de restauracin.
- Actividades previas a la restauracin.
- Actividades de restauracin.
- Actividades posteriores a la restauracin.
Edificios Histricos Sustentables.

Origen y autores.
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 2011.

Elisa Ruz Covarrubias
Objeto de estudio.
Arquitectura Novohispana en Mxico.
- Anlisis arquitectnico.
- Investigacin histrica.
- Anlisis bioclimtico.
- Aplicacin de estrategias sustentables.
- Resultados.
- Anlisis costo-beneficio.
6.3. Nivel local

Reconversin y propuestas en las Haciendas de Yucatn.
Origen y autores.
Fomento de Cultura Banamex y Facultad de Arquitectura de la

Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mxico. 2006.
Salvador Reyes Ros.
Objeto de estudio.
Ex haciendas henequenera del estado de Yucatn.
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- Conformacin del equipo de diseo e investigacin

- Levantamiento detallado del edificio en el estado previo a la
intervencin
- Inspeccin profunda y registro fotogrfico
- Valoracin del estado actual
- Investigacin documental: general y particular.
- Evaluacin de los deterioros y alteraciones del edificio
- Anlisis de nuevos usos programados.
- Identificar las condiciones determinantes particulares del objeto.
- Definir directrices de intervencin.
- Establecer los tipos y criterios de intervencin a emplear.
- Proyecto de consolidacin y conservacin, liberacin y reintegracin.
- Proyecto de Integracin.
- Proyecto arquitectnico propuesto.
7. LOS RESULTADOS
Las herramientas establecidas en cada referencia metodolgica descritas anteriormente, se
expresan integradas en una tabla con 120 herramientas obtenidas, las cuales se clasifican segn
su aplicacin en el proceso de la intervencin, en herramientas de gestin, tcnico, proyectual y
estrategias de intervencin sustentable. [Tabla 3]
GESTIN
Tabla 4. Herramientas integradas para la propuesta metodolgica

Entrevista con el promotor.
Percepcin de problemtica de la zona.
Enfoque y justificacin
Definicin de la participacin (pblico, tcnico, social, residentes y usuarios).
Reconocimiento del marco legal.
Aproximacin urbanstica (marco territorial, integracin y continuidad del tejido, usos).
Anlisis de movilidad y accesibilidad urbana.
Identificar las tipologas edificatorias y residenciales.
Conocimiento de las tensiones urbansticas y estados de conservacin urbana.
Identificar los valores patrimoniales en la zona.
Identificar los valores constructivos y formales en la zona.
Integracin y polaridad territorial.
Perfil social y cultural de la zona (Demografa, cultura, pertenencia).
Organizacin territorial y administrativa, y actividades econmicos en la zona.
Dinmicas inmobiliarias.
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Contexto, evolucin y presencia histrica territorial.

Aproximacin bio-fsica, parmetros ambientales y riesgos naturales en territorio.
Identificar necesidades y expectativas de los residentes.
Reflexin y Estrategias urbanas.
Eleccin del escenario objetivo: Patrimonio contextual edificado.
G
Conformacin del equipo de diseo e investigacin.

Aproximacin y condicionantes socioeconmicas.
Conformacin del marco legal y urbanstico del inmueble.
Reconstruccin histrica del documento.
Evaluacin de condicionantes normativos.
Contratacin de construccin.
Tramitacin de licencia de obra.
Identificar las condicionantes tecnolgicas (mano de obra especializada, equipo y/o herramienta,
posibilidad de adquirir material, factibilidad de aplicacin, etc.).
Verificacin y entrega de la obra.
Retroalimentacin del proyecto y la obra.
Difusin de los valores del edificio.
Revisin y ajuste peridico del sistema implementado de energa.
Medicin automatizada del funcionamiento y oportunidades adicionales.
Implementar encuestas del confort del espacio, como seguimiento.
Programa de evaluacin de la efectividad del sistema.
TCNICO
Capacitacin para operadores.

Aproximacin global al edificio (prediagnosis).
Informe de prediagnosis (primera valoracin del estado de conservacin).
Establecimiento de la hiptesis.
Definicin y delimitacin fsica de la zona de intervencin.
Diagnstico integrado del territorio. Potencialidades y disfunciones.
Investigacin histrica del inmueble.
Levantamiento arquitectnico del inmueble.
Anlisis tcnico-constructivo.
Estudio de los materiales (ensayos en obra o laboratorio).
Anlisis arquitectnico espacial.
Anlisis bioclimtico del edificio.
Anlisis de ciclo del agua y su rendimiento.
Evaluacin del flujo de residuos slidos.
Identificar reas que no operan la energa eficientemente.
Monitoreo del suministro del aire al exterior.
Comprobacin de conectividad del edificio patrimonial con infraestructura bsica.
Levantamiento de los valores patrimoniales del edificio (mapa de valores).
Levantamiento de deterioros.
Anlisis de los deterioros, alteraciones del edificio y dficits
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Anlisis funcional, usos precedentes y/o existentes.

Confirmacin de la hiptesis.
Dictamen del estado de conservacin (arquitectnico+estructural+bioclimtico).
Elaboracin de cuantificaciones, precios unitarios y presupuesto.
Programacin de la obra, ruta crtica.
Ejecucin de la obra.
Expediente final de la obra ejecutada.
Carnet de identidad del edificio.
PROYECTUAL
Trabajo de mantenimiento.
Mapa de capacidad de transformacin.
Programa de nuevos usos.
Definir directrices de intervencin (principios de intervencin).
Establecer los tipos y criterios de intervencin a emplear (liberacin, consolidacin, integracin,
reintegracin).
Decisin de grado de intervencin (mantenimiento, intervencin parcial o integral).
Investigar y evaluar las alternativas de solucin del problema.
Proyecto de consolidacin y conservacin, liberacin y reintegracin.
Proyecto de Integracin.
Proyecto arquitectnico propuesto.
Proyecto Ejecutivo.
Tratamiento de las patologas del edificio.
Eleccin de materiales, sistemas constructivos y procedimientos de reestructuracin.
ESTRATEGIAS
SUSTENTABLES
Propuesta y cronograma de mantenimiento.

Planeacin de la construccin exterior y paisaje construido.
Plan de manejo de plagas, control de la erosin y la gestin integrada del paisaje.
Proteccin y restauracin de espacios abiertos.
Incremento de la ventilacin natural al interior.
Uso de la luz del da y vistas exteriores en reas del edificio.
Rescate de tecnologas y estrategias bioclimticas existentes.
Estrategias de climatizacin pasiva.
Plan de Manejo de aguas pluviales.
Acciones para la reduccin de la isla de calor.
Reduccin de contaminacin lumnica.
Reduccin y eficiencia del agua potable al interior.
Maximizar eficiencia del uso de agua potable (accesorios y uso).
Eficiencia de uso de agua en riego.
Manejo del uso de agua en torre de enfriamiento.
Manejo de refrigerantes: proteccin de capa de ozono.
Optimizacin de la eficiencia energtica.
Diseo y especificacin de energas no contaminantes en el sitio.
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Plan de uso de refrigerantes.

Plan de manejo de los desperdicios slidos consumibles.
Plan de manejo de los bienes durables para ocupantes y operadores del edificio.
Desarrollo de programa de calidad de aire interior.
Reduccin de partculas peligrosas en el aire.
Implementar Iluminacin controlada en los espacios.
Implementar sistemas de monitoreo trmico.
Sistemas de prevencin de contaminacin al interior.
Pre-Evaluacin del potencial de ahorro.
ESTRATEGIAS
SUSTENTABLES
Anlisis costo-beneficio intervencin sustentable.

Compra sostenible de bienes duraderos (Equipo electrnico y mobiliario).
Compra sostenible o reutilizacin de materiales para la modificacin y nuevas incorporaciones en
la construccin.
Adquisicin de luminarias reducida en Mercurio
Plan de manejo de los desperdicios slidos de la obra.
Plan de manejo de la calidad del aire durante la construccin
Implementacin de mejoras de bajo costo para optimizacin de energa
Medicin del consumo del sistema de construccin
Documentar el impacto del costo energtico de la construccin sostenible
Reporte de reduccin de la emisin atmosfrica
Programa de limpieza de alto rendimiento
Implementar programa de uso de equipo de limpieza sustentable
Plan de manejo de pesticidas al interior
7.1. Evaluacin de las herramientas

La lectura de las tablas de resultados de la evaluacin deja claro, con valores cuantificables, los
aspectos que se necesitan reforzar en la intervencin patrimonial, siendo que cada una de las
referencias metodolgicas tiene una tendencia a un campo en especfico.
Las metodologas internacionales son las que recibieron mayor valoracin en los mbitos
urbano, social y sustentable, mientras que las nacionales y locales recibieron baja puntuacin, con
una amplia diferencia de stas con las internacionales. En el mbito de valor patrimonial, en las
metodologas nacionales y locales se observa mayor puntuacin que en los otros aspectos, pero
an siendo superadas por la internacional. [Tabla 4, 5, 6 y 7]
A pesar de las diferencias entre los indicadores de las herramientas, las tablas muestran que
las herramientas tienen mayor puntuacin en lo que respecta al valor patrimonial, seguido por las
acciones encaminadas a la sostenibilidad, en menor grado a las herramientas de integracin
social, y por ltimo el mbito urbano, siendo el mtodo RehabiMed el que cubre ms aspectos en
su estructura.
El mtodo RehabiMed ha sido de los ms completos en la gestin y las herramientas tcnicas y
de diseo, tanto en el valor urbano, social y patrimonial, sin embargo, en la valoracin de la
sustentabilidad, la herramienta de certificacin LEED supera por mucho a las otras metodologas.
Por otro lado, LEED no integra otros indicadores importantes, particularmente en lo que
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concierne a lo patrimonial y social, siendo nula en gestin, tcnico, diseo o estrategias del valor
patrimonial.
Tabla 5. Indicadores de herramientas con valor urbano
Metodologa
Mtodo RehabiMed.
LEED for Existing Buildings: O & M.
Conservacin () Tecamachalco.
Edificios histricos sustentables.
Haciendas de Yucatn.
Gestin
55
9
6
0
0
Tcnico
24
0
0
0
0
Diseo
7
0
0
0
0
Estrategias
0
0
0
0
0
Tabla 6. Indicadores de herramientas con valor social

Metodologa
Mtodo RehabiMed .
Gestin
61
2
10
0
6
Tcnico
22
0
0
3
0
Diseo
12
0
0
0
0
Estrategias
2
0
0
3
0
Tabla 7. Indicadores de herramientas con valor sustentable

Metodologa
Mtodo RehabiMed.
Gestin
33
29
1
3
1
Tcnico
23
22
1
9
2
Diseo
11
3
0
6
0
Estrategias
15
102
0
27
0
Tabla 8. Indicadores de herramientas con valor patrimonial

Metodologa
Mtodo RehabiMed.
Gestin
59
0
32
3
23
Tcnico
66
0
36
24
26
Diseo
31
0
14
18
28
Estrategias
1
0
0
0
3
8. CONCLUSIONES
El estudio y anlisis de las metodologas tradicionales en cuanto a su estructura son diferentes,
aunque mantienen algunas similitudes. El mtodo RehabiMed es el que presenta un diagrama de
organizacin ms claro y grfico, por lo que se tomar como base en la estructura de la propuesta
metodolgica.
Por otro lado, en cuanto a la valoracin, las metodologas locales demuestran una falta de
integracin, los resultados, distantes de las internacionales, enfatizan lo planteado en la
problemtica actual, los puntos dbiles de la intervencin actual en Yucatn. Se demuestran la
urgente necesidad de incluir los indicadores necesarios para una intervencin patrimonial
sostenible en la regin, en los que se integren herramientas de integracin urbana, social,
sustentable y patrimonial. Esto es importante ya que permitir ampliar el panorama de la
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intervencin del patrimonio contextual a una actividad ms compleja que la conservacin del
edificio.
La evaluacin realizada de las herramientas a travs de los indicadores para identificar la
integracin de los valores patrimoniales, sociales, urbanos y sustentables de cada referencia
metodolgica es un primer paso para la optimizacin de sta para su aplicacin en el Centro
Histrico de la ciudad de Mrida. Sin embargo es importante hacer un anlisis ms profundo para
realizar una propuesta y la aplicacin piloto en un caso real, que permita diagnosticar y medir su
viabilidad. Queda claro que as como la integracin de los valores mencionados, es vital la
participacin de los actores locales en el proceso para asegurar el xito de la optimizacin y la
validacin de la metodologa propuesta, por lo que los siguientes pasos estarn encaminados en
esa direccin.
9. REFERENCIAS
1) Peraza, M. (1997) El origen reparador. Yucatn, Mxico: Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Facultad
de Arquitectura.
2) Ballina, A. (2006). Entre los umbrales de la realidad cotidiana, presencia del modernismo
posrevolucionario en el Centro Histrico de la ciudad de Mrida. En Facultad de Arquitectura (Ed.),
Cuadernos de Arquitectura de Yucatn Vol. 17 (94-105). Yucatn, Mxico: Universidad Autnoma de
Yucatn.
3) Thomas, C. J., y Rosemary, D.F. (2000). City-centre Revitalisation: Problems of Fragmentation and Fear
in the Evening and Night-time City. En Routledge (Ed.), Urban Studies Vol. 37 (pp. 1403-1429).
4) Ballina, A. (2006). Entre los umbrales de la realidad cotidiana, presencia del modernismo
posrevolucionario en el Centro Histrico de la ciudad de Mrida. En Facultad de Arquitectura (Ed.),
Cuadernos de Arquitectura de Yucatn Vol. 17 (pp. 94-105). Yucatn, Mxico: Universidad Autnoma de
Yucatn.
5) Huerta L., R. (2000) Invencin, conservacin y destruccin del Patrimonio cultural en Mxico. En
Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurdicas (pp. 155). Mxico: Universidad Veracruzana.
6) UNESCO (1964). Carta de Venecia. Retrieved Febrero, 2014, from:
http://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_sp.pdf
7) Brandi, C. (1987) Teora de la restauracin. Madrid, Espaa: Alianza Editorial.
8) Daz B., S. (2011). Estudios y restauracin del patrimonio arquitectnico y urbano. Mxico: Universidad
Autnoma Metropolitana.
9) Chico, P. (1996). Ubicacin del arquitecto en los mbitos de valor patrimonial y de calidad ambiental.
En Facultad de Arquitectura (Ed.), Cuadernos de Arquitectura de Yucatn Vol 9 (pp. 53-61), Yucatn,
Mxico: Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn.
10) Tern B., J. (2004). Consideraciones que deben tenerse en cuenta para la restauracin arquitectnica.
En DIBAM (Ed.), Revista Conserva No. 8 (pp. 101-122). Mxico: Centro Nacional De Restauracin Y
Conservacin.
11) De Gracia S., F. (1992). Construir en lo construido, la arquitectura como modificacin. Madrid: Editorial
NEREA
12) Reyes, S. (2006). Reconversin y propuestas en las haciendas de Yucatn (1996-2003. En Fomento de
Cultura Banamex, A.C (Ed.) Arquitectura de las haciendas de Yucatn. Mxico: Facultad de arquitectura,
Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn.
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13) Fregoso L., S. (2006) Arquitectura Ecolgica Sustentable para el Ecoturismo. Tesis doctoral. Mxico:
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico.
14) Brundtland, (1987) Nuestro futuro comn: Our Common Future, Reporte de la Comisin Mundial de
Ambiente y Desarrollo. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16) Ruz C., E. (2011). Edificios Histricos Sustentables. Tesis de maestra (pp.10). Mxico: Universidad
Nacional Autnoma de Mxico.
19) Ruz C., E. (2011). Edificios Histricos Sustentables. Tesis de maestra. Mxico: Universidad Nacional
Autnoma de Mxico.
20) Comisin Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indgenas CDI. (2009). Principales ecotecnias
conocidas en la actualidad. Mxico: Gobierno de la Repblica. Retrieved Julio, 2014, from:
http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=698
21) Rueda, S. (2012). Urbanismo Ecolgico. Su aplicacin en el diseo de un Ecobarrio de Figueres.
Barcelona, Espaa: Agencia de Ecologa Urbana de Barcelona.
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Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts,

techniques, practices, uses, materials, methodologies
Energetic sustainability and urban environment.
Building, blocks, neighborhood, city.
Historical materials, construction typologies and architectural styles: traditional knowhow.
Criteria to identify methodologies of analysis, techniques and solutions to achieve

energetic improvements in historic buildings.
Conservation and preservation of historical heritage versus energy efficiency

interventions.
Pilot studies, executed projects, results and good practices for energy improvement.
Gather information, general and specific knowledge, adapt it and transfer it in a

comprehensible way to the different agents involved.
Energy consumptions, comfort, resources optimization.
Monitoring tools, simulation, assessment and diagnosis. Experiences in and historic

areas and buildings.
Cities energy bills.

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Conocimiento tradicional y tecnolgico: conceptos,

tcnicas, prcticas, usos, materiales y metodologas
Sostenibilidad energtica y medio ambiente urbano.
Edificio, manzana, barrio, ciudad, municipio.
Materiales y tipologas constructivas y arquitectnicas histricas: know-how tradicional.
Criterios de identificacin de metodologas de anlisis, tcnicas y soluciones vlidas

para la mejora energtica de la edificacin histrica.
Conservacin y preservacin del Patrimonio Histrico versus intervenciones de mejora

de la eficiencia energtica.
Estudios piloto, proyectos ejecutados, resultados y buenas prcticas de mejora

energtica.
Compilacin de informacin y conocimiento general y concreto para su transferencia

adaptada a los diferentes perfiles de los agentes implicados.
Consumo energtico, confort, optimizacin de recursos.
Herramientas de monitorizacin, simulacin, evaluacin y diagnstico. Experiencias en

edificacin y zonas histricas.
Factura energtica de la ciudad.
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SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS:

RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND BEST PRACTICE
HEATH, N.
HEATH, N.: NDM Heath Ltd: Sustainable Energy Solutions. UK. nicholas@ndmheath.co.uk
ABSTRACT
Nicholas Heath is Founding Director of NDM Heath Ltd, a UK-based sustainable energy consultancy
specialising in the refurbishment of traditional and historic buildings. Nicholas sits on the Steering Group of
the Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (STBA), and is an Affiliate and Technical Panel member of the
Institute of Historic Building Conservation (IHBC); he is also Associate Consultant with the Scottish
sustainable development organisation Changeworks. He is the author of numerous technical guides and
research papers, and has worked with clients including UNESCO, UNDP Croatia, the Scottish Government,
Historic Scotland, English Heritage, the Energy Saving Trust, and many local authorities and academic
institutions.
Addressing energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most pressing issues in older, traditionallyconstructed buildings, particularly with finance schemes promoting mass-scale insulation programmes.
Retaining character and significance is often perceived to be at odds with achieving improved thermal
efficiency, and there is much controversy around the risks and benefits of different technical solutions. These
issues are all compounded when dealing with historic buildings.
Upgrading historic building fabric is notoriously complex and often costly, particularly where conservation
restrictions apply, and a holistic understanding is required before modern materials are applied to old
structures to minimise unintended and negative consequences. However, with a meticulously detailed
approach and a sound understanding, successful retrofit is possible, and examples of good practice and
research can be found across Europe.
1. INTRODUCTION
Any research and commentary on sustainable energy in traditional and historic buildings is
both subjective and location-specific (in relation to myriad variable including climate, building
fabric, energy-related issues, technical solutions, conservation priorities, finance structures, local
policies and so on). The majority of this article relates to the UK, where all the previouslymentioned variables differ from those elsewhere in Europe. However, while specifics may be
subject to variation the over-arching principles of sustainable refurbishment often remain valid
regardless of location.
It is also important to define what is meant by a historic building. This term covers a wide and
potentially limitless spectrum of building types and ages, but for the purposes of this paper it may
be taken to mean older, traditionally-constructed buildings, generally with solid masonry walls. (It
is also relevant to buildings both with and without formal protection, i.e. many of the principles
and issues relating to protected buildings also relate to unprotected buildings of similar age and
construction.)
2. HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND SUSTAINABILITY

It is well understood that the ongoing use of historic buildings is inherently sustainable, in all
senses (i.e. environmentally, financially and socially). However, in order to remain sustainable all
things including historic buildings must evolve to meet the needs of today and tomorrow. In
many cases conservation designation is used to prohibit or limit improvements to the energy and
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environmental performance of historic buildings, leading to an assumption that they are exempt
from having to contribute to a sustainable built environment. And let us be clear from the outset:
doing nothing is not an option.
The UK Building Regulations [1] apply exemptions to listed buildings, conservation areas and
scheduled monuments. Within these exemptions there are caveats: The exemption applies only
to the extent that compliance with the energy efficiency requirements would unacceptably
altercharacter or appearance; The aim should be to improve energy efficiency as far as is
reasonably practicable; and so on. However, such wording implicitly introduces ambiguity and
reinforces the subjectivity referred to in the introduction. Who decides whether alterations are
unacceptable? Who defines what is reasonably practicable? (In most cases it is the planning
and/or conservation regulatory bodies and this introduces another challenge for the sustainable
refurbishment of historic buildings, i.e. decisions on sustainability are being made by conservation
experts but not energy experts.)
In the UK the planning system has dual responsibilities to support both the protection of the
historic environment and the reduction of CO2 emissions. One of the key strategic goals in
sustainable refurbishment of historic buildings is to view these responsibilities as mutual rather
than exclusive. It is also important to define protection, which again is subject to individual and
local differences in interpretation: for example, on the micro scale protection may be inferred as
preventing building alterations, while on the macro scale enabling CO2 reduction measures may
protect building fabric from climate-related damage. The holistic definition of conservation must
be taken as being management of change.
In reality, planning decisions are subjective, and vary according to individual officers, regional
policy and local interpretations of national policy. Of course there is no one-size-fits-all approach
for historic buildings, but there are common principles that may be followed in most cases. This
subjective approach to decision-making can be a source of frustration to the general public, who
may not have a detailed understanding of planning or conservation priorities and can view them
simply as barriers to their personal building-related goals. However, it is important to understand
the importance of having a planning and conservation structure in place, in order to prevent
inappropriate interventions. The issue therefore returns to one of education, in both camps: the
conservation experts require a greater knowledge of energy and sustainability needs, while the
general public requires a deeper understanding of the importance of our built heritage.
Taking this education need as a given, the main challenge then becomes this: how can we
make significant improvements to the energy efficiency and environmental performance of
historic buildings while retaining their character and avoiding unintended consequences?
3. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF REFURBISHMENT

Safeguards are written into policy and guidance documents, in an effort to minimise the
technical risks associated with imperfect refurbishment of traditional buildings. But how safe are
they in practice? The following quotes are taken from the UK Building Regulations [2]:
Work should not prejudice the character of the host building or increase the risk of
long-term deterioration of the building fabric or fittings
Particular issues relating to work in historic buildingsincludeenabling the fabric of

historic buildings to breathe to control moisture and potential long-term decay
problems
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The adoption of any particular energy efficiency measure should not involve
unacceptable technical risk ofexcessive condensation
Unfortunately, examples abound of technical failures in traditional buildings caused by energyrelated refurbishment works. These mainly relate to moisture, e.g. damp, condensation, mould
and in extreme cases structural damage and decay. In many cases the root cause of these physical
problems is a combination of a) lack of proper understanding and assessment of traditional
buildings and b) application of a mainstream approach better suited to different building types.
So how can we retrofit traditional buildings properly? Doing it right means doing it safely,
significantly and affordably and in most cases, with occupants in situ.
Safely = minimising technical risk
Significantly = making meaningful impacts (whether this is in terms of CO2, comfort or

fuel costs)
Affordably = replicably
This paper focuses mainly on safe retrofit, but brief mention must be made of the other key
aspects.
3.1. Significant Retrofit

Retrofit must have a meaningful impact in order to be of any significance. This may relate to
CO2 emissions, occupant comfort or running costs where the impact takes place is dependent on
the strategy of the individual retrofit project. It must also be recognised that addressing one area
does not automatically affect another, i.e. a project may reduce CO2 emissions dramatically
without benefiting occupant comfort, or vice versa; this reinforces the need for a sound education
to inform a holistic approach.
If we take CO2 reduction as one project strategy, how can this be addressed significantly in the
historic environment? In terms of physical building upgrade measures, with a reasonable level of
retrofit it may be possible to achieve c.40-50% CO2 savings in a historic building but this is only
halfway to the 80-90% we are told we must achieve in order to limit the effects of climate change.
Therefore, as well as addressing a) individual buildings we must also make savings b) in the
surrounding environment (e.g. through communal, area-based renewable energy schemes) and c)
in the national and international infrastructure (e.g. green grids). The point here is that all areas
must be addressed i.e. historic buildings must not be excluded from the process.
3.2. Affordable retrofit

It is not uncommon for deep retrofits of traditional and historic buildings to cost very large
amounts, due to the added complexity, specialist materials, consultant fees and specialist
installers required for historic buildings. Achieving an 80% CO2 reduction, for example, may well
cost somewhere around 80,000 i.e. 1,000 per 1% (of course there is no linear correlation).
This is clearly not replicable: in England there are over 7 million solid-walled homes, and
Government retrofit plans often cite costs of 5-7,000 per property, which clearly will not come
close to achieving the sort of CO2 cuts needed. The challenge is to continue driving innovation and
identify affordable insulation techniques that are appropriate for traditional and historic
buildings, to ensure appropriate approaches are embedded into mainstream retrofit markets so
that they become widely available and costs reduce, and to create longer-term funding schemes
that drive the adoption of such appropriate systems.
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3.3. Safe retrofit

Retrofitting traditional and historic buildings is notoriously complex, and is still something of a
niche so suitable approaches have yet to enter the mainstream in many cases.
Most technical risks relate to moisture, and these include the following [3]:
High humidity (mould, dust mites, health issues)
Condensation both on surfaces and in cavities (decorative & fabric damage)
High moisture content in materials (rot, e.g. joist ends)
Frost damage (detached render, spalling brickwork)
Added to this is the cost and disruption of repairs, which could be considerable where major
damage has been caused or where the issues affect many buildings (e.g. social housing schemes
where hundreds of homes are insulated in a single scheme).
There are many risk factors, including insulation materials & systems, ventilation, assessment
methods, coverage (thermal bridging), detailing in the studio and application on site. A brief
summary of these issues is outlined below but it is important that these are fully understood
and more detailed reading of the sources provided in the bibliography is recommended:
3.3.1. Materials, ventilation and assessment methods

Traditional buildings are made from permeable materials, allowing moisture to enter and
disperse from the building fabric. There is a generally-agreed principle among UK conservation
bodies to retain this feature when insulating, which dictates the use of vapour-permeable
insulation materials and systems. However, most mainstream systems are impermeable,
particularly those used for wall insulation, and while these can sometimes be used effectively in
traditional buildings great care and attention to detail are required to avoid moisture-related
risks.
Many challenges exist in increasing the uptake of permeable systems. These include a low
general awareness of both the issues and the systems, a tendency to higher costs for permeable
systems that are often viewed as specialist (particularly when slim-line systems are required for
discretion or space saving), the depth of materials sometimes required to achieve very low Uvalues, and acceptance by installers.
When improving energy efficiency in traditional buildings it is important to address excessive
ventilation and draughts, but not to over-seal buildings and trap moisture. This is often not
considered sufficiently, particularly with large-scale insulation projects. Insulation changes
internal building conditions (e.g. Relative humidity), particularly where impermeable systems are
used. In addition, this issue becomes more important as levels of insulation increase so with
ever-more demanding energy- and CO2-saving targets, the push for more and more insulation
needs to be accompanied by a proper ventilation assessment.
This is complicated by formal ventilation and moisture assessment mechanisms, which on the
one hand tend to under-estimate the benefits of comprehensive draught proofing, and on the
other hand misrepresent the moisture risks in insulation assessments. Recent research [4] has
identified key shortcomings in this area:
There are many uncertainties and complexities in regard to moisture risk and management,
andthe importance of learning cannot be [over]stated. Learning refers not only to the
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understanding of moisture principles, but alsoof buildings, their context and the way they are
used
The existingguidance for moisture risk assessment in standards and regulations in the UK,
are not sufficient, in many situations [e.g. old buildings] to deal with a proper moisture risk
assessment
The current thinking in UK conservation circles tends towards maintaining natural ventilation
and moisture movement, and the use of fully vapour-permeable insulation systems to minimise
the risks associated with sub-optimal ventilation.
3.3.2. Thermal bridging, detailing and application

Incomplete coverage is inevitable when insulating existing buildings, particularly traditional
and historic buildings where major disruption is more complex and/or not permitted. Common
problem areas include floor-wall junctions, door & window surrounds, complex windows (e.g. bay
windows, stone mullions and cills) and poor jointing of insulation panels. The risks of
discontinuous insulation are both heat loss and condensation, and the impacts of these can be
considerable. Forthcoming research by the STBA on internal wall insulation reveals major heat
loss discrepancies between buildings with lots of insulation on the plane walls but none on the
reveals, as compared with less insulation on plane walls but with reveals also insulated.
To minimise the level of thermal bridging, meticulous attention to detail is required, both in
the design studio and on site, together with monitoring of both works and installed systems to
detect any issues. Unfortunately short-term funding, which often does not extend to
accommodate the use of more forgiving (e.g. vapour-permeable) insulation systems, can put such
time pressure on contractors and project managers that awkward details are avoided altogether,
which increases the risks associated with thermal bridging. To get it right, it will take longer and it
will cost more but the implications of not adopting an appropriate strategy are potentially
serious.
4. RESEARCH AND TOOLS FOR INSULATING SOLID WALLS

Solid wall insulation is the big issue in the UK at present, both in terms of Government
insulation drives and traditional building research. However, both internal and external options
are complex and carry technical and aesthetic risks, and there are still many unknowns and many
differing opinions. While internal insulation is generally felt to carry the greatest risks, in many
instances external insulation in itself risky will not be possible for aesthetic reasons and so
internal insulation is likely to be selected in many cases.
Recent research [5] conducted by NDM Heath Ltd in behalf of English Heritage highlights
many of the current issues surrounding external wall insulation. Often deemed to be the lowerrisk wall insulation method, this research which analysed three large-scale projects across the
North of England found that this is often not the case.
The following key findings were identified:
The notion of external insulation as the low-risk option is not necessarily true
It can be hard applying external insulation comprehensively (and therefore minimising

risks)
There is a clear and considerable gap between advice and practice
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There are major knowledge gaps among both planning bodies and project leaders (and
knowledge levels are dependent on individuals)
Funding and time pressures are a major cause of imperfect installations
Ventilation issues are not fully considered
There were numerous reports of damp from occupants across all three projects
assessed (within 12-24 months of installation)
The majority of properties had extensive levels of thermal bridging
Complex areas tend to be avoided or worked around rather than addressed properly
Impermeable insulation systems were used throughout all projects
There was considerable confusion surrounding the planning system, both in terms of
regional inconsistencies (i.e. permitting/demanding different approaches in
neighbouring regions) and decisions promoting thermal bridging (e.g. requiring original
building features to remain exposed and uninsulated)
Even where risks are known, projects tend to proceed regardless, due both to the
pressure to act and the uncertainty of the risks
Despite the issues identified above, such projects can be very important in deprived
areas; they were generally well-received by occupants aesthetically, thermally and
financially; and without treatment some of these areas are at risk of further decay and
demolition.
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Figure 1. External Wall Insulation in Traditional buildings research report (English Heritage, 2014)
However, leading on from this project which highlighted more risks than solutions a very
positive project was instigated by one of the case study leaders. Blackpool Council, concerned
about the quality issues in recent solid wall insulation projects, commissioned NDM Heath Ltd
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and the STBA to produce a set of tools [6] to drive higher-quality, lower-risk insulation projects in
the future. These tools comprised a) a Decision Making Protocol, to allow developers to make
rapid and consistent decisions, b) a Code of Conduct, to provide quality assurance for both the
Council and home owners, and c) a List of Approved Suppliers for solid wall insulation. The
Decision Making Protocol contains a set of key principles to be followed in all solid wall insulation
projects, followed by local considerations (such as exposure, building stock and weather
conditions), and then a series of flow charts designed to lead the user through all of the main
considerations and direct them to the appropriate solution for any given project. The Code of
Conduct contains a long list of quality requirements for installers, and allows Blackpool Council to
control the systems and detailing used on projects. Contractors signing up to the Code of Conduct
will be placed on a list of approved contractors.
5. CASE STUDIES AND BEST PRACTICE

There is a great deal of theoretical and practical knowledge emerging in the UK on historic
building retrofit. Leading institutions including the Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance
(STBA), Historic Scotland, English Heritage, Changeworks and the Society for the Protection of
Ancient Buildings (SPAB) among others have published research, field trials and monitoring of
innovative solutions for traditional buildings. An increasing amount of guidance and advice
publications are also available, together with online tools and training programmes to maximise
dissemination and improve awareness.
In the UNESCO World Heritage Site of central Edinburgh, the Scottish sustainable development
organisation Changeworks has developed and led numerous high-profile, award-winning projects
upgrading Georgian listed buildings with energy efficiency and renewable energy systems, running
major conferences, publishing comprehensive guidance and driving policy change to facilitate
such improvements on a wider scale.
Together with funding and support from The City of Edinburgh Council, Edinburgh World
Heritage and Historic Scotland, Changeworks has worked with Lister Housing Co-operative on
the following projects:
Energy Heritage trialling and monitoring insulation and education measures in

historic buildings, together with best practice guidance [7]
Renewable Heritage installing renewable energy systems in the same buildings,

together with best practice guidance [8]
Double Glazing in Listed Buildings installing a wide range of bespoke double glazing
systems in historic buildings, together with a comprehensive report which led to a citywide policy change [9]
In addition, Changeworks has written planning guidance for the city of Bath in England
another UNESCO World Heritage Site on the sustainable retrofit of listed buildings [10]. They
have also run a major conference on solid wall insulation and published the proceedings with the
Scottish Government [11], as well as writing a number of Historic Scotlands Technical Papers
(see below). Their contribution in this field is widely recognised, and they continue to work on
relevant projects including a 3-year EU tenement refurbishment project with 6 European partners
[12].
Historic Scotland has led many field trials in recent years, coupled with extensive monitoring
and publication of guidance and research papers. Their work provides extensive details of this
work and is regularly updated. Their key resources are as follows:
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Technical Papers 1-23 [13]
Refurbishment Case Studies 1-12 [14]
Short Guide 1, condensing their current thinking [15]
Figure 2. Solar thermal panels on Georgian listed buildings in Edinburghs UNESCO World Heritage Site,
installed as part of Changeworks Renewable Heritage project
Similar UK organisations have also published guidance based on field trials and extensive
monitoring. English Heritage has a suite of Energy Efficiency in Traditional Buildings advice
publications [16]; the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) publishes regular
update reports based on their U-value and hygrothermal testing [17].
The Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (STBA) was formed in 2011, and has published a
range of high-level strategic documents, highlighting some critical shortcomings in the current UK
strategy to retrofitting traditional buildings. In addition they have developed a guidance wheel
and knowledge which houses the majority of current research in this field. Their key outputs to
date are as follows (full details are provided in the STBAs conference paper):
Responsible Retrofit of Traditional Buildings [18]
Responsible Retrofit Guidance Wheel [19] an interactive online tool for professionals
to assess risks as part of refurbishment strategies
Moisture Risk Assessment and Guidance [20]
Heat Loss from Thermal Bridging in Internal Wall Insulation of Solid Buildings [21]
In addition to the above resources, training has been developed both nationally and
internationally. UNESCO has delivered repeat Sustainable Energy Governance in UNESCO World
Heritage Sites training schools in Croatia, and developed strategic principles to mainstream
sustainable energy in UNESCO sites. In the UK, the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) is
currently piloting Energy Efficiency in Pre-1919 Traditional Buildings accredited courses for site
managers, with a view to developing a national training qualification in the future.
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While the majority of the above guidance focuses mainly on energy efficiency, advice is also
available on renewable energy in traditional and historic homes. While this is covered in
Changeworks Renewable Heritage guide (see above) and the STBAs Guidance Wheel (see above),
a condensed overview of each of the main technologies in relation to historic buildings, together
with case studies and economic assessments, is available in a recently published report by NDM
Heath Ltd on behalf of Uppsala University [22], as part of the EU Climate for Culture project
[23]. This includes case studies from across Europe, ranging from small to large in scope and
building type.
6. SUMMARY
This paper presents a brief snapshot of current issues and work in the UK in relation to the
sustainable upgrade of historic buildings. It is intended as an introduction only, and it is
recommended that the references (see below) are consulted, together with the other conference
papers, in order to gain a holistic understanding of the complexities of this field.
There are many challenges in achieving a truly sustainable, low-risk historic building retrofit.
However, this should not be a barrier to success, and with a thorough understanding and a
meticulous attention to detail it is possible to refurbish such buildings successfully and minimise
the risk of unintended consequences, as illustrated by the examples in this report.
Lastly, it should be noted that research continues to develop, along with pilot projects,
monitoring and the development of innovative technical solutions. This is a fast-changing
environment, where new findings come to light regularly, and as such the content of any advice
or guidance should be taken in the knowledge that it is subject to change in the future.
7. REFERENCES
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[1]. HM Government (2010). The Building Regulations 2010: Conservation of Fuel and Power: Approved
Document L1B: Conservation of Fuel and Power in Existing Dwellings (2010 edition, incorporating 2010
and 2011 amendments). UK, NBS (RIBA Enterprises Ltd.)
[2]. Ibid.
[3]. Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (2014). Moisture Risk Assessment and Guidance (Draft). UK,
Department of Energy and Climate Change.
[4]. Ibid.
[5]. NDM Heath Ltd. (2014). External Wall Insulation in Traditional Buildings: Case Studies of Three Largescale Projects in the North of England. UK, English Heritage.
[6]. NDM Heath Ltd & STBA (2014). Decision Making Protocol for Solid Wall Insulation Projects; Code of
Conduct for Solid Wall Insulation Projects. UK, Blackpool Council.
[7]. Changeworks (2008). Energy Heritage A Guide to Improving Energy Efficiency in Traditional and
Historic homes. UK, Changeworks.
[8]. Changeworks (2009). Renewable Heritage A Guide to Microgeneration in Traditional and Historic
homes. UK, Changeworks.
[9]. Changeworks (2010). Double Glazing in Listed Buildings: Project Report. UK, Changeworks.
[10]. Bath & North East Somerset Council (2013). Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Guidance for Listed
Buildings and Undesignated Historic Buildings. UK, BANES.
[11]. Changeworks (2012). Solid Wall Insulation in Scotland: Exploring Barriers, Solutions and New
Approaches. UK, Changeworks.
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[12]. Low Energy Apartment Futures (LEAF), www.lowenergyapartments.eu

[13]. Historic Scotland (2008-present). Technical Papers 1-23. UK, Historic Scotland.
[14]. Historic Scotland (2012-present). Refurbishment Case Studies 1-12. UK, Historic Scotland.
[15]. Historic Scotland (2012). Short Guide 1: Fabric Improvements for Energy Efficiency in Traditional
Buildings. UK, Historic Scotland.
[16]. English Heritage (2012). Energy Efficiency in Traditional Buildings guide series. UK, English Heritage.
[17]. Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (2011-present). The SPAB Research Reports 1-3. UK,
SPAB.
[18]. Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (2012). Responsible Retrofit of Traditional Buildings. UK,
STBA.
[19]. Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (2014). Responsible Retrofit Guidance Wheel. UK, STBA.
[20]. Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (2014). Moisture Risk Assessment and Guidance (Draft). UK,
STBA.
[21]. Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (pending). Heat Loss from Thermal Bridging in Internal Wall
Insulation of Solid Buildings. UK, STBA.
[22]. NDM Heath Ltd (2013). Renewable Energy in Historic Buildings. Sweden, Uppsala University.
[23]. Climate for Culture, www.climateforculture.eu
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EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA Y VALORES PATRIMONIALES.

LECCIONES DE UNA INVESTIGACIN Y UN SEMINARIO /
Energy efficiency and heritage values. Lessons of a
Research and a Seminar
GONZLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.
GONZLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona (ETSAB UPC). Barcelona Espaa
RESUMEN
Esta ponencia trata de proporcionar respuestas a algunas de las preguntas planteadas por el Congreso.
Las respuestas surgen de: 1) las conclusiones de un seminario y una investigacin recientes, 2) un valioso
documento publicado por el COTAC britnico y 3) la experiencia profesional del autor y sus colaboradores. La
ponencia examina: 1) la reconversin necesaria de arquitectos e ingenieros para que puedan responder
eficazmente a las nuevas y complejas necesidades de la eficiencia energtica en el patrimonio histrico y 2)
los procesos de desarrollo de nuevos conocimientos generados para llegar a una compilacin y transferencia
adaptada a los perfiles profesionales de realidad o incluso los mismos usuarios de los edificios.
Palabras clave: conocimiento general y concreto, compilacin, transferencia, agentes implicados
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to provide answers to some of the questions raised by Congress. The answers
come from: 1) the findings of a recent research seminar and, 2) a valuable document published by the British
COTAC and 3) the professional experience of the author and his collaborators. The paper examines: 1) the
necessary conversion of architects and engineers so they can effectively respond to the complex needs and
new energy efficiency in historic heritage and 2) development processes of new knowledge generated to
reach a management and transfer adapted to the professional profiles of reality or even the same building
users.
Key words: general and specific knowledge, compilation, transfer, agents involved
1. INTRODUCCIN
1.1. Objetivo de esta ponencia
El objetivo es dar algunas respuestas a dos de las cuestiones planteadas por este Congreso
teniendo como base la experiencia propia y la de los colaboradores junto con las lecciones
recibidas del Seminario y la Investigacin que se citan en el ttulo.
La primera de ellas es una de las cuestiones claves dentro de la lnea temtica denominada
Conocimiento tradicional y tecnolgico, que tiene una clara reciprocidad con la otra lnea
temtica Difusin, formacin, educacin.
La cuestin est planteada segn esta frase:
Compilacin de informacin y conocimiento general y concreto para su transferencia
adaptada a los diferentes perfiles de los agentes implicados.
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Es una frase compleja y que encierra en s misma varias de las cuestiones clave. Las posibles
respuestas las vamos a poder encontrar separando los tres conceptos, compilacin, transferencia
y perfiles de los agentes implicados.
Las respuestas se sitan en el mbito profesional del arquitecto, pero enriquecido con la
relacin con otros profesionales que intervienen en cualquier experiencia de intervencin en el
patrimonio arquitectnico.
La segunda cuestin es ms fcil de formular, lo que no quiere decir que no tenga la misma
importancia, y se ha planteado en unas de los correos electrnicos enviados a los participantes.
Dice as: hay suficiente conocimiento como para tener certezas sobre las soluciones a aplicar?
1.2. Los autores: el grupo de trabajo UPC

El contenido expuesto en esta ponencia deriva del trabajo conjunto de varios profesionales de
la arquitectura y de la docencia, cada uno con sus actividades particulares, que ocasionalmente
formamos el grupo citado en el ttulo de este apartado. En la nota [1] se citan nombres y apellidos
y aqu es suficiente decir que en esta ocasin se constituye por dos seniors (70] y siete jvenes
(40], cuatro doctores, cuatro doctorandos, dos msteres en eficiencia energtica y todos
profesores en msteres en intervencin en el patrimonio arquitectnico.
El perfil dominante es una cierta transdisciplinareidad semi-especializada, es decir, un perfil
propio de la intervencin en el patrimonio, con conocimiento de diversas materias, junto con una
cierta especializacin y una actividad que se desarrolla en la profesin, la docencia, la
investigacin y la difusin.
Hecha la presentacin general se inicia la ponencia con la tercera parte de la primera cuestin
a resolver.
2. LOS DIFERENTES PERFILES DE LOS AGENTES IMPLICADOS

Hemos considerado conveniente iniciar las respuestas por la tercera parte de la primera
cuestin planteada por ser fundamental dejar expuesto con claridad los diferentes perfiles de la
multitud de agentes implicados en la intervencin en el patrimonio. Para ello vamos a basarnos
en dos documentos de orden internacional de un grandsimo valor y, en segundo lugar, en
nuestra propia experiencia.
2.1. Segn ICOMOS y COTAC

Los dos documentos son el elaborado por ICOMOS redactado en 1993 [2] y el emitido por
COTAC [3] basado en el anterior y que desarrolla muy a fondo precisamente los perfiles
acadmicos de todos los agentes implicados. Segn el documento stos son:
Arquelogo, Arquitecto, Arquitecto tcnico, Historiador del arte o la arquitectura, Constructor
o Contratista, Funcionario, Conservador, Ingeniero [Civil o estructural], Ingeniero ambiental,
Paisajista, Experto en materiales, Urbanista, Administrador o Propietario.
En la figura 1 se presenta el texto del documento de COTAC reordenado con cada una de las
profesiones por separado y con la parte del texto en color oscuro para el currculo acadmico
bsico y el texto ms claro para todo lo que debe aadirse en cursos de especializacin sobre
intervencin en el patrimonio para poder trabajar profesionalmente en l. En el caso del
arquelogo y el historiador del arte es todo oscuro. Sin embargo, en la figura 2 se comprueba que
el arquitecto necesita saber mucho ms de lo que aprende en su carrera. El resto de profesiones
unas no necesitan especializacin y otras s.
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Figura 1. Textos que exponen los conocimientos necesarios para participar patrimomio arquitectnico de
las diferentes profesiones. En oscuro, los impartidos en sus estudios universitarios de grado. En claro, los
que hay que aadir en postgrados o msteres para algunas de las profesiones. Los dos recuadrados se
corresponden con los del arquelogo y del hsitoriador del arte
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Figura 2. Texto dedicado a la profesin de arquitecto. En el recuadro se detalla el carcter multidisciplinar

de su actuacin que requiere una formacin complementaria
Es preciso destacar la frase que aparece al final del texto de color claro del arquitecto en la que
se afirma que su trabajo es multidisciplinar dado que deber incluir las aportaciones de
arquelogos e historiadores, observacin que no aparece en ninguna ms de los currculos
aadidos.
Es necesario considerar tambin otro de los agentes implicados de gran importancia, el
ingeniero sobre ambiente o lo que denominamos habitualmente ingeniero de instalaciones.
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Figura 3. Texto dedicado a la profesin de ingeniero ambiental. En el recuadro se expone la necesaria

comprensin de las caractersticas favorables de los edificos histricos que requiere una formacin
complementaria
Es fcil ver que tiene que aadir muchos conocimientos a los que recibe en las escuelas
industriales para participar en el patrimonio, Y entre ellos y situado muy al principio se indica que
tiene que saber sacar partido del potencial de ventajas de los edificios tradicionales para alcanzar
las exigencias actuales. Por ejemplo, los efectos de la masa de la inercia trmica, o tambin las
ventajas de la ventilacin natural combinada con persianas y cortinas. No deja de sorprender una
referencia tan acorde con la situacin actual en un documento escrito en la dcada de los 90. La
pregunta que nos hacemos ahora es: Existe este tipo de ingeniero en Gran Bretaa? Y en otros
pases europeos? Por lo que diremos despus, en el nuestro parece que no.
2.2. Segn el grupo de trabajo UPC

La experiencia de nuestro Grupo lleva forzosamente a introducir variantes en el documento
anterior ya que, adems de tener 15 aos encima, est planteado para otro contexto muy
diferente del nuestro.
Para dar credibilidad a las afirmaciones que ahora se exponen, es preciso aadir a lo ya
indicado sobre nuestra experiencia, dos hechos clave. Por un lado el desarrollo de un mtodo
propio para organizar la intervencin en el patrimonio profesionalmente que abarca el cmo se
debe realizar su docencia, denominado Mtodo Sistmico, al cual se ha aadido la investigacin
de Mariona Gens. Todo ello, nos lleva a concluir que el trabajo del arquitecto no es slo
multidisciplinar sino transdisciplinar, siguiendo las definiciones ya aceptadas hace aos por todos
los especialistas. [4]
En la actualidad el Mster utiliza estas dos aportaciones para su imparticin, lo cual nos
permite replantearnos ampliamente lo dicho por el documento britnico.
Hay un cambio fundamental que aparece en la figura 4 en la que queda expuesta la diferencia
entre el arquitecto britnico y el espaol como consecuencia de que ste, en su trabajo general,
asume mucho ms responsabilidad que el europeo, con lo cual tiene ese plus tambin en el
mundo de la intervencin en el patrimonio, y adems aadimos lo que ser necesario para
complementar su conocimiento sobre eficiencia energtica.
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Figura 4. Texto anterior dedicado al arquitecto al que se ha aadido de manera simblica el complemento
de conocimientos que necesita el arquitecto espaol en relacin con el britnico por tener mayor
responsabilidad y el complemento por la eficiencia energtica en edificios histricos.
Esto nos lleva obviamente a plantearnos, y lo estamos viviendo en directo, el que conseguir
ese nuevo perfil de arquitecto con tantos conocimientos en nuestro pas plantea serias
dificultades, para las cuales de momento, no podemos aportar una solucin concreta. Y es
interesante tambin aadir, en relacin con el ingeniero britnico supuesto conocedor de las
caractersticas pasivas de los edificios histricos, segn el autor britnico, que nosotros no
conocemos a ninguno en nuestro pas y en todo caso, como mucho hemos tenido contactos con
profesionales sensibles al hecho patrimonial que estn dispuestos a adaptarse, pero no mucho
ms.
3. LA COMPILACIN. LA INVESTIGACIN
En la nota 5 se exponen las caractersticas bsicas de la Investigacin realizada.
Como indica el ttulo, ha sido una investigacin sobre 5 casos reales [6] en los que se ha
tratado de averiguar el comportamiento bsico de la respuesta de los muros de gran masa en
relacin a su capacidad aislante como consecuencia de su inercia trmica.
Esto ha permitido llegar a unas conclusiones que, junto con el estudio exhaustivo del estado de
la cuestin, ha permitido llegar a lo que puede considerarse una primera compilacin elemental,
que se ha concretado en lo que denominamos Gua de buenas prcticas para la mejora de la
eficiencia energtica, el bienestar trmico y la integracin de las instalaciones en el patrimonio
cultural inmueble, de las que, en la nota 7, aparece su ndice.
Por otro lado, tambin es preciso constatar algunas de las conclusiones de mayor inters,
como por ejemplo, que el comportamiento energtico real de los edificios histricos no se puede
deducir exclusivamente del parmetro de la transmitancia trmica de la envolvente, sino que se
han de contemplar todos los recursos pasivos del edificio, es decir, los que forman parte de su
diseo inicial, pensados para dar respuesta a un clima y ubicacin concreta en un momento de la
historia en que el acceso a la energa era difcil. La investigacin demuestra numricamente que a
pesar de tener valores altos de transmitancia, los edificios estudiados, mantienen un
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comportamiento trmico interior estable frente a variaciones exteriores, en algn caso, la

monitorizacin real ha dado valores de transmitancia favorables respecto a los valores tericos de
clculo. Por todo ello, usuarios y gestores del edificio tienen el deber de estar informados y a la
vista de la complicada situacin, es necesario generar una certificacin energtica exclusiva de los
edificios.
4. LA TRASFERENCIA: EL SEMINARIO
Sin duda, la actividad que mayor dificultad presenta es la trasferencia del cmulo de
conocimientos que ya se dispone en la actualidad, a los que, al menos en Espaa, tienen la
responsabilidad de coordinar estudios y decisiones sobre la intervencin en el patrimonio, los
arquitectos,
En concreto, nuestra experiencia se ha centrado en el Seminario organizado por el Colegio de
Arquitectos, segn unas caractersticas que se exponen en nota 8.
En cinco sesiones, en los locales del Colegio de Arquitectos y en dos visitas tcnicas a el
Hospital de San Pablo y el Castillo del Pavorde, se ha desarrollado mediante las conferencias de
diversos profesionales y expertos invitados segn un criterio de ordenacin, precisamente basado
en las necesidades de organizar correctamente la trasferencia.
As, el jueves tarde, fue dedicado a planteamientos generales, al estado de la cuestin y a
algunos casos significativos como la casa Glauber en Bolzano presentado por Manuel Benedikter,
una intervencin que consigue un edificio patrimonial con consumo casi nulo. El viernes por la
maana se dedic al comportamiento energtico del edificio y a las tcnicas de intervencin; por
la tarde, intervencin, conflictos y soluciones en lugares de culto en primer lugar y en edificios
civiles en segundo lugar.
El sbado por la maana se dedic a conflictos y soluciones en el mbito internacional con
presencia de Historic Scotland, la Escuela de Arquitectura de Ferrara. La tarde fue dedicada a la
intervencin global del recinto del Hospital de San Pablo, en el que no slo se habl del Pabelln
de San Manuel, sino de todos y del planteamiento general de la geotermia como manera de
abordar su mtodo energtico.
En general es interesante destacar el hecho de que hubo muchsimas felicitaciones por parte
de todos los intervinientes, por el hecho de haber tomado la iniciativa de abordar este tema
indito en nuestro pas, al menos, en el entorno de los arquitectos y de patrimonio monumental;
lo cual sin duda, una consecuencia a tener muy en cuenta.
5. CONCLUSIONES
La suma de todas las lecciones y experiencias expuestas nos llevan a las siguientes
conclusiones o respuestas a las preguntas planteadas inicialmente.
Sobre los agentes implicados es preciso destacar que nos encontramos en una situacin
totalmente nueva en la historia. Las dificultados que presenta, primero el conocimiento de las
capacidades pasivas de los edificios histricos, las posibles capacidades de su compensacin con
las actuales y ms avanzadas instalaciones trmicas junto con el respeto que es imprescindible
tener en las intervenciones en los edificios patrimoniales, presenta un panorama de dificilsima
organizacin profesional.
Es razonable preguntarse cul de los dos caminos puede tener ms xito finalmente, el A o el I.
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A) dado que en su formacin bsica, los arquitectos no abordan su formacin sobre

patrimonio i apenas sobre instalaciones, complementen mediante cursos de postgrado o
msteres esa doble carencias a la que se ha de aadir la muy dificultosa eficiencia energtica en
los monumentos.
I) por supuesto, los ingenieros no reciben ninguna de esas formaciones, pero quiz dada su
mentalidad ms analtica y tcnica quiz sera suficiente que los especializados de instalaciones
trmicas, hicieran algn complemento sobre comportamiento pasivo de los edificios y que
especialmente se reforzara su sensibilidad patrimonial.
Estamos muy lejos de poder tener suficientes datos para decidir qu camino es el mejor.
La adecuada compilacin es un paso previo a la trasferencia; no puede haber trasferencia sin
una previa compilacin correcta y en funcin del agente implicado a la que va destinada. No es lo
mismo una compilacin para el propietario que para el administrador, no es lo mismo una
compilacin para el arquitecto que para el ingeniero o cualquiera de las especialidades de la
ingeniera como puede ser los sistemas fotovoltaicos.
La trasferencia a su vez ha de estar adaptada al agente implicado y nuestra experiencia pasa
por el trabajo realizado en el seminario del Colegio de Arquitectos, que fue altamente interesante
por las preguntas que hubo por parte de los colegiados de los comentarios que en general era de
sorpresa, como ya he dicho anteriormente, dado que es un tema muy poco tratado.
Y por ltimo quedar por resolver la pregunta que no se ha dado respuesta hasta ahora sobre
si es suficiente el conocimiento. Una respuesta se puede encontrar analizando las conclusiones
de los cinco macro proyectos sobre la cuestin financiados pblicamente en Europa, en el que la
suma de todos, al menos de los que tenemos noticia, se acercan a 20 millones de euros [9]. El
material producido por estos podemos decir que es inabarcable.
Hay suficiente conocimiento? El que sea inabarcable ni implica suficiencia: cada edificio es
cada edificio, y cada edificio requiere estudios particulares y, obviamente, no existe el
conocimiento de todos los edificios. El camino a seguir no es otro que desarrollar al mximo los
procedimientos para alcanzar ese conocimiento y la pregunta clave es: tenemos suficientes
mtodos para abordar el conocimiento todos los casos posibles? Esa es la cuestin. La experiencia
sobre la simulacin y la calibracin correspondiente antes y despus de la intervencin nos lleva a
concluir que estamos muy lejos de esa suficiencia.
6. REFERENCIAS
[1] Jos Luis Gonzlez, Albert Casals. Alicia Dotor, Esther Garca, Mariona Gens, Jordi Morros, Joan Olona,
Beln Onecha, Jordi Portal.
De las actividades relacionadas con la intervencin en el patrimonio, es preciso mencionar la
Restauracin del Castillo del Pavorde, en La Selva del Camp (Tarragona en el que se ha hecho un
desarrollo completo de unas instalaciones de climatizacin en un edificio medieval, y la ms reciente de
la transformacin del Pabelln de San Manuel del Hospital de San Pablo de Barcelona (Monumento de
la Humanidad) en Sede de la Universidad de las Naciones Unidas con unas exigencias climticas de alto
nivel.
[2] ICOMOS. Guidelines for Education and training in the conservation of Monuments, Ensembles and Sites
[1993]. http://www.icomos.org/charters/education-e.pdf
[3] Conference on Training in Architectural Conservation. COTAC. Multi-Disciplinary
Collaboration in Conservation Projects in the UK Based on ICOMOS Guidelines for Education and Training
in the Conservation of Monuments, Ensembles and Site.
http://cif.icomos.org/pdf_docs/Documents%20on%20line/cotac.pdf
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[4] Gens, Mariona. La Formacin de los Arquitectos Restauradores. Elaboracin de un Modelo Didctic.
Tesis Doctoral. Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya. Barcelona. 2014. Vase pginas 31 y ss.
[5] Mejora de la eficiencia energtica de bienes patrimoniales inmuebles: investigacin sobre casos
reales. Institucin convocante: Recercaixa. Obra social La Caixa. Fecha: 2 de noviembre de 2011.
Modalidad de encargo: concurso entre 299 propuestas de investigacin de todo tipo: historia,
sociologa, economa, etc. Entre las que haba 5 de arquitectura y ninguna sobre eficiencia energtica.
De las 299 propuestas, se seleccionaron 23 entre ellas, la nuestra.
Financiacin adjudicada por el concurso: 60.000. Periodo de trabajo: de enero de 2012 a diciembre de
2013.
[6] Facultat de Nutica de Barcelona [1932], BCIL. Casa Parrella [s.XVI-XVIII], BCIL, Vic, Barcelona. Torre
Pallaresa [S. XVI], BCIN Sta. Coloma de Gramenet [Barcelona]. Castell de la Selva del Camp [s XII], BCIN,
Tarragona. Pavell de Sant Manuel [1922] del Recinte Histric de lHospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau
de Barcelona, BCIN, WH.
[7] GUA
1. Conocimiento
1.1 Caracterizacin del edificio vaco
1.1.1 Clima
1.1.2 Histrico-constructiva
1.1.3 Elementos del edificio que determinan su comportamiento energtico. Envolvente y
Sistemas pasivos.
1.2 Evaluacin prestacional del edificio vaco.
1.2.1 Monitorizacin de la envolvente del edificio.
1.2.2 Simulacin dinmica del comportamiento energtico del edificio.
1.3 Caracterizacin del edificio segn propuesta de uso.
1.4 Evaluacin prestacional del edificio segn propuesta de uso.
1.5 Caracterizacin de los sistemas activos originales.
1.6 Evaluacin prestacional del edificio con propuesta de uso y sistemas activos originales.
2. Reflexin
2.1 Valoracin
2.2 Concrecin de la propuesta de uso
3. Proyecto de intervencin
3.1 Definicin de las condiciones para el bienestar trmico
3.2 Actuaciones para la reduccin de la demanda energtica
3.3 Actuaciones para la reduccin del consumo energtico
3.4 Integracin fsica de las instalaciones
[8] Valores patrimoniales y eficiencia energtica. Conflictos y soluciones
Institucin convocante: Collegidarquitectes de Catalunya. 36 convocatoria del Seminario de
Intervencin en el Patrimonio. Fecha: octubre de 2012
Modalidad de encargo: concurso entre 5 propuestas de la que sali escogida la nuestra
Financiacin: autofinanciacin total, cuotas de asistentes, subvenciones de empresas e instituciones
pblicas, es decir, no hubo financiacin por parte de la entidad convocante.
Presupuesto alcanzado: 70.000 . Periodo de trabajo: octubre de 2012 marzo de 2014. Desarrollo del
Seminario de 12 al 15 de diciembre de 2013.
[9]
Denominacin
Perodo Financiacin
Batan
2005-14 no publicada
New4old
2007-10 823.682
Climate for culture 2009-14 6.556.647
3encult
2010-14 6.704.956
Effesus
2012-16 6.789.425
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ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

SYSTEMS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS. THE CASE STUDY OF
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
LUCCHI, E.; GAREGNANI, G.; MATURI, L.; MOSER, D.
LUCCHI, E.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen Italy
GAREGNANI, G.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen - Italy
MATURI, L.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen - Italy
MOSER, D.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen - Italy
ABSTRACT
Historical buildings are often energy inefficient. Renewable energy sources can be implemented in the
refurbishment projects in order to cover the high-energy consumption with sustainable sources. The paper
presents the results obtained in the FP7 Project EFFESUS on the architectural integration of PV systems in the
historic city center of Santiago de Compostela. In this case, one of the most challenging issue was the
preservation of the original form and value of the historic district, considering the rules of local legislations
and policies. According to these rules, the building stock has been classified in specific levels of constraint in
order to define the compatible retrofit interventions for each level. The study has been supported by
historical analysis, visual tests and heritage information of the Santiago GIS Data System. From these data
the roof surfaces - where the installation of PV system is deemed compatible with conservation constraints has been estimated. This study showed few degrees of freedom for the PV installation with traditional
systems. On the other hand, in a historic building there are many possibilities for integrating PV systems
without altering the original aspect and considering the aesthetics, physical and mechanical compatibility.
The approaches developed in others European and international projects are investigated (e.g. 3ENCULT; IEAPVPS Task 7; IEA-SHC Task 41; SuRHiB; FP7 SolarDesign, PVACCEPT) to define correct suggestions and
recommendations for preserving (and in some case enhancing) the cultural value of historic districts and
buildings. Next, the solar energy irradiance and irradiation maps of a specific area have been calculated,
starting from the Digital Surface Model, with the module r.sun of GRASS, an open source Geographic
Information System (GIS) software. From these data, the PV potential of the district has been carried out
assuming a PV efficiency of 15% and 25% of losses in electricity production. The daily production data has
been calculated only on filtered roofs (heritage constraints and suitable insolation level) and summed up to
compare it with the consumption profile. PV production could then cover 73% of electricity needs of the
district. The GIS software GRASS has been especially useful because permits to not only manage and analyze
spatial data but to interpret and understand their relationships or patterns and to combine several spatial
datasets obtained in this research, i.e. PV potential and historical building data.
Key words: energy efficiency, historic buildings, heritage constrains, renewable energy sources, PV
systems, solar energy irradiance, irradiation maps, PV potential, Geographic Information System
1. INTRODUCTION
In the near future, the decision of the European Commission to drastically cut the CO2
emissions and increase the share of the renewable sources (Directives 2002/91/EC; 2010/31/EU;
2009/28/CE) will bring to a higher acceleration in the improvement of buildings energy
performance , both contemporary as well as traditional buildings. Specific to the case of historic
buildings, the integration with renewable energy sources (RES) in the refurbishment project
could be considered as a challenge to cover the high-energy consumption with sustainable
sources. In fact, the architectural integration of solar panels in a sensitive historic context is very
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critical because they have an appearance, which is not always coherent with the historical
building in terms of aesthetics, colours, shapes, dimensions and surface designs. On the other
hand, the market offers building integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) products suitable for the
application in the historical buildings without altering the original integrity or harming the
aesthetics or the cultural value. Also, several best practices [7], guidelines [1; 3; 12; 14; 15; 17; 18;
19], and solar plans (i.e. Mainbernheim, Nuremberg and Bamberg in Germany) demonstrate that
PV systems could be integrated successfully in the historic context. Because of the distinctive
character of the context where historical buildings are present, the installation of PV systems is
only possible when the specific project has the aim to minimize physical and visual impacts. This
means maintaining and enhancing the historic features and appearance, selecting reversible and
compatible technologies, increasing the economic value and avoiding any kind of damage. At the
same time, criteria for a successful solar design are driven by PV systems performances and
economics. An accurate integration design could lead to an improved PV performance and
consequently to an enhanced economics value. In fact, typical problems which affect BiPV
performance such as not optimal orientation, partial shading, high PV operating temperature,
could be avoided by adopting best practice design rules such as correct module wiring, use of fake
modules where needed and PV module retro-ventilation.
2. METHODOLOGY
The paper presents the results obtained in the FP7 Project EFFESUS on the feasibility of the
architectural integration of PV systems in the historic city center [6]. The study focuses on a
specific area of Santiago de Compostela, which is representative of the typical urban morphology
and construction typology. One of the most challenging issue was the preservation of the original
shape and value of the district, considering the rules of local legislations and policies. For this
reason, a strong multidisciplinary exchange has been developed among building physics,
conservation, restoration, urban planning, solar design, and energy management. This reiterative
procedure validated the process and guaranteed quality outcomes. The evaluating method
consists of different phases:
Historical analysis of urban and architectonic development of the city centre;
Identification of constrains and restrictions for the RES integration in the urban
policies;
Assessment of architectonic, historic and aesthetics values of the area;
Analysis of the solar energy potential;
Calculation of PV production and load match;
PV architectural integration criteria
The existing building stock, normally, is very heterogeneous. Buildings can be categorised
according to ages, architectonical styles, heritage values, architectural qualities, construction
techniques, materials, components, and finishes. Only the integrated analysis among history,
urban policies, and heritage constrains permits to verify the feasibility of PV systems in the
historic context. As often happens, according to a preliminary analysis of urban polices and rules,
the installation of traditional PV systems is deemed to have a low compatibility with the historic
context. On the contrary, the application of BiPV systems seems to be partly allowed, if a specific
design project is considered. Once the possible compatibility was verified, the solar energy and
the PV potentials of the area were carried out. The analysis of the solar energy potential was
carried by calculating the solar energy irradiance and irradiation maps of a specific area, starting
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from the Digital Surface Model, with the module r.sun of GRASS, an open source Geographic
Information System (GIS) software. From these data, the PV potential of the district has been
carried out assuming a PV efficiency of 15% (typical efficiency of silicon polycrystalline modules
and future high performing CIGS modules) and 25% of losses in electricity production
(performance of PV system is assessed using the parameter Performance Ratio, PR. Typical PR of
BIPV systems is around 0.75 which corresponds to 25% losses). The PV potential of the whole
district is then calculated by integrating the production curves from the various filtered roofs and
it can be compare to the electricity load profile in order to estimate the RES share. These data are
essential to define the design criteria for the integration of PV systems in the historical buildings,
balancing both the needs of historic preservations and solar design.
3. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
The historical analysis is very important to understand the original urban concept and the
building consistency of the entire urban area. Particularly, the historical evolution, the urban
rules, the aesthetic aspects, the heritage features and the spatial relationship among different
buildings (i.e. proportion, dimensions, scale, distances, and so on) has been analysed in depth.
The main features, the historic materials, the specific constrains and the presence of potential
damage has been also indicated for each heritage building. The study has been supported by
literature, visual tests and conservative data of the Santiago GIS Data System.
Santiago de Compostela, located in the northwest of Spain, is an ancient city, with very high
historic, social and religious values. The city has become a major pilgrimage route in Europe since
the discovery of St. Jamess tomb in 9th Century. Destroyed by the Muslims at the end of 10th
Century, the old town was completely rebuilt in 11th Century with a medieval style, in order to
attest the Reconquista of the Christianity. The old town consisted of many narrow unpaved
streets with different orientations and many interconnections. The traditional wooden
courthouses with arbours were lined up continuously along these streets. During the Centuries,
the urban scenario changed considerably: civil and religious architectural elements of the middle
Ages were also integrated into urban fabric with valuable traces of Romanesque, Renaissance,
Gothic, Baroque, Industrial and Modernistic styles. The urban development in 20th Century
foresaw the construction of satellite towns in the outskirts, without any link with the
downtown. So, the historic settlement faced with the problem of depopulation and demographic
change. UNESCO declared the Old Town of Santiago World Heritage Site in 1985 in order to
preserve and enhance its mediaeval history and its spiritual significance. After the UNESCOs
declaration, the Santiago de Compostela City Council promoted the creation of a Technical Office
(Consorcio de Santiago) to be in charge of designing and developing a specific rehabilitation
program for the historic city centre, both from the architectonic and social point of view [20]. In
1989 the Plan General de Ordenacin Urbana was approved, a practical program with operators
and resources devoted to guarantee the presence of residential houses in the historic center.
This, consequentially, pointed out the need for the protection of buildings [2]. For this reason, the
Municipality approved the Plan especial de proteccin e rehabilitacin da cidade histrica
(1997) that addressed the preservation, and the restructuration of the old town [3]. The plan
defined a comprehensive rehabilitation program, prioritizing the following issues:
Conservation of the environment and of the built heritage;
Preservation of housing and improvement of the residents living conditions;
Consolidation of the urban activities;
Restoration of the historical city center as a meeting place;
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Revitalization of the historical city center with compatible functions.
4. HERITAGE CONSTRAINS AND RESTRICTIONS

The Plan especial classifies the ancient buildings in two categories: listed and not. The firsts
are divided in four levels of protection, related to heritage, architectonic and environmental
values (Level 1, 2, 3 and 4). The seconds are divided in two categories in compliance or not with
the urban image of the city center (Type 1 and 2). The definitions and the possible interventions
for each category of constrain are showed below (Table 1).
Table 1: Classification of the historical buildings in the heritage regulation
Level 1
Heritage building
with exceptional
historic-artistic,
cultural and
architectonic
values
Definitions
Restore
Possible
interventions
Level of constrain of listed buildings

Level 2
Level 3
Heritage building
Building with
with unique
special
features and high
architectural and
historic, cultural or
environmental
architectonic values significance
Restore
Conservation
Rehabilitation
Conservation
Rehabilitation
Level 4
Union of
architectonic,
ethnographic and
cultural values that
show the features
of traditional
architecture
Conservation
Rehabilitation
Partial o global
restructuration
Typology of not listed buildings

Type 1
Type 2
Definitions
Building aesthetically compatible with Buildings without orders and dissimilar
other buildings located in the urban area from local rules
Conservation
Demolition
Possible
Retrofit
Substitution
interventions
Environmental integration
Adjustment
Source: Elaboration of the authors from the Plan especial de proteccin e rehabilitacin da cidade
histrica, 1997
Listed buildings are compatible only with the following types of intervention:
Restore refers to the intervention realized in monumental buildings in order to

reaching general conservation, replacement or reconstruction of the original
architecture typology;
Conservation refers to the interventions that aim to preserve the condition of health,
security and aesthetics without altering the structure, the layout and the formal
characteristics of the buildings;
Rehabilitation refers to an improvement of functional conditions and habitability of

the building. In this case the alteration of internal layout is allowed and the
conservation of the architectonic elements must be guarantee (facade, entrance,
stairs, and so on);
Restructuration is applicable to the buildings that are inadequate for their use, due to
damage or functional problems. It permits major changes, respecting aesthetics,
envelope, materials, volumes and forms.
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Depending from the consistency and the conservation of the listed building, different type of
interventions are permitted. Particularly, on buildings damaged or ruined, a global restructuration
is permitted. Each level of protection has an individual ordinance regarding facades, interiors,
roofs and staircases. Initially, the possibility of using solar systems in the historical roofs has been
investigated (Table 2).
Table 2: Rules for the intervention on the historic roofs
Eaves and cornices
The vision of the front or the top of the structural elements of the roof is forbidden
Aesthetics
The proportion and the modular design of existing roofs must be maintained
Materials
The new frames must be conform to traditional buildings (stone and concrete)
Roofs
The volume and the shape of the roofs must be similar to the existing roofs
Aesthetics
The roof must be sloped, with well-defined height (similar to historical buildings)
The inclination of the slope must be 20-28
The roofing materials must be conform to traditional building:
- Curve Arabic tile (for traditional buildings);
Materials
- Copper roofing (for buildings with contemporary forms);
- Other materials (only for extension or new part).
Windows in the roofs
The dormers must be realized only for new construction or building extensions
Aesthetics
The height must not exceed the inclined plane of the pitch of the roof
The frame must have a colour conforming to the historical ones and must be barely
Materials
visible
Source: Elaboration of the authors from the Plan especial de proteccin e rehabilitacin da cidade
histrica, 1997
This situation seems to let few degrees of freedom for the intervention on original roofs or
their re-construction integrating PV components. On the other hand, there are many possibilities
for the application of solar system in the roof without altering or harming the original aspect and
also considering aesthetics, physical and mechanical integration (e.g. solar-brick can be directly
installed on the roof surface respecting the small structure of the roof bricks, solar tiles can
replace traditional tiles keeping the same colour, shape and pattern, flexible PV modules can be
integrated on metal laminates fully respecting the roofing system shape and surface). Several
research projects [22; 24; 26; 27] have already demonstrated the expression potentiality of PV
modules highlighting that many innovative BiPV products are available on the market [25]. The
great availability of PV products designed for building integration, enhances the possibility to use
these systems also in sensitive and heritage contexts, opening new challenges for architects,
designers and also for decision makers. So, the possibility of using solar systems in other parts of
the historic buildings was explored (Table 3).
Table 3: Rules for the intervention on the historic facade, doors, windows, canopies, and signs
Aesthetics
Materials
Facades
The facades must have rhythmic and harmonic proportion
Side and rear facades shall have a design and the materic characteristics
similar to the rest of the building
The original facade can be modify only in not listed buildings, with a design
coherent with the image of the historic center
Materials eligible are: plaster and gypsum; stone, plaster and gypsum;
stone; stone veneer.
PV integration
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Doors and windows

Doors and windows must have an organic design
The doors cannot conceal the walls
AesthetIcs
The galleries must have a rhythm and size in accordance with the rest of
Only in modern
the facade
glass
Materials must have the same colour of that of the windows
The doors must be realized in painted wood
Materials
The materials eligible for the windows frames are wood painted, lacquered
or enamelled metal
Canopies
In general, the canopies are not allowed
Aesthetics
and
The canopies can be made with traditional shapes, colours and materials,
materials
only after official authorization
Advertising signs
Aesthetics
The colours shall be in accordance with the colour scheme of the facade
Materials eligible are: glass, painted wood, plates of metal printed, acrylic
Materials
and stone, aluminium, steel or brilliant materials
= Partially allowed = Not allowed
Source: Elaboration of the authors from the Plan especial de proteccin e rehabilitacin da cidade histrica,
1997
In this case, the degrees of freedom for the RES integration are few. However, it is possible to
think of specific projects characterized by a high degree of integration among RES integration and
the historical value of the historic city centre or the heritage building, which considers at the same
time the matters related to aesthetics and material compatibility.
5. ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE VALUES OF THE AREA

After the analysis of the local legislations and policies on cultural heritage preservation [3; 4;
19], the study focused on a specific buildings block located between Ra do Vilar and Ra Nova
(Figure 1). The area includes 41 edifices with different architectonical style, constructive typology,
materials and heritage values [4]. Generally, the buildings located in Ra do Vilar have mediaeval
origins: they are narrower and smaller (wide 4-7 m; depth 7-10 m). The houses in Ra Nova have
baroque origins: they are wider (wide 4-7 m; deep 12-15 m), with a large internal patio that in the
past was used as garden. In both cases, the buildings have three or four floors [13; 20]. The
highest level often was cantilever over the ground floor, creating arcades on the street [6].
Traditionally, the workshops were on the ground floor and the owners houses were on the
upper floors. Currently, there are mixed functions, with commercial uses in the ground floor and
residential uses in the upper floors [13; 20]. Regarding the constructive aspects, generally the
structure is in stone with different masonries: the ground floor has a masonry facade while the
upper floors are constructed with wooden walls [20; 21]. A typical element of the Galician style
are the galleries, the weather-protected transitional space with large windows (Figure 2).
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Figure 1: The analysed building block (Source:

Elaboration of the Authors from Google maps photo of
Santiago city center)
Figure 2: An example of the typical

gallerias in the building block
In the building block, the following analyses have been carried out:
Identification of specific levels of constrain and possible energy retrofit;
Individualization of roofs with damage problems;
Estimation of roof surfaces where the installation of PV systems is compatible with the
historic heritage;
Definition of suggestions and recommendations for the integration of RES in the historic
city centre.
The buildings stock includes: 1 building listed as level 1 (Casa do Dean); 8 buildings listed as
level 2; 32 buildings listed as Level 3 (19 in Ra do Vilar and 13 in Ra Nova), 6 building listed as
Level 4 and 3 uncatalogued buildings (Figure 3) (Santiago GIS Data System, 2014). For each
building the different possibility of intervention has been investigated (Figure 4). Next the roofs
with damage problems due to the advanced state of decay, lack of safety conditions or aesthetics
non-compliance compared to other buildings has been shown. The data on damages descripted in
the Plan especial have been confronted with visual tests performed on site (Figure 5).
In these cases, it is necessary to improve the security level. Deteriorated historic features
should be repaired rather than replaced. But, where the severity of the deterioration requires the
replacement, the new features should match the old ones in colour, texture and, where possible,
materials. In these cases, where the roof is damaged, unsecured or without heritage values, the
installation of PV roof tiles could be particularly cost-effective as the new roof covering [5; 12; 14;
19]. A PV installation on the roof, in fact, could be timed to coincide with replacing the roof
covering. As a recommendation, due to compatibility problems it is always better to replace the
whole roof instead of a part [1; 5; 14; 17; 18]. From these data, the analysis of solar energy
potential and PV potential has been carried out. The heritage constrains and the state of damage
of the building has been considered as a filter for the entire study.
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Figure 3: Building protection levels

in the building block
Figure 4: Possible interventions for

the heritage buildings
Figure 5: Roofs with damage

problems or aesthetically noncomplained
6. ANALYSIS OF THE SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL

In order to compute solar irradiation and irradiance mean values and to relate this information
to a geo-database with buildings information the following methodology has been applied:
Validation of buildings data-base;
Computation of solar irradiation and irradiance values on grid cell;
Computation of statistical values for each pitch of the roofs in the database.
This data-base is the input for computing the photovoltaic potential.
Firstly, the geo-database of existing buildings (http://sip.consorciodesantiago.org) has been

modified and integrated using google satellite information (Figure 6).
The area of each pitch starting from an estimation of the pitch slope has been evaluated. This
slope is computed as the median of the slope calculated from the Digital Surface Model DSM
(1m2/px) with the Grass module r.aspetc. These data can be a first source of error because of the
resolution and the quality of the DSM but measured data were not available. In order to compute
the solar potential, solar irradiation and irradiance data are necessary. These data can be
obtained through equations describing Sun-Earth position and the interaction of the solar
radiation with the atmosphere. A very suitable model, r.sun, has been used [9] and [23]. This
module manages and analyses geospatial data through GRASS, an open source Geographic
Information System (Figure 7).
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Figure 6: Sketch of the pitch slope in

the area
Figure 7: Solar irradiance values [W m

2
th
], 20 July at 10 a.m.
The reliability of the results depends on the input data quality. In this case, only general
information regarding atmospheric and geographical conditions has been obtained, in particular
the input data were:
Digital Surface Model 1m2/px derived from LIDAR survey (2013);
Digital Terrain Model resolution 65 m2/px STRM 2001 [10] to consider the shadowing
effect of the surrounding area;
Linke turbity factor for each month (Table 4).

Table 4: Linke turbity during the year
Jan
3.5
Feb
4.1
Mar
3.6
Apr
4.2
May
5.0
Jun
5.0
Jul
4.6
Aug
4.7
Sep
4.9
Oct
4.2
Nov
3.9
Dec
2.9
Resources: http://www.sodais.com/eng/services/service_invoke/gui.php?xml_descript=soda_tl.xml#parameters
The direct (beam) and global solar irradiation raster maps for given days, latitude and surface
were computed by using the module r.sun. The model does not consider the spatial and time
variation of the clouds. In fact, no spatial distributed coefficients that reduce the clear-sky
radiation are available. The shadowing effect of the topography is incorporated by using rasters of
the horizon height constructed with the module r.horizon.
Firstly, the solar irradiance values [W m-2] for a set of local times (from 6 am to 22 pm, every
hour) and for the following days have been calculated: 19th-26th January, 19th-26th March, 19th-26th
July, 19th-26th September. Solar maps provide solar resource information on grid cells. Due to the
resolution of the DSM, the mean value was computed for each pitch. The average of solar
irradiance values is shown for the case 20th July at 10 a.m (local time) (Figure 8).
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Secondly, daily sums of solar radiation [Wh m-2 day-1] were computed. The solar radiation
maps for a given day were obtained by integrating the relevant irradiance between sunrise and
sunset times for that day. From this data, the monthly [kWh m-2 month-1] and annual [kWh m-2
year-1] sums of solar irradiation were obtained by computing the average values for each roof. The
annual sums of solar irradiation has been reported (Figure 9).
Figure 8: Average values of global

2
solar irradiance [W/m ] for the roofs,
th
20 July at 10 a.m. (local time)
Figure 9: Annual sums of solar

2
irradiation [Wh/m /year]
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Finally, in Figure 10 three different months, January, July and October, are shown.
-2
Figure 10: Monthly sums of solar irradiation [Wh/m /month]
7. PV PRODUCTION AND LOAD MATCH

The PV system should always be sized to match at least the individual needs of a property, but
it is also important to consider needs in future energy context at neighbourhood level. The
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calculation of the PV potential of the district was carried out assuming a typical silicon crystalline
PV module efficiency of 15% (future PV modules specific for BiPV applications based on thin film
technologies such as CIGS will also show similar efficiencies). The nominal power (Pn) (defined as
the power at Standard Test Conditions (STC), 25oC, 1000 W/m2) per roof was calculated as:
where A is the area of the roof, is the efficiency of the modules at STC, GSTC is the reference
irradiance at STC (1 kW/m2).
The yearly insolation values (defined as the incoming energy from the sun on the tilted surface
over one year), were used as filters for roofs suitability for PV installations. The yearly final yield is
defined as the electricity production per installed kWp over one year:
where PR is the Performance Ratio and includes all losses (for this work we have considered a
typical PR for building integrated systems of PR=0.75 corresponding to 25% losses), H is the
insolation and Yr is the relative yield defined as H/GSTC. The electricity production will be:
The threshold for PV suitability was selected as 1000 kWh/kWp (calculated from the insolation
values using a performance ratio PR of 0.75). In fact, only roofs with an energy yield above this
value make sense from an economic point of view. This aspect is subject to changes depending on
installation prices and the presence of incentives. A second filter was applied: only level 3, level 4,
and not listed buildings were selected for the calculations.
The daily production data was then calculated only on filtered roofs and summed up to
compare it with the consumption profile. The consumption was calculated assuming a total
dwelling area of around 41700 m2 (The horizontal area of all buildings in the district is around
13900 m2; each building was considered as three stories building) and a commercial area of 4800
m2 (calculated considering 26 commercial units). The total Pn for the district considering only
filtered roofs is of around 470 kWp for a yearly electricity production of around 510 MWh. PV
production could then cover 73% of electricity needs of the district (assuming a consumption from
residential + shops of 695 MWh) (Figure 14a/b) [6]. It is also possible to analyse daily/weekly
production/consumption profiles. This type of simulation has the main drawback in the fact that
cloudiness is only considered as a factor during the calculation of the irradiance; this means that
the higher the time resolution, the lower becomes the reliability of the data. The results are then
only an average and do not represent cloudy days with no production: this aspect is of extreme
importance when storage systems are designed. Figure 11a considers an entire week in January.
This represents the worst scenario with higher consumption and lower production. The overall
daily production is around 40% of the consumption. The calculation included also a virtual storage
system which could shave the peak of production towards the consumption overnight. Figure 11b
shows the same simulation for a week in July; in this case the overproduction from PV covers the
consumption and charge the virtual storage. The overall daily production is 115% of the
consumption. It is clear from this behaviour that a long term storage solution could also represent
an interesting solution (in this case, the overall efficiency would have to be considered).
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Figure 11: Production is from filtered roofs, consumption for the whole district. The efficiency of the virtual
storage system was considered of 100%. Left: a week in January. Right: A week in July.
The unlimited virtual storage solution was proposed as an alternative to the typical strategy of
fit and forget where the plants are installed without considering the energy system as a whole
and that can cause problems on the grid level.
8. PV ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION CRITERIA

The terms building integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) refers to the concept of integrating PV
elements into the building envelope, establishing a symbiotic relationship between the
architectural design, functional properties and economic regenerative energy conversion. BiPVs
have some advantages compared to non-integrated systems, primarily because there is no need
for allocation of additional land and furthermore they allow distributed energy generation, close
to the energy consumption site. Moreover, the on-site electricity production can reduce the total
building material costs and achieve significant savings in terms of the mounting costs.
Some BiPV products allow a deep integration into the building envelope, also replacing
traditional parts, such as roof or facade elements. Thus, they serve as building material and
power generator simultaneously. In the framework of International Energy Agency project IEAPVPS Task 7 Photovoltaic power systems in the built environment [22] several architectural
criteria have been defined for BiPV formal integration quality:
Naturally integrated: the PV system is a natural part of the building and without PV, the
building would be lacking something - the PV system completes the building;
Architecturally pleasing: based on a good design, the PV system adds eye-catching

features to the architecture;
Good composition: the colour and texture of the PV system is in harmony with the other
materials;
Grid, harmony and composition: the sizing of the PV system matches the sizing and grid of
the building;
Contextuality: the total image of a building is in harmony with the PV system (e.g. for
historic buildings);
Well-engineered: the elegance of design details is taken into account. All details are well
conceived, the amount of materials is minimized;
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Innovative new design: the PV system adds a value to building because is an innovative
technology in the field of architecture, asking for innovative, creative, thinking of
architects.
Another more recent International Energy Agency project, named IEA-SHC Task 41 Solar
Energy and Architecture [24], focused on the architectural quality of building integrated solar
energy systems. It defined the architectural integration quality as the result of a controlled and
coherent integration of the solar collectors simultaneously from all points of view, functional,
constructive, and formal (aesthetic) [15].
These criteria play an important role also in a historic context. From these principles, the
research Sustainable Renovation of Historical Buildings (SuRHiB) developed a specific
architectural guideline for the integration of solar technologies in historical roofs [17; 18; 19]. The
research proposed the following criteria for the integration of PV panels (Table 6):
Planarity and respect of the lines: to consider orientation and inclination of the roof;
Shape: to put the PV panels in a uniform shape;
Grouping: to install the panels in groups of many components, reducing the spaces among
the panels;
Accuracy: to avoid the installation of PV panels out of the borders of the roof;
Visibility: to integrate the PV modules in order to improve the total appearance of the
building.
Also, several recommendations for the retrofit are presented (Table 5).
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Table 5: Criteria and recommendations for the insertion of PV systems in historical roofs
Type of roof
Criteria
Shed
Gable
Hip
Pyramidal
Planarity
Respect of the lines
Shape
Grouping
Accuracy
Visibility
Recommendations
Cover the surface
Multi-functionality
Applications
Aesthetics
Sixing
= Allowed = Partially allowed = Not allowed
Source: Elaboration of the authors from the Research SuRHiB Sustainable Renovation of Historical
Buildings [17]
Local Heritage Offices in Europe, usually, accepted this method [1; 5; 6; 13] and, for this
reason, it has been adopted also in Santiago de Compostela. The shape of the roofs in the building
block has been identified as follows (Figures 12 and 13):
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8 shed roofs, with a total area of 478 m2;
92 gable roofs (with double slope), with a total area of 6.324 m2;
69 hip roofs (with four pitches), with a total area of 3.645 m2;
31 pyramidal roofs, with a total area of 531 m2.
Figure 12: Distribution of different

typologies of roofs
Figure 13: Roofs where the installation

of PV modules is allowed
The total area with the intervention is allowed or partially allowed is 10.487 m2 (Level 3 and 4
and not listed buildings with shed, gable and hip roofs). The cost effective roofs area is 2.909 m2.
The daily production data was then calculated only on these filtered roofs. The total Pn is of
around 436 kWp for a yearly electricity production of around 470 MWh. PV production could then
cover 68% of electricity needs of the district. The results of this analysis are showed below (Figure
14c).
It is also possible to localize the PV in alternative spaces, less visible than roof from public
place, as gardens, internal facades or auxiliary buildings (i.e. sheds, garages and canopies). This
decentralized solution permit to avoid the negative impact on the appearance not only from the
public space of the city, but also the long-range effect of the surrounding hills and mountains.
Specific guidelines on the compatibility of solar systems in historical buildings [1; 12], also in these
case, suggest the optical integration that can be obtained by the use of same colours, shapes,
dimensions and planarity with the level of the facade.
Several BIPV applications show how it is possible to play with PV technology to obtain desired
patterns and design, such as the converted Electricit de France building [15] and the
demonstration projects of PVACCEPT project [25]. In the first example, the architects (Emmanuel
Saadi Architecture) used PV crystalline technology placing the cells with a certain gap between
them in semi-transparent modules obtaining a pixelling effect, fitting very well with the existent
bricks envelope pattern. In PVACCEPT project, several BiPV demonstrators were integrated in
sensitive places in Italy and Germany using thin-film PV technology, which offers a more
homogeneous appearance compared to crystalline.
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Figure 14: On the left hand side: roofs with annual final yield > 1000 kWh/kWp. Central part: roofs filtered
by constrain levels. On the right hand side: roofs filtered by constrain levels and typology
9. CONCLUSIONS
The work shows that the integration of PV systems in the historic center is feasible,
guarantying the preservation and maintaining the values and the aesthetical characteristics of the
buildings. Obviously, this requires a multi-disciplinary project, careful to ensure the compatibility,
the reversibility and the integration of the intervention. In the historic area considered, is
particularly significant that, even putting a number of constraints always very restrictive, the PV
production could then cover 68% of the electric consumption. Despite this, a large portion of the
potential for PV integration in existing buildings remains unused. The reason for scarce
application of BIPV components could be ascribed to several factors, such as economic reasons,
lack of knowledge among decision makers and architects, general reluctance to new
technologies and architectural/aesthetic aspects. An international survey conducted in the
framework of Task 41 project [26] highlights that one of the main barriers is the lack of knowledge
among decision makers, developers and clients, due to a lack of awareness of the existing
possibilities offered by the PV technology in terms of formal flexibility.
To facilitate the use of this technology in historic buildings, several elements should be
strengthened. First of all, working with preservation professionals (local authorities, professionals,
agencies and historical organizations) is an important step in the design phase because they have
an important role in identifying the heritage features and values. Another important point is the
involvement of local government and authorities that can realize specific guidelines for helping
the designer in the historic evaluation and also in solar design. The formation of the designers and
decision makers on the technical and formal possibilities of PV systems is another important
element to boost the penetration of solar design in sensitive contexts.
10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
EFFESUS - Energy Efficiency for EU Historic Districts Sustainability research leading to these
results has received funding from the European Unions Seventh Programme for research,
technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 314678. Furthermore,
the project Solar Design has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n 310220. This article reflects only the
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authors views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the
information contained. We also would like to thank Patricia Liares Mndez for the information
on the constructive materials and the traditional technologies used in the historic city center of
Santiago de Compostela and Fraunhofer Institut for the production data. Finally, we would thank
to Tecnalia for facilitating in the framework of the EFFESUS project the Digital Surface Model
1m2/px derived from LIDAR survey.
11. REFERENCES
[1]. Bayerisches Landesamt fr Denkmalpflege (2012), Solarenergie und Denkmalpflege, Mnchen:
Bayerisches Landesamt.
[2]. Concello de Santiago, Revision do Plan Xeneral de Ordenacion Municipal de Santiago de Compostela,
Retrieved from http://www.santiagodecompostela.org.
[3]. Concello de Santiago (1997), Plan especial de proteccin e rehabilitacin da cidade histrica, Concello
de Santiago: Santiago de Compostela.
[4]. Consorcio de Santiago (2014), GIS data System, Retrieved from
http://sip.consorciodesantiago.org/SIPWeb
[5]. 3ENCULT Project, Efficient Energy for EU Cultural Heritage, www.3encult.eu.
[6]. EFFESUS Project Energy Efficiency for EU Historic Districts' Sustainability, (2014), Deliverable D3.1:
Historic district geographical information system. GIS for energy supply and demand, Internal Report.
[7]. Haas, F. (2013), Solar Energy Conservation of Monuments. A Contradiction?, in 8th Energy Forum on
Advanced Building Skins, 5-6 November 2013, pp. 189-194, Bressanone: Energy Forum.
[8]. Hersener, J.-L. & Meier, U. (1999). er. Energetisch nutzbares Biomassepotential in der Schweiz sowie im
Stand der Nutzung in ausgewhlten EU-Staaten und den USA. Zrich: Bundesamtes fr Energie.
[9]. Hofierka, J., & Suri, M. (2002), The solar radiation model for Open source GIS: implementation and
applications, International GRASS users conference in Trento, Trento: September 2002.
[10].
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H., Nelson, A. & Guevara, E. (2008). Hole-filled seamless SRTM data V4.
Washington: International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Retrieved from
http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org
[11].
Jordan, U. & Vajen, K. (2003). Realistic Domestic Hot-Water Profiles in Different Time Scales.
Kassel: Universitt Kassel.
[12].
Kandt, A. et alii (2011), Implementing Solar PV Projects on Historic Buildings and in Historic
Districts, Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[13].
Liares Mndez, P. (2012). Sustainable refurbishment of historic housing in Santiago de
Compostela. PhD Thesis, Madrid: Universidad Politcnica de Madrid.
[14].
Minosi V., & Zanzani S. (2013), Tutela Monumentale, Tutela Paesaggistica ed Efficienza Energetica,
in Lucchi E., & Pracchi V., Efficienza energetica e patrimonio costruito, SantArcangelo di Romagna:
Maggioli Editore.
[15].
Munari Probst, M.C., Roecker, C. (2012), Solar energy systems in architecture: integration criteria
and guidelines, IEA SHC Task 41 Solar energy and architecture.
[16].
Negash, D. (2009). Gebudetypologie der Stadt Wolfhagen und Dachflchenpotentiale fr die
Solarenergienutzung unter Anwendung von ArcGIS. Kassel: Universitt Kassel.
[17].
Polo Lpez, C. (2012), Sustainable Renovation of Historical Buildings (SuRHiB), Retrieved from
http://www.enea.it/it/enea_informa/events/fotovoltaico-energymed_22mar12/SUPSI_PoloLopez.pdf.
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[18].
Polo Lpez, C., & Frontini F. (2014), Energy Efficiency and Renewable Solar Energy Integration in
Heritage Historic Buildings, in Energy Procedia, n. 48, pp. 1493-1502, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[19].
ENEA (2012), Fotovoltaico e preesistente-spunti di discussione sullimpiego del fotovoltaico nelle
citt e nel paesaggio, ENEA conference, 22 marzo 2012: Napoli: Enea.
[20].
Ramos Guallart, J. et alii (2002), La gestin de la rehabilitacin. La rehabilitacin de Santiago,
Concello de Santiago: Santiago de Compostela.
[21].
Ramos Guallart, J. et alii (2002), A arquitectura histrica y os criterios de rehabilitacin. A
rehabilitacin de Santiago, Concello de Santiago: Santiago de Compostela.
[22].
Shoen T., Prasad D., & Ruoss D. (2001), Task 7 of the IEA PV Power Systems Program Achievements
and outlook, Retrieved from www.iea-pvps.org.
[23].
Suri M., & Hofierka J., (2004) A New GIS-based Solar Radiation Model and Its Application for
Photovoltaic Assessments, Transactions in GIS, 8(2), 175-190.
[24].
Wall M., Windeleff J., & Lien A.G. (2008), IEA Task 41-Solar Energy and Architecture-Annex Plan,
International Energy Agency, Retrieved from http://members.ieashc.org.
[25].
PVACCEPT, Research Project Solar Energy - Strengthening the acceptability of Photovoltaics
through innovative Design, www.pvaccept.de/pvaccept/eng/index.htm.
[26].
IEA Task 41 database on innovative solar products for building integration,
http://leso2.epfl.ch/solar/index.php.
[27].
Farkas K., Horvat M. et al. (2012), Building Integration of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaics. Barriers,
Needs and Strategies, IEA SHC Task 41 Solar energy and architecture.
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HISTORIC BUILDING ENERGY ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF

SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
SOUTULLO, S.; ENRIQUEZ, R.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. R.
SOUTULLO, S.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain. Contact: silvia.soutullo@ciemat.es
ENRIQUEZ, R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain
FERRER, J. A.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain
HERAS, M. R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain
ABSTRACT
Current trends in energy consumption and greenhouse emissions into the environment make energy
problems in cities take special importance. In this line, the preservation of the architectural heritage should
consider energy efficiency solutions in their restoration and maintenance. This is a complex process that
needs to take into account many heterogeneous information and data. A new methodology should be
established whereby all special variables that characterize these historic buildings are weighted: climate, use
of the building, heritage values, cultural and historical values, architectonical design, envelopes, boundary
conditions
Dynamic modelling should be used to analyze the hygro-thermal and mechanical behavior of these
buildings and predict the overall performance of the rehabilitated dwellings. This process needs to consider
all the special requirements of these houses and coupling all of them in a complex matrix. With this aim, a
simulation methodology divided in different phases has been developed. This is a closed loop process that
characterizes the energetic behaviour of the global building.
To optimize the energetic performance of these historic buildings, several series of simulations were
carried out to evaluate the model response to external fluctuations. Constructive and operational
parameters should be modifying to reduce the thermal and electrical demands of the city.
Key words: dynamic modelling, passive adaptation, heritage values
1. INTRODUCTION
Within the building stock of European cities there is a high percentage of historic buildings
which symbolize the identity and culture of the city itself. Due to the urban arrays, environmental
impacts or the change of activities of these buildings, the energy trends have been increased
exponentially. This leads to a growth of the urban energy demands, the greenhouses emissions to
the atmosphere or the discomfort sensation inside the buildings. So the refurbishment of historic
buildings takes special importance in order to reduce these energy and ambient patterns. In this
process heritage values, energy factors and mandatory restrictions are inputs of a complex matrix
that should be solved.
Dynamic simulation programs allow the energy analysis of a building design over a period of
time as well as the prediction of its future behavior. A simulation model is an abstract
representation of a real system characterized by a set of mathematical equations. In the early
stages of this process, it is necessary to fix the main objectives of the assessments and with these
assumptions, the limits of the systems and the boundary conditions are established.
Climatic conditions, constructive features, passive strategies, heritage values and thermal and
electrical conditioning systems must be modeled in the simulation environment to analyze the
overall performance of the whole system.
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Dynamic simulation tools allow evaluating many aspects of the building performance: energy
patterns throughout the year, indoor comfort sensation, energy balances, influence of each
element to external fluctuations and the optimization of the final design. In addition, the use of
these tools with experimental data recorded inside the building, enable the validation and
calibration of the theoretical models used.
2. METHODOLOGY
A new methodology for modelling the energetic behaviour of the historic buildings must be
created. This process should be understood as a closed loop between the building designer, the
heritage values, the mandatory regulations and the energy analyst. With this objective, an
iterative methodology divided in different phases has been developed:
Definition of the initial inputs and parameters:

o
Climatic conditions
Heritage restrictions.
Mandatory regulations.
Building parameters.
Selection of the most appropriate dynamic simulation tool.
Creation of the building model:

o
Boundary conditions.
Energetic hypothesis.
Time steps frequency.
Creation of conditioning system models:

o
Boundary conditions.
Energetic hypothesis.
Time steps frequency.
Development of the simulation environment that couples the building model with
the conditioning systems.
Energetic analysis and optimization of the global building performance.
3. INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS TO THE SIMULATION PROCESS

Previous to the modelling process it is necessary to define the boundary conditions. These
considerations depend on the studied location but in all cases there is specific information that
must be collected: climate, heritage values and mandatory restrictions.
3.1. Climatic conditions

One of the most critical points in the building energy simulation is the availability of a climate
database that is representative of the studied area. The climate of a region is obtained from the
statistical analysis of the climatic variables recorded in meteorological stations over a long period
of time. This treatment represents the deterministic part of meteorology and can be considered
as a long-term meteorological model.
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Humidity Ratio (kgwater/kgair)
Energetic analysis and optimizations of the building performance as well as the extrapolation
of the long-term results require a complete year of records of the main climatic variables. In some
cases, additional variables should be necessary to analyse the thermal reaction of the building to
external conditions. So the first step is created an hourly climatic file for every location involved in
the studio [1]. Once this file is available, temperature and humidity values are represented over a
Givoni chart (Image 1) to suggest the best passive and active strategies that can be implemented
in the building rehabilitation [2].
100%
0.030
0.028
0.025
0.023
0.020
0.018
0.015
0.013
0.010
0.008
0.005
0.003
0.000
90%
h=100
80%
h=80
70%
60%
50%
h=60
40%
h=40
30%
h=20
20%
10%
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
TDryBulb (C)
June
July
August
September
Image 1: Daily Psychometric Chart of Madrid for the summer period
The use of passive solar energy in buildings can supply a high percentage of the energy loads
for heating, cooling and lighting and minimize the conventional energy consumption. Likewise,
proper ventilation can reduce the cooling loads of the building. The knowledge of this passive
behaviour permits a non-intrusive adaptation of the rehabilitation of historic buildings to the
environment around them.
Finally, a deep evaluation of the climatic variables allows quantifying the energy potential of
the site. These weighting values can be used as a guide to determine the most appropriate
renewable technology at this location. The installation of these technologies can supply the
remaining building demands without increasing the greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere.
3.2. Heritage and mandatory regulations

Energy refurbishment of historic buildings should consider all the heritage values that
characterize them, as well as the energy efficiency of its design, the indoor thermal comfort and
the mandatory restrictions due to volumes, structures or materials. These features should be
classified and quantified in weighting factors that are going to be used as parameters, inputs and
boundary conditions in the mathematical description of the building model.
4. DYNAMIC SIMULATION PROCESS

A theoretical analysis of the building performance can be solved by a complex simulation
model representing the whole building and its interactions with the environment. These energy
balances are described by a set of mathematical equations coupled between them and with time
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dependence. To solve this set of equations in short time steps, dynamic simulation tools based on
numerical methods are used.
The overall purpose of a simulation program is to create a flexible and modular environment
to analyse in a realistic and rigorous manner, the dynamic performance of whole system. These
programs are designed to assess the reaction of the system to external or internal fluctuations.
Within the field of historic buildings, these programs allow to define each component in detail
and evaluate its performance over a specific period of time, allowing the determination of the
critical points, the performance curves of each element and the optimization of its components.
The Transient Simulation Program TRNSYS [3] has been selected to this studio for its great
flexibility and modularity. The global operation of this software is divided into three phases
(Image 2). The first one corresponds to the introduction of all the inputs and variables of each
model. The second one corresponds to the environment variables definition. And the last phase
corresponds to the final uses that can be obtained with this program.
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Image 2: Structure of TRNSYS operation
The output variables should be specified previously to the simulation work. These outputs will
be analysed in terms of the different levels of information that are desired as well as the
objectives to be met.
5. DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL ENERGETICS MODELS

The simulation methodology for these specific buildings tries to analyse and optimize their
performance in order to reduce the energy consumption while maintaining the indoor comfort
sensations and minimizes the greenhouses emissions. Many aspects should be taken into account
to create a matrix of studio that represents the historic buildings: climate, use of the building,
heritage values, cultural and historical values, architectonical design, physical properties,
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boundary conditions So in this phase it is necessary to model the whole building (envelope,
operation and systems) and solved the mathematical equations by a dynamic process.
5.1. Building description

Historic buildings are divided into different parts depending on the thermal performance of
the areas to fluctuations of the system. Each zone is defined by the physical properties,
operational conditions and the heritage and regulatory restrictions. All these factors should be
modelled considering the boundary conditions given by the surrounding environment (climate,
obstacles ..). The relationships between different parts of the system and between it and the
environment are governed by the laws of heat and mass transfer.
The application of heritage conditions into the building models could modify some initial
assumptions. Values such as thermal mass, thermal insulation, infiltration, daylight, window and
shading integration or moisture transport problems are particularly important within the model.
Dynamic simulation should be used to analyze the hygro-thermal and mechanical behaviour of
these elements and be able to predict the overall performance of the rehabilitated dwellings.
Once the climatic conditions and the geometry of the building are defined, thermal and optical
properties of each constructive element must be described. If these properties are not known, a
complete and complex experimental campaign should be done to identify the constructive
characteristics. There are numerous techniques to deal with this problem; one of the most
successful ones is based on stochastic modelling. This technique has been applied successfully in
the context of building components [4.], even in the case of time-varying dynamics [5].
The analysis of the popular architecture indicates some passive techniques that are not
modelled in TRNSYS, so new models must be done to characterize them [6]. The high flexibility of
this program allows two different ways of developed a new model: using the TRNSYS language
(Fortran or C) or coupling an external program into the TRNSYS environment. Techniques such as
evaporative devices [7], solar chimneys [8], wind tower [9] or phase change material [10] have
been implemented in TRNSYS through new models coupled with the rest of the building project,
which improves the accuracy and quality of the final results.
Air infiltrations from outside through windows, doors, air ducts..produce high heat losses from
buildings. This fact cause high increases in the heating demand so it is very important to minimize
them. This requires quantifying the air infiltration in each thermal zone of the building. There are
several proven techniques to measure leakage, such as blower door test or tracer gas
measurements. Usually, for accuracy purposes, the chosen tracer gas must not be present in
atmosphere, and heavy measurement devices. However, other common gases, such as CO2, can
also be used as shown in [11].
One of the cooling passive strategies that can be implemented in historic buildings is the
ventilation. There are two ways to do it: naturally, using the pressure differences inside one room,
or mechanically, forcing the air movement. But in both cases, air flows must be controlled to
avoid an increase of the indoor thermal discomfort. Within the TRNSYS environment there are
two tools to model air rates: TRNSFLOW [12], attached internally to the building type; or COMIS
[13], coupled externally to the building type. But when the ventilated strategy has more complex
behaviour, it is necessary to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. These programs
allow to model, with very high precision, specific geometries that involve fluid movements or
thermal gradients. This technology has been applied to analyse glazed galleries [14], solar
chimneys [8] or ventilated facades [15], using its final results as inputs in the building TRNSYS
project.
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Another critical element when modelling the building performance is natural illumination. It is
very important to model correctly this strategy because it has a double influence in the energy
balances. In one hand modify the electrical demands of the building by the correction of the
artificial lighting loads. On the other hand modify the comfort sensation inside the building. When
solar radiation and constructive conditions of the building are known, a dynamic program can be
used to model the ray distribution and calculate the annual amount of daylight available in and
around the building. There many software that can be coupled with TRNSYS such as DAYSIM [16].
As a resume, climatic conditions, geometric definition, air movements, constructional and
operational features, regulatory restrictions and heritage values are used as input variables and
parameters of the building model (Image 3). These values define a complex matrix that feeds the
building simulation model.
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Image 3: Structure of the building TRNSYS project
5.2. Thermal and electrical systems

Using the energy profiles of historic building loads, the conditioning systems must be designed
without interfering with the operational conditions or the mandatory restrictions.
Initially renewable energy systems are used to supply the conditioning loads of the building.
The use of these systems in historic houses has some restrictions: aesthetics, heritage values,
space..that complicate its installation. The first step to consider is the integration of these systems
in the structure of the building. Solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels are integrated into
the walls, roofs or shading devices. Wind small turbines (horizontal or vertical) are integrated in
the building structure. The analysis of the solar and wind potential as well as the restrictions of
the available area determines whether it is necessary to use other renewable systems such as
biomass boilers. If is not possible to supply the energy consumption by renewable systems, two
options are available: conventional systems or distributed polygeneration system. Both options
can be model with the TRNSYS program.
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In addition to the standard library of TRNSYS, there are two libraries specialized in systems:
TESS and STEC. New systems can be included in the final simulation project by: connection to
external programs or by creating new models within the TRNSYS environment. In this line,
absorption chillers [17], radiant panels [18]have been modelled to characterize specific
conditioning systems.
A complete model of distributed polygeneration in TRNSYS is done by connecting the different
subsystems of the network: heat and cold systems, storage elements, biomass boilers, absorption
chillers, photovoltaic panels, solar collectors, wind turbines, cogeneration systems The specific
characteristics and the performance curves for each subsystem have been used as input values, as
well as the energy profiles of the buildings. Climatic data has been used as boundary conditions.
The global polygeneration project has been created with all the models of each subsystem that
belongs to the network. All of them are connected in different closed loops, which represent one
specific circuit of the whole system. The correct operation of these circuits is regulated by pumps,
valves and controllers.
Building loads, climatic conditions, efficiency curves, regulatory and space restrictions are
characterized as input variables and parameters of the conditioning TRNSYS models (Image 4).
These values defined a complex matrix that feeds the thermal and electrical conditioning models.
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Image 4: Solar district heating and cooling modelled in TRNSYS
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
Global models of buildings allow analyzing its energy performance considering the constructive
part, the heritage values, the passive strategies implemented and the systems of heat, cold and
electricity. An effective use of these tools needs to fix the main objectives at the beginning of the
simulation process to achieve precise results at the end.
One of the analyses that can be obtained from these simulation processes is the energy
performance of the building. In a first step, the initial model of the building should be introduced
in the simulation software to evaluate its energy loads. Secondly all passive modifications are
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evaluated through simulation batteries, obtaining the energy fluctuations produced by these
perturbations of the basic model. Finally the power conditioning systems are coupled to the
building loads to supply all the energy demanded. The dimensions of these systems are optimized
in terms of the objectives set at the beginning. The final results are the energy demands and the
percentage distribution of these values in the conditioning systems [6]. The modeling of the house
zone by zone also allows analyzing the energy balances obtained in each area.
The relationship between thermal comfort and energy consumption is one of the most
important aspects in the refurbishment of buildings [19], so indoor comfort assessment is another
study that can be done with this software. Thermal sensation is the result of the energetic balance
between the human body and the environment. These heat and mass exchanges can be
evaluated through a theoretical model of the building, which allow analyzing the hourly profile of
the thermal sensation in all the areas specified before.
Another study that can be done with these tools is sensitivity analyzes. These assessments
quantify the energy performance of the system to variations of parameters or input variables
[20]. Parametric runs were executed varying only one of these values while the rest remain
constant. The objective of the assessment sets the output of the simulations, which is defined as a
cost function of the parametric runs.
The aim of the optimization process is to find a set of solutions that minimize the final energy
consumption of the building. To do it, batteries of simulations have been carried out to evaluate
the model response to fluctuations of defined variables. This phase extents until the optimal
solution is obtained. This solution combines all the initial requirements of the project at a
reasonable cost and with the minimum greenhouse gases emissions. So the output of this
iterative process is the optimal model of the refurbishment building considering all its
peculiarities. Depending on the computational capacity, the variables available and the level of
difficulty expected, uni-objective or multi-objective [21] assessments can be done.
Experimental data are needed to validate and calibrate the simulation model of the building
[22]. This procedure allows minimizing the differences between the theoretical and real energy
profiles, and enables to predict the future behavior of the building with more accuracy.
7. CONCLUSIONS
A dynamic methodology of analysis for historic buildings has been carried out to reduce their
energy consumption while maintained the comfort sensation inside. This procedure should
consider different aspects of the buildings such as climate, use of the building, heritage values,
architectonical design, envelopes, thermal conditioning systems and electrical systems.
Renewable energies should be used to supply the energy demands individually in the building or
through a polygeneration network for a district.
The information obtained in the building and its systems are used as parameters and inputs of
a complex matrix that characterize its global performance. This matrix is modeled in a simulation
environment to evaluate energy balances and patterns, indoor comfort sensation, energy
quantification to external variations and energy optimization of the system.
8. REFERENCES
[1]. Zarzalejo, L.F., Tllez, F.M., Palomo, E., Heras, M.R. (1995). Creation of Typical Meteorological Years
(TMY) for Southern Spanish Cities. International Symposium of Passive Cooling of Buildings. Atenas.
[2]. Givoni, B. (1994). Passive and low energy cooling of buildings (3rd ed.). New York: John Wily & Sons.
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[3]. Transient Systems Simulation Program (TRNSYS). Author: SEL, TRANSSOLAR, CSTB, TESS. Retrieved from
http://www.trnsys.com
[4]. Jimnez, M.J., Madsen, H. (2008). Models for describing the thermal characteristics of building
components. Building and Environment 43, 152-162.
[5]. Enriquez, R., Jimnez, M.J. Heras, M.R. (2008). Identification of a change in the thermal dynamics of a
th
wall. 27 Air Infiltration and Ventilation Center (AIVC). Kyoto, Japan.
[6]. Soutullo, S., Enriquez, R., Sanjuan, C., Ferrer, J.A., Heras, M.R. (2010). Energy balances of four office
buildings in different locations in Spain. VI International Building Performance Simulation Association of
Canada (ESIM). Winnipeg, Canada.
[7]. Soutullo, S., Ferrer, J.A., Heras, M.R. (2010). Anlisis de las Tcnicas Evaporativas empleadas en dos
edificios de oficinas ubicados en zonas con climatologa seca. I Congreso de Arquitectura y Frio Solar
(ARFRISOL). Roquetas del Mar, Almera.
[8]. Mart-Herrero, J., Heras-Celemn, M.R. (2007). Dynamic physical model for a solar chimney. Solar
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[9]. Bahadori, M.N. (1994). Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regions of
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[10].
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[12].
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[15].
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[21].
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DESIGN OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ENERGY

CONSUMPTION IN A WALL-HEATED CHURCH: SANTA
MARIA ODIGITRIA IN ROME
MANFREDI, C.; FRATERNALI, D.; ALBERICI, A.
MANFREDI, C.: Politecnico di Milano, Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito. Milano Italia.
carlo.manfredi@polimi.it
FRATERNALI, D.: Servizi Territorio srl. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano Italia. daniele@serviziterritorio.it
ALBERICI, A.: Servizi Territorio srl. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano Italia
ABSTRACT
Our contribution aims at showing a particular control system, designed and set up in order to monitor
both the operating parameters ad finally the yearly energy consumption of the wall heating system installed
in a church in Rome.
The goal of our study is to illustrate a different way of controlling indoor environment in order to improve
the plant efficiency.
Our targets are both a more immediate answer to climatic changes and a deeper understanding of the
close interaction between comfort and radiant effect, beyond simple temperature values. Furthermore, a
higher degree of control in managing the system would allow also a reduction of energy consumption.
Santa Maria Odigitria is the church of the Archconfraternity of the Sicilians in Rome. It is a late
Renaissance building, and its interior has been consistently reshaped in the 19th Century. It had never been
provided with a heating system before last winter.
In order to minimise the intervention on a well-preserved building, the heating system adopted is a wallheating system, already well-known as Temperierung. The system settled in Santa Maria Odigitria consists in
a few pipes running hot water, placed in the lower part of the walls.
Temperierung systems are already well-known since an early experimentation in German-speaking
Countries in the Eighties and Nineties, particularly in some museums in Bavaria. Further plants has been
installed in Austria and Italy. The radiant effect allows to reach preservation purposes (both of the building
itself and of artworks) and meets comfort requirements.
Indoor climate of the church is constantly monitored through both conventional indoor climate sensors
(RH and T) and InfraRed temperature sensors. Data are continuously recorded in order to set up a climatic
history of the building. The heating unit and zone controlling thermostatic valves are effectively managed
through an electronic control unit. A dedicated software algorithm evaluates and processes sensors output
data.
It should be noted that, as expected, surface temperature depends on many factors besides the heating
system: sun radiation, neighbouring buildings, crowding and so on. A special role is played by the inertial
behaviour due to the thermal capacity of massive buildings.
In more general terms and taking into account a wider range of buildings, it should be pointed out that a
general approach is going to be defined in order to reach different purposes, such as building and artworks
preservation as well as well-being requirements and reduction of fuel consumption.
Key words: Temperierung, monitoring, wall-heating, S. Maria Odigitria
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1 INTRODUCTION
The relationship between preservation and Building Services Engineering has been investigated
only in the last few years. On the contrary, in order to preserve buildings to use and inhabit them,
taking care of them for future generations, different aspects have been examined, such as
structural behaviour and, consequently, structures design, removal of architectural barriers and
related design. Nevertheless, it has to be remembered, that building services such as sewerage
systems and water supplies, heating and lighting, safety devices and data networks, have hugely
increased since the 19th century, and they are still increasing, deepening the gap between our
concept of architecture and construction and the one kept in the past.
In order to analyse such a matter some aspects should be pointed out briefly. First of all, it has
to be taken into account that every building is a witness, a source of information about the time
and culture that contributed to its birth, and it should be preserved for its historic and
documentary value, including handicrafts and industrial devices. On the contrary, demonstrations
of human work have been often neglected, when considered repeatable. Such an attitude has
been depicted as integrated preservation [1]. It consists in respecting architectural image, as
well as material features, such as plasters and windows, technical devices and furnishing.
Secondly, it has to be considered that the notion of human well-being greatly changed over the
ages. Comfort requirements ordinarily accepted in 19th century are not suitable today. In 1850 in
the just opened Sainte-Genevive library in Paris the comfort temperature was fixed at 15C by
the architect Labrouste: it is evident that nowadays trade-unions, workers and students could not
agree with him. In the same years, in the same town, the National Library used to close at four
oclock in the evening, because of lack of lighting. Many further examples of this sort may be
displayed.
Thirdly, an increasing anthropic footprint is irreversibly changing climate on Earth: reduction of
power consumption is now imperative. Against the idea that old buildings would be necessarily
worst built under a technical and technological viewpoint, a wider idea of sustainability is now
progressing, showing that an object must be considered paying attention to all aspects involved,
from the age of construction to the intended and actual uses. The improvement of historic
buildings behaviour from an energetic standpoint should be reached without losing artistic,
historic and material values of the constructions. [2]
Valuable results can be reached through the organization of the works with a craftsmanlike
approach and following the concept of improvement as opposed to the one of adjustment,
employed in the field of structural consolidation, with excellent results for cultural objects and
their protection, can now at last be applied also to system engineering and energy issues. [1]
In other words, almost in every case, a building built for past uses can hardly reach present-day
levels of comfort, as required by current norms and well-being as expected by people, without
compromising the construction itself. Under these circumstances, just improving the performance
may be sufficient. The idea of improvement had been suggested also by the European guidelines,
at least since the Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16
December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. The norm points out that in every case
Renovation requirements for existing buildings should not be incompatible with the intended
function, quality or character of the building. [3]
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Image 1: Oratorio di Santo Stefano, Lentate sul Seveso (Milan).Temperierung runs under the plaster at the
walls foot
Image 2: Museo del Paesaggio, Palazzo Dugnani Viani, Pallanza
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Image 3: Church of Santa Maria Odigitria, Rome (Courtesy by G. Pagliarulo, Rome)

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Image 4: Santa Maria Odigitria. Psycrometric survey of the microclimate. From left: Temperature, Relative
Humidity and Mixing Ratio maps. June 20, 2013. Outdoor T: 34C; Outdoor RH: 24%. Graphic processing by
L. Valisi
At the end of such a short outline a further aspect, last but not least, must be taken into
account. It descends from what we have described so far but is not so evident. I mean the
conscious energy design made by architects and engineers in the past. In every time and every
part of the world buildings have been built paying attention to the actual climate and to the way
to spare fuel. According to Dean Hawkes, The climate exists. The building, in various manner and
degrees, responds to this. But in taking a historical standpoint, buildings may be seen, in some
respects, both to represent and to interpret the climate that shaped them. [4]. Even though
building physics is a field of science comparatively recent, it must be assumed that the architects
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and designers of the past had some knowledge of the topic, allowing them to build with a certain
assurance with regard to the thermal behaviour of their buildings, paying attention to the passive
side of the building components, such as thermal inertia, orientation, shading systems.
In this field of research, works carried out are very few. The research to be carried on consists
in collecting drawings, documents and inventories about the building and connecting these data
with the results of a monitoring campaign on the microclimate. This analysis is aimed at describing
how the building really works compared to the use foreseen at first, and subsequent changes in
use and shape.
2. THE TEMPERIERIUNG SYSTEM

Temperierung developed from the experiments carried out by the Bayerische Landestelle fr
die Nichtstaatliche Museen in Bayern (Bavarian Office for non-state museums) since the beginning
of the Eighties of the 20th century and was conceived as a support for the preservation of works in
museums. The system was especially suitable for local museums (Nichtstaatliche Museen) that,
unlike state museums, could not rely on the financial resources necessary to build and then
maintain expensive air conditioning systems. Existing heating systems (based on convective hot air
emitted by fan coils or radiators), determined significant damage to works not only for the
variations in relative humidity, but also as pointed out by several recent studies such as the
congress Climate for Collection [5] in 2012 for the effect of the thermal stress produced by hot
air flowing along cold walls. In order to balance the temperatures on the opposite sides of the
artworks, at first systems based on electric heating elements were developed. Then they decided
to directly heat the wall itself and, quite surprisingly, they found that this solution also produced
an improvement in well-being for the visitors: this was the result of the combined effect of
reduction of the cold wall effect" and limitation of the hot air motion. So, Temperierung can be
considered as a process that, through direct heating of the building envelope, aims at optimizing
the physical conditions of building elements, internal climate and physiological well-being.[6]
Particularly, Its main characteristic is the continuous heating of the building shell, which normally
is done with two heating pipes installed under the inside plaster at the base of outside walls on all
floors. Without additional measures, tempering stops capillary rise of moisture, condensation, and
damaging salt effects while stabilizing room climate and providing physiologically and
conservationally appropriate as well as energy saving room heating. [7]
In the intentions of the early proponents notably Henning Groeschmidt Temperierung has
its roots in the hypocaust used in Roman Baths and other ancient buildings: hot smoke spreading
both under the floors and through cavities into the walls. Even if, obviously, the ways of
application and the materials used have changed, actually both Temperierung and Hypocaustum
rely on the radiation effect, where heat radiation is produced by the wall structure itself [7].
However, given the radically different context, this reference is so remote that it may seem too
generic. A new but perhaps stronger analogy could be found in the applications developed for the
architectural integration of hot water systems by John Soane in the early 18th century. Architect
Soane too was prone to find classic roots to new devices, i.e. the pipe called "draco" by Vitruvius
and his works combine a high formal quality to a shrewd sensitivity in design technique. Those
systems are known as Hot Water High Pressure (HWHP), or Perkins heating systems.
In England, during the age of the first industrial revolution, besides the pioneering works of
Soane, several public buildings began to be built with one-inch-pipes circulating steam or
superheated water at the base of the walls. This system experienced a wide diffusion throughout
Europe since the first half of the 19th century [8].
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Image 5: Thermographic picture (Infra Red thermographic camera) of a warming wall. Graphic processing by
L. Valisi. October 22, 2013. Thermal range from 22C to 24,5C. The Temperierung was just switched on
Image 6: Photographic correction of the east side (Courtesy by G. Pagliarulo, Rome)
Beyond the intentions of the Bayerische Landestelle fr die Nichtstaatliche Museen in Bayern,
the experiments, conducted at first in an empirical way, and a wide number of installations, have
started a fruitful debate, still on especially in Austria and Germany, about advantages and
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disadvantages of the system. The debate has centred mainly on certain clearly defined problems
to which Temperierung offers some solutions. They are listed below.
How to counteract the decay due to moisture (originated by capillary rise or condensation
in walls);
How to prevent the transmigration of salts inside the masonry;
How to reach comfortable environmental conditions;
How to reduce energy consumption;
How to ensure environmental conditions suitable to the preservation of artworks.
The description that follows will try to evaluate the possibilities and limitations offered by such
systems, in particular the prevention of damage that may result from unfavourable humidity and
temperature conditions, through the case study of the Church of Santa Maria Odigitria in Rome.
Assuming that there was no rising damp, or water infiltration due to positive water pressure,
and therefore ignoring the issues relating to the transport of salts, the goal was to achieve
favourable environmental conditions, without prejudice of the preservation and protection of
artworks and building substance.
German literature distinguishes between Heizungs- and Temperierungs-anlage: the terms are
not synonymous. [9] In other words, Temperierung is not essentially an intervention aimed at
achieving optimal conditions in terms of well-being, or at least not only and not always. [10]
In fact, there are deep differences among several ways to utilize this technology. The use of
Temperierung control is primarily bounded by the thermal storage capacity of a building
(environment tempering) and the decay state (building tempering). The main goal of
Bauteiltemperierung (localized Temperierung) is small part and building component protection,
while Groundtemperierung (base temperature) refers to the entire Building building and the room
temperature control for the use of space. [6]
The system has been successfully applied in a number of cases in Germany, Austria and
Slovenia [10]. In Italy, following the first, pioneering intervention of Palazzo Cattaneo in Cremona,
the experimentation continued in other buildings, among which it is worth recalling at least some
significant cases. [11]
Palazzo Pallavicino in Cremona, a noble residence now turned into a school for the restoration
of musical instruments, is the building where Temperierung has been applied in a wider and
complex way. For a detailed description of the ongoing monitoring on the building climate, see the
contribution dedicated to it, presented in this Congress.
In 2007 a system was installed at the Oratorio di Santo Stefano in Lentate (fig. 1). In this case it
consists in a simple copper ring circuit, placed at the foot of the wall, at the height of the plaster
peeled off the wall due to the action of rising damp. The wall was plastered again, including (and
hiding) the copper circuit sticking to the masonry, which makes the radiant effect more effective. It
aims at avoiding that the most exposed part of the wall to the condensation could reach
temperatures below the dew point. The system also allows a moderate warming, in order to keep
acceptable the indoor climate for sporadic guided tours, lasting max one hour, as the present use
of the building requires [12].
In 2009 another Temperierung heating system was installed in Palazzo Viani Dugnani in
Verbania-Pallanza (fig. 2), where the oldest Museum of the Landscape of Europe, founded in 1914,
is housed. The building was built over different ages, but in its current appearance probably goes
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back to a late-eighteenth-century refurbishment to be used as a summer residence. No heating

system was therefore foreseen; when it became a museum, the building used to be visited only in
summer. In order to extend the opportunity to visit it also during the cold season, the Museum
direction gave origin of the program for the installation of Temperierung. In addition to ensuring
minimum conditions of environmental comfort, it would assure that changed environmental
conditions did not produce damage to the artwork collections, largely paintings and plaster
statues made between the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century. [13, 14]
Following the requests of the curators themselves, that acknowledge Temperierung a good
behavior in terms of preservation, it has reached in Bavaria a wide diffusion, and in general
throughout Germany where it is installed in hundreds of museum buildings. Therefore, a
monitoring program of some systems has been recently launched in Germany, and the project was
presented during a workshop in November 2012. In that occasion the Italian experiences have
been described as well. [15]
3. THE CASE OF SANTA MARIA ODIGITRIA

The Confraternity of Santa Maria Odigitria was established on February 5, 1594, by the Papal
Bull "Pastoris Aeterni," with which Pope Clement VIII granted the honor of Cardinal Protector. The
association began its activity on April 12 of that year: it has continued without interruption ever
since. The brothers immediately set about building the church and hospice. One of them, Matteo
Catalano, secretary of Cardinal Tagliavias, provided 4,000 scudi, and some buildings of his own.
Upon a part of the area occupied by them the Church was built while the other buildings were
adapted to hospice. All the brothers contributed to meet the expenses. The Catholic King Philip II
came to help with generous donations. The Church and the hospice arose where they still are, and
of course the church has been rebuilt more than once over the centuries. The church was
solemnly consecrated and opened on August 15, 1596. A few years later the Confraternity had
acquired so much prestige that Paul V, by the Bull of March 8, 1606, granted her the privilege of
releasing every year a person sentenced to death. On August 7, 1650 the Vatican solemnly
consecrated the image of the Virgin, erroneously held to come from Constantinople and therefore
also called "Madonna of Constantinople". The church and the Confraternity prospered thanks to
the protection, over time, of His Catholic Majesty the Viceroy of Sicily, the Sicilian Parliament, the
Bourbons, the royal dynasty of Naples and the Two Sicilies. During the upheavals followed in Italy
to the French Revolution, in February 1798, French troops occupied Rome, Pope Pius VI was
imprisoned and the Roman Republic proclaimed. Ferdinand IV, King of Naples and Sicily,
succeeded in expelling them from the city in November of the same year, stirring up the joy of the
Sicilians, who, in their Church, sang a solemn Te Deum for the victory of their sovereign. Just
seventeen days after the French came back and took revenge for that outrage: in January 1799
they plundered the temple dispersing the sacred and precious furnishings, reducing the building
to a heap of ruins, which were then sold to private citizens to be used as small shops. Under the
following Pope, Pious VII, the brothers claimed back and obtained these ruins, and after dispelling
some doubts, on November 18, 1804 they decided to rebuild their temple on the same site, facing
considerable debts and economic sacrifices. They did not, however, resurrect the hospice: they
preferred to turn the building into private homes in order to derive some income to pay their
debts.
The church was rebuilt following a design by Francesco Manno and was solemnly reopened on
May 22, 1817. On the main altar they put on display, where they can be still seen, the golden
candlesticks offered by the Queen of Etruria wife of Louis of Bourbon. The decoration could be
completed only in 1840, when the brothers made and donated the paintings for the altars to the
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church. Only two of these paintings remain: the one portraying St. Rosalia, work of Natale Carta,
donated by the brother Giuseppe Count Ludolf, Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Naples, and
the other portraying St. Leo II, Sicilian Pope, work and gift of the brother Ferdinando Raimondi.
The decoration in chiaroscuro was painted by Angelo Soldani. In this circumstance under the altar
of St. Leo II they placed the relics of St. Gaudenzia, Roman virgin and martyr. [16, 17] Since then
the church has not been modified; in 2011 to 2012 it has been consolidated on the trusses and at
the same time, the faade of the church was restored as well as the faade of the adjoining
building. On that occasion a new efficient LED lighting was installed. In 2013 the walls, pillars and
arches of the chapels of St. Lucia and St. Rosalia were consolidated, entering from the basement of
the adjoining shop. In October 2013 the restoration of the painted surfaces in the chapels of St.
Lucia and St. Rosalia has begun.
The Church is located in a densely built block, and the south facade looks out on Via del
Tritone, in the Rione Colonna. It has a single nave, with two chapels on each side. Behind the altar,
two storage rooms and a courtyard partially protect the building from the outside. The church
space is 20 meters long, 9 meters wide and 15 meters in height (up to the vault keystone). The
plans of the Chapels are 4,5 for 3 meters, about 7 in height.
The Temperierung system provided has been designed to meet the requirements of thermal
comfort in the church. Three copper pipes circuits have been placed under the marble socket
following the nave perimeter. The operations were carried out with extreme attention to the
substance of existing materials. It was in fact necessary to disassemble the marble slabs at the
base of the decorative vertical coatings and the stone rises of the steps delimiting the chancel and
the aisles, in order to accommodate the above mentioned three circuits. The stone bands were
then reassembled into the original location. The chapels and the altar area are therefore not
affected by the intervention.
The system is equipped with a sophisticated monitoring system that constantly registers the
indoor and outdoor environmental conditions and the operating conditions. More details on the
monitoring system are reported hereafter.
3.1. Microclimate monitoring

The church building is oriented with the apse to the north and the entrance to the south, on
via del Tritone. Before choosing the right heating system and its design a careful microclimatic
analysis has been carried out to understand the environmental behavior of the place. The analysis
has been carried out using a psychrometer, which detects both dry bulb and wet bulb
temperatures. It also returns Relative Humidity and Mixing Ratio data.
The survey (fig. 4) was made in the central part of the day on June 20th 2013 with an outdoor
temperature of 34C and RH of 34%. Starting from the entrance and going towards the altar the
temperature distribution shows a constantly growing positive range. The storm door placed at the
main entrance had been left open during our data collection, which produced a strong imbalance
and an extremely marked thermal bridge, clearly shown also by RH and MR values. Relative and
Specific Humidity distribution follows a similar trend as temperature, with a very marked gradient
near the entrance door from which very dry air enters (RH: 36% - MR: 6,8 g/kg) compared to the
inside remarkably higher values (RH: 76% - MR: 9.8 g/kg). It must be remarked that climate in the
chapels is considerably affected by their clear-cut separation from the nave. It is, on average,
damper, in particular compared with the area of the altar.
Our survey clearly shows that the building has the expected behaviour in Spring.[18] Due to
hot and damp air coming in from outside in a place that has preserved a lower temperature, going
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from the entrance towards the apse there is a sudden fall in air temperature with a consequent
increase of RH values. As usual, MR values contour lines distribution can be used as heat fluxes
tracer. The air movement is very clear in spite of the storm door at the entrance.
3.2. The Temperierung and the control system

Several experiments carried out with Temperierung systems have been generally positive
especially from the preservation point of view. The possibility to adapt the system, consisting in
wall heating through pipes mounted in or on the inside of the walls[19], to specific cases,
namely different buildings and situations, assumes considerable importance in conservation
aspects both for the collections preserved indoor and for the building itself. These issues will be
treated below.
Even if the system has been widely in use for more than thirty years Only a few investigated
the effects of Temperierung to the indoor climate and evaluated the indoor climate for the
questions of preventive conservation in detail [20], nor to the effects on energy savings.
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Image 7: S. Maria Odigitria. Monitored values (average temperature data): surfaces temperatures; indoor
and outdor air temperature from November 13, 2013, to April 15, 2014. From above: green: indoor air T;
red: wall surface T; violet: barrel vault T; blue: outdoor T. HypoThermos, Servizi Territorio srl.
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Image 8: S. Maria Odigitria. RH monitored values graph during winter heating time (indoor and outdoor
average RH data). From November 13, 2013 to April 15, 2014. Red: indoor RH; blue: outdoor RH .
HypoThermos, Servizi Territorio srl.
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Image 9: S. Maria Odigitria. Comparison between RH and T values from October 23, 2013 to April 24, 2014.
From above, violet: outdoor RH; red: indoor RH; blue: indoor T; green: outdoor T. HypoThermos, Servizi
Territorio srl.
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Image 10: S. Maria Odigitria. Comparison between indoor RH and T values, and water flowing T. Cyan:
outdoor RH; violet: surface wall T; blue: back flowing T; red: indoor T; green: Outdoor T. HypoThermos,
Servizi Territorio srl.
Furthermore, Temperierung is based on the thermal inertia of the walls and strictly connected
with the environmental behaviour of the building more than any other system. Therefore the
system cannot be analysed considering the usual standards and conventional parameters. Its
effect on the building has to be evaluated as a whole. Besides, due to the slow reaction of the
system, the control devices have to be properly set.
For the church of Santa Maria Odigitria we proceeded to the installation of a monitoring system
that at the same time is used to gather and evaluate (in real time) data from the sensors and to
decide the correct operation of the heating system. Since optimal surface radiating temperature is
the main reference for the Temperierung system, two optical pyrometers have been installed (IR
surface temperature detectors; emissivity setting fixed at 0,95; field of view 15:1). The first one
detects the surface temperature of the vault at about half the nave, in correspondence with the
keystone; the second one has been set to detect the temperature of a pilaster between the two
chapels on the right. RH and air temperature sensors (Output resolution: T 0,01C; RH 0,03% Accuracy: T 0,4C; RH 4%). have been placed inside the church at the height of about 2.5 m. and
outdoor in the courtyard to the North. Thermometers have been set on the flow and return of the
distribution manifold of the circuits. The data are collected by a data logger.
This kind of configuration has been determined, as a preventive measure, for fear that the vault
surface, exposed on a not insulated attic, could lose heat in a differentiated way, and much more
in absolute terms, compared with the perimeter walls that, except for the one to the South
(faade, facing the street) and the one to the North (apse, adjacent to the storage rooms) adjoin
with unheated rooms. On the contrary, during the first winter with the heating system operating,
the collected data show that the gap between the two surfaces did not exceed one degree
centigrade.
With regard to the management of the system, the main rules are not controlled by the indoor
air temperature: the main reference is the gradient of the surface radiating temperature. The
water flow temperature is controlled by the software in a way that it is proportional to the
difference between the actual surface radiating temperature and its target value. In any case,
above a predefined maximum value of the surface or indoor air temperature the heating switches
off.
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The system is regulated according to a function that causes a rise in the flow temperature
when surface temperatures collected inside, themselves related to the ambient temperature,
decrease. In this particular case the aim is to satisfy the comfort standards but it is clear that in
case the heating system were to have only a preservation function, for example with regard to
surface condensation, the system could be set to provide only the amount of energy needed to
maintain the temperature slightly above the value of dew point.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Temperierung involves many topics about preservation of buildings as well as artwork
collections.
Firstly, it has to be remarked its use as a tool for preventive conservation. Providing a
comfortable climate often means modifying indoor conditions of a construction almost
completely. On the contrary Temperierung allows to provide stable climate and RH control, only by
avoiding convective motions and supplying moderate and constant warming. This feature plays an
important role for the conservation of collections and exhibits. [20] It involves also a change in the
physical behaviour of the building envelope. The heating of the walls is an important tool to
prevent damage to the building caused by condensation, as repeatedly demonstrated. [21] [22]
Secondly, Temperierung represents a way to improve indoor climate without compromising the
construction substance. Installing a heating system in an ancient building may cause damage to its
material consistency. Plants and ducts, a thermal power plant, lighting, electrical and thermal
devices generally need space to work efficiently. An ancient building has not been built to host
such devices: losses could be higher than expected. On the contrary, Temperierung allows a soft
approach towards the building, juxtaposing a light network to the existing walls. Above all, the
system can be installed in many different ways in order to suit particular conditions: into the walls,
on the walls, into a cavity along the walls etc. These aspects have already met wide acceptance in
the scientific debate, as described above.
A further, subtler way to protect buildings and their substance must be considered. We refer to
the relationship between Temperierung and the construction. In massive masonry buildings it
generally compensates the heat losses through the envelope, without upsetting the energy
behavior (based on thermal inertia and heat storage) of the construction itself. Pipes circulating
hot water transfer heat to the walls, and the walls in their turn transfer heat to the environment.
In other words, a Temperierung system needs a building to work well. The system and the building
work together to reach suitable indoor conditions. In this way, the building works by exploiting its
features. It benefits by the constructive skills acquired long time ago.
Nevertheless, this connection has not been widely examined due to the difficulty in relating
heat transfer parameters with ancient (and not completely known) walls.
Moreover, a controversial topic to discuss and examine is that of the energy consumption of
such a system. It is clear that heating an envelope cannot avoid heat losses, especially when the
insulation (as intended nowadays) is not enough, but it is also clear that whatever the heating
system, the building shell can never be improved enough. Any system supplying energy to such a
building will lose a large part of the heat. Many simulations have been carried out, but it has to be
remembered that it is not easy to make reliable measurements upon real buildings. Anyway, the
understanding of how ancient buildings actually work, from an energy point of view, is one of the
most complex challenges for the future.
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5. REFERENCES
[1]. Carbonara, G. (2014). Energy efficiency as a preservation Tool / Efficienza energetica come strumento di
tutela. In AICARR (ed.), Historical and existing buildings: Designing the retrofit. An overview from energy
performances to indoor air quality / Edifici di valore storico: progettare la riqualificazione. Una
panoramica, dalle prestazioni energetiche alla qualit dellaria interna (pp. 23-30). Milano: AICARR.
[2]. Grimoldi, A. (2014). Sostenibilit, tutela, nuovo orizzonti per la ricerca storica. In G. Biscontin & G.
Driussi (ed.). Quale sostenibilit per il restauro? (pp. 29-39). Proceedings of the Congress, Bressanone,
July 1st-4th, 2014. Bressanone: Arcadia ricerche.
[3]. Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy
performance of buildings.
[4]. Hawkes, D. (2012). Architecture and climate. An environmental history of british architecture.
Cambridge: Routledge.
[5]. Ashley-Smith, J., Burmester, A., Eibl, M. (2013). Climate for Collections. Standards and uncertainties.
London: Archetype publications ltd.
[6]. Lther, T. (2005). Untersuchungen zur Temperierung historischer Gebude. Grin Verlag.
[7]. Groeschmidt, H. (2004). Das temperierte Haus: Sanierte Architektur behagliche Rume
Grovitrine. In M. Kotterer et al. (ed.), Klima in Museen und historischen Gebuden: Die Temperierung
/ Climate in Museums and historical buildings: Tempering (pp. 14-48). Wien.
[8]. Richardson, C. J. (1837). A popular treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings. London.
[9]. Arnold,B. (2007). Geleitwort. In Klimagestaltung im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kulturgutschutz und
Nutzerwnschen (p. 7). Proceedings of the Konservierungswissenschaftliches Kolloquium. Berlin.
[10].
Kotterer et al. (ed.), (2004). Klima in Museen und historischen Gebuden: Die Temperierung /
Climate in Museums and historical buildings: Tempering. Wien.
[11].
Becker, T. (2004). Erfahrungen mit der Temperierung in Italien (pp. 155-162). In Kotterer, M. et al.
(ed.), (2004). Klima in Museen und historischen Gebuden: Die Temperierung / Climate in Museums and
historical buildings: Tempering. Wien.
[12].
Del Curto D., Manfredi, C., Pertot, G., Pracchi, V., Rosina, E., Valisi, L. (2009). Diagnostica, intervento
e monitoraggio: il caso dellOratorio di Santo Stefano a Lentate sul Seveso. In Conservation prventive.
Pratique dans le domaine du patrimoine bti (pp. 62-69). Proceeding of the Congress, September 3th4th, 2009, Fribourg. Fribourg.
[13].
Fraternali, D., Manfredi, C. (2011). La Temperierung di Palazzo Viani Dugnani in Pallanza (pp. 119126). In Ambiente interno e conservazione. Il controllo del clima nei musei e negli edifici storici / Indoor
evironment and preservation. Climate control and preservation. Climate control in museums and historic
buildings. Firenze: Nardini.
[14].
Grimoldi, A., Fraternali, D., Manfredi, C. (2010). Il Museo del Paesaggio nel Palazzo Viani.Dugnani in
Pallanza. Controllo microclimatico per la conservazione delle collezioni e delledificio. In Pensare la
prevenzione: manufatti, usi, ambienti (pp. 367-384). Proceedings of the XXVI International Congress,
July 13th-16th, 2010, Bressanone. Venezia: Arcadia Ricerche.
[15].
Die Temperierung. Beitrge zum aktuellen Forschungsstand (2014). Tagungsband zum
Internationalen Kolloquium im Kloster Benediktbeuern am 12. November 2012. Mnchen: Volk Verlag.
[16].
Armellini, G. (1942). Le chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX (3rd ed.). Roma: R.O.R.E.
[17].
Croce, G. M. (1994). L' Arciconfraternita di S. Maria Odigitria dei siciliani in Roma : profilo storico,
1593-1970. Roma: Istituto Nazionale di studi romani.
[18].
Camuffo, D. (1998). Microclimate for Cultural Heritage. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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[19].
EN 15759-1:2011. Conservation of cultural property - Indoor climate - Part 1: Guidelines for heating
churches, chapels and other places of worship.
[20].
Bichlmair, S., Kilian, R., Raffler, S. (2014). The Temperierung heating systems as a retrofitting tool for
the preventive conservation of historic museums buildings and exhibits / I sistemi di riscaldamento
radiante come strumento per una conservazione preventiva di edifici museali storici e dei materiali
esposti. In AICARR (ed.), Historical and existing buildings: Designing the retrofit. An overview from
energy performances to indoor air quality / it (pp. 443-456). Milano: AICARR.
[21].
Kilian, R. (2004). Die Wandtemperierung in der Renatuskapelle in Lustheim : Auswirkungen auf das
Raumklima. Mnchen: Siegl.
[22].
Manfredi, C., Luciani, A., Del Curto, D., & Valisi, L. P. (2014). The case of Italy: Energy efficiency and
preservation Two challenges for Temperierung. In Bayerische Landesamt fr Denkmalpflege (Hrsg.),
Die Temperierung: Beitrge zum aktuellen Forschungsstand (pp. 82-91). Mnchen: Volk Verlag.
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EXEMPLARY ENERGETICAL REFURBISHMENT OF THE

GERMAN ACADEMY IN ROME "VILLA MASSIMO"
ENDRES, E.; SANTUCCI, D.
ENDRES, E.: Ingenieurbro Hausladen GmbH/Technische Universitt Mnchen. Mnchen Deutschland.
e.endres@ibhausladen.de
SANTUCCI, D.: Ingenieurbro Hausladen GmbH/Technische Universitt Mnchen. Mnchen Deutschland.
d.santucci@ibhausladen.de
ABSTRACT
The German Academy in Rome "Villa Massimo" is a property of the Federal Republic of Germany and
the most important institution for promoting German artists abroad. The complex, which consists of
different buildings included in a park, was built in first decade of the 20th century inspired by the renaissance
villas and by the contemporary architectural tendencies, both with a high cultural value. In cooperation and
with the support of governmental funding the Villa Massimo should become an exemplary refurbishment, to
fulfil the targets of the energy transition of the Federal Republic of Germany. The main energetical issue is
the development of active and passive measures and components which can ensure a year-round energy
supply from renewables and achieve a zero-energy standard. The methodology, which was developed to
provide solutions for the energetical optimization of the building stock, includes three elements of a holistic
approach: Building, technical- and energy supply. Based on the current research in the field of energyefficient building design the project identifies methodological aspects and technologies combined with the
building to achieve the goal of a zero energy property in Romes climate. It is not considering only the
aspects of the energy performance: besides the necessary refurbishment interventions, the focus is pointed
on the optimization of consumption and the conversion to renewable energy sources by simultaneous
increasing the indoor comfort. All measures that shall lead to the target of a zero energy complex have to be
considered in terms of appropriateness of the intervention and compatibility with building culture. As
renewable energy support is set to be the fundamental element of this sustainable approach in dialogue
with the building culture, the energetical concept was developed to explore the synergetic effects between
the different functions and systems composing the property and its relation to the public grid. The entire
property will be equipped with surface cooling and heating on a low-exergy level, which aims to keep the
building on a continuous indoor climate. This solution is compatible with the use of environmental energy
and guarantees a basic conditioning of all buildings. Beyond that, additional systems have to cover in an
efficient way fluctuating peaks determined by temporary functions and usage. The integration of all new
systems in the existing architecture and its compatibility with the building culture is set to be the most
relevant aspect of the intervention.
Keywords: building culture, comfort, resources, grids, relations, systems, synergies.
1. INTRODUCTION
Monumental and historic buildings are rarely included in energy optimization programs, since
the preservation of their original architectural quality is prior. Nevertheless those buildings cause
an important amount of energy consumption without reaching their original goal: to guarantee
good climatic conditions inside without active conditioning systems. In addition, the requirements
for indoor comfort have increased. Following this premise, it seems indispensable to develop
strategies and concepts to approach them without affecting their historic building quality.
Interventions and improvements have to consider both the existing building and its technology
and the requirements of our present days: involve the users to save energy and take advantage of
renewable energy.
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The strategy for the energetical refurbishment of the German Academy in Rome Villa
Massimo bases on the intention to create a zero-energy balance of the whole property by
applying technological solutions excluding invasive interventions on the fabric. The project
procedure started in 2010 with an initiative funded by the German Federal Environmental
Foundation (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt). This first phase had its core on the definition of
optimization the performance of the existing technical supply systems integrating renewables in
the complex. To the first feasibility study a second phase of investigation succeeded, supported by
joint funding from the Ministry of Economics and Technology (Bundesministerium fr Wirtschaft
und Technologie (BMWi)), the Ministry of Transportation and Development (Bundesministerium
fr Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS)) as well as through a grant from the Government
of the Federal Republic of Germany through the Beauftragten der Bundesregierung fr Kultur
und Medien (BKM). The German Academy in Rome is the first property which is selected to
demonstrate technical innovation combined with the research and development on integrated
design applied to an existing extraterritorial property of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the
second phase, a further reduction of the energy demand is planned by futher investigations on
the buildings and by the replacement of technical supply to achieve the goal of a zero-energy
balance.
Through the development of the design and through the implementation of interventions on
the building stock of Villa Massimo, general knowledge should emerge and consequently, the
complex should become a positive example of the use of innovative technologies and its
integration in a complex of great historical value.
The goal of the project is to develop a process that can be applied to different typologies of
historic buildings. Most of those buildings have a high consumption associated to a low level of
indoor comfort conditions, often as a result of selective interventions on the building envelope,
on the technical supply systems as well as due to modifications of their original functions. The first
step of this process is the assignment of the energy consumption to the different buildings and
systemps, divided into electricity and gas supply. Through the analysis of those assumptions
combines with user profiles and user behaviour, measures have to be to propose to reduce
energy consumption and to improve comfort conditions. In general it is more a holistic and
integrated strategy to be defined than a list of selective investigations. All the indicated measures
have to be verified considering effects on the comfort, energy consumption, costs and lifecycle as
well as compatibility with the architectural quality of the buildings.
As Renewable energy supply is set to be the fundamental element of sustainable approach,
the feasibility study was developed and evolved to explore the synergetic effects between the
different functions and systems composing the complex and its relation to the city, its grids and
energy potential.
The overall mission of the initiative is the formulation of a strategy to reduce the energy
consumption, to implement renewables and to evaluate synergetic effects in a listed historic
building complex without interfering with the quality of architecture. The choice to examine the
property of the German Academy in Rome, was originated on the one hand by the request to act
on a building of particular historical value, on the other to interact with the warm climate also in
relation to the use of solar energy. The property has the potential to explore the combination of
load curves from different usage increasing comfort by reducing the current consumption and
costs. Almost ten years ago, from 2000 to 2003, the institution was closed due to an overall
refurbishment. This intervention has radically changed the performances of the buildings due to
the new installed technical systems. As a result of these measures, the energy demand has
increased significantly but did not ensure the achievement of the desired comfort conditions.In
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addition to this, the discussion about sustainability and requirements has radically changed since
that time. Refurbishments of historic and heritage buildings are generally driven by the aspects of
conservation and reconstruction of the architectural significance, without enough attention to
energetical aspects. Historical and monumental buildings present a series of architectural
characteristics which define the urban identity. For the transformation of those buildings to reach
the standards and requirements of our present days, it is necessary to add the issue of energy
optimization to the priority of conservation and protection of the architectural quality.
The proposed strategy for the German Academy in Rome, Villa Massimo, started from this
point as a model project to find solutions for reducing the primary energy demand of the property
with technologies that avoid invasive interventions on the built environment.
2. THE PROPERTY
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Figure 1: Site plan. Source: Daniele Santucci
The Villa Massimo complex built in the early twentieth century, following in parts an
architectural language inspired by the Roman summer residence of the sixteenth and seventeenth
century as well as contemporary architecture of the first modernism. It consists of 6 buildings
placed in a park and located between the Via Nomentana and Viale XXI Aprile. The buildings are
typologically very different and have different functions. The villa, the most representative
building, is used for administrative and representing functions, a library and a multipurpose hall
for concerts and events. The artists' studios and directors apartment are located in different
buildings on the opposite of the villa. The other buildings included in the park are the entrance
building with apartment for the concierge and a small exhibition space. Eduard Arnold, a wealthy
German industrialist, funded the property and donated money for the foundation. Ten of
Germanys highly gifted artists from the areas of art, music, architecture and literature have the
possibility to live and work one year in Rome, eventually together with their families. The Villa
Massimo is the best known German cultural institution and has given a high impact to Germanys
cultural development since its foundation in 1913. These reasons, coupled with the potential of
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Romes climate, provide the Villa Massimo to represent an optimal object to demonstrate
innovative technologies and integrated strategies.
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Figure 2: Villa - south faade. Source: Daniele Santucci
Villa Massimos architecture is an example to show how the Roman building tradition was
inspiring not only for the symbolic character, but also to ensure an optimized solution in terms of
building climatology. In this sense, the thermal insulation of the thick solid brick walls, the south
oriented faade that uses the wind situation of Rome to cool in late summer afternoons, and the
water storage in the park which contributes in hot Roman summer to cool the outside air by
evaporation, all typological features which have got proven to have benefits on the climatic
conditions. Ancient buildings were designed bto guarantee high comfort levels with the lowest
use of resources: materials, typologies and technologies correspond to the opportunities and the
proximity of locally available resources.
Due to the interventions which occurred in the past years, some of the pre-existing passive
measures have changed due to the modifications in the intended use of some parts of the
buildings. As a result of these uneffective interventions, the energy demand has increased
significantly but did not ensure the aimed comfort conditions.
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Figure 3 + 4: Inside impressions Villa. Source: Daniele Santucci
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Figure 5: Studio`s north faade outside / inside. Source: Daniele Santucci
3. METHODOLOGY
To reach the proposed target of zero-energy building the strategy considers and applies
technology and knowledge resulting from scientific research in the field of sustainable design. The
proposed strategy analyses the potential of both passive and active components and is divided
into phases which involves the three components: building, technical- and renewable energy
supply. This strategy allows the development of integral design approaches to achieve a reduction
of the current energy consumption by increasing comfort conditions and by a parallel transfer the
energy supply toward renewable energy sources. The identified measures are adapted to the
constraints imposed by the protection and are discusses to be in accordance with the property. In
fact, the project started from the discussion on components, giving priority on the conservation of
the original complex and avoiding any interference on the buildings. This integral design approach
in historical buildings is not a difficult principle for itself, the point is to evaluate all aspects and to
identify the potentials of the building as well as of local renewable sources and to connect the
result of this analyze with suitable technical systems
In the first phase of the study the building was evaluated in terms of consumption, finding a
combination between the present technical supply and conditioning systems with the profiles of
the different functional areas. Critical issues related to the conditions of comfort both in summer
and winter were later identified. The assignment of consumption was particularly complex
because, as in most similar cases, there are no values related to the different consumers but only
those of the total consumption of the whole property. Therefore it was necessary to classify the
type of consumption and attribute it to the buildings and systems estimating qualitatively the
different needs. Thermal simulations were used both to express statements in relation to the
comfort conditions as well as to dimension the load curves of the different systems. Calculations
were made to quantify the heat and hot water demand. Simulations also have proven to be an
indispensable tool for quantifying the needs for comfort and to verify the proposed measures.
Through thermal simulations it was possible to verify the optimization measures assumed or
replacement of technical supply systems quantifying the costs, the actual reduction in terms of
demand, the effects on comfort conditions and the compatibility with the architectural quality of
the building. In addition, the potential obtainable from renewable energy sources was calculated,
in particular the amount of solar energy that can be captured by photovoltaic systems integrated
without creating visual interference with the historical complex. The particular south oriented
double-pitched roofs of the studios formed the basic condition for considering this possibility. In
this sense the integration of photovoltaic systems is the prior element to support the
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intervention. Basing on the available amount of solar radiation, variants have been formulated
that combine different technical supply- and conditioning systems.
4. STRATEGY
Energy and technical Supply
Roof integrated photovoltaics will gain solar radiation and produce electricity. To cover the
base load of electricity, combined-heat-and-power-production will be used by a fuel cell and a
micro CHP plant. The heat from this process will be used for the domestic water supply all over
the year. Solar gained electricity with peaks on sunny days will cover parallel the cooling peak
loads of the administrative building by compressive chillers. This combination shows an efficient
way of solar cooling and provides benefits for the urban grid. In Rome, as well as in other cities
with high requests on cooling, the grid often breaks down on highest point of demand in
summer.The studios will be supplied by ground water, due to less internal heat loads.The ground
water temperatures in summer are sufficient to achieve comfort indoor climate, in winter the
temperature level of ground water will be raised by a heat pump.
Passive and active building strategy Studios and directors apartment

Passive building components to reduce the heat demand are necessary for the studios and the
directors apartment due to the low internal gains in the apartments. The external walls of the
studios will be covered with a high performance plaster as well as an insulation will be applied
inside the roof of both buildings. The north oriented glass faade of the artist working space in the
studios will be replaced by a new one. Openings in the roofs will provide better ventilation
conditions, especially for night cooling in the summer. In the studios, clay plaster on the internal
walls of all rooms will regulate the humidity. Floor cooling and heating, supplied by ground water,
combined during wintertime with a heat pump, will regulate indoor temperature. Due to the
natural ventilation strategy with night cooling effects in combination with the clay plaster and
artificial thermal mass provided by PCM, there is no need for a mechanical ventilation system.
Passive building strategy Villa

The functions and the resulting requirements in the Villa determine another strategy, based on
efficient active systems. The complexity of the faade of the Villa and the low heat consumption
are not compatible with a thermal insulation on the external walls. Insulation will be installed
under the roof to reduce partially the heat demand. Where ever possible and necessary, shading
systems will be installed to reduce the solar gains in summer especially in south oriented offices
and meeting rooms. Base loads will be covered by surface cooling and heating, integrated in the
walls or as a free standing element in the room. For peak loads the current fan coils will be used.
The recooling process of the compression chiller will be covered by ground water temperature.
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Figure 6: Strategy winter + summer conditioning systems and energy supply. Source: IB Hausladen /
Elisabeth Endres / Daniele Santucci
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5. VISION
The use of renewable energy determines the need to constantly define the criteria and the
way of interaction with the building. The design of increasingly sophisticated systems to produce
clean energy must have as its primary objective the maximum integration with the architecture.
In this sense, the key aspect for the definition of the energy supply system is the determination
of potentials deriving from renewable resources and their availability, considering the context and
the existing infrastructure. Another aspect to be taken into consideration is the temporal
availability of production and therefore the simultaneity of production and consumption. In the
design phase needs and the load profiles should be therefore identified and classified, comparing
them to the available potential out of fluctuating renewable sources. In an optimized system the
production and consumption must match and have to be put in effective relation.
Following this premise, the Villa Massimo project evaluated the possibility to achieve a
substantial reduction in energy requirements by exploiting the network and the relationship with
the city as a condition to prefigure new scenarios. The project's goal is to achieve an annual zero
primary energy balance by experimenting innovative systems and technologies and redefining the
role of the historic buildings in the context of existing structures and the local energy grid.
In the case of the complex of the German Academy in Rome the interactions and the
synergetic effects between buildings are considered since there are several functions and load
curves, and, consequently different technical systems. The villa, with the administrative functions
has different comfort and energy requirements as the residential buildings that are used
continuously. While the villa has a peak demand due to overheating in summer and significant
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internal loads during exhibitions and events, other buildings, which account for 75% of the total
area, have a relatively low demand for cooling but have a high consumption of hot water. In this
sense, the two structures are put in relation to integrate each others curves and demands. The
project for the Villa Massimo is an example for an integral planning methodology dealing with
passive and active components as it is needed in future, to deal with the historical building stock
and with the transformation of built structures in the post fossil decade, without losing
architectural building culture.
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SISTEMA MVIL INTEGRADO PARA LA REHABILITACIN

ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS: LSER 3D, TERMOGRAFA,
FOTOGRAFA, SENSORES AMBIENTALES Y BIM / Integrated
mobile system for building energy rehabilitation: 3D laser,
termography, fotography, environmental sensors and BIM
SNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.; FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.; ROCA BERNRDEZ, D.; ARMESTO GONZLEZ,
J.; DAZ VILARIO, L.; LAGELA LPEZ, S.; RODRGUEZ VIJANDA, M.; NEZ SUREZ, J.;
MARTNEZ GMEZ, R.
SNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad de Vigo. Vigo,
Pontevedra - Espaa
FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad de Vigo. Vigo,
Pontevedra - Espaa
ROCA BERNRDEZ, D.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad de Vigo. Vigo,
Pontevedra - Espaa
ARMESTO GONZLEZ, J.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad de Vigo. Vigo,
Pontevedra - Espaa. julia@uvigo.es
DAZ VILARIO, L.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad de Vigo. Vigo,
Pontevedra - Espaa
LAGELA LPEZ, S.: CLECE, S.A. Pontevedra - Espaa
RODRGUEZ VIJANDA, M.: CLECE, S.A. Pontevedra - Espaa. mrodriguezvi@clece.es
NEZ SUREZ, J.: Dielectro Industrial S.A. Arteixo, A Corua - Espaa. jnunez@dielectroindustrial.es
MARTNEZ GMEZ, R.: PROYESTEGAL S. LLugo - Espaa. direccion@proyestegal.com
- 169 -
RESUMEN
Este artculo presenta un sistema integrado destinado a realizar inspeccin y auditora energtica de
edificios de forma precisa, rpida y eficaz. Ha sido desarrollado en el marco del proyecto TERESE3
(TEcnologas para la REhabilitacin y Sistemas para la Eficiencia Energtica de Edificios), realizado por un
consorcio de empresas privadas y la participacin conjunta de la Universidad de Vigo. El sistema lo
componen elementos de hardware y software que permiten acometer la medicin topogrfica, ambiental y
termogrfica de forma sncrona y automatizada, as como el volcado de los datos en modelos BIM (Building
Information Modeling). El conjunto consta de los siguientes elementos: Unidad mvil integrada (UMI) de
interiores y unidad mvil integrada (UMI) de exteriores con sus respectivos software de control y
procesamiento de los datos brutos, y un software de visualizacin inmersiva. En conjunto, el sistema permite
realizar la medicin topogrfica del edificio, la deteccin y localizacin de puentes trmicos y la construccin
de modelos BIM de forma semiautomtica. Esto permite acometer mediciones precisas y globales en
tiempos muy competitivos, minimizar la subjetividad del operario en la construccin del modelo energtico,
e incrementar la calidad y fiabilidad de los anlisis energticos posteriores.
Palabras clave: Rehabilitacin de edificios, inspeccin energtica, BIM.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an integrated system for performing inspection and energy audit of buildings
accurately, quickly and efficiently. It has been developed under the project TERESE3 (Technologies for
rehabilitation and systems for energy efficient buildings), conducted by a consortium of private companies
and joint participation of the University of Vigo. The system is composed of hardware and software
components that allow to undertake the surveying, environmental and thermal measurement and
automated synchronously and dump the data into BIM (Building Information Modeling) models. The set
consists of the following elements: an indoor integrated mobile unit (IMU) and an outdoor integrated mobile
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unit with their respective external software control and processing of the raw data, and immersive
visualization software. Overall, the system allows the building survey data, the detection and localization of
thermal bridges and the construction of BIM models semi-automatically. This allows accurate and tackle
global measurements in highly competitive times, minimize operator subjectivity in the construction of the
energy model, and increase the quality and reliability of subsequent energy analysis.
Keywords: Building rehabilitation, Energy inspection, BIM.
1. INTRODUCCIN
Teniendo en cuenta la dependencia energtica de Espaa, los compromisos derivados de los
acuerdos de Kyoto, y la normativa comunitaria al respecto, resulta obvio que el futuro a corto y
medio plazo del sector de la construccin est ligado a la ejecucin de actuaciones de
rehabilitacin de edificaciones con criterios de mejora de la eficiencia energtica de las mismas. La
competitividad del sector vendr dada por su capacidad para proporcionar ahorros energticos
(en trminos de costes y emisiones) tales que justifiquen con claridad la inversin a realizar. Para
ello la eficacia de las medidas de rehabilitacin adoptadas debe estar garantizada, y esto requiere
diagnsticos consistentes fundamentados en tecnologas contrastadas y eficaces.
Hoy en da no existe un sistema integrado de levantamiento e inspeccin de edificios. La
construccin de los consiguientes modelos trmicos comienza con la trasposicin de los archivos
CAD. Cuando stos no estn disponibles o la edificacin ha sufrido reformas sustanciales es
preciso realizar el levantamiento topogrfico de la edificacin. En la actualidad estos se realizan
por tcnicas topogrficas tradicionales, realizndose de manera precisa, pero limitada y muy
simplificada por los elevados costes que comporta.
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1.1. Sistemas Indoor

Los sistemas de medicin dimensional basados en laser escner han sufrido un gran desarrollo
durante los ltimos aos. Los campos en los que ha mostrado un mayor despliegue son en la
industria de la construccin e ingeniera civil, conservacin de patrimonio, salud, aseguramiento
de la calidad e ingeniera inversa en los sectores automocin, naval y aeroespacial e incluso en
industrias como la del entretenimiento. Estos sistemas pueden ensamblarse a diferentes tipos de
vehculos. Existen actualmente sistemas de tipo experimental que permiten la obtencin de
modelos 3D de interiores, el denominado indoor mapping. A continuacin se pasa a describir los
tres prototipos existentes ms relevantes.
La Universidad de California Berkeley [9] ha creado un dispositivo que consiste en el montaje
de cuatro lseres escner 2D, dos cmaras, un sensor de orientacin y una sensor inercial en una
mochila, que se transporta por un operador humano. La empresa TRIMBLE acaba de desarrollar
un prototipo denominado TIMMS [15], orientado a la realizacin de modelos 3D de interiores. El
sistema muestra una productividad mucho ms elevada que la que se obtendra mediante un
sistema terrestre, pero la tecnologa utilizada muestra un alto coste que lo hace inaccesible para la
mayor parte de los usuarios potenciales que podra tener. Anlogamente, la empresa VIAMETRIS
lanz al mercado a principios de 2013 su prototipo I-MMS [16], que basa la generacin de
modelos tridimensionales en la informacin adquirida por tres lser escner 2D procesada por
potentes algoritmos de SLAM. Asimismo, el sistema est equipado con una cmara panormica
que le proporciona textura realista al modelo.
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1.2. Vehculos areos no tripulados (UAV)

Recientemente se estn integrando sistemas lser escner y cmaras en vehculos areos no
tripulados (UAV) por su menor coste en relacin con los sistemas aerotransportados y mayor
seguridad para sobrevolar reas urbanas. Se puede distinguir entre UAV controlados desde una
ubicacin remota y los que vuelan de forma autnoma sobre la base de planes de vuelo
preprogramados utilizando sistemas de control automtico.
Los UAV pueden funcionar sobre plataformas tipo avin o helicptero. Dentro de las
aplicaciones geomticas, los sistemas tipo avin son indicados para la obtencin de informacin
rpida de reas extensas con niveles bajos de detalle (cartografa urbana, agrimensura, etc.). Los
sistemas tipo helicptero o cuadricptero pueden obtener informacin de detalle en zonas
complicadas, pero de forma ms lenta. Estos equipos estaran indicados para obtener informacin
geomtrica de fachadas y cubiertas de edificios e incluso en ocasiones se emplean en interiores.
Los sistemas aerotransportados permiten adems integrar cmaras de tipo termogrfico.
Actualmente existen compaas de geoinformacin que realizan vuelos sobre ciudades con esta
tecnologa para evaluar la cantidad de calor que se pierde por tejados, si bien no existen sistemas
que combinen simultneamente informacin de tipo trmico y geomtrico, proveniente por
ejemplo de un lser escner.
1.3. Software de navegacin inmersiva

En los ltimos aos la navegacin virtual inmersiva se ha popularizado con la aparicin de
aplicaciones que permiten, a travs de fotos panormicas y mapas, realizar recorridos virtuales por
calles y carreteras dando la sensacin al usuario de estar inmerso en el entorno deseado. Las
imgenes se completan con otro tipo de informacin, como por ejemplo, el emplazamiento de
locales comerciales y negocios. Aunque la ms conocida de estas aplicaciones, y gratuita, es
Google Street View en su versin web en Google Maps y de aplicacin en Google Earth; muchas
otras empresas ofrecen servicios similares: Cyclomedia, MapJack, EveryScape, EarthMine o
Immersive Media.
1.4. BIM (Building Information Modeling)

La tecnologa BIM (Building Information Modeling) goza de una gran atencin dentro de las
actividades relativas a la arquitectura, ingeniera y contruccin. Se apunta como la herramienta de
estas actividades llamada a permitir la integracin de datos, interoperabilidad y colaboracin entre
los diferentes agentes implicados en el proceso constructivo [8]. Integra la informacin que atae
al edificio a lo largo de su ciclo de vida: desde el diseo, construccin y explotacin hasta su
mantenimiento y demolicin.
Desde un punto de vista tcnico, un BIM se apoya en un modelado paramtrico que permite
construir la arquitectura bsica de la construccin. sta se complementa con la informacin de
identidad, semntica, donde los componentes modelados son etiquetados con una categora
(paredes, cubierta, forjados, vigas, pilares). Los avances de software en materia de BIM giran en
torno a las primeras etapas del ciclo de vida del proyecto, su planificacin y diseo. De hecho los
principales software comerciales de aplicacin en arquitectura ofrecen herramientas BIM
(Autodesk, Bentley Systems, CYPE, etc.).
Las ventajas que entraa el empleo de esta tecnologa ha sido demostrada tanto en lo que se
refiere a reduccin de costes y errores en el proceso constructivo gracias a las herramientas de
visualizacin arquitectnica como a la mejora sustancial en la modelizacin energtica de los
edificios [4].
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Sin embargo, la creacin de BIM de edificaciones existentes no siempre es posible a partir de

los planos CAD de diseo, ya sea por ausencia de planos, porque los disponibles no se ajustan por
completo a la realidad construida o porque la construccin ha sufrido reformas a los largo de su
vida que no aparecen recogidas en ellos. La construccin de BIM de edificaciones construidas hoy
en da es abordable gracias a las tcnicas de medicin topogrfica por lser escner.
No obstante, hay barreras importantes por resolver [14] en lo que se refiere a la
automatizacin de la modelizacin, la resolucin automtica de huecos y oclusiones, el
reconocimiento semntico de las entidades constructivas bsicas, la inclusin de texturas parciales
en el modelo 3D, entre otras.
Debido a que los BIM son un concepto relativamente nuevo, no existe un software comercial
que soporte todo el proceso de creacin de modelos integrados de edificios existentes (as-built
BIM en ingls). De esta forma, los usuarios de los BIM se ven obligados en la actualidad a emplear
diferentes soluciones parciales para realizar el desarrollo completo de un BIM.
2. OBJETIVOS GENERALES DEL PROYECTO TERESE3

El objetivo general del proyecto es desarrollar una tecnologa automatizada, activa y
multidisciplinar de inspeccin, de auditora y evaluacin de la eficiencia energtica, capaz de
proponer soluciones energticas optimizadas econmica, energtica y/o ambientalmente para la
realizacin de rehabilitaciones energticas, de forma singular en edificios de elevado potencial de
ahorro. Con lo anteriormente expuesto, y mediante el desarrollo de las investigaciones
propuestas, el consorcio de empresas TERESE3 persigue alcanzar los siguientes objetivos
especficos:
Desarrollar tecnologas de medicin de datos geomtricos, semnticos, topogrficos y
energticos de la envolvente y la cubierta de los edificios, vlida tanto para interiores como para
exteriores.
Desarrollar algoritmos que permitan de forma precisa la determinacin de offset, as como
para la georreferenciacin de los datos de los dos sistemas.
Desarrollar la algoritmia necesaria para la fusin e integracin de datos, as como de
sistemas de procesamiento para la extraccin de caractersticas geomtricas de la envolvente, los
cerramientos, los espacios interiores, las instalaciones, etc.
Investigar y desarrollar modelos de simulacin energtica que permitan volcar los
modelos de informacin de edificios en sistemas de simulacin energtica y construir un modelo
trmico inicial del edificio en estudio.
Evaluar soluciones constructivas de mejora de envolvente edificatoria para la optimizacin
del aislamiento energtico del edificio.
Desarrollar metodologas para la sustitucin de instalaciones trmicas con criterios de
integracin arquitectnica, empleo de energas alternativas y optimizacin de consumos y
emisiones.
Dentro estos objetivos, el presente artculo en lo sucesivo slo se referir al desarrollo de las
siguientes actividades:
Unidad Mvil Integrada (UMI) de interiores, que consiste en una estructura mvil
soportada sobre tres ruedas en la que se han integrado sensores lser, ambientales, cmara
termogrfica y fotogrfica.
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Unidad Mvil Integrada (UMI) de exteriores, donde los sensores de medicin estn
instalados a bordo de un micro-UAV (vehculo areo no tripulado).
Software de navegacin inmersiva y exportacin BIM, que toma los datos tomados en la
adquisicin de la UMI de interiores y los visualiza de manera que es posible realizar un viaje virtual
a travs del interior del edificio muestreado y donde se ir visualizando todas las informaciones
tomadas por los sensores. Adems, existe la posibilidad de volcar estos datos a modelos BIM
(Building Information Model) para su posterior tratamiento en otros software de evaluacin y
simulacin energtica.
3. UMI DE INTERIORES
La unidad mvil integrada de interiores nace con el objetivo de satisfacer la necesidad de
adquirir de manera simultnea, automtica, sincronizada, relacionada y autnoma los diversos
datos que son necesarios para realizar una inspeccin energtica en un edificio, pudiendo
desempear estas tareas en tiempos y costes reducidos y con gran calidad metrolgica. Existen en
el mercado diversos dispositivos y sensores capaces de tomar todos estos datos sin embargo todos
ellos, aunque de calidad, son independientes y aislados y por lo tanto devuelven sus medidas sin
que el usuario pueda relacionar unas con otras ni en tiempo ni en espacio. Dichos datos relativos
al entorno del interior del edificio son: informacin geomtrica tridimensional, niveles de
iluminacin, temperatura y humedad; termografas y fotografas.
Las dimensiones geomtricas de los edificios son necesarias para tener un registro con
informacin real de las dimensiones finales de los mismos, permitiendo comprobar la calidad de la
ejecucin y el cumplimiento de tolerancias. Tambin se usan para generar modelos geomtricos
que sirvan de soporte para los modelos de informacin de edificios, clculo de volmenes para
simulacin de rendimiento energtico, etc.
Los niveles de iluminacin, temperatura y humedad sirven para comprobar el cumplimiento
conforme a la legislacin vigente en lo concerniente a las condiciones de salubridad, confort y
seguridad para el uso al que ha sido destinado el edificio a evaluar.
La termografa tiene por objetivo tomar muestras de temperatura sin necesidad de contacto
fsico y permite evaluar el estado de los elementos captados. Esta informacin se guarda en
formato imagen con una escala de colores que representa el valor de temperatura. De esta
manera es posible detectar defectos constructivos como infiltraciones de aire, puentes trmicos y
zonas con humedades.
La fotografa puede usarse para realizar inspecciones visuales ex situ sobre el estado del
entorno y para mejorar la visualizacin y comprensin de la nube de puntos generada por la
adquisicin geomtrica.
3.1. Descripcin del sistema y sus componentes

La UMI de interiores se compone principalmente de un contenedor situado sobre tres ruedas
del que sobresalen unos soportes desplegables donde van sujetos todos los dispositivos
necesarios para realizar la tarea. El diseo presenta dos configuraciones: una de trabajo (Figura
1a) y otra de transporte (Figura 1b). En la configuracin de transporte todos los dispositivos van
recogidos dentro de la estructura y cerrados por una tapa con el objetivo de evitar de posibles
daos y colisiones ocasionados durante el traslado. En la configuracin de trabajo, las partes
movibles se despliegan poniendo cada sensor en una posicin adecuada para realizar su medicin.
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(a) Configuracin de trabajo
(a) Configuracin de transporte
Figura 1: UMI de interiores
El contenedor encierra dentro del mismo a la CPU de control del sistema, los diversos
dispositivos de conectividad con los sensores (hub y router Ethernet) y la batera que alimenta a
todo el conjunto.
Bajo el contenedor se sita una estructura donde estn las tres ruedas: dos traseras y una
delantera loca. Las dos ruedas traseras son de mayor tamao y giran sobre dos ejes
independientes pero coaxiales con dos ruedas dentadas acopladas. Dos sensores magnticos
situados en el interior del contenedor miden el avance de los dientes y la seal de pulsos que
genera puede ser usada en la odometra.
La configuracin, control y visualizacin de la adquisicin se muestran a travs de la pantalla
tctil que est situada en frente del operario que est usando el sistema.
Los soportes que sujetan la pantalla, los lseres y las cmaras estn formados por piezas que
son independientes de la estructura general del carro. Por lo tanto son fcilmente sustituibles en
caso de ampliar los sistemas de adquisicin o cambiar los presentes por otro modelo o tecnologa
que impliquen modificaciones en el sistema de anclaje. De esta manera se puede considerar a este
sistema como modular.
3.1.1. Sensores y cmaras

Los escners lser son dos Hokuyo UTM-30LX/LN, este modelo posee un ngulo de medida de
270, una resolucin angular de 0.25 y una distancia mxima de medida de 30 m. Estn colocados
en la parte frontal del carro de forma que uno es perpendicular y otro paralelo a la direccin de
avance del sistema. El primero se usa para obtener el modelo en tres dimensiones del edificio
mientras que el segundo es usado para medir distancias y calcular el recorrido del carro. En una
configuracin ms completa se pueden aadir otros dos lseres ms en los laterales en posiciones
oblicuas para una mejor adquisicin de la geometra del entorno.
Para medir las condiciones ambientales y de confort del entorno iluminacin, temperatura y
humedad se usa un luxmetro y un termohigrmetroque estn localizados en la parte superior del
contenedor.
Del interior del contenedor emerge un tubo telescpico que eleva un soporte en su extremo
donde se posicionan las cmaras para tomar fotografas y termografas. La cmara termogrfica,
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una Gobi-640, se instalada sobre una rtula que permite orientarse libremente para obtener la
captura deseada. Sobre ella se sita un sistema de cmaras RGB 360 Ladybug 3 que captura en
una sola fotografa todo el entorno. Paralelamente a la subida del tubo telescpico se sita un
portacables flexible por el que pasan los cables de las cmaras de manera ordenada.
3.2. Mapeado de interiores

En este apartado se explica cmo se realiza la configuracin del software de adquisicin (Figura
2) y cmo funcionan los distintos procesos de captura de datos para realizar la inspeccin de
interiores.
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Figura 2: Software de adquisicin
Cada vez que se quiera realizar una inspeccin con la UMI, es necesario seleccionar o crear un
proyecto con el que trabajar. Este a su vez tendr una o varias adquisiciones, a las que el usuario
da nombre y selecciona qu tipo de informacin quiere capturar (nubes de puntos, fotografas,
termografas, datos ambientales, etc.). Cada adquisicin puede tener varias subadquisiciones, que
sern creadas automticamente por el software cada vez que se realice un escaneo.
Antes de proceder con la inspeccin del entorno, es necesario conocer el lugar exacto en el que
se encuentra la UMI. Para ello hay que posicionar al escner en paralelo con la direccin de avance
y tomar medidas en esta posicin para realizar un pequeo mapa 2D mediante tcnicas SLAM
(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping).
Una vez la UMI conoce su posicin, el usuario est en disposicin de comenzar la adquisicin
de los datos que automticamente el software guarda en distintos ficheros. En uno se almacenan
los datos de posicionamiento de la UMI obtenidos a travs del mapa 2D asociados al tiempo UNIX.
En otro fichero residen los valores de distancias obtenidos por el escner situado de forma
perpendicular al avance. Los datos de cada barrido del escner incluyen la distancia a cada punto y
el tiempo UNIX en ms en que fue realizado.
Mientras se almacenan los datos, el usuario tiene la opcin de seleccionar manualmente un
punto del mapa a travs de la ventana de visualizacin. La posicin de cada punto seleccionado se
almacena en un fichero junto con la informacin semntica que el usuario quiera asociar.
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3.3. Captura de condiciones ambientales, termografa y fotografa

En este apartado se detalla el funcionamiento de los distintos sensores y cmaras que
componen la UMI de interiores.
Antes de empezar cada una de las adquisiciones, el usuario debe elegir qu sensores o cmaras
quiere utilizar en dicha adquisicin y cada cuanto quiere que se realice una captura de los datos. El
sistema de control enva una seal cada vez que el sistema recorre o gira la distancia o grados
determinados anteriormente en la configuracin. Tambin es posible generar esta seal
manualmente para asegurarse de tener informacin en un punto concreto del entorno que se est
escaneando. Las seales son recibidas por sus respectivos programas que controlan cada sensor y
capturan sus valores o toman fotografas.
3.3.1. Captura de termografas

La cmara termogrfica Gobi-640 es la encargada de recoger la informacin de temperatura del
entorno y procesarla para mostrarla en un formato imagen. Cada vez que la cmara recibe la seal
del programa principal, se realiza una captura que originalmente es almacenada en un archivo
binario ilegible para un ser humano. El mismo programa de control de la cmara se encarga de
convertir la informacin binaria a un archivo de imagen PNG tanto en escala de grises como en
falso color. Esta ltima imagen en color es visualizada en la pantalla.
Este programa, a su vez, genera un log que actualiza en cada termografa y en el que almacena
la ruta donde est almacenada junto con el tiempo UNIX del momento de la captura.
3.3.2. Captura de fotografas

Las fotografas sirven para poder realizar inspecciones visuales ex situ del entorno previamente
escaneado. Para realizar estas fotografas se instala un sistema de cmaras Ladybug 3 que es capaz
de tomar varias fotografas desde el mismo punto y luego realizar un panorama empleando todas
ellas de manera que el resultado es una nica imagen de 360.
El funcionamiento del programa que controla esta cmara es similar al del programa de
termografas. Cada vez que se recibe la seal del programa principal se disparan las cmaras y se
forma el panorama 360. Esta imagen se almacena y el log que contiene las rutas de todas las
fotografas con su tiempo UNIX se actualiza.
3.3.3. Captura de condiciones ambientales

Como se ha descrito anteriormente, una serie de sensores han sido instalados en la UMI de
interiores para poder capturar las condiciones de seguridad y salud. Dichos sensores son YoctoMeteo y Yocto-Light, capaces de medir temperatura, humedad, presin (dato no usado en este
proyecto) y nivel de luz. El programa que controla a los sensores recibe la seal de captura (la
misma que en los casos anteriores). En el momento que esta seal llega se guardan los datos de
los sensores de ese instante, junto con el tiempo UNIX en ms, en un log que contiene todos los
valores tomados durante esa adquisicin.
3.4. Postprocesado
Despus de la adquisicin de los datos es necesario realizar un procesado de estos datos para
poder relaccionarlos entre s.
Los datos de los sensores y cmaras que estn disponibles, junto con la posicin de la UMI en
el momento de la captura, se combinan para generar un nico log con toda esta informacin
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ordenada temporalmente. Es posible realizar esta fusin de los datos gracias a que todos ellos
contienen su tiempo UNIX. Este log resultado es posteriormente ledo por el software de
visualizacin inmersiva TERESE3Viewer.
Con los archivos almacenados que contienen datos en formato nube de puntos (las posiciones
de la UMI, los barridos del escner vertical, los puntos seleccionados por el usuario, etc.) se puede
realizar el posprocesado en el que se fusionan estos datos, obteniendo una nube de puntos
resultado. Esto se puede realizar gracias a que todos los datos estn asociados con el tiempo UNIX
en que fueron adquiridos, as mediante una serie de clculos asistidos por la librera MRPT [10] se
calcula la posicin de cada punto respecto a la posicin del escner en el momento en que fueron
adquiridos y se genera la nube.
La configuracin del posproceso permite seleccionar con qu archivos se quiere trabajar y qu
tipo de nubes generar. As se puede obtener una reconstruccin geomtrica con todos los datos
adquiridos, una nube donde slo se incluya la ruta seguida por la UMI, una que nicamente
muestre los puntos marcados por el usuario, o una que slo incorpore la reconstruccin 3D del
entorno.
Otras opciones que se incluyen en este postprocesado son:
Dibujar en las posiciones sealadas por el usuario durante la adquisicin un asterisco y un

nmero que indica el orden en el que fueron marcadas.
Realizar un filtrado por altura de la nube de puntos seleccionando una altura mnima y otra
mxima que marcarn el rango de los puntos contendr la nube resultado.
Proyectar todos los puntos a una altura determinada.
Seleccionar el formato de salida de los archivos, TXT o PLY.
3.5. Resultados
En este apartado se exponen los resultados de uno de los tests hechos con la UMI de interiores
en una nave industrial propiedad de Dielectro Industrial en Arteixo, A Corua. Se trata de una nave
industrial de planta rectangular de aproximadamente 9.116 m2.
La nube de puntos que gener la UMI de interiores tras la inspeccin (Figura 3) se ha
comparado con la nube de puntos generada por un escner terrestre RIEGL Z390I. Adems de una
comparacin geomtrica, se han medido los tiempos de adquisicin y procesado de cada una de
las nubes estudiadas.
Figura 3: Nube de puntos obtenida con la UMI de interiores
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La Tabla 1 compara algunas medidas tomadas con la UMI y el escaner terrestre. Los tiempos de
escaneo fueron 10 y 120 minutos respectivamente. Tomando como referencia la nube
proporcionada por el escaner terrestre se puede observar que puede haber diferencias
geomtricas de entorno al 1% pero los tiempos de produccin de una nube de varios millones de
puntos, se ven reducidos enormemente con la UMI de interiores respecto a mtodos ms
tradicionales como es el de uso de escneres fijos.
Tabla 1: Comparativo de las nubes de puntos de la UMI de interiores y el escner terrestre
MEDIDAS
Largo Nave
Ancho Nave
Espacio columnas (1)
Espacio columnas (2)
Pasillo
Ancho Estanteras
MEDIA
UMI (m)
106,800
86,300
26,413
13,934
3,521
2,369
RIEGL (m)
106,200
85,600
26,374
14,016
3,529
2,344
Diferencia (m)
0,600
0,700
0,039
0,082
0,008
0,025
0,242
Relacin (%)
0,565
0,818
0,148
0,585
0,227
1,067
0,568
4. UMI DE EXTERIORES
La unidad mvil de exteriores pretende abordar las tareas de escaneo y toma de termografas
en fachadas y cubiertas de edificios. Hasta ahora los sistemas de escaneo y termogrficos han sido
capaces de realizar sus tareas en fachadas sin mayor dificultad. Sin embargo, dada la dificultad de
acceder a las cubiertas las adquisiciones carecan de datos en estas zonas. En la actualidad las
termografas por satlite y adquisiciones tomadas desde aeroplano son las tecnologas ms usadas
para obtener datos de temperatura desde un punto de vista cenital de grandes reas. En ambos
casos, la resolucin de la imagen resultado no suele ser lo suficientemente alta como para que se
puedan discernir detalles en los edificios, ya que para las aplicaciones en las que se usan, como
estrs trmico en entornos urbanos y estudios trmicos en mapeo de islas; no es necesario.
Con la aparicin de UAVs de bajo coste, distintos grupos de investigacin [5] [11] han
empezado a usar esta tecnologa en fotogrametra area para generar nubes de puntos y DTM
(Digital Terrain Models) de las imgenes adquiridas en reas de tamao intermedio.
Para los casos de estudio que este proyecto pretende alcanzar, la obtencin de termografas y
nubes de puntos en tres dimensiones de edificios, vecindarios de tamao mediano, pueblos o
distritos urbanos; es obtener y generar un modelo geomtrico [12] y termogrfico [6] para la
identificacin de los distintos tipos de usos del suelo, especialmente de edificios, su clasificacin
energtica y la localizacin de posibles fugas de calor.
4.1. Descripcin del sistema y sus componentes

La plataforma que se ha elegido para abordar este propsito es un vehculo de ocho rotores
modelo OktoXL de HiSystems GmbH (Figura 4). Sus caractersticas como su gran capacidad de
carga (hasta 2 kg.), su robustez frente a posibles fallos en los motores, su facilidad de maniobra y
teleoperacin en situaciones exteriores complicadas y su bajo precio; se han considerado
preferentes respecto a otros modelos similares del mercado. Est formado por una estructura de
aluminio de tubos de perfil cuadrado y diversas plataformas de fibra de carbono que son
impulsadas mediante ocho motores brushless con capacidad de giro a izquierdas y derechas.
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Figura 4: UMI de exteriores
El lser escner Hokuyo UTM-30LX ha sido seleccionado para la generacin de nubes de puntos
en 3D y se ha instalado en el UAV a travs de una estructura de aluminio especialmente diseada
para este propsito (Figura 5). Adems se ha incorporado una unidad inercial que provee la
orientacin y posicin del vehculo. Las precisiones de cabeceo (pitch) y alabeo (roll) son 0.1; y
0.5 para la guiada (yaw); en cambio la precisin en la posicin es muy baja, en torno a los 2.5
metros. Por esta razn, la posicin es dada por un receptor GNSS Trimble BD920 que trabaja en
modo RTK alcanzando precisiones de 0.008 metros en coordenadas horizontales y 0.015 metros
verticales, usando satlites de las redes GPS y GLONASS.
Aunque la capacidad de carga del vehculo es elevada supone un factor de restriccin a la hora
de elegir los componentes a instalar a bordo. En el caso de la cmara termogrfica, ha sido
conveniente alcanzar un compromiso entre el peso y resolucin de la imagen. Finalmente se ha
optado por el modelo Gobi-384 que posee una resolucin de 384x288 a 50 fps, velocidad
suficientemente elevada como para no limitar la velocidad mxima de vuelo del UAV.
Figura 5: UMI de exteriores con Gobi-384
Todo el sistema de control y los sensores se alimentan a travs de una batera LiPo 4S 2200
mAh y 14.8 V con un regulador de tensin independiente de la alimentacin del sistema UAV.
La captura de datos se realiza a travs de una placa Advantech PCM-9363 con procesador Atom
D525, conectores USB para la IMU y el lser, conexin Ethernet para el GPS, un conector SATA para
un disco duro de estado slido donde se guardan los datos y un dispositivo USB wireless para
comunicaciones.
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Para manejar el sistema de adquisicin en tiempo real se usa un ordenador porttil en tierra
que est conectado a travs del dispositivo wireless al sistema de escaneo mediante el protocolo
802.11 en la banda de frecuencia 2.4 GHz.
4.2. Mapeado de exteriores

En funcin de los datos que se quieran adquirir es posible obtener una nube de puntos desde
una posicin cenital (capturando slo suelos y techos) o bien una adquisicin del edificio completo
(suelo, techo y fachadas).
En el primer caso el UAV debe volar perpendicularmente a la fachada principal siendo la
direccin de la trayectoria coincidente con la profundidad del edificio. En el segundo caso es
necesario volar a una altura ms baja y a cierta distancia de la fachada para poder detectar la
geometra lateral del edificio.
Los datos son sincronizados mediante hardware, as en cada escaneo el lser tiene las medidas
de posicin y orientacin. La unidad inercial calcula la trayectoria mediante el filtro de Kalman que
tiene implementado internamente. Como el GPS proporciona la posicin cada segundo, es usada
para corregir la deriva de la trayectoria calculada aadiendo el dato GPS al filtro de Kalman. Una
vez la trayectoria es calculada, en cada escaneo 2D del lser las medidas se posicionan
correctamente teniendo en cuenta la sincronizacin en cada instante.
4.3. Captura de termografas

El primer paso es la creacin de un mosaico de termografas del rea de estudio. El mosaico se
genera con Matlab y una ortofotografa de soporte con una seleccin de aquellas imgenes que
presenten un solapamiento de al menos un 10% entre termografas adyacentes. En las imgenes
que hayan sido seleccionadas, antes del procesado, es necesario corregir la distorsin ocasionada
por el sensor a travs de clculos de calibracin geomtrica en la lente de la cmara [7].
El registro de las imgenes se realiza para cada termografa marcando una serie de puntos de
control entre las termografas y la ortofotografa del rea seleccionada. Despus del registro, los
efectos de perspectiva que aparecen en las fotos originales se corrigen y las imgenes registradas
consiguen tener la misma resolucin que la ortofotografa.
Una vez las termografas han sido registradas se juntan en el mismo mosaico donde se muestra
todo el rea sobrevolada. El valor de los pxeles de las zonas donde hay superposicin de imgenes
se calculan especficamente para difuminar las uniones.
El resultado final puede ser importado desde otros software de mapeado como el ArcGis y
puede ser directamente importado y georeferenciado antes de ser usado para texturizar un DTM
convencional. Es ms, puede fusionarse con una ortofotografa de ese mismo rea para obtener
tanto informacin visual y termogrfica en un contexto espacial determinado.
4.4. Resultados
En esta Subseccin se muestran los resultados de los test hechos en campo de las tecnologas
desarrolladas con la UMI de exteriores.
4.4.1. Nube de puntos

La densidad de la nube de puntos depende de la velocidad del UAV. En este caso de estudio
[12], la velocidad de vuelo se estableci en los 2 m/s por lo tanto el escaneado 3D se realiz cada 5
cm. En la Figura 6 se muestra una de las nubes de puntos generadas.
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Figura 6: Nube de puntos capturada con la UMI de exteriores. Escaneo completo (tejado + fachadas)
En la evaluacin de los resultados, la nube de puntos que proporcion la UMI de exteriores se

ha comparado con la nube de puntos generada mediante un escner terrestre FARO Focus 3D
X330 cuya precisin es de 2 mm. Se toman valores de referencia de la nube de puntos del lser
terrestre y se comparan con los valores generados por el UAV. Esta comparacin puede verse en la
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia..
Tabla 2: Comparativo de las nubes de puntos del UAV
Medias
Alto
Ancho
Fondo
rea
Vol.
Ref.
5.3
9.0
6.8
61.2
324.36
Cenital
5.8
9.5
7.7
73.2
424.27
Completa
5.2
10.8
7.0
75.6
393.12
Estos resultados muestran la gran desviacin de los dos mtodos con respecto a la nube de
puntos de referencia.
4.4.2. DTM
En el test que aqu se presenta [6], la generacin de DTMs ha permitido detectar cuatro
edificios en el rea sobrevolada (Figura 7), junto con un parking y una zona rural con distintos
tipos de vegetacin: las zonas ms calientes (en amarillo) corresponden a vegetacin baja como
hierba, mientras que las zonas ms fras (en verde y azul) se corresponden con vegetacin ms alta
desde arbustos hasta rboles.
Dado que el terreno presenta diferentes temperaturas en funcin de su uso, se realiza una
clasificacin de pxeles en el DTM termogrfico para el clculo del rea destinada a cada uso. Esta
segmentacin por pxeles se basa en la conversin de la imagen del espacio de color RGB al
espacio de color XYZ [2]. En este caso de estudio, se han seleccionado tres grupos diferentes:
edificios, vegetacin baja y vegetacin alta; como se observa en la Figura 8. Despus de eso, los
pxeles que han sido incorrectamente clasificados se eliminan de cada cluster usando un valor de
umbral por color; este paso es particularmente importante en el caso de la vegetacin baja ya que
incluye pxeles correspondientes a caminos destinados a vehculos.
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Figura 7: rea sobrevolada para la toma de termografas con la trayectoria del UAV superpuesta
(a) Edificios
(b) Vegetacin baja
(c) Vegetacin alta
Figura 8: Distintas regiones obtenidas despus de la conversin del DTM termogrfico al espacio de color
XYZ
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Conocido el valor del tamao de pxel del DTM (25 cm/px) y el nmero de pxeles de cada zona
de uso, se calcula el rea dedicada: ocupacin de cubiertas de metal 4650 m2 y 100 m2 para
cubiertas no metlicas. Con estos valores y conociendo sus temperaturas dadas por las
termografas, el material de la cubierta puede distinguirse y la cantidad de prdidas de calor a
travs de las cubiertas podra ser calculado.
En cuanto al entorno, se ha seguido el mismo procedimiento que con los edificios. Valores de
8050 m2 y 13240 m2 se obtuvieron para las reas destinadas a vegetacin alta y baja
respectivamente.
5. SOFTWARE DE VISUALIZACIN INMERSIVA

Tras la toma y procesado de datos por parte de la UMI de interiores es necesario poder
visualizarlos ordenadamente fuera de este sistema haciendo posible realizar inspecciones ex situ.
Para ello se ha desarrollado un programa en Windows, denominado TERESE3Viewer, capaz de
cargar los datos de entrada generados por la UMI y los muestra por pantalla (Figura 9). En dicha
pantalla se muestran: el rbol jerrquico con la estructura del proyecto cargado y, de existir, los
siguientes datos: la imagen tomada por Ladybug, la imagen termogrfica, la nube de puntos del
entorno, los datos de los sensores ambientales y un pequeo mapa donde se puede visualizar la
posicin virtual de la UMI en un plano en 2D.
En este programa se puede ir avanzando o retrocediendo la posicin virtual del carro siguiendo
la misma trayectoria que durante la adquisicin para visualizar los datos en cada punto. Tambin
existe la opcin del avance automtico.
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Figura 9: Programa de visualizacin inmersiva TERESE3Viewer
Una importante opcin (Figura 10), una vez se haya seleccionado una adquisicin con nube de
puntos asociada, es generar un archivo BIM con el modelo de esa nube de puntos. Los detalles del
algoritmo que genera el modelo BIM se presentan a continuacin.
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Figura 10: Asistente de exportacin BIM
5.1. Algoritmos de exportacin a formatos BIM

El formato BIM ms conveniente que sirva de input para un software de simulacin energtica
de un edificio es el llamado Green Building XML (gbXML) [3]. Es un formato de cdigo abierto cuyo
propsito es servir de puente entre los modelos de construccin de informacin CAD y las diversas
herramientas y modelos de anlisis de ingeniera. Est financiado por el Departamento de Energa
de EE.UU., Autodesk, Bentley y Carmel Software.
Un modelo en formato gbXML debe contener no slo la informacin geomtrica del edificio,
sino tambin informacin topolgica o de identidad y semntica o descriptiva de los elementos
constructivos que lo componen. Dicha informacin no es adquirible por sistemas de percepcin
convencionales. Para solventar este problema se ha propuesto, como paso previo a la generacin
de un modelo basado en gbXML, generar un modelo en el formato Autodesk DXF [1] que no porta
informacin semntica y es fcilmente convertible a gbXML una vez se conozca esa informacin
semntica. Adems resulta fcil generar un modelo DXF a partir de la informacin que se obtiene
a partir de las distintas UMIs y en concreto de las nubes de puntos.
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La nube de puntos de entrada es procesada a travs de una librera que se ha desarrollado para
tal fin y que se ha integrado dentro del software TERESE3Viewer anteriormente descrito. Esta
librera trabaja con funciones integradas en la librera Point Cloud Library (PCL) [13] y otras, que
dan como resultado la informacin que luego es escrita en formato DXF. Primero se carga la nube
de puntos que se quiere procesar y se realiza un clculo de normales en cada punto considerando
un nmero limitado de puntos vecinos. Una vez se tienen las normales para cada punto, se
agrupan aquellos puntos que estn prximos entre s y cuyas normales tengan un ngulo similar.
Estos grupos de puntos se denominan regiones y se calcula la ecuacin del plano que mejor
aproxima la contencin de esos puntos. Una vez se tienen las ecuaciones de los planos se
intersecan entre s de tres en tres para determinar los puntos singulares que caracterizan al
edificio. Aunque no es un requisito indispensable del formato DXF pero en cambio s lo es de
gbXML, los puntos singulares pertenecientes a la misma pared deben estar ordenados en sentido
antihorario empezando por el punto de la esquina inferior izquierda. Una vez hechas estas
operaciones se genera un archivo DXF con el modelo del edificio.
6. AGRADECIMIENTOS
Los autores agradecen al Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnolgico Industrial (CDTI) la financiacin
concedida a travs de los fondos FEDER (proyecto ITC-20133033).
7. REFERENCIAS
[1] Autodesk. Autocad 2006 dxf reference. http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/dxf_format.pdf.
[2] Colorimetry, C. Publication no. 15.2. Bureau Central De la CIE, Vienna (1986).
[3] gbxml. Green building xml. http://www.gbxml.org/.
[4] GSA, U. Gsa bim guide for 3d imaging. US General Services Administration, Washington, DC (2009).
[5] Haala, N., Cramer, M., Weimer, F., and Trittler, M. Performance test on uav-based photogrammetric
data collection. Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing
and Spatial Information Sciences 38, 1 (2011), C22.
[6] Lagela, S., Daz-Vilario, L., Roca, D., and Armesto, J. Aerial thermography from low-cost uav for the
generation of thermographic digital terrain models. AITA Abstract Book Torino (Italy) (2013), 7780.
[7] Lagela, S., Gonzlez-Jorge, H., Armesto, J., and Herrez, J. High performance grid for the metric
calibration of thermographic cameras. Measurement Science and Technology 23, 1 (2012), 015402.
[8] Lee, G., Sacks, R., and Eastman, C. M. Specifying parametric building object behavior (bob) for a building
information modeling system. Automation in construction 15, 6 (2006), 758776.
[9] Liu, T., Carlberg, M., Chen, G., Chen, J., Kua, J., and Zakhor, A. Indoor localization and visualization using
a human-operated backpack system. In Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), 2010
International Conference on (Sept 2010), pp. 110.
[10] MRPT. Mobile robot programming toolkit. http://www.mrpt.org/.
[11] Neitzel, F., and Klonowski, J. Mobile 3d mapping with a low-cost uav system. Int. Arch. Photogramm.
Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci 38 (2011), 16.
[12] Roca, D., Armesto, J., Lagela, S., and Daz-Vilario, L. Lidar-equipped uav for building information
modelling. ISPRS-International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences 1 (2014), 523527.
[13] Rusu, R. B., and Cousins, S. 3d is here: Point cloud library (pcl). In Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011
IEEE International Conference on (2011), IEEE, pp. 14.
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[14] Tang, P., Huber, D., Akinci, B., Lipman, R., and Lytle, A. Automatic reconstruction of as-built building
information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques. Automation in
construction 19, 7 (2010), 829843.
[15] TRIMBLE. Timms. http://www.applanix.com/solutions/land/timms.html.
[16] VIAMETRIS. I-mms. http://viametris.fr/Produits_IMMS.php.
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CONSECUENCIAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y ENERGTICAS DE UNA

MALA PRCTICA. ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS / Energy
and constructive consequences of a bad practice. Skinned
architectures
DE LUXN GARCA DE DIEGO, M.; GMEZ MUOZ, G.; BARBERO BARRERA, M.; ROMN
LPEZ, E.
DE LUXN GARCA DE DIEGO, M.: Dra. Arquitecta, GIAU+S, UPM. Madrid - Espaa. mrgluxan@telefonica.net
GMEZ MUOZ, G.: Dra. Arquitecta. cc60 Estudio de Arquitectura. Madrid - Espaa. glogomu@cc60.com
BARBERO BARRERA, M.: Dra. Arquitecta, GIAU+S, UPM. Madrid - Espaa. mmbarberob@yahoo.es
ROMN LPEZ, E.: Arquitecta, cc60 Estudio de Arquitectura. Madrid - Espaa. emiliaroman@cc60.com
RESUMEN
La eliminacin de revocos y encalados exteriores en edificaciones histricas, restauradas o rehabilitadas,
para dejar a la vista los materiales constructivos que constituyen el soporte de los muros es una prctica
esttica muy extendida en las ltimas dcadas, a pesar de ser sumamente agresiva, tanto desde el punto de
vista constructivo como desde el comportamiento energtico de las edificaciones.
Esta mala prctica, de desollar los edificios, ocasiona diferentes problemas segn se realice en climas
distintos: fros y secos, hmedos, o clidos. En todos los casos estudiados tiene un impacto negativo en el
comportamiento de los muros de cerramiento.
Como consecuencia de esta circunstancia, aparecen expuestos a la intemperie elementos que
inicialmente no fueron concebidos para tal situacin. Es el caso de los muros de piedra con aparejos de baja
calidad y tomados con morteros pobres y permeables o entramados de madera con rellenos de tierra sin
cocer. Con esta intervencin, la durabilidad del esqueleto de la construccin se ve gravemente mermada por
la presencia de nuevos procesos patolgicos, como filtraciones de agua, roturas por saltos trmicos, mayor
heladicidad en el interior del muro, al tiempo que se aumentan las exigencias de mantenimiento y
conservacin.
Dichas actuaciones desvirtan y alteran la imagen de las edificaciones, y la de su entorno urbano, por la
pretensin de una esttica de actualidad que realmente lo que demuestra es el desconocimiento e
incultura histrica de los agentes que intervienen, as como tambin una notable falta de sensibilidad.
Asimismo, desde el punto de vista energtico, esta prctica tambin ocasiona distintos problemas, que
varan en funcin del clima pero que, en cualquier caso, resultan igualmente negativas. Por ejemplo, en
zonas calientes los colores oscuros del soporte producen intensos sobrecalentamientos en condiciones de
verano. A ello se le aade la prdida del aislamiento que los revestimientos proporcionaban en invierno, as
como de la capacidad de aprovechamiento de la inercia trmica, tanto para condiciones de invierno como
para verano.
En la presente comunicacin se analizan y exponen diversos casos que, extendidos en la geografa
espaola, ponen en evidencia la necesidad de difundir las consecuencias y proponer acciones que impidan
dichas actuaciones, al tiempo que se conciencia a propietarios y tcnicos de sus riesgos, tanto a nivel de
conservacin y mantenimiento de las edificaciones como de su uso, en trminos funcionales y energticos.
Palabras clave: Rehabilitacin, restauracin, construccin histrica y tradicional, energa
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ABSTRACT
In the last decades, the elimination of renders and whitewashes in historical constructions, in restoration
or refurbishment, is a common practice in order to show off the support. This practice, however, is extremely
aggressive not only from a constructive point of view but also from the energy conservation of the buildings.
This wrong custom of skinning the buildings causes different problems depending on the type of climate:
cold and dry, wet or hot. In all the analyzed cases has a negative impact in the performance of the walls.
Firstly, as consequence, the support is exposed to the atmosphere when it was not initially built for that.
For instance, stone masonries with low quality bonds and poor and permeable mortars or wooden
framework filled with earthen materials. In both cases, the support durability is seriously damaged due to
the new pathological processes such as water filtration, thermal stresses and the presence of cracks, freeze
and thaw cycles or so on. Hence, this practice provokes an increase of the demands of conservation and
maintenance.
Secondly, a modification and distortion of the city or village environment as well as their landscape is
generated due to an ambition of cool aesthetic. It shows the lack of awareness and historical ignorance by
the agents that take part in the intervention and also a notable lack of sensibility
Thirdly, from an energetical point of view, these practices provoke different problems depending on the
climate, all of them, in a negative sense. For instance, in the hot areas, the use of dark supports entails
strong overheating in summertime. Furthermore, a lack of insulation is appreciated in wintertime as well as
the capacity of using the thermal inertia in both conditions: summer and winter.
In this paper, different cases of the Spanish geography are analyzed and exposed. They show the
importance of diffuse the consequence of this practice and the necessity of propose actions that prevent this
type of intervention. In addition, it is essential to make the owners and technicians to be aware of the risks in
terms of conservation and maintenance of the buildings as well as their use from a functional and
energetical point of view.
Key words: Refurbishment, Restoration, Traditional and historical construction, Energy.
1. ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS: UNA MALA PRCTICA EN LA RESTAURACIN DE

EDIFICACIONES HISTRICAS Y TRADICIONALES
Desde hace algunos aos es habitual encontrar en toda la geografa espaola edificios
restaurados y rehabilitados en cascos histricos o centros urbanos en los que se han eliminado el
mortero exterior, dejando a la vista el material de soporte del muro: piedra, ladrillo o entramado.
Un estudio de las consecuencias de esta prctica nos ha conducido a concluir que es una
intervencin sumamente agresiva, tanto desde el punto de vista constructivo como desde el
comportamiento energtico de los edificios. La intervencin en cualquier edificacin requiere de
una visin integral o arquitectnica como han denominado algunos autores [1].
Hemos denominado esta mala prctica como desollar los edificios, que ocasiona diversos
problemas segn se realice en diferentes tipos de muros y en climas distintos: fros y secos,
hmedos, o clidos. El denominador comn es que en todos los casos estudiados esta accin
tiene un impacto negativo en el comportamiento de los muros de cerramiento ya que, como
consecuencia de esta accin, aparecen expuestos a la intemperie elementos que inicialmente no
estaban previstos para tal situacin, modificando de forma importante las condiciones en las que
fueron construidas las edificaciones en su origen.
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2. IMPACTO ESTTICO Y COMPOSITIVO DE LA ELIMINACIN DE LOS MORTEROS

EXTERIORES EN LOS MUROS TRADICIONALES
Una de las consecuencias ms visibles de esta mala prctica de restauracin de muros es la
modificacin de las condiciones estticas y visuales que se producen en todas las escalas, desde
las ms prximas, como en los espacios interiores, hasta en las ms amplias, como las urbanas y
paisajsticas.
El resultado es confundir lo antiguo con lo viejo, y simplemente deteriorado por el tiempo.
Un problema esttico que se ha repetido en distintas ocasiones a lo largo de la historia.
Esta accin de descarnar los paramentos puede derivar de decisiones ligadas a un
entendimiento, buscado en el siglo pasado, de mostrar expresamente el proceso y las soluciones
constructivas y estructurales, pero que es contradictorio en la mayora de las veces con las
realidades histricas y tradicionales, y con su conservacin.
Como ejemplo y a escala prxima, aunque se trata de un caso de interior, esta desfiguracin
espacial y de texturas se aprecia muy claramente en el corredor del Monasterio del Paular (Figura
1); la aparicin y muestra de los diversos materiales del soporte en distintos planos de los
paramentos antes cubiertos, piedra y ladrillo, que adems de mostrar aparejos pobres (ya que no
eran materiales para ser vistos, sino con un acabado igual que el plano horizontal superior) ahora
muestran la construccin y texturas derivadas de la facilidad de la puesta en obra (por peso,
tamao y forma) pero ocultan y rompen la unidad del espacio original unificado, alto y
longitudinal en el que slo resaltaban las nervaduras y embocaduras de piedra labrada.
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Figura 1: Interior del Monasterio de El Paular (Madrid). Foto M. de Luxn
Esta prctica cuando se traslada al exterior, y se produce a mayor escala, implica un

importante cambio de la imagen urbana y del carcter paisajstico de nuestro patrimonio.
En el conjunto urbano histrico de Villafams, (Figura 2) en origen slo se apreciaran de
obscura piedra vista los siguientes edificios: el Castillo, la Muralla y la Iglesia, es decir, los
elementos monumentales, mientras el ncleo de casero y viviendas aparecera acabado con
morteros y colores claros. Tras el desollado de parte de las viviendas, la visin del conjunto se
ha alterado sustancialmente, y muestra mucho ms confusa su imagen y su estructura urbana.
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Figura 2: Conjunto urbano histrico de Villafams (Castelln) Foto M. de Luxn
Otro conjunto urbano como el de Patones (Madrid) presenta un aspecto muy distinto tras la
restauracin de sus fachadas eliminando los revocos tradicionales. En la Figura 3 se muestra este
pueblo, aprecindose claramente una imagen de casero con elementos revocados de color claro
y cubiertas de teja. La eliminacin del acabado exterior dara lugar a un aspecto muy diferente,
fcilmente imaginable a partir de la Figura 4.
- 189 -
Figura 3: Conjunto urbano histrico de Patones (Madrid)
Figura 4: Casero restaurado en Patones

(Madrid) Foto M. Garca de Viedma
El problema del desuello se extiende como un mal entendimiento de los edificios histricos,
sin que se salve prcticamente ningn territorio, tanto a nivel de la edificacin popular como en el
de los edificios monumentales, en gran parte del mundo. En la Figura 5 puede apreciarse la
diferencia entre el aspecto original y el aspecto descarnado, con un muro de piedra desigual
desbastada y de relleno, y huecos enmarcados por grandes piedras de un aspecto ciclpeo o
primitivo en los Alpes.
La prctica del revocado de los muros soporte era extendida antiguamente, tal y como se
puede apreciar en los tratados clsicos de arquitectura, dado que ello preservaba y garantizaba la
durabilidad del mismo. De este modo, slo quedaban a la vista aqullos elementos puntuales que
denotaban el estatus social de la familia a la que perteneca la edificacin o la importancia de la
misma. Sin embargo, el tratamiento de los muros de piedra vista, en lo que respecta a su aspecto,
diseo y talla, en el modo de aparejar las piezas, en el tipo de apoyo o en los morteros y
ordenacin de las juntas, no tenan nada que ver con los muros preparados para ser revocados. Al
despojar a estos ltimos de los morteros de revestimiento, su apariencia es completamente
distinta a la de aquellos que fueron construidos para ser vistos, con la aparicin de aparejos
irregulares o piedras sin tratar. La diferencia se observa muy claramente en la Figura 6, en la que
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aparecen dos reas de fachada, una construida en origen para que la piedra quedara vista y otra
parte transformada eliminando el mortero tradicional sobre soporte de piedra no construida para
ser vista. A veces, incluso, las fachadas de piedra vista se solan revestir con revocos, imitando la
propia piedra, con objeto de preservar su conservacin.
Figura 5: Viviendas populares de los Alpes Franceses cerca de la frontera Suiza. Foto M.de Luxn
- 190 -
Figura 6: Fachadas de piedra en Villafams (Castelln) Foto G. Gmez
3. COMPORTAMIENTO CONSTRUCTIVO DE LOS MUROS DESOLLADOS

En las construcciones originalmente resueltas mediante muros ptreos, de ladrillo o
entramado y relleno y revocados en su cara exterior, el soporte tena las funciones de
cerramiento, as como de resolver la resistencia estructural, y los revocos se encargaban de evitar
la filtracin del agua de la lluvia y prolongar la durabilidad del soporte, al resistir stos las
tensiones provocadas por los saltos trmicos o la heladicidad. De ah que dichos revestimientos
solieran considerarse de sacrificio, por lo que eran renovados peridicamente. Al mismo
tiempo, actuaban como una capa de aislamiento exterior que mejoraba la resistencia y
estabilidad del conjunto, minimizaba las tensiones por dilataciones y contracciones del muro
soporte y matizaban el comportamiento trmico de los elementos base de mayor inercia trmica.
Mejoraban, por tanto, el comportamiento del muro a lo largo del tiempo, garantizando su
conservacin y mantenimiento y aumentando su durabilidad. Sin embargo, este sistema
constructivo requera la intervencin peridica para la reparacin de los daos en el mortero por
la accin de los agentes climticos y en su caso, el correspondiente enlucido de muros para
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mejorar la resistencia del conjunto. Sin estas labores de mantenimiento, el muro sufre un
deterioro importante como muestra la Figura 9.
Figura 7: Fachada de fachada de piedra con arco de acceso de piedra en Villafams (Castelln) Foto G.
Gmez
Los morteros tradicionales para proteger los muros, eran de espesores medios notables
(aprox. 4 cm), ya que no slo cubran los elementos ms salientes, sino que rellenaban los huecos
e irregularidades que quedaban entre ellos y la capa base del revestimiento. Como se observa en
las Figura 8 y la Figura 9, la desaparicin de esta capa superficial deja a la vista un muro con
elementos de piedra irregulares y sin labrar. El abandono de muchas edificaciones histricas ha
dado lugar a que esta imagen deteriorada, lejana al aspecto tradicional e histrico, sea habitual
en muchas de nuestras ciudades y pueblos.
- 191 -
Figura 8: Detalle de fachada deteriorada de piedra

con mortero tradicional en Villafams (Castelln)
Foto G. Gmez
Figura 9: Sustitucin del revoco tradicional exterior

por slo relleno de juntas en Villafams (Castelln)
Foto G. Gmez
La eliminacin de estos acabados, intentando dejar vista la piedra base antes cubierta, obliga a
rellenar los huecos entre las piedras o ladrillos con morteros de rejuntado impermeables. Estos
morteros suelen ser en base de cemento, cuya incompatibilidad con los soportes tradicionales ha
sido ampliamente probada en las ltimas dcadas, a lo que se suma la modificacin esttica del
conjunto, con la aparicin de juntas de gran espesor que terminan por hacer que la apariencia
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puntillista del muro sea una superficie de mortero de cemento irregular entre la que tmidamente
asoman fragmentos diminutos de la base (Figura 8).
En funcin del material del muro soporte, las consecuencias en el comportamiento
constructivo son diferentes. A continuacin se analizan los efectos de esta prctica en los muros
ms habituales en este tipo de edificaciones.
3.1. Muros de piedra

Las consecuencias de eliminar los morteros de acabado exterior en los muros de piedra que
originariamente no era vista en su totalidad, es que, como repetimos, se distorsionan y destruyen
las condiciones originales.
Como ejemplo puede observarse la Plaza Mayor de Medinaceli (Soria). El despellejado de la
casa que forma la esquina del oeste de la plaza, como se observa en la Figura 10, ocasiona una
ruptura visual de la escena urbana. Esta fachada destaca negativamente frente al resto del
conjunto, que est compuesto por fachadas revocadas en las que los huecos se cercan con
embocaduras de piedra o quedan remarcados con revocos con geometras rectas, quedando
tambin resaltados los escudos y elementos decorativos de piedra.
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Figura 10: Fachadas en la Plaza Mayor de Medinaceli (Soria) Foto M. de Luxn
Esta composicin contrastada, desaparece con la eliminacin del revoco que hace aparecer un
pao de piedra desigual, en el que: desbastado, forma y tamao de las piedras disminuye de
abajo a arriba, y se pierden las alineaciones y composicin de las embocaduras (Figura 11 y Figura
12).
En detalle, puede observarse que los elementos ptreos de las embocaduras de huecos y
decoraciones, jambas y dinteles labrados, estaban trabajados dejando en los sillares unas bandas
rectangulares ms resaltadas y rebajando el resto de la pieza hasta dejarla en el plano del muro a
recubrir: esto permita resolver el encuentro entre las partes de piedra vista y oculta y marcaba el
espesor del revoco (Figura 12). Esta solucin es la que encontramos en la mayora de las
edificaciones histricas de una cierta calidad, con encuadres de huecos y de elementos
decorativos en piedra labrada.
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Figura 11: Fachada desollada en la Plaza de Medinaceli (Soria) Foto

M. de Luxn
Figura 12: Detalle de embocadura

Foto M. de Luxn
Es posible encontrar en este mismo lugar ejemplos de fachadas que ofrecan una solucin
ordenada y culta, geomtricamente precisa en edificios representativos (Figura 13).
- 193 -
Figura 13: Fachada de piedra revocada Palacio

del Duque de Medinaceli (Soria) Foto M. de
Luxn
Figura 14: Fachada desollada en Torre Val de San Pedro

(Segovia) Foto G. Gmez
En los muros descarnados, sin embargo, como se ve en la Figura 14, aunque los sillares de
jambas y dinteles estn labrados remarcando resaltes rectos, lo que se aprecia son los elementos
ptreos completos, descubriendo sus espesores y bordes desiguales. La imagen resultante es
primaria, primitiva, menos culta y cuidada, y contradictoria con las apariencias y composicin
originales.
Hemos podido ver soluciones que aumentan la distorsin y desfiguracin de los muros de
piedra, como las que mostramos en la Figura 15, Figura 16 y Figura 17. Tras eliminar el revoco, y
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ante la deformacin de la composicin formal, se crean falsas juntas sobre la parte rehundida de
las piedras de jambas y dinteles para asemejarlas al resto del muro, lo que, evidentemente, no se
consigue, empeorando an ms el aspecto del conjunto.
Figura 15: Fachada en Seplveda

(Segovia). Foto M. de Luxn
Figura 16: Enmarcado de hueco

en Seplveda (Segovia). Foto M.
de Luxn
Figura 17: Detalle falsas juntas.

Seplveda (Segovia). Foto M. de
Luxn
3.2. Muros de ladrillo

- 194 -
Figura 18: Fachada desollada de

ladrillo en Zaragoza Foto M. de
Luxn
Figura 19: Fachada desollada de ladrillo en Zaragoza

Foto G. Gmez
El comportamiento de los muros desollados de ladrillo es similar al de los de piedra. La Figura

198 y la Figura 19 corresponden a viviendas restauradas en Zaragoza, en las que se ha eliminado
el revoco exterior, dejando a la vista el muro de ladrillo. Este tipo de aparejos estaban realizados
con ladrillos hechos a mano y cocidos en hornos tradicionales, por lo que no tiene un
comportamiento ptimo en condiciones externas, por su elevada porosidad y, en la mayor parte
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de los casos, riesgo de heladicidad, por lo que requieren de la presencia de un mortero exterior.
En estos dos casos tambin se observa que las embocaduras de huecos sobresalen para albergar
el espesor del mortero que en este caso ya ha sido eliminado.
En ningn caso esta operacin esttica mejora la apariencia (slo aparece ms viejo y
deteriorado) ni la conservacin del edificio, ni por supuesto al comportamiento trmico.
3.3. Muros de entramado

La prctica del desollado en los muros de entramado tiene, si cabe, peores consecuencias que
en los muros de piedra y ladrillo al dejarse al exterior los elementos de madera que originalmente
no estaban pensados para permanecer en esta situacin expuesta.
En origen, los muros base entramados se cubran con revocos para evitar no slo la
fotodegradacin de la madera sino tambin los movimientos derivados de los cambios de
humedad que se producen al quedar a la intemperie, especialmente en climas secos. De hecho,
para proteger an ms de la pudricin los apoyos y las cabezas de los elementos horizontales
estructurales, se colocaba por el exterior sobre ellos un tabln que impeda que el agua penetrase
en la direccin de las fibras de los mismos, y que era fcilmente sustituible (Figura 20, Figura 21 y
Figura 22).
- 195 -
Figura 20: Entramados

tradicionales en La Alberca
(Salamanca). Foto: Fco. J.
Gonzlez

(Salamanca). Foto: Fco. J.
Gonzlez

(Salamanca). Foto: Fco. J. Gonzlez
Aunque en las restauraciones que eliminan el revoco se protegen estos elementos con algn
tipo de barnices protectores, el aspecto original (Figura 23 y Figura 25) de estas construcciones se
modifica. En algunos casos, aunque se respeta la presencia del mortero en los paos del muro se
dejan a la vista los elementos de madera, incluyendo los frentes de forjado, con el consiguiente
riesgo de pudricin de las cabezas de las viguetas y vigas. (Figura 25). Esta composicin, que busca
equivocadamente cierta imagen tradicional, es muy distinta a la original y ofrece una solucin
peor desde el punto de vista del comportamiento del muro frente a los agentes exteriores.
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Figura 23: Entramados en

Segovia. Foto E. Romn
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Figura 24: Entramado tradicional restaurado

eliminando revoco en elementos de madera en
La Alberca (Salamanca). Foto: Fco. J. Gonzlez
Figura 25: Entramado

tradicional restaurado
eliminando revoco en
elementos de madera en
La Alberca (Salamanca).
Foto: M. Mar BarberoBarrera
Tambin encontramos en muros de entramado de ladrillo ejemplos de desollado de los

paos para dejar a la vista el muro desnudo. En la Figura 26 y en la Figura 27 con ms detalle se
aprecia esta prctica y, de nuevo, las embocaduras de huecos recuerdan la eliminacin del revoco
tradicional. En el paramento se descubren los aparejos pobres y se ponen en peligro los
elementos estructurales ahora a la intemperie, en los que slo cabe realizar protecciones
superficiales.
Figura 26: Fachada desollada de entramado de

ladrillo en Vitoria. Foto: E. Romn
Figura 27: Fachada desollada de entramado de

ladrillo en Vitoria. Foto: E. Romn
4. COMPORTAMIENTO ENERGTICO DE LAS ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS

En origen, el sistema de funcionamiento trmico de la mayora de los cerramientos
tradicionales e histricos, tiene la inercia mayor al interior del cerramiento, en los muros
portantes, protegida por un acabado como aislante exterior que evita el enfriamiento del muro
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soporte durante las largas noches del invierno, y el sobrecalentamiento en las horas soleadas del
verano, equilibrando su comportamiento [2] y aprovechando estas condiciones en el interior de
los espacios vivideros.
Al desollar estos muros, se invierte el sistema. Se pierde la proteccin exterior del soporte
que cuenta con ms inercia en las condiciones climticas mencionadas, y al tener que colocar
nuevos aislamientos en la cara interna, se dificulta el aprovechamiento del equilibrio trmico y de
la amortiguacin de los cambios de temperatura exterior.
En climas fros de la pennsula se encuentra habitualmente la solucin del mortero exterior
sobre muros de piedra, ya que se protegan mejor estos elementos frente a las inclemencias del
tiempo, adems los revocos tradicionales integraban materiales aislantes como la paja y otros.
Se pueden encontrar interesantes ejemplos en el Pirineo aragons como, por ejemplo en Susn
(Huesca) (Figura 28 y Figura 29). Se trata de un conjunto rural en un clima fro de alta montaa,
construido con muros de piedra de la zona, recubiertos por un revoco de mortero de barro y cal
que protege de las inclemencias.
- 197 -
Figura 28: Conjunto de Susn en el pirineo aragons a

principios del siglo XX (Huesca)
Figura 29: Construcciones tradicionales en

Susn (Huesca) Foto: G.Gmez y E. Romn
Los revocos protegan y minimizaban las dilataciones por cambios trmicos en el interior de los
muros, evitando las fisuraciones y las penetraciones de fro y calor. Asimismo, al ofrecer una
superficie que evita que el agua penetre, evita el deterioro por heladicidad, otra causa de
problemas trmicos y estructurales.
Disminuan tambin las condensaciones en las caras fras del muro soporte, que podran darse
en caras internas en el caso de doblar el cerramiento al interior.
Estas posibilidades de mejorar las condiciones de humedad, resultan muy importantes en
climas lluviosos y fros (Figura 30 y Figura 31), ya que la sensacin de disconfort es muy marcada
con situaciones de humedad ambiente elevada.
En los climas clidos se repiten las razones que se comentan anteriormente, pero en ellos
adems, al dejar vistos los elementos con gran capacidad trmica con colores oscuros en el
material soporte, se producen intensos sobrecalentamientos en condiciones de verano.
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Figura 30: Ares (A Corua) Foto: J. Vizcano
Figura 31: O Pazo (Orense) Foto: V. Rodrguez Mayol
Para comprobar el comportamiento de los tres tipos de muros planteados: de fbrica de

ladrillo y de piedra macizos de 40 cm, y muro de entramado de ladrillo de 20 cm de espesor, se ha
realizado una simulacin de todas ellas, con y sin revestimiento. El anlisis se cie a la localidad de
Villafams (Valencia). Los datos climticos considerados son los correspondientes a Castelln de la
Plana, por ser el municipio ms cercano. Asimismo, se considera un ambiente urbano con un
coeficiente de albedo de 0.20, un da soleado en el que las edificaciones carecen de obstrucciones
solares, con temperaturas interiores fijas comprendidas en el rango establecido por el RITE, de
21C en invierno y de 24C en verano, suponiendo que las edificaciones disponen de sistemas de
climatizacin y unas condiciones de viento exterior de 3 m/s, siendo sta la velocidad ms comn
de acuerdo con los datos de las Rosas de los Vientos del Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa 19712000. Las simulaciones se realizan para los das 15 de los meses de enero y de agosto por ser
stos los de temperaturas ms extremas.
Tabla 1: Simulacin en estado pseudotransitorio con el programa Antesol V.6 de Manuel Martn Monroy
Verano
Tipo de muro
Piedra
c/revestimiento
Piedra s/
revestimiento
Ladrillo c/
revestimiento
Ladrillo s/
revestimiento
Entramado c/
revestimiento
Entramado s/
revestimiento
Invierno
Temperatura media
(C)
Verano
Invierno
Retardo (horas)
Verano
Invierno
Amortiguacin (%)
Verano
Invierno
Flujo medio interior

(W/m)
27.2
18.5
7.5
5.75
90.8
86.7
11.1
-5.1
29.3
20.7
4.5
80.7
83.6
27.7
1.9
27.3
18.5
23.75
10.5
96.5
97.8
6.8
-4.7
28.9
20.8
9.5
97.2
96.1
14
1.8
27.3
18.6
7.5
87.2
89.7
7.7
-7.4
28.9
21
3.75
5.5
83.7
80
16.1
4.6
Como se puede apreciar en la Tabla 1, la temperatura de los muros sin revestir es

aproximadamente 2C superior a la de los muros revestidos, tanto en condiciones de invierno
como en las de verano. Aunque, a priori, dicha diferencia pueda parecer insignificante, el resto de
los datos pone de manifiesto la importancia de los revestimientos, especialmente en condiciones
de verano. A tal respecto, se observan reducciones de los desfases de hasta 15 horas y de
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amortiguacin del 10%, mientras que los flujos trmicos aumentan hasta 17 W/m, lo que implica
no slo un mayor riesgo de sobrecalentamiento sino tambin un incremento de las tensiones
trmicas en los materiales, que compromete sustancialmente su durabilidad.
En invierno, sucedera lo contrario, el flujo trmico se reduce, con ganancias hacia el interior
de la edificacin (el signo negativo significa que el flujo se produce desde el interior al exterior).
No obstante, dicha circunstancia no es tal, puesto que la inclinacin de los rayos solares implica
que las fachadas no estn soleadas y, por otra parte, las amortiguaciones y los retardos se
reducen.
A modo de ejemplo, se contrastan estos datos procedentes de la simulacin con las medidas
reales tomadas in situ en edificaciones histricas ubicadas en el municipio de Villafams
(Castelln). En las horas centrales del da y con una temperatura del aire de 26C, la temperatura
de las capas exteriores superficiales de un muro soleado, orientado al sur, es de 31C en las partes
de la fachada revocadas y acabadas con encalado, y de 48C en las zonas en las que se ha
eliminado, dejando la piedra arenisca de color oscuro a la vista. Esto supone 17C de diferencia
entre ambas soluciones constructivas.
En la Tabla 2 y en la Figura 32 se muestran los resultados de la medicin in situ de la
temperatura superficial del muro antes mencionado, con una parte revocada y un zcalo sin
revocar en el mes de marzo y en el mes de junio.
Tabla 2: Mediciones de temperatura superficial en muro exterior (Villafams, Castelln)
15 de marzo de
2014
29 de junio de 2014
13.20
14.00
Orientacin
Sur
Sur
T aire (C)
21.6
26
U muro revocado
2
(W/m K)
2,1
2,1
U muro piedra
2,4
2,4
T muro revocado
(C)
20
31
T muro piedra
23
48
Hora
Figura 32: Fachada de piedra

revocada y zcalo de piedra visto.
Villafams (Castelln) Foto: G.
Gmez
5. CONCLUSIONES
La exposicin de los todos los ejemplos permite concluir que existe una prctica generalizada
de desollado de muros en la restauracin de los muros tradicionales que tiene consecuencias
negativas muy importantes en diversos aspectos.
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Por un lado, la eliminacin de estos acabados exteriores implica la modificacin de la esttica y

composicin de los edificios y conjuntos urbanos de muchos ncleos histricos. Si bien, muchos
de ellos no tienen una proteccin patrimonial especfica, son importantes ejemplos de la
arquitectura tradicional de la que merece la pena conservar la identidad.
Adems de esta cuestin, la eliminacin de los morteros exteriores modifica el
comportamiento constructivo de los muros y empeora, en los casos estudiados, el
funcionamiento energtico en condiciones de verano e invierno.
A tal respecto, y de acuerdo con las simulaciones realizadas en estado pseudotransitorio, los
mayores problemas se producen en condiciones de verano, en las que aparecen riesgos de
sobrecalentamiento, especialmente en los muros con poca inercia trmica como puedan ser los
entramados. De acuerdo con las simulaciones se producen reducciones de los desfases de hasta
15 horas y de las amortiguaciones de hasta el 10% en los muros sin revocar, mientras que los
flujos trmicos aumentan hasta en 17 W/m. En condiciones de invierno, a pesar de que, a priori,
pueda parecer ventajosa la eliminacin de los revestimientos, se observa que los desfases y las
amortiguaciones se reducen, al tiempo que el incremento de la temperatura conlleva un
incremento de los saltos trmicos en los materiales y de las tensiones producidas en los mismos
por las diferencias de temperatura.
La diferencia de temperatura superficial exterior entre un muro con un mortero exterior
blanco y uno de piedra oscura puede ser de ms de 20C. Este calentamiento puede suponer un
incremento de la temperatura interior importante, y por tanto unas peores condiciones de
confort en los meses clidos.
Como se ha demostrado en los casos expuestos, esta prctica est extendida por toda la
geografa espaola y parece urgente difundir las consecuencias y proponer acciones que impidan
dichas actuaciones, al tiempo que se conciencia a propietarios y tcnicos de sus riesgos, tanto a
nivel de conservacin y mantenimiento de las edificaciones como de su uso, en trminos
funcionales y energticos.
6. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Monj Carri, J. (2008) La intervencin en los edificios, una actuacin "arquitectnica" Restauro: Revista
internacional del patrimonio histrico, ISSN 1889-0628, N. 1, 2008, pgs. 30-32
[2]. VVAA (2011) Habitar Sostenible. Integracin medioambiental en 15 casas de arquitectura popular
espaola. Ed. Centro de Publica-ciones Secretara General Tcnica, Ministerio de Fomento. Pg. 292,
NIPO 161120101
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EL BIENESTAR TRMICO MS ALL DE LAS EXIGENCIAS

NORMATIVAS. DOS CASOS. DOS ENFOQUES / Thermal
comfort beyond legislation. Two examples. Two
approaches
DOTOR, A.; ONECHA, B.; GONZLEZ, J. L.
DOTOR, A.: Efficient Heritage, Barcelona - Spain. info@efficientheritage.com, odarq@coac.net
ONECHA, B.: Efficient Heritage, Barcelona - Spain. info@efficientheritage.com, odarq@coac.net
GONZLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona (ETSAB UPC). Barcelona Espaa. jose.luis.gonzalez@upc.edu
RESUMEN
Durante el periodo 2010-2012 participamos en el desarrollo el proyecto y las obras de restauracin del
pabelln de Sant Manuel del Recinto Histrico del Hospital de la Santa Creu y Sant Pau para sede de la
Universidad de las Naciones Unidas. Era el primer pabelln de los ocho similares del Hospital que entraba en
fase de proyecto y obra. El segundo en habilitarse para un uso sera el Pabelln de la Merc.
Previamente a la adjudicacin de proyectos y obras, y una vez redactado el Plan Director, se haba
constituido la Mesa de Patrimoni para establecer los criterios aplicables a las intervenciones. Entre ellos
destacaban los relativos a la eficiencia energtica y la integracin de las instalaciones, con premisas relativas
a las mejoras de la envolvente y la incorporacin de instalaciones, respetando los valores del monumento, as
como el uso de sistemas de produccin de energa considerados renovables, como la geotermia, y a sistemas
de distribucin de la energa de baja temperatura, como el suelo radiante.
Los pabellones de San Manuel y La Merc comparten un mismo tipo constructivo: edificacin dispuesta
segn una nave central y dos cuerpos extremos; la nica diferencia entre ambos pabellones es que La Merc
dispone de una planta menos.
Las intervenciones en San Manuel y La Merc han sido fieles a los criterios de la Mesa de Patrimoni
para conseguir la mxima eficiencia energtica en la ventilacin y climatizacin de los espacios, pero la
interpretacin y aplicacin de la normativa en cuanto al bienestar trmico ha sido absolutamente diferente.
En el pabelln de San Manuel ha prevalecido la norma estricta sobre reflexiones que afectan a dicho
bienestar, sin considerar los conceptos de temperatura operativa y temperatura radiante, imprescindibles en
edificios histricos. El resultado es que los usuarios actuales pasan fro en verano e invierno.
En el pabelln de la Merc ha prevalecido la bsqueda del bienestar trmico y se han aplicado las
especificaciones de la Norma UNE-EN ISO 7730 en cuanto a todos los parmetros relacionados con el
confort, estudindolos con tal detalle que han permitido ocupar slo los espacios inicialmente reservados ya
por Domnech i Montaner para el acondicionamiento de los pabellones.
La diferencia sustancial en el enfoque dispar de la climatizacin de los pabellones radica en preguntas
como: la consecucin de les exigencias normativas implicar un confort directo para los usuarios?, se han
aprovechado al mximo los recursos pasivos para minimizar la necesidad de recursos activos?
Palabras clave: Patrimonio Eficiente, Bienestar trmico en Edificios Histricos, Comportamiento
Energtico en Edificios Histricos, Evaluacin Energtica en Edificios Histricos, Diagnosis Energtica en
Edificios Histricos, Mejora Energtica en Edificios Histricos
ABSTRACT
During the period 2010-2012 we developed the restoration project and works of Sant Manuel pavilion,
inside the Historic Site of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, to host the United Nations University. It was
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the first pavilion of the eight similar coming under design and construction. The second one was La Merc
Pavilion.
Prior to the award of projects and works, and once prepared the Master Plan had been set the "Mesa de
Patrimoni" to establish criteria for interventions. Among them stood those relative to energy efficiency and
integration of facilities, with assumptions regarding envelope improvements, always respecting the values of
the monument, as well as the use of systems considered renewable energy production, as geothermal
systems, and energy distribution of low temperature, such as under floor heating.
Pavilions of Sant Manuel and La Merc share the same construction type: building arranged along a
central nave and two end bodies; the only difference between the two pavilions is that La Merc has a floor
less.
Interventions in San Manuel and La Merc have been faithful to the criteria of the "Mesa de Patrimoni"
for maximum energy efficiency in ventilation and air conditioning of the spaces, but the interpretation and
application of regulations regarding thermal comfort has been quite different.
In Sant Manuel Pavilion has prevailed strict standard reflections affecting such welfare without
considering the concepts of operating temperature and radiant temperature, essential in historical buildings.
The result is that current users are cold in summer and winter.
In the pavilion Merc has prevailed thermal comfort by application of UNE-EN ISO 7730 specifications in
terms of all parameters related to comfort, considered with such detail that allowed filling just those spaces
originally already reserved by Domnech i Montaner in the design of the pavilions.
The substantial difference in the approach to disparate climate of flags lies in questions like: achieving
legislation requirements will involve direct user comfort?, have been taken full advantage of passive
resources to minimize the need for active resources?
Key words: Efficient Heritage, Thermal Comfort in Historical Buildings, Energy Building Performance in
Historical Buildings, Energy Assessment in Historical Buildings, Energy Diagnosis in Historical Buildings,
Energy Retrofit in Historical Buildings
1. INTRODUCCIN
La transposicin de las directivas europeas a la normativa de mbito nacional queda reflejada
en el Documento Bsico de Ahorro Energtico del Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin y en el Real
Decreto 235/2013, de 5 de abril, por el que se aprueba el procedimiento bsico para la
certificacin de la eficiencia energtica de los edificios.
En el primero de los casos, no es de aplicacin a edificios protegidos oficialmente si las
medidas a aplicar pueden alterar su carcter o aspecto, o se requieren soluciones no viables
tcnica o econmicamente. Permite adoptar soluciones que consiguen el mayor grado de
adecuacin posible, siempre que no se empeoren las condiciones preexistentes, que los
elementos no presenten daos que hayan reducido de forma significativa sus prestaciones
iniciales, o que la intervencin implique cambios sustanciales sobre otros elementos de la
envolvente sobre los que no se tena que actuar inicialmente. En el segundo, quedan excluidos los
edificios protegidos oficialmente, sin ms explicacin.
Esta falta de obligatoriedad, debida a una falta de conocimiento del comportamiento
energtico real de los edificios histricos, les deja en condiciones de inferioridad en un contexto
en que el valor de eficiencia energtica es da a da ms importante. Adems, los propios usuarios
de estos edificios exigen un bienestar trmico conseguido de manera eficiente, aunque no se les
obligue legalmente, y sin reducir los valores que han llevado a dichos edificios a una proteccin
legal como bienes de inters cultural.
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En el caso tratado, el objetivo de la propiedad ha sido precisamente ste ltimo, compatibilizar

la intervencin en materia de bienestar trmico y eficiencia energtica con el respeto a los valores
patrimoniales del conjunto. Para ello, se han respetado las normativas estatales y autonmicas de
ambas temticas, pero adems, dada la altsima proporcin de potenciales clientes
internacionales, la pretensin se ampla a conseguir la certificacin LEED.
2. ANTECEDENTES Y CONSIDERACIONES PREVIAS

La restauracin del pabelln de Sant Manuel del Recinto Histrico del Hospital de la Santa Creu
y Sant Pau (RHHSCSP), Barcelona, por parte de nuestro equipo ha sido explicada en diferentes
congresos durante los dos ltimos aos, pero la visin que se ofrece en esta ponencia es
sustancialmente diferente, puesto que se centra en los conflictos entre la conservacin de los
valores de este edificio, patrimonio de la humanidad desde 1997, y la mejora energtica
necesaria, con el fin de hacerlo atractivo para organismos de investigacin y desarrollo. Se
desarrollan aquellos aspectos de la intervencin relacionados con la adecuacin trmica del
edificio, vertiente que requiere una mayor dedicacin que otras relacionadas con la eficiencia
energtica, tales como la iluminacin, para maximizar la eficiencia energtica y minimizar el
impacto de las instalaciones sobre el edificio, sin perder de vista el bienestar de los usuarios.
Como consideraciones previas, nuestra participacin en esta rehabilitacin se ha centrado en
la consolidacin estructural del edificio y la restauracin del mismo con la mxima autenticidad,
para ser completado el proceso por parte de otro equipo, el dirigido por el arquitecto V. Argent,
encargado de la adecuacin interior con el fin de convertirlo en sede de la Universidad de las
Naciones Unidas (UNU). Dada la complejidad constructiva y estructural de la integracin fsica de
las instalaciones, cuyo proyecto fue realizado por un estudio de ingeniera y supervisado por el
equipo encargado de la adecuacin interior, durante el proceso de obra se requiri nuestro
asesoramiento.
As mismo, durante el perodo de tiempo en que se realiz la obra, parte de los integrantes del
equipo de restauracin hemos participado en un proyecto de investigacin bajo el ttulo Valores
patrimoniales y Eficiencia Energtica: investigacin sobre casos reales, fruto de haber resultado
ganadores de la convocatoria de ayuda a la investigacin Recercaixa. Uno de los casos de estudio
ha sido el Pabelln de Sant Manuel, analizado profundamente gracias al acceso a la diferente
informacin y al propio edificio.
Estos aspectos sealados anteriormente sern tratados a lo largo del siguiente texto, pero, una
vez comenzado el estudio desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia energtica de un pabelln y
teniendo en cuenta que se trata de un recinto con ocho pabellones muy similares y un magnfico
ejemplo de la arquitectura modernista catalana patrimonio de la humanidad, nos ha parecido
imprescindible conocer el resto de intervenciones e, incluso, compararlas.
3. REHABILITACIN DEL RHHSCSP. VALORES PATRIMONIALES Y EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA

El conjunto del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau fue proyectado por el arquitecto
modernista Llus Domnech i Montaner 1901 (figura 1). El proyecto se emplazaba en un solar
equivalente a nueve manzanas del Eixample (ms de catorce hectreas), en que se disponan un
conjunto de pabellones aislados, rodeados de jardines y unidos por stanos; esta ordenacin
segua los nuevos criterios hospitalarios de la poca, que tenan como finalidad minimizar el
riesgo de infeccin y contagio y mejorar la salubridad gracias a los sistemas de soleamiento,
ventilacin e iluminacin. Las obras, para las que Domnech cont con una larga lista de
colaboradores, se iniciaron en 1902 y en 1911 se inaugur un primer grupo de construcciones
formado por nueve edificios: seis pabellones de enfermera (Pursima, Mare de Du Carme,
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Merc, Mare de Du de Montserrat, Sant Salvador y Sant Leopold), dos pabellones de

reconocimiento (Santa Apolonia y Sant Jordi) y el pabelln de Administracin, en este ltimo, que
se encuentra ubicado en el ngulo Sur del conjunto, est la entrada principal del recinto, que es
uno de los signos de identidad del mismo gracias a la aguja del reloj. A partir del ao 1914 fue el
hijo de Domnech i Montaner, Pere Domnech i Roura (quien ya colaboraba con su padre antes
de 1911) quien se responsabiliz de las obras. La primera que asume totalmente es la del
pabelln de Sant Manuel. [1]
Figura 1: Recinto Histrico Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Fuente: FPHSCSP
Durante todo el siglo XX los pabellones continan con uso hospitalario, siendo objeto de
grandes reformas para adaptarse a los nuevos requerimientos sanitarios, hasta que la
actualizacin se hace insostenible. A finales del siglo XX se decide que los pabellones han quedado
obsoletos, por lo que se decide construir un nuevo hospital en la zona norte del solar y conservar
los pabellones destinndolos a usos que han de generar un entorno de investigacin, innovacin,
desarrollo y cooperacin.
El objetivo de la Fundacin Privada del Hospital de la Santa Creu y Sant Pau (FPHSCSP) ha sido
y es llevar a cabo la rehabilitacin del RHHSCSP asegurando la compatibilidad entre la
conservacin de los valores de este edificio, patrimonio de la humanidad desde 1997, y la
eficiencia energtica, mediante la necesaria intervencin de restauracin, hacindolo atractivo
para organismos de investigacin y desarrollo. Para ello, se llevan a cabo diferentes actuaciones.
As, para asegurar la conservacin de los valores patrimoniales del conjunto se encarga el Plan
Director del RHHSCSP, en que se describen los pabellones, determinndose los elementos a
conservar, y se constituye la Mesa de Patrimonio, que marcar los criterios de intervencin para
la proteccin de dichos elementos. En cuanto a la eficiencia energtica, se encargan diferentes
estudios: un primer informe en que se describen los sistemas de produccin de energa y de
climatizacin-ventilacin para los diferentes pabellones; un pliego de condiciones ambientales
con criterios y procedimientos para alcanzar la mxima eficiencia energtica; y, un tercer estudio
en el que se realiza una simulacin dinmica de un pabelln tipo para la definicin de las
estrategias pasivas ms efectivas a conservar y/o implementar.
En general, las intervenciones han seguido los criterios en relacin a la eficiencia energtica y
al tipo de instalaciones marcados por los distintos documentos encargados por la FPHSCSP. La
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diferencia radica en tres aspectos: en las propuestas de intervencin, en los criterios para
establecer las condiciones del bienestar trmico y en los procedimientos de evaluacin y clculo
de los sistemas de climatizacin y ventilacin.
A continuacin se describe este anlisis de manera ms exhaustiva, utilizando para ello las
intervenciones llevadas a cabo en dos pabellones.
4. LOS PABELLONES DEL RHHSCSP. DOS CASOS. DOS ENFOQUES

4.1. Los pabellones. Dos casos
En el hospital original haba ocho pabellones de enfermos, cuatro de mujeres, en el lado oeste
del recinto, y cuatro de hombres, en el lado este. Todos los pabellones tienen la misma
configuracin constructiva y estructural, pero los pabellones ms al norte de mujeres y hombres
constan de una planta ms. Esta es una de las razones de que se describan dos pabellones tipo,
uno de tres plantas, el Pabelln de Sant Manuel (figura 2), y otro de dos, el Pabelln de la Merc
(figura 3). La segunda razn se justifica en los enfoques diferentes en cuanto a la intervencin.
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Figura 2: Pabelln de Sant Manuel. Fuente: FPHSCSP
Figura 3: Pabelln de la Merc. Fuente: FPHSCSP
El Pabelln de Sant Manuel sigue fielmente el proyecto de Domnech i Montaner, pero las
obras del mismo fueron llevadas por su hijo Domnech Roura, que lo termin en 1922 En origen
est destinado a ciruga general slo para hombres, posteriormente se le aadi tambin el
servicio de oncologa. En 1959 se realizaron obras de reforma general, disponiendo un piso
intermedio en la planta baja y proporcionando la gran cantidad de nuevas instalaciones que en
ese momento ya eran imprescindibles. En el momento de la rehabilitacin actual del recinto, una
vez realizado y ejecutado el proyecto de derribo por parte de la propiedad, el edificio consta de
tres cuerpos, oeste, central y este. Los dos primeros se desarrollan en 3 alturas entre los 4 metros
del semistano y los 7-8m de las plantas baja y primera, mientras que el cuerpo este se desarrolla
en 4 plantas de alturas inferiores, ya que eran las plantas de administracin. El acceso principal se
sita en el cuerpo oeste.
El Pabelln de la Merc tambin pertenece al tipo de pabelln hospitalario y forma parte del
periodo en el que Domnech i Montaner se encarg de las obras. Su uso original era enfermera
para mujeres. En el momento de la rehabilitacin del recinto, una vez realizado y ejecutado el
proyecto de derribo de intervenciones de los aos 50 por parte de la propiedad, el edificio consta
de tres cuerpos: este, central y oeste. Los dos primeros se desarrollan en 2 alturas entre los 4
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metros del semistano y los 7-8m de la planta baja, mientras que el cuerpo oeste se desarrolla en
3 plantas de alturas inferiores, ya que eran las plantas de administracin.
A pesar de la diferencia de altura, el funcionamiento original desde el punto de vista higinico
e higrotrmico era el mismo. Los pabellones aislados estaban basados en las teoras higienistas
que corran por Europa basadas en el aislamiento segn el nivel de posible contagio de las
enfermedades, separando hombres de mujeres, e intentando proporcionar a los enfermos las
mejores condiciones de soleamiento y ventilacin. Por esta razn la altura de las salas de
enfermos de los pabellones se estableci en torno a los 7m, porque cada enfermo dispusiera de
un volumen de aire de unos 50m3 "propios" y los mismos pabellones se dispusieron con su eje en
el sentido este-oeste, para que la ventilacin fuera eficiente en el sentido perpendicular nortesur, donde se establecen las mayores diferencias de temperaturas. En cuanto a las soluciones
constructivas y su vinculacin con la ventilacin y climatizacin, el mismo Domnech lo describe
as:
() en el grueso de los pisos abovedados de las salas hay unos espacios canales o conductos
transversales de aire () por ellas entra el aire fresco.
() hay en lo ms alto de las bvedas de la sala otras (ventanas) graduadas tambin por sus
cerramientos de mariposa que se abren en una chimenea de tiro () esta ventilacin exterior sirve
mientras el aire exterior es bastante templado ()
()A partir del piso de la planta baja () en el espesor del muro hueco corre un conducto
vertical de aire entre cada par de ventanas () rematando por encima de las cornisas y cubiertas
en forma de chimeneas. [2]
4.2. Las intervenciones. Dos enfoques

4.2.1. Dos enfoques de adecuacin interior
Respecto a las propuestas de intervencin, desde el punto de vista del bienestar trmico del
usuario, la eficiencia energtica y la integracin de instalaciones, es muy diferente si stas se
refieren a espacios controlados tanto en dimensiones como en acabados o a espacios de grandes
dimensiones como suelen ser los histricos con sus revestimientos especficos.
En cuanto a la intervencin de adecuacin interior en el Pabelln de la Merc, ha sido llevada a
cabo por la arquitecta Merc Zazurca que ha contado para el desarrollo del proyecto de
instalaciones con el estudio Quadrant Ingeniera. Una vez definido el uso futuro del pabelln, y
siguiendo las posibilidades que marca el Plan Director del recinto, se plantea la posibilidad de
suplementar la superficie til del edificio diseando un altillo cerrado a modo de mobiliario, que
ocupa parcialmente la planta baja del cuerpo central en la su parte central. El edificio ser
ocupado por dos usuarios, uno en Planta Semistano y el otro en Planta Baja.
En el caso del Pabelln de Sant Manuel, la propuesta de implantacin del altillo se decide
conjuntamente entre los equipos de restauracin y de adecuacin interior en la fase de concurso
(figura 4). sta sigue el tipo denominado box in box, que introduce mejoras en el modelo de
ocupacin y uso, tales como: mantiene la percepcin global de los espacios originales, permite
reservar espacios para instalaciones, ofrece flexibilidad y mejora la eficiencia energtica (al
reducir el volumen de aire a acondicionar) y el control del ruido.
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Figura 4: Fragmento de Mejoras en el modelo de ocupacin y uso box in box del Concurso del Pabelln de
Sant Manuel
Ambas ofrecen bajo esos altillos espacios controlados, cerrados y de altura que no permite la
estratificacin y, dado que se trata de un objeto autnomo dentro del edificio histrico, sus
envolventes y revestimientos pueden ser tratados para asegurar el mximo confort. El control de
las dimensiones de los espacios as como la eleccin de la envolvente de los mismos puede
permitir la minimizacin de los sistemas de acondicionamiento as como la integracin de los
mismos.
Pero para permitir la visin en toda la altura de los pabellones, el criterio seguido por gran
parte de las intervenciones es ocupar solamente las naves centrales con altillos de unos 3m de
altura y no en toda su longitud. Esto implica que la parte superior de los altillos, las crujas no
ocupadas o espacios emblemticos, como los situados en los cuerpos cubiertos con cpula,
llamados Sala de Da, siguen conservando grandes dimensiones difciles de acondicionar, aspecto
tratado en el siguiente apartado.
4.2.2. Dos enfoques en el establecimiento de las condiciones de bienestar trmico

En cuanto a los criterios para establecer las condiciones del bienestar trmico, en el caso del
Pabelln de Sant Manuel se han tenido en cuenta los criterios adecuados para edificacin nueva,
sin tener en cuenta las diferentes temperaturas radiantes que se dan en un edificio histrico sin
aislamiento, hecho que ha provocado situaciones de disconfort. En el caso del Pabelln de la
Merc, conocedores de la problemtica que esto poda acarrear, la propuesta ha sido tratar esas
temperaturas radiantes ms cercanas al usuario y confiar en ellas por encima de la temperatura
del aire para proporcionar bienestar.
La temperatura operativa a la que se refiere el Reglamento de Instalaciones Trmicas (RITE) es
la suma de la temperatura seca del aire ms la temperatura radiante media dentro de un recinto.
Esta ltima depende de las temperaturas radiantes de las superficies que conforman dicho
recinto. En edificacin nueva se recurre a la simplificacin de considerar la temperatura operativa
como la temperatura del aire, dado que toda la envolvente consta de aislamiento. Esta
simplificacin no es vlida para edificios histricos, dado que normalmente no se va a poder aislar
la totalidad de la envolvente. Las temperaturas radiantes de los diferentes acabados superficiales
histricos: telas, alfombras, pavimentos hidrulicos, cermicos, madera, yeso, cermica, tapices,
artesonados, techos de madera y yeso, etc., son diferentes y se ha de analizar la sensacin
trmica que producirn.
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Figura 5: Cuadro de Temperatura operativa del RITE
Como consecuencia de esa simplificacin en el Pabelln de Sant Manuel se han producido

situaciones de disconfort en algn espacio del mismo. Es el caso del despacho ubicado a noreste.
As como en los despachos sur no ha habido comentarios respecto a la sensacin de fro, s se han
producido en este despacho norte. Se ha de tener en cuenta que est delimitado por una pared a
norte y otra a este, ambas si aislamiento trmico y cuya superficie interior no ha sido tratada para
mejorar la sensacin trmica, sino que se han mantenido enyesadas. El suelo radiante empleado
para calefaccin no ha sido suficiente para contrarrestar la sensacin de fro.
Tambin relacionada con la temperatura radiante hemos detectado otra experiencia
desfavorable. Se ha dotado al edificio con un sistema de refrigeracin por suelo radiante. La
temperatura de impulsin es ms alta de lo que pueden soportar los usuarios en la zona sur.
Mientras sus cuerpos estn a una temperatura de 25C por encima de la mesa de trabajo, sus pies
reciben una temperatura de 19C. Esa asimetra de temperaturas por diferencia de temperatura
entre pies y cabeza de ms de 3C provoca una situacin de malestar trmico en los usuarios.
Cabe destacar que se han cumplido todas las normativas vigentes en relacin a la climatizacin
y ventilacin, lo que hace pensar que en edificios histricos, con sus diferentes condicionantes de
envolvente, los parmetros de confort y las diferentes ubicaciones dentro de un mismo edificio se
deben afinar bastante ms y ms all de las normativas.
4.2.3. Dos enfoques en cuanto a procedimientos de evaluacin y clculo de sistemas

La evaluacin de las demandas es el primer caso para conocer los consumos. En el caso de las
demandas de calefaccin y refrigeracin, el procedimiento de simulacin que se emplee
condicionar la fiabilidad del resultado. Actualmente se distinguen dos mtodos: los mtodos de
simulacin estticos (tradicionalmente destinados a determinar las potencias mximas de
consumo) y los mtodos de simulacin dinmicos (destinados a evaluar las demandas y consumos
en periodos de utilizacin prolongados).
En cuanto a procedimientos de evaluacin y clculo de los sistemas de climatizacin y
ventilacin, en algunos casos se ha confiado en sistemas estticos de clculo de potencias, que
ofrecen datos sobre la maquinaria a colocar, pero no sobre el comportamiento global del edificio,
y en otros, sistemas de simulacin dinmicos de demanda energtica, tipo Design Builder o
Transys, que s ofrecen datos sobre ese comportamiento global. Este sistema permite analizar las
necesidades higrotrmicas en cada espacio del edificio en funcin de los datos climticos diarios.
La demanda energtica diaria se calcula en funcin a esos datos ms los clsicos de cargas
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internas, implementando adems en cada momento el sistema pasivo pertinente. En fase previa
al proyecto de instalaciones, permite el conocimiento exhaustivo del comportamiento global del
edificio para las diferentes estrategias pasivas que se puedan implementar.
6. CONCLUSIONES. UN BUEN ENFOQUE GLOBAL

A pesar de todo lo expuesto, cabe decir que las intervenciones en el RHHSCSP han sido
ejemplares en ambos aspectos, conservacin del patrimonio y mxima eficiencia energtica. A
nivel global es una intervencin de rehabilitacin de la que se puede aprender muchsimo adems
de congratularnos porque se haya llevado a cabo. An as, ha permitido y sigue permitiendo
profundizar en aspectos que hasta ahora no tenan la tanta relevancia, como es el caso de la
eficiencia energtica en edificios protegidos.
En todos los casos, las pequeas deficiencias que se puedan llegar a dar son absolutamente
solucionables y el control y seguimiento posterior que se est realizando da muestra de ello.
Asimismo, nos ha permitido extraer conclusiones sobre cul puede ser un enfoque adecuado para
la intervencin en un edificio histrico que pretenda compatibilizar el bienestar de los usuarios, la
eficiencia energtica y la conservacin de los valores patrimoniales.
En primer lugar, es imprescindible el compromiso entre todos los agentes, propiedad, usuarios
y tcnicos, para la eleccin de las intervenciones que permiten conservar los valores del edificio
histrico y aquellas que no lo permiten.
Por otra parte, tal como ya se anuncia en el apartado 4.2.2, queda enfatizada la importancia de
la definicin rigurosa de la temperatura operativa en los edificios histricos,. Es preciso huir de
aquellas decisiones de obra nueva que permiten simplificar el clculo, en que se considera la
temperatura radiante media igual a la temperatura del aire, dado que no siempre se podr aislar
la totalidad de la envolvente de un edificio histrico. Las temperaturas radiantes de los diferentes
acabados superficiales histricos: telas, alfombras, pavimentos hidrulicos, cermicos, madera,
yeso, cermica, tapices, artesonados, techos de madera y yeso, etc., son diferentes y, por tanto,
proporcionan diferente sensacin trmica, modificando las condiciones de bienestar. Si es
necesario, se estudiar cada caso especficamente para asegurar el bienestar del usuario sin
afectar a aquellos elementos que han de ser conservados.
Este aspecto nos traslada a la imprescindible simulacin dinmica para la evaluacin del
comportamiento global del edificio con el objetivo de sacar el mximo partido que nos ofrece y
as reducir el impacto de las instalaciones. Tengamos en cuenta que los edificios histricos
dialogaban con el entorno, clima y orientacin; debemos entender cmo eran: edificios de
grandes inercias; ausencia de aislamiento trmico; calefaccin mediante chimeneas y estufas
("biomasa" tradicional); conservaban el calor mediante cortinas, alfombras y contraventanas; se
protegan del sol mediante mallorquinas, voladizos, etc.; el confort era adaptativo y localizado; y,
es nuestro deber tambin proteger este valor.
7. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Gonzlez Moreno-Navarro, Jos Luis (noviembre 1998). Los proyectos hospitalarios de Llus Domnech
i Montaner: entre el rigor arquitectnico y la proclama nacionalista. Ponencia presentada en: V
Jornadas Gaudinistas. Gaud y el Modernismo. Reus.
[2]. Domnech I Montaner, Llus (1903-1916). Proyecto de Hospitales de la Santa Cruz y San Pablo, Tomo
III: Programa, Memoria. Pliego de Condiciones. AHSCSP. Tomo III. Serie. Obras del nuevo hospital.
Tema: Proyectos. Pliego de Condiciones. Programas. Memorias.
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LA MONITORIZACIN Y SIMULACIN HIGROTRMICA

COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA MEJORA DEL CONFORT,
PRESERVACIN Y AHORRO ENERGTICO DE ESPACIOS
PATRIMONIALES. EL CASO DE LA IGLESIA DE SAN
FRANCISCO DE ASIS, MORN DE LA FRONTERA /
Measurement and hygrothermal simulation model, a tool
to enhance thermal comfort, preservation and saving
energy of heritage site. Case study: the church of San
Francisco of Ass in Morn de la Frontera
MUOZ, C.; LEN, A.; NAVARRO, J.
MUOZ, C.: TEP-130 Research Group. Architecture, Heritage and sustainability: acoustic, lighting and energy.
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla - Spain. carmenmgonzalez@us.es
LEN, A.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Sevilla, Sevilla - Spain. leonr@us.es
NAVARRO, J.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Sevilla, Sevilla - Spain. jnavarro@us.es
RESUMEN
La creciente demanda del confort trmico en los espacios de culto ha ocasionado que el uso de tcnicas
de acondicionamiento ambiental sea ms comn en estos edificios. Sin embargo, la aplicacin de las
mismas, a menudo puede causar daos sobre el patrimonio eclesistico. Igualmente esta tipologa
edificatoria se caracteriza por su baja eficiencia trmica y energtica debido principalmente a su gran
volumen e inercia trmica y a los materiales utilizados en su construccin.
Precisamente, la aplicacin de estos sistemas HVAC puede ser ms o menos eficaces para el confort
trmico, la preservacin del patrimonio o la eficiencia energtica en funcin del medio empleado y el modo
de funcionamiento.
En este trabajo se describe una investigacin sobre tcnicas de acondicionamiento ambiental en espacios
de culto. El objetivo principal es disear y evaluar un sistema de climatizacin que mejore las condiciones de
confort trmico de los feligreses y preservacin del patrimonio de estos edificios con el mnimo consumo
energtico. Para ello se ha desarrollado una metodologa en tres fases. La primera ha consistido en la
monitorizacin de las condiciones higrotrmica de ms de un ao, registrando la temperatura y humedad
relativa en diferentes zonas y alturas del espacio principal de la iglesia. La segunda etapa ha sido la
elaboracin de modelos de simulacin ambiental que reprodujeran con suficiente fiabilidad el
comportamiento higrotmico de dicho espacio. Los modelos de simulacin han sido validados a partir de las
medidas registradas in situ. Por ltimo, y a partir de los modelos de simulacin anteriores, se ha evaluado la
influencia de implementar diferentes sistemas de HVAC sobre las condiciones ambientales del recinto de
estudio y su eficiencia energtica.
Palabras clave: Monitorizacin, simulacin, acondicionamiento higrotrmico, HVAC, conservacin,
confort trmico, ahorro energtico.
ABSTRACT
The new needs of comfort of the society, added to normative requirements, as saving, energy efficiency
and indoor air quality, demand environmental adequacy of historic churches. Although churches constitute
an inestimable wealth composed of sacred and liturgical item, relics, artwork, etc., not less than the
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patrimony preserved in museums and historical building. This cultural heritage is sensitive to changes in
temperature and relative humidity and has adapted to the particular local microclimate, to its average
values and to its variability.
In this paper a research on monumental church conditioning systems is described and comparative study
for different systems was performed. The main focus was preservation of the interior and the monumental
building itself, human thermal comfort and efficiency energy. In order to archive the above objectives, was
established some working methods. One of the main tasks of this project was monitoring of church for 18
months. The data obtained were used for analysis of hygrothermal behavior of the church. For this case of
study a validating measurement program was carried out. Using the data of measurement, we generated a
model similar to real. With this model we could implement the proposed intervention, having the
opportunity to prior verification of the environmental conditions of the building.
Key words: Measurement, simulation, hygrothermal conditioning, HVAC simulation, preservation,
thermal comfort, saving energy.
1. INTRODUCCIN
Los espacios de culto espaoles constituyen en su mayora una riqueza inestimable de nuestro
patrimonio cultural, y generalmente constan de objetos sagrados, litrgicos, tan importantes
como los que se pueden encontrar en museos. Sin embargo, la gran mayora de estos lugares son
instituciones que no disponen de unas estructuras tcnicas y administrativas permanentes para la
conservacin de los bienes que acopian, a pesar de que en la mayora de los casos, muchos de
ellos estn inscritos en el Registro General de Bienes de Inters Cultural o forman parte del
Inventario General de Bienes Muebles (1).
Durante siglos el clima interior de las iglesias espaolas ha venido determinado principalmente
por el clima exterior. Originalmente, la mayora de estos lugares o bien carecan de sistemas de
acondicionamiento trmico o si los presentaban, estos eran rudimentarios. Igualmente la
mayoritariamente estas tcnicas slo se encontraban en las iglesias localizadas en el norte de
Espaa.
Sin embargo, muchos de estos espacios estn siendo equipados con novedosas tecnologas
para mejorar las condiciones de confort de los feligreses, sin la realizacin de un estudio previo de
las posibles consecuencias que tienen estos sistemas sobre la preservacin del patrimonio mueble
y la eficiencia energtica.
Figura 1: a. Iglesia de Cudilleros (Asturias) b. Iglesia St. Mara (Luanco) c. Iglesia St Eulalia (Segovia)
Precisamente, debido a que el clima interior es un factor crucial para la conservacin de estos
edificios y su patrimonio, en los ltimos aos han surgido normativas europeas (2) motivadas por
la necesidad de reflejar las caractersticas especiales de los lugares de culto, cuyas condiciones no
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estaban recogidas en las normas para acondicionamiento de otro tipo de edificios. Asimismo
estos no fueron diseados como viviendas o espacios de trabajo, sino como espacios cuyo uso era
discontinuo. Pero actualmente estos edificios, segn los nuevos requerimientos normativos
pueden usar sistemas de climatizacin para proporcionar el confort trmico de los feligreses, para
mejorar las condiciones del clima interior para la conservacin o ambas situaciones a la vez.
Sin embargo, las obligaciones para el confort trmico pueden estar en conflicto con las de
conservacin y por lo tanto se necesitara llegar a un equilibrio (3). Igualmente estos espacios
presentan un gran volumen e inercia trmica y en la mayora de los casos una vez implementado
el sistema, debido a su elevado consumo de energa y a la situacin actual econmica, han dejado
de usarse. As que una las principales consideraciones en la implantacin de tcnicas de
acondicionamiento ambiental en estos espacios debera ser la sostenibilidad en general, y la
eficiencia energtica, debiendo elegir las estrategias y sistemas de calefaccin que reduzcan la
demanda de energa y el impacto ambiental.
Si el funcionamiento de estas tcnicas ambientales fuera continuo, existira una alta demanda
de energa debido al gran volumen que presentan estos edificios. Precisamente por razones
econmicas la mayora de las iglesias emplean un sistema de climatizacin para perodos de
tiempo limitados, concretamente cuando las personas estn presente. Pero esta estrategia de
climatizacin puede tener efectos adversos sobre la conservacin del edificio y sus objetos
interiores.
Con el fin de controlar el clima interior necesitamos una comprensin fsica y cuantitativa de la
compleja interaccin en el edificio entre el aire, la estructura del edificio, objetos y personas. Para
ello en la actualidad, la monitorizacin se est empleando para vigilar y diagnosticar el microclima
de muchos de estos espacios (3), (4), (5). Precisamente con este tipo de estudio se puede
descubrir una deteccin temprana de las condiciones ambientales anormales que deterioran el
patrimonio o no hacen confortable la iglesia.
Igualmente, los tcnicos disponemos de nuevas herramientas, que permiten estimar con
precisin el microclima de un espacio (6), (7). Estas nuevas herramientas, disponibles a partir de la
informtica, ayudan a los expertos a disear y evaluar los diferentes sistemas, teniendo un
conocimiento previo a la intervencin. No obstante, la aplicacin de estos programas de clculo
en edificios patrimoniales no est siendo muy acertada en sus resultados, pues su uso est
pensado para edificios contemporneos. Igualmente desde un punto de vista tcnico, estos
programas de simulacin son bastante opacos en los criterios de clculo empleados y a veces su
uso resulta complejo. As que si solo se usa esta herramienta, los resultados no pueden
considerarse vlidos, es necesario comparar los resultados con mediciones reales (6). Justamente
por eso, uno de los objetivos de la monitorizacin del microclima debe ser la validacin de los
modelos de simulacin. Los datos obtenidos de la monitorizacin deberan emplearse para la
generacin de modelos de simulacin lo ms parecido a la realizad (8).
El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es cuantificar y valorar, mediante monitorizacin y los
modelos informticos de simulacin informtica, los parmetros higrotrmicos de un espacio
patrimonial tras la aplicacin de tcnicas ambientales. De esta forma se pretende adquirir la
capacidad de acondicionar higrotrmicamente los espacios de culto considerando los aspectos de
preservacin, confort trmico y eficiencia energtica. Esta investigacin se ha desarrollado
siguiendo un mtodo experimental, donde se combinan las formulaciones analticas, las medidas
experimentales realizadas in situ y la utilizacin de tcnicas de simulacin mediante ordenador
para conocer y predecir el comportamiento higrotrmico de los espacios religiosos.
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2. DESCRIPCIN DE LA IGLESIA DE ESTUDIO Y SU CLIMA LOCAL

El trabajo que se presenta forma parte de un proyecto de investigacin de mayor alcance,
denominado Estudio de la implantacin de tcnicas ambientales para el acondicionamiento
higrotrmico en los proyectos de rehabilitacin en iglesia. El caso de estudio corresponde al caso
de la iglesia de San Francisco de Ass, sita en la localidad de Morn de la Frontera (Sevilla), y que
actualmente est declarada Bien de Inters Cultural.
Esta iglesia de estilo protobarroco es de mediados del siglo XVI y en casi cinco siglos
transcurridos desde que se puso la primera piedra, el templo ha cambiado en muchos aspectos al
igual que el entorno urbano donde se inserta (9). Originalmente su ubicacin era a las afuera del
casco urbano, en una zona elevada y rodeada de reas vacas. Hoy en da con la expansin de la
poblacin y las diferentes capillas que fueron aadidas posteriormente ha ocasionado que el
entorno de la iglesia no se parezca al de sus orgenes.
La iglesia est compuesta por una sola nave de forma rectangular de 10 m y 35 m de lado, con
gruesos muros de piedra y ladrillo y con cubierta de bveda de medio can. La nave central
presenta una altura de 13 m sobre el suelo. Esta iglesia muestra una gran diversidad de obras de
arte entre las que destacaremos los retablos de maderas, algunas imgenes y frescos del siglo XVI
y XVII.
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Figura 2: Planta y vista interior de la nave principal de la iglesia
La localidad de Morn de la Frontera se sita en la provincia de Sevilla, al sureste de la capital.

Su clima es mediterrneo del tipo subtropical. Las temperaturas son bastantes extremas, con
diferencias importantes entre el da y la noche con una media anual de 18C. Los inviernos son
suaves, con una media de las temperaturas mnimas en enero, el mes ms fro, de 10C. Las
heladas son ocasionales, con un promedio de das en los que la temperatura mnima es inferior a
4C. El verano, sin embargo, es mucho ms extremado, con una media de las temperaturas
mximas en Agosto de 27C. La humedad relativa del aire tienen una media anual del 60%, con
medias mensuales superiores al 75%, excepto en los meses de verano que es inferior. Presenta un
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rgimen de precipitaciones irregulares pero con valores importantes en el periodo invernal y en

primavera.
3. METODOLOGA
La metodologa de esta investigacin se ha desarrollado en tres fases. La primera ha consistido
en la monitorizacin de las condiciones higrotrmica durante un periodo de 18 meses. La segunda
etapa ha sido la elaboracin de modelos de simulacin ambiental que reprodujeran con suficiente
fiabilidad el comportamiento higrotmico de dicho espacio y la validacin de los mismos a partir
de las medidas registradas in situ. Por ltimo, y a partir de los modelos informticos, se ha
evaluado el impacto ambiental de la implantacin de diferentes sistemas de HVAC sobre la
preservacin del patrimonio, el confort humano y el consumo energtico.
Fase de Monitorizacin
Para la monitorizacin se procedi a la toma de datos para realizar un seguimiento continuo
de la humedad relativa (HR), temperatura del aire (T) durante el periodo de septiembre del 2010 a
febrero del 2012. La frecuencia de muestreo de datos fue de 30 minutos, aunque para el anlisis
estadstico de los mismos se emplearon los datos de frecuencia horaria. En la instalacin del
sistema de monitorizacin se sigui lo dispuesto en el protocolo indicado para la norma UNE- EN
ISO 7726:2002 (10) y la norma UNE-EN 1558 (11). Igualmente las mediciones se realizaron con
instrumentos calibrados peridicamente de acuerdo con la norma UNE- EN ISO 7726:2002 y la
incertidumbre de medicin del instrumento de referencia era inferior a 1/3 de la incertidumbre
requerida por los instrumentos utilizados.
Para la implantacin de los equipos de medicin, se seleccion un grupo de muros del edificio,
cuyo comportamiento fuera lo ms representativo posible del conjunto. La eleccin se realiz en
funcin de las distintas orientaciones y alturas del edificio. La muestra finalmente elegida estaba
compuesta por cuatro muros con orientacin sureste y noreste a dos altura, a 1,2 m (la altura de
una persona sentada) y otros a 8.5 m para comprobar la estratificacin de la iglesia. El rango de
medicin de los sensores era para la temperatura del aire -35C_80C con una precisin 0.2 C y
para la humedad relativa un rango de 0%_100% con una precisin 2%.
Asimismo en el exterior se procedi a la colocacin de una estacin meteorolgica para poder
valorar la incidencia del clima exterior sobre las variables medioambientales en el interior de la
iglesia.
Se emplearon equipos de medicin multifuncin para evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente
interior, ventilacin, etc. Estas mediciones se realizaron en los diferentes periodos estivales e
invernales, durante el periodo de monitorizacin. Igualmente una serie de imgenes termografas
se realizaron con el objetivo de estudiar la envolvente trmica de los edificios y su
comportamiento trmico de las distintas fachadas del edificio. En los ensayos se tomaron
imgenes infrarrojas a intervalos controlados de tiempo, con objeto de ver la evolucin de las
prdidas de calor que se iban produciendo.
Los datos obtenidos de la monitorizacin se utilizaron para ejecutar un conjunto de grficas y
tablas que posteriormente seran analizadas.
Fase de Simulacin
Seguidamente gran parte de los datos de la monitorizacin se emplearon para generar los
modelos de simulacin informtica tridimensionales de la iglesia lo ms real posible y se procedi
a su validacin. Este modelo espacial reproduca la iglesia, su entorno, desde el punto de vista
geomtrico, climtico y material. Para ello se emple el programa informtico Design Builder
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versin 3.4, EnergyPlus 8.1. Este programa emplea el motor de clculo Energyplus, desarrollado
por el Departamento de Energa de los Estados Unidos (DOE) para simular los procesos de
transferencia de calor, sistemas de climatizacin, y otros factores relacionados con el consumo
energtico de los edificios.
Figura 3: Modelo informtico de la iglesia de San Francisco de Ass y su entorno
Propuestas de sistemas HVAC

En ltimo lugar tras el previo anlisis y valoracin de las condiciones higrotrmicas en libre
evolucin se propusieron diferentes estrategias de acondicionamiento higrotrmico y se
analizaron los efectos que causaran sobre el confort trmico, la preservacin del patrimonio y el
consumo energtico. En la Tabla 1 se muestran las hiptesis para la climatizacin de la iglesia de
San Francisco de Ass.
Tabla 1: Hiptesis de climatizacin
Sistemas
H1: Sistema Autnomo
(Aire-Aire)
H2: Climatizadora UTA
(Aire-Agua)
H3: Climatizadora UTA + Suelo radiante
(Aire-Agua)
H4: Sistema UTA + Radiadores
(Aire-Agua)
Distribucin temporal
Climatizacin Continua
Climatizacin Intermitente
Climatizacin Rgimen mixto
Estrategia Bsica
H1 (Sistema Autnomo) Aire-Aire: Sistema aplicable a una nica zona, capaz de satisfacer
la demanda trmica de calefaccin o refrigeracin con un rendimiento trmico constante.
Su capacidad nominal total de calefaccin 25400W con un COP de 3,4 y su capacidad
nominal total de refrigeracin 23100W con un COP 2.8.
H2 (Climatizadora UTA) Aire-Agua: Sistema central de aire que controla la calidad del aire,
caldera de combustible y enfriadora para la produccin de agua caliente y fra para
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calefaccin y refrigeracin. La caldera mural de condensacin a gas, con una potencia de

50 kW y una enfriadora de aire-agua con una potencia de 38 kW y un EER de 2,75.
H3 (Climatizadora UTA) Aire-Agua + Suelo Radiante: Este sistema es el mismo que en el

caso H2, pero para satisfacer las demandas de calefaccin se emplean dos sistemas, la
Climatizadora UTA y Suelo Radiante
H4 (Climatizadora UTA) Aire-Agua + Radiadores: Este sistema es el mismo que en el caso

H2, pero para satisfacer las demandas de calefaccin se emplean dos sistemas, la
Climatizadora UTA y Radiadores.
Distribucin Temporal
Climatizacin Continua: Es la climatizacin permanente de un edificio a lo largo de todo el

periodo anual. El objetivo es proporcionar un clima interior especificado de forma
permanente.
Climatizacin Intermitente: Es la climatizacin durante un periodo de tiempo limitado, en

este caso durante el periodo de da donde cabe la posibilidad de que la iglesia pueda ser
usada. Se ha establecido un horario de 9.00 a.m. hasta 22.00 p.m.
Climatizacin en rgimen mixto: El edificio se mantiene continuamente a una

temperatura en libre evolucin y se climatiza solamente cuando la iglesia es usa para los
actos de culto. En este caso se establece el horario de culto actual.
Finalmente en base al Reglamento de Instalaciones Trmicas de los Edificios (RITE) y los

requerimientos para la conservacin (2), (11), (12) se fijaron las condiciones que deban cumplir
las instalaciones destinadas a atender la demanda de bienestar trmico para conseguir un uso
racional de energa.
Tabla 2: Condiciones interiores de diseo para confort humano y conservacin
RITE
21-23
23-25
Humedad
Relativa
40-50%
45-60%
10-20
20-30
30-65%
30-60%
Temperatura
Invierno
Verano
Conservacin
Invierno
Verano
Tabla 3: Consignas establecidas para los sistemas de climatizacin

Invierno
20C
45-65%
Primavera
22C
45-65%
Verano
25C
45-65%
Otoo
22C
45-65%
Igualmente la categora de calidad del aire interior (IDA) deba alcanzar como mnimo un IDA 3,
lo que supona 8 dm3/s, una calidad media del aire exigida para espacio como teatros, salones de
actos, etc.
Finalmente en todas las hiptesis de estudio se ha considerado sistemas donde se produce la
recirculacin del aire, con el fin de obtener un ahorro considerable de energa si tenemos en
cuenta el modo de funcionamiento continuo o intermitente. La recuperacin del calor del aire de
extraccin, en este caso no se ha contemplado debido a que el caudal del aire expulsado al
exterior, por medios mecnicos, no era superior a 0,5 m3/s del aire expulsado. Aunque para
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futuros estudio se planteara el anlisis de su uso debido al modo de funcionamiento continuo o

intermitente, que conlleva un elevado nmero de horas de uso.
4. RESULTADOS
Monitorizacin
Para establecer unos parmetros ambientales adecuados para la conservacin de la iglesia, se
aplic la norma europea UNE-EN 15757 (13) basada en el anlisis del entorno del clima interior
particular y la ASHRAE (12). Esta norma constituye una gua que especifica la temperatura y
humedad relativa necesaria para conservar el patrimonio cultural mediante las limitaciones de
daos fsicos causados por los ciclos de esfuerzo- deformacin en los objetos que contienen
materiales orgnicos higroscpicos. Para ello se calcul el promedio estacional, y los lmites de
daos de los datos medios registrados en la monitorizacin. En este caso se determin que los
lmites de daos para la temperatura eran 2C (clases de riesgo AA, sin riesgo de daos
mecnicos en la mayora de los objetos) y 5C (clase de riesgo BB, riesgo moderado de dao
mecnico en objetos de alta vulnerabilidad) y +7 y -8% para la humedad.
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Figura 4: Temperatura promedio monitorizada y T promedio estacional limitada por la ASHRAE y el ancho
de banda permitido (Lmite Max. Y Min.) Clase riesgo AA y BB
Figura 5: HR promedio monitorizada y HR promedio estacional limitado por la UNE-EN 15757 y el ancho de
banda permitido (Lmite Max. Y Min.)
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A partir del anlisis de las grficas anteriores se determin que los valores actuales de
temperatura no suponan ningn riesgo, sin embargo la humedad relativa si, debido a que en
algunas pocas del ao estos valores no cumplan los lmites establecidos por la normativa. El 25%
del tiempo, los valores de humedad relativa se encontraban por encima del lmite establecido por
normativa y este hecho se daba durante todo el ao, principalmente en primavera.
Igualmente para analizar si las condiciones ambientales de la iglesia en libre evolucin tena un
microclima propicio para el biodeterioro se estableci unos lmites de temperatura entre 10-20C
y una humedad relativa entre el 30-65% (14). De este modo, se determin el porcentaje de
valores que estaba dentro del rea para una adecuada conservacin del patrimonio. Durante el
verano los datos registrados no estaban dentro del rango adecuado para la conservacin, pero no
suponan ningn riesgo debido a que los niveles de humedad relativa eran bajos. En invierno y
otoo los niveles de humedad eran elevados pero la temperatura era baja, sin embargo, durante
la primavera el riesgo de biodeterioro era elevado, al presentar un alto porcentaje de valores
dentro de la zona de riesgo.
Finalmente para determinar si los valores registrados eran adecuados para el confort trmico
se aplicaron los requisitos de la norma EN-ISO 7730 (15). Esta norma recomienda que para
satisfacer los requerimientos de confort trmico en espacios religiosos el PMV deba estar entre el
rango -1 y 1, por lo que el PPD en esta tipologa edificatoria tena como lmite hasta el 26%.
Tabla 4: Porcentaje de personas insatisfechas (PPD) en diferentes estaciones del ao
PPD
Otoo 2010
Invierno 2011
Primavera 2011
Verano 2011
Otoo 2011
Invierno 2012
Primavera 2012
Verano 2012
<26%
70
0
48
100
75
0.1
21
100
26%-40%
30
58
28
0
25
51
48
0
>40%
0
42
24
0
0
48.9
31
0
PPD medio
18.2
38.8
30.5
9
16.5
40.8
34.2
9.9
Segn revelaron los resultados, durante el verano, el microclima de la iglesia de San Francisco
de Ass era adecuado para el confort humano, el 100% de los valores eran inferiores o igual al PPD
del 26%. Sin embargo en primavera ese porcentaje decreca, aumentando las personas
insatisfechas. En los meses ms fros del ao, el confort trmico se agravaba, sobre todo en
invierno, donde los valores dentro del rango adecuado eran del 0%.
Del anlisis del microclima actual de la iglesia de San Francisco de Ass se determin que su
microclima deba ser renovado para la conservacin en primavera y los meses ms fros y para el
confort trmico en invierno y primavera.
Simulacin
Con el fin de mejorar las condiciones ambientales para la conservacin y el confort trmico de
la iglesia, se propuso diferentes sistemas de climatizacin. Previamente necesitbamos generar
un modelo informtico tridimensional con un comportamiento higrotrmico muy similar a la
situacin real (16). As que se procedi a la validacin del modelo informtico basndonos en la
comparacin de un importante nmero de datos horarios registrados in situ con los resultados
obtenidos de la simulacin informtica una vez generado el modelo. A posteriori, se us una
medida empleada en estadstica, el percentil, que indica una vez ordenado los datos de menor a
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mayor, el valor de las variables por debajo del cual se encuentra un porcentaje dado de
observaciones en un grupo de observaciones. Vase Figura 6.
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Figura 6: Resultados de la Validacin de Temperatura del aire, Humedad Relativa y Humedad Absoluta del
modelo de simulacin
Para que el modelo fuera vlido los resultados de la simulacin deban diferir menos de 1C de
temperatura y 1.5 g/Kg de humedad absoluta durante el 95% del tiempo y menos del 5% de
humedad relativa durante el 90% del tiempo. La validacin de cada modelo en su estado actual,
se realiz en la hiptesis de la iglesia ocupada y en uso debido a que esta ha sido la situacin dada
durante el periodo de monitorizacin.
En este modelo de simulacin validado, se procedi a la simulacin de las diferentes hiptesis
de acondicionamiento higrotrmico. Gracias al interfaz grfica HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air
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conditioning) de Design Builder 3.4 (que permite el montaje de los componentes de un sistema de
climatizacin y lanzar una simulacin higrotrmica y energtica utilizando EnergyPlus 8.1) se
modeliz diferentes sistemas de climatizacin en detalle.
A continuacin se ofrecen los diferentes resultados de confort trmico, preservacin del
patrimonio y consumo energtico correspondiente a las cuatro hiptesis de climatizacin
planteadas en este estudio.
Los resultados del PPD (Porcentaje de personas insatisfecha) fueron representados en las
siguientes grficas agrupadas por meses que pertenecan a una misma estacin del ao. Se
estableci como lmite en el PPD hasta el 26%.
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Figura 7: Confort Trmico
Los resultados del confort trmico mostraron que todos los sistemas tenan un impacto muy
similar en el confort trmico, independientemente del sistema empleado. Sin embargo, durante
el verano la hiptesis H3 (Climatizadora UTA + Suelo radiante), presentaba una variacin en el
confort trmico respecto a los otros sistemas de climatizacin. Esto se deba a que con la
implantacin del suelo radiante, se modificaba la transmitancia del mismo. Como se pudo
comprobar en las imgenes termogrficas en libre evolucin el suelo aportaba frescor durante
esta poca del ao. El suelo radiante ocasionaba una disminucin de confort trmico durante el
verano con el uso en rgimen mixto.
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Igualmente segn el funcionamiento de los sistema HVAC, se pudo comprobar que con el uso
de los sistemas en continuo o intermitente se consegua unos niveles de confort trmicos muy
similares. Pero en el caso de uso en rgimen mixto los valores del PPD<26 se reducan
considerablemente. Aunque se comprob que la iglesia cumpla con los requerimientos de
confort trmico para el horario actual de culto de la iglesia, ya que los valores del PPD eran
inferiores a 26% durante ese periodo. Sin embargo, requera el encendido del sistema una hora
ante para alcanzar los niveles de confort una vez comenzara el culto.
Para poder evaluar si los parmetros ambientales eran adecuados para la preservacin del
patrimonio dependiendo del tipo de sistema y su modo de funcionamiento, se procedi a analizar
los lmites del intervalo de fluctuaciones de humedad relativa respecto a los valores estacionales
segn la normativa UNE-EN 15757 (13) y ASHRAE (12) para la temperatura.
En el caso de la HR se estableci que la las fluctuaciones de este parmetro deban desviarse
menos o igual del 10% del nivel de HR estacional (en libre evolucin era del 7-8%). En esta
normativa no se especificaba ningn lmite para la temperatura, pero en este caso se emplearan
los lmites establecidos por la ASHRAE segn la clase de riesgo admisible en las obras de arte de
los museos (el patrimonio mueble de las iglesias es muy similar a las obras de artes que se pueden
encontrar en los museos). Debido a la vulnerabilidad del patrimonio de las iglesias, se seleccion
dos clases de riesgos AA y BB (12) para los que se establecieron una desviacin del nivel de T
estacional de 2C y 5C respectivamente.
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Figura 8: Percentil de desviacin de T respecto a la T estacional
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Los resultados de los lmites establecidos para la temperatura segn la clase de riesgo AA
mostraron que los valores de la desviacin de temperatura de todas las hiptesis de estudio
menos la Hiptesis 3 (en funcionamiento intermitente), en el 90% del tiempo eran inferiores a
2C. Para la clase de riesgo BB, durante el 100% del tiempo eran inferiores a 5C, tan solo en el
caso de funcionamiento en rgimen mixto se superaran los 5C durante un 3% del tiempo.
Para la desviacin de la HR, los resultados mostraron que solo 75% del tiempo los lmites de HR
eran igual o inferior al 10%, independientemente del tipo de sistema y de su funcionamiento.
Igualmente como se puede observar en la similitud de las grficas todos los sistemas tenan un
impacto muy parecido sobre la HR. Se demostr que los mejores resultados se obtenan con el
funcionamiento en rgimen mixto, seguidos del funcionamiento continuo. Sin embargo, la opcin
de funcionamiento intermitente presentaba los valores de desviacin ms elevados.
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Figura 9: Percentil de desviacin de HR respecto a la HR estacional
En ltimo lugar los resultados de consumo en kWh de los diferentes sistemas HVAC en
diferentes regmenes de funcionamiento y periodos estacionales mostraron que el mximo
consumo se produca durante los meses ms fros. Igualmente de las diferentes hiptesis
planteadas, se determin que el sistema que menos kWh anuales necesitaba era el sistema
autnomo (H1), seguidos de sistema UTA (H2), UTA + radiadores (H4). Sin embargo, el sistema
autnomo (H1), durante el verano consuma ms kWh, debido a que el caudal de aire era
constante, no variable como los otros sistemas.
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Como era de espera el mximo consumo se produca cuando el sistema funcionaba en modo
continuo. Sin embargo, se esperaba un menor consumo para el funcionamiento intermitente ya
que el sistema solo funcionaba durante el da. Se compraron los resultados del funcionamiento
continuo e intermitente y este ltimo consuma entre un 35-40% menos que si funcionara en
modo continuo. Finalmente si el sistema funcionara en modo rgimen mixto, se reducira hasta un
90-95% respecto al funcionamiento en modo continuo.
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Figura 10: Consumo (kWh)
Finalmente se determinaron los costes del consumo de energa en euros durante el periodo
anual. Para ello se consider el precio ms desfavorable de energa segn el informe de precios
energtico regulados por el IDAE (Instituto para la Diversificacin y Ahorro de la Energa) del ao
2013. En este informe se establecan el coste de gas en 0.06 euros/kWh y el coste de electricidad
en 0,14 euros/kWh.
Tabla 5: Coste de la energa
Sistema HVAC
H1 Continuo
H2 Continuo
H3 Continuo
H4 Continuo
Electricidad kWh
24346
11184
18250
11353
Gas natural kWh

0
36499
31101
36103
/m
9,74
10,73
12,63
10,73
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H1 Intermitente
H2 Intermitente
H3 Intermitente
H4 Intermitente
H1 Rgimen mixto
H2 Rgimen Mixto
H3 Rgimen Mixto
H4 Rgimen Mixto
15435
7311
13563
7477
1743
849
1591
869
0
23459
24202
23445
0
2939
5782
3284
6,17
6,94
9,57
7
0,7
0,84
1,62
0,91
5. CONCLUSIONES
El estudio de diferentes estrategias de climatizacin para la iglesia de San Francisco de Ass
fueron llevadas a cabo para mejorar las condiciones ambientales interiores que no eran idneas
durante algunas pocas del ao, ni para el confort trmico ni para la preservacin del patrimonio
segn mostraron los resultados obtenidos de la monitorizacin.
Debido al gran volumen que presentaba la iglesia, a la necesidad de refrigerar y calentar la
misma, a los alto niveles de HR y por ser considerado como uno de los sistemas ms adecuados
para establecer unas condiciones ambientales para el confort trmico y para la conservacin, se
plante el estudio de sistemas de climatizacin de aire con o sin apoyo de otros sistemas
convectivos.
Del anlisis de los resultados obtenidos de las simulaciones validadas con las mediaciones
reales tomadas in situ se obtuvieron las siguientes conclusiones:
Todas las hiptesis de estudio conseguan unos niveles de confort trmicos acordes con el uso
actual y durante las horas de celebracin del culto siempre y cuando estas fueran encendidas una
hora antes del comienzo de la misa. Sin embargo, el modo de funcionamiento de la instalacin en
rgimen mixto no acondicionaba la iglesia para el confort trmico durante el resto de horas del
da. Igualmente se demostr que las otras dos hiptesis de modo de funcionamiento continuo e
intermitente conseguan unos niveles de confort adecuados durante estas horas.
En relacin a la conservacin, segn los resultados obtenidos se determin que la T se
controlaba extremadamente bien por todos los sistemas examinados durante todo el periodo
anual. Sin embargo, en cuanto al control de HR, solo se consegua que durante un 75% del tiempo
los valores de la desviacin de HR estuvieran por debajo del lmite establecido para la
preservacin del patrimonio. Slo en el caso de funcionamiento en modo mixto se conseguan
unos niveles de desviacin de HR inferiores al10% durante el 90 % del tiempo para el sistema H3
(UTA+ Suelo radiante), y del 80% del tiempo para el resto de sistemas.
Otra de las consideraciones importantes en el uso de estas tcnicas de control en estos
espacios era el consumo energtico de las instalaciones debido al gran volumen que presenta. Era
lgico que el menor consumo energtico se consegua con el modo de funcionamiento en
rgimen mixto. En este caso, el factor a considerar era qu tipo de instalacin consuma menos
energa. Segn este estudio y con las especificaciones tcnicas de los diversos sistemas HVAC
anteriormente descritos, el menor consumo energtico se obtena con el sistema autnomo (H1),
seguido de los sistemas H2 y H4.
Sin embargo, se podra disminuir el consumo energtico de las hiptesis H2, H3 y H4, si en vez
de emplear una caldera para el calentamiento de agua se planteara el uso de una bomba de calor
aire- agua. En la actualidad, el programa Desing Builder 3.4 solo desarrolla el uso de caldera para
el calentamiento de agua, estas instalaciones de HVAC estn pensadas para lugares de clima fro
donde una bomba de calor aire-agua no podra conseguir los requisitos planteados debido a las
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bajas temperaturas del exterior. Sin embargo este mdulo est en constante actualizacin y
desarrollo y no se descartas futuros estudios con este tipo de instalaciones.
6. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Direccin General de Bellas Artes y Bienes Culturales y de Archivo y Biblioteca.(2009). Conservacin
preventiva en lugares de culto. Actas de las jornadas celebradas en el Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural
de Espaa. Madrid. Ministerio de Educacin, Cultura y Deporte.
[2]. AENOR. (2011). EN-15759-1: Conservacin del patrimonio cultural. Clima interior. Parte 1:
Recomendaciones para la calefaccin de iglesias, capillas y otros lugares de culto. Madrid.
[3]. European Project Friendly-Heating. (2006). Church heating and the preservation of the Cultural
Heritage. Guider to the Analysis of the Pros and Cons of Various Heating systems. Roma: Electa.
[4]. Bernardi, A. (2008). Microclima inside Cultural Heritage buildings. Bolonia : il prato.
[5]. Limpens Neilen, D. (2006). Bench Heating in Monumental churches Thermal Performance of a
Prototype. Eindhoven : Eindhoven University of Technology.
[6]. Limpns-Neilen, D., Schoffelen M. y H., Schellen. (2004) . Design study of local bench heating system for
churches, performed by computer simulation. Eindhoven. Plea2004_The 21th conference on Passive
and low Energy Architecture.
[7]. Loupa, G., Charpantidou, E. y otros. (2006) . Indoor microclimate, ozone and nitrogen oxides in two
medieval churches in Cyprus. Cyprus. Atmospheric Environment.
[8]. Huijbregts, Z., y otros. (2012). A proposed method to assess the damage risk of future climate change to
museum objects in historic buildings. Eindhoven. Building and Environment.
[9]. Morales, A. (1982). Inventario Artstico de Sevilla y su provincia. Tomo I. Madrid. Ministerio de Cultura.
[10].
AENOR. (2002). UNE-EN-ISO: 7726. Ergonoma de los ambientes trmico. Intrumentos de medida de
las magnitudes fsicas. Madrid: AENOR.
[11].
AENOR. (2011). UNE-EN 15758. Conservacin del patrimonio cultural. Procedimientos e
instrumentos para la medicin de las temperaturas del aire y de las superficies de los objetos. Madrid.
AENOR.
[12].
ASHRAE. (2007). Chaper 21: Museums, libraries and archives. Handbook: Heating, ventilating and
air conditioning applications. s.l. : American society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Engineers.
[13].
AENOR. (2011). UNE-EN 15757 Conservacin del patrimonio cultural. Especificaciones de
temperatura y humedad relativa para limitar los daos mecnicos causados por el clima a los
materiales orgnicos higroscpicos. Madrid. AENOR.
[14].
Erhardt, D. y Mecklenburg, M. (1994). Relative Humidity re-examined en Preventive conservation.
Practice, Theory and Research. London. Preprints of the contributions to the Ottawaz II Congress.
[15].
AENOR (2006). EN-ISO 7730: Ergonoma del ambiente trmico. Determinacin analtica e
interpretacin del bienestar trmico mediante el clculo de los ndices PMV y PPD y los criterios de
bienestar trmico local. Madrid. AENOR.
[16].
Sendra, J.J., Leon, A. y otros. (2011). Proyecto Efficacia. Optimizacin energtica en la vivienda
colectiva. Sevilla. Universidad de Sevilla.
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TERESE3: HERRAMIENTA INFORMTICA PARA L A

EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA MEDIANTE LA SIMULACIN
CALIBRADA DE EDIFICIOS / TERESE3: informatic tool for the
energetic efficiency through the calibrated simulation of
buildings
GRANADA, E.; EGUA, P.; MARTNEZ, R.; NEZ, J.; RODRGUEZ, M.
GRANADA, E.: Universidad de Vigo; Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales, Vigo - Espaa; egranada@uvigo.es
EGUA, P.: Universidad de Vigo; Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales, Vigo - Espaa; peguia@uvigo.es
MARTNEZ, R.: Proyestegal S.L.; Lugo - Espaa; direccion@proyestegal.com
NEZ, J.: Dielectro industrial S.A.; Arteixo - Espaa; jnunez@dielectroindustrial.es
RODRGUEZ, M.: Clece S.A.; Madrid - Espaa; mrodriguezvi@clece.es
RESUMEN
3
TERESE , cuyo acrnimo significa TEcnologas para la REhabilitacin y Sistemas para la Eficiencia
Energtica de Edificios, es una herramienta recientemente desarrollada por un consorcio de empresas
privadas junto con el apoyo de la Universidad de Vigo, cuyo objetivo es acercar las simulaciones energticas
de los edificios a profesionales pertenecientes al sector de la edificacin no expertos en dicho campo.
Los puntos clave diferenciadores de esta aplicacin son:
Incorporar libreras predefinidas y ampliables de materiales y cerramientos para cualquier tipo de edificio
en general e histrico en particular.
Proporcionar diferentes modelos de infiltraciones que calculan, mediante tcnicas estadsticas aprobadas
a nivel mundial, las cargas asociadas a la existencia de zonas de intercambio de aire con el exterior
Calibrar automticamente la simulacin para obtener resultados similares a los reales, introduciendo los
valores histricos de consumos, temperaturas y otros datos relevantes en la propia interfaz del programa.
Parametrizar el modelo de tal forma que se pueden simular diferentes modificaciones introducidas en la
envolvente del edificio, en la realidad de uso, en la ubicacin y tiempo meteorolgico, en caractersticas de
las instalaciones trmicas, etc.
Proporcionar resultados y grficos ya tratados y depurados que permitan una rpida generacin de
informes automatizados y faciliten la toma de decisiones.
Permitir el anlisis de viabilidad econmica de las medidas de conservacin de la energa introducidas en
el modelo.
Mediante una interfaz muy intuitiva, el usuario puede incorporar al modelo geomtrico del edificio cada
una de las caractersticas influyentes en su comportamiento trmico permitiendo una evaluacin global y
proporcionando un apoyo inestimable en la rehabilitacin energtica de edificios histricos.
Palabras clave: rehabilitacin, calibracin, BIM, simulacin, eficiencia energtica.
ABSTRACT
3
TERESE , those acronym means technologies for the refurbishment and systems for building energetic
efficiency, is a tool recently developed by a private companies consortium with the support of Vigos
University, aimed to get closer building energetic simulations professionals from building sector without
experience in this field.
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The key distinguishing points for this application are:

Add predefined and extendable database of materials and enclosures for every kind of building, and
particularly to historic buildings.
Provide different infiltration models that calculate, by statistical methods approved worldwide, charges
associated to exchange air zones with outside.
Calibrate the simulation automatically to obtain similar results to real ones, introducing historic values
consumption, temperatures and other relevant data in the software interface.
Configure the building model to simulate different modifications in building thermal envelop, use reality,
location and weather data, thermic facilities features, etc.
Provide processed and refined results and charts that allow quick generation of automatic reports and
ease decision making.
Allow viability study of energy conservation measures introduced at the building model.
By means of a very intuitive interface, the user can add to the geometric model of the building every
significant feature over its thermal behavior, allowing a global evaluation and providing an invaluable
support in energetic refurbishment of historical buildings.
Key words: refurbishment, calibration, BIM, simulation, energetic efficiency.
1. INTRODUCCIN
TERESE3 es una aplicacin de software cuya principal caracterstica es la simulacin trmica de
un modelo edificatorio.
Esta tecnologa ser capaz de proponer soluciones integrales optimizadas econmica,
energtica y/o ambientalmente para la realizacin de rehabilitaciones energticas, especialmente
aplicadas a edificios de elevado potencial de ahorro, como es el caso de edificios antiguos e
histricos. Por tanto se basa en el desarrollo de metodologas automatizadas que procesen datos
y generen una simulacin energtica, buscando un compromiso adecuado entre simplicidad y
precisin, cuyo objetivo final sea facilitar la toma de decisiones en cuanto a medidas de
conservacin de energa se refiere.
Por ello se ha desarrollado una aplicacin que permite un volcado de datos desde un BIM
generado previamente hasta el software de evaluacin energtica. Para ello TERESE3 realiza
conversiones, depuraciones y comprobaciones pertinentes del sistema para su correcto
funcionamiento.
2. ETAPAS PREVIAS
El anlisis trmico de un edificio resulta un proceso complejo para el que se necesitan todos
los parmetros que definen la vida del edificio. Y lo mismo ocurre en los edificios histricos.
Los datos necesarios para ejecutar una simulacin fiable deben ser recabados mediantes
inspecciones visuales en la edificacin, gracias a los cuales sea posible ajustar el modelo
edificatorio al modelo real.
Del mismo modo, la inspeccin integral de la envolvente se hace imprescindible. Es preciso
contar con datos geomtricos, estructurales y constructivos que definan parmetros relativos al
intercambio de calor con el exterior y con otras zonas en el interior.
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Por otra parte, la inspeccin del edificio proporciona una idea sobre las diferencias y
similitudes existentes entre zonas para, de esta forma, definir la zonificacin trmica en que se
podr dividir el edificio.
3. BIM: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

El punto de partida de la aplicacin TERESE3 es un archivo BIM. Un BIM (Building Information
Modeling) contiene informacin del edificio, bien sea simplemente geomtrica y constructiva,
bien completa con datos sobre infiltraciones, iluminacin, ocupacin, etc. de esta forma, el
software de simulacin podr contar con un formato estndar cuyo objetivo ser el de facilitar la
transferencia de informacin del edificio en formato digital.
BIM es un concepto abstracto que se materializa en un formato especfico, en forma de Green
Building XML (.gbxml). Este formato sigue una estructura definida que se divide en una serie de
nodos. Cada nodo almacena informacin relativa a un tipo de informacin del edificio.
No obstante, frente al formato estndar de Green Building XML, se ha modificado ligeramente
para abarcar ms campos necesarios para la simulacin. En el siguiente diagrama se muestran
todos los nodos que componen un Green Building XML modificado.
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Figura 1: Diagrama de BIM
Por otra parte, el software SketchUp, junto con el plugin OpenStudio, genera modelos en 3D,
divididos por zonas trmicas, en los que se pueden utilizar plantillas de construcciones junto con
sus caractersticas trmicas. La salida correspondiente es un formato .osm y gracias a la facilidad
de diseo de modelos edificatorios en este programa, se ha aceptado como entrada al software
TERESE3.
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Figura 2: Ejemplo de edificio 3D en SketchUp utilizando el plugin OpenStudio
4. BASES DE DATOS DE MATERIALES Y CERRAMIENTOS TIPO

Tras una amplia bsqueda a travs de distintas normas, recursos y consultas, se ha llegado a la
conclusin de que la mejor opcin para crear una base de datos inicial de materiales de
construccin es utilizar documentos reconocidos. En este mbito, con carcter oficial se dispone
del Catlogo de Elementos Constructivos del CTE (2010), en el que se encuentran un gran nmero
de materiales, productos y elementos constructivos utilizados en la edificacin con valores de
ciertas caractersticas tcnicas.
Figura 3: Pantalla de materiales del software TERESE3
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De este modo, se extrae del Catlogo de Elementos Constructivos del CTE los materiales de
construccin tipo y cerramientos tipo, junto con las caractersticas ms importantes, y se prepara
una base de datos de materiales, permitiendo su progresiva ampliacin. De esta manera, se
recopilar la mayor cantidad de elementos posibles y actualizados, junto con sus caractersticas
tcnicas, no slo aquellos ms comunes, sino tambin los utilizados en la construccin de edificios
histricos.
Como resulta obvio, la obtencin de un proyecto arquitectnico de un edificio histrico es una
tarea difcil, si no imposible. Y esto sucede en innumerables ocasiones con edificios comunes. La
opcin de verificacin de la composicin de la envolvente trmica de un edificio a travs de
ensayos y comprobaciones reales es inviable, ya que se necesitara realizar una cata en el
cerramiento en cuestin para observar su composicin y medir los espesores de los elementos
que lo forman. Solventando esta limitacin se ha incluido tambin una biblioteca de cerramientos
y huecos bien definida, basada en el Catlogo de Elementos Constructivos del CTE, que facilite la
labor de seleccin de un elemento constructivo por aproximacin al real.
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Figura 4: Pantalla de cerramientos del software TERESE3
5. REALIDAD DE USO
Un aspecto imprescindible para la obtencin de cualquier modelo edificatorio fiable es el
estudio de la realidad de uso del edificio. Esto es, es preciso analizar la rutina seguida en cualquier
carga trmica dentro del edificio histrico.
Una vez que un modelo de un edificio histrico es cargado, de manera automtica la
zonificacin trmica previamente establecida se hace patente en el apartado de Zonas. Aqu es
donde se configuran cada una de las cargas que afectan a la simulacin trmica del edificio:
infiltraciones, ocupacin, iluminacin, calefaccin, refrigeracin, equipos, ventilacin, confort.
Adems de los parmetros necesarios que definen la carga trmica de estos aspectos, para
cada uno de ellos se utilizan unos controladores denominados horarios, que facilitan al usuario el
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establecimiento de un patrn de actividad para fechas determinadas con una precisin de horas,
simplemente moviendo las barras hasta el valor adecuado.
Figura 5: Pantalla de ocupacin en la definicin de zonas del software TERESE3
Pero no slo la realidad de uso de un edificio histrico es importante, sino tambin los
sistemas de produccin y distribucin trmica de los que dispone y que es importante simular.
Hasta el momento, los sistemas incluidos en la aplicacin TERESE3 son los ms bsicos y comunes
en la mayora de los edificios. Para cada uno de ellos es necesario conocer los parmetros que los
caracterizan y as modelizarlos.
Tabla 1: Sistemas de produccin y distribucin trmica incluidos en el software
Sistemas de produccin
trmica
Sistemas de distribucin
trmica
Calderas con depsito

Paneles solares
Bombas de calor
Combinaciones
Radiadores de agua
Fancoils
UTAs
Suelo radiante
Expansin directa
Radiadores elctricos
6. SIMULACIN
Una vez que todos los factores que afectan al sistema trmico que conforma el modelo del
edificio histrico son definidos, se pasa a la fase de simulacin. Para ello se deben configurar
parmetros como el timestep, duracin de la simulacin y outputs deseados, as como un archivo
de datos meteorolgicos en formato .epw.
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Visualmente se puede reconocer el avance de la simulacin gracias al progreso en la parte

derecha de la pantalla, en el que se verifica la correcta realizacin de los pasos necesarios para
preparar la simulacin y la simulacin propiamente dicha.
Figura 6: Pantalla de simulacin del software TERESE3
6.1. Proceso de conversin

Durante la ejecucin de la simulacin se sigue un proceso interno y complejo que de manera
automtica realiza una serie de conversiones de formato hasta llegar al simulador trmico.
Partiendo del modelo edificatorio descrito en un BIM, el ncleo o core de TERESE3 lee la
informacin en el contenida y lo relaciona con los parmetros definidos en la propia aplicacin
para cada una de las zonas trmicas establecidas. Junto con los datos meteorolgicos
proporcionados a la aplicacin, TERESE3 genera un archivo que sufre una serie de conversiones de
formato para facilitar su exportacin al software de simulacin.
Figura 7: Proceso realizado desde la introduccin de datos hasta la simulacin
El formato en el que se almacenan todos los datos relativos al edificio, es un Green Building
XML modificado, que como ya se explic previamente, se han incorporado otro tipo de datos no
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contemplados en su esquema estndar. Este archivo automticamente se transforma en .idf, un

formato ledo por versiones anteriores de Energy plus y que almacena datos relativos al edificio
(geometra, materiales, elementos constructivos,).
El paso al software de simulacin se produce en la conversin automtica del archivo .idf a
formato .b17. Y por ltimo, se genera, de nuevo automticamente, un archivo .dck, con el cual ya
se puede simular el modelo del edificio. El .dck establece la estructura y relacin entre los
sistemas que componen el edificio, no slo geomtricos y constructivos, sino tambin de horarios,
ocupacin, equipos, etc.
6.2. Datos meteorolgicos

La obtencin de un archivo de datos meteorolgicos fiable no siempre es una tarea sencilla.
Con objeto de facilitar archivos vlidos para las simulaciones en TERESE3 se ha desarrollado de
manera paralela una aplicacin para la obtencin automtica de datos meteorolgicos. Hasta el
momento, los datos meteorolgicos disponibles se limitan a la Comunidad Autnoma de Galicia.
En la aplicacin, simplemente introduciendo la ubicacin del edificio, se pueden visualizar y
descargar de manera automtica los datos de la estacin meteorolgica ms cercana.
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Figura 8: Pantalla de bsqueda y descarga del software de datos meteorolgicos
7. RESULTADOS E INFORMES
Una vez finalizada la simulacin del modelo de edificio histrico, los resultados obtenidos se
representan automticamente y pueden ser visualizados en el apartado correspondiente en
forma de grficas. En funcin de los outputs seleccionados, las salidas sern diferentes
atendiendo a los distintos parmetros: temperatura, humedad, potencia, demandas trmicas, etc.
Los datos son representados en forma de grfico de barras, lneas y circulares aportando
informacin global del modelo, o bien distinguiendo los resultados por plantas o por zonas
trmicas.
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Asimismo, la descarga de los resultados es posible gracias a informes tipo en formato .pdf,
.docx y .xlsx.
Gracias a los resultados de la simulacin, se pueden analizar las variaciones trmicas, mximos
y mnimos de cada zona y decidir sobre cuales interesa ms actuar, aquellas con mayores prdidas
o mayor demanda por superficie.
Figura 9: Resumen de temperaturas mensuales del edificio
Figura 10: Temperaturas mnimas, mximas y promedio de cada zona trmica
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Figura 11: Potencias mximas y horas de uso por zona trmica
8. CALIBRACIN DEL MODELO

Un modelo edificatorio cualquiera que es simulado pero que no se ajusta al modelo real, no
resulta til para un anlisis trmico enfocado a la eficiencia energtica.
Por tal motivo es necesario realizar una calibracin entre datos reales extrados del edificio
histrico y el modelo generado en la aplicacin TERESE3. La calibracin que se realiza en este
programa es una calibracin automtica por medio de la configuracin de una aplicacin que,
mediante un algoritmo de bsqueda, genera la opcin ptima de calibracin.
De esta manera, la simulacin de un modelo edificatorio calibrado proporciona resultados
fiables acordes a la realidad del mismo, reduciendo el margen de error en torno al 10%-20%
(RMSE). Segn la ASHRAE [1], un modelo calibrado se considera aceptable si se encuentra dentro
del margen de 30% (RMSE) cuando se utilizan datos horarios.
9. MEDIDAS DE CONSERVACIN DE ENERGA

Una vez se disponga del modelo calibrado del edificio objeto de estudio, tomar medidas de
conservacin de energa es un requisito indispensable para la rehabilitacin energtica. Para ello
se ha dispuesto de un apartado en el que introducir distintas mejoras en el edificio histrico que
favorezcan el incremento de eficiencia energtica.
En l, el usuario puede modificar y cambiar parmetros que afectan tanto a la envolvente
trmica del edificio como a los sistemas de produccin y distribucin que contiene de manera que
una vez los simule, pueda realizar una comparacin sencilla de resultados entre el estado actual y
los estados modificados.
Con este anlisis, la toma de decisiones acerca de las ptimas medidas de conservacin de
energa a tomar se torna ms sencilla, ya que no slo se dispone de datos de ahorro energtico,
sino que es posible realizar la conversin a trminos econmicos.
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Figura 12: Pantalla de mejoras del software TERESE3
10. RECONOCIMIENTOS
Este proyecto ITC-20133033 TERESE3 Tecnologas para la rehabilitacin y sistemas para la
eficiencia energtica de edificios ha sido subvencionado por el CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo
Tecnolgico Industrial) y el Fondo Tecnolgico-FEDER 2007-2013 (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo
Regional) INNTERCONECTA, siendo apoyado as por el Ministerio de Economa y Competitividad, y
la Consejera de Economa e Industria de la Xunta de Galicia a travs de la Axencia Galega de
Innovacin (GAIN).
Figura 13: Entidades subvencionadoras y de apoyo al proyecto TERESE3
11. REFERENCIAS Y BIBLIOGRAFA

[1]. ASHRAE Guideline 14 Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings (2002)
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Handbook
Fundamentals (2009)
Gbxml http://www.gbxml.org/ (2014)
OpenStudio, https://openstudio.nrel.gov/ (2014)
SketchUp, http://www.sketchup.com/es (2014)
Trnsys, Transient System Simulation Tool, http://www.trnsys.com/ (2014)
EVO, Efficiency Valuation Organization, www.evo-world.org (2014)
LEED, Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design, http://www.usgbc.org/leed, (2014)
BREEAM, Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology,
http://www.breeam.org/ (2014)
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EnergyPlus, http://energy.gov/eere/office-energy-efficiency-renewable-energy and

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/?utm_source=EnergyPlus&utm_medium=redirect
&utm_campaign=EnergyPlus%2Bredirect%2B1 (2014)
DOE2, http://www.doe2.com/ (2014)
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EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA Y ANLISIS TRMICO PARA

SISTEMAS DE AIRE CENTRALIZADO: UN CASO DE ESTUDIO
/ Energy Efficiency and thermal analysis for centralized air
heating systems: a case study
MARTNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.; GOMEZ-HERAS, M.; FORT, R.; VARAS-MURIEL, M. J.
MARTNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM) / Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera y
Sistemas de Telecomunicacin, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Departamento de Ingeniera Telemtica y
Electrnica / CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM and CSIC. Madrid - Spain
GOMEZ-HERAS, M.: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM) / CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM and CSIC / ETS
Arquitectura, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Dpto. Construccin y Tecnologa Arquitectnica. Madrid - Spain
FORT, R.: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM) / CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM and CSIC. Madrid - Spain
VARAS-MURIEL, M. J.: Departamento de Petrologa y Geoqumica, Facultad Ciencias Geolgicas, Universidad
Complutense de Madrid / Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM). Madrid - Spain
RESUMEN
Debido al diseo arquitectnico y a los materiales de construccin empleados, los edificios utilizados para
el culto religioso de valor histrico artstico se caracterizan por una baja eficiencia trmica. El calentamiento
de grandes volmenes de aire se convierte en una tarea difcil, dependiendo su consecucin del sistema
empleado para ello. En ocasiones la ausencia de sistemas de calefaccin en origen en catedrales, iglesias,
capillas y otros edificios de culto religioso, ha hecho necesaria la incorporacin de sistemas de calefaccin
posteriormente.
La problemtica bajo estudio relativa a la eficiencia energtica de los sistemas de calefaccin se
encuentra tambin en casas histricas donde, a pesar de tener dichos sistemas un uso ms continuo que en
edificios de culto religioso y una problemtica distinta, tienen un objetivo de eficiencia energtica comn. El
presente trabajo muestra un anlisis trmico del sistema de aire centralizado del que dispone la iglesia
Nuestra Seora de la Asuncin de Algete (Madrid, Espaa) utilizando una red de sensores tridimensional, as
como un estudio de las condiciones de los muros de la iglesia abordando tcnicas de termografa de
infrarrojos mientras el sistema calefactor est funcionando y un anlisis energtico y de costes a considerar
en este tipo de sistemas calefactores.
Se obtuvieron una serie de imgenes trmicas con el sistema calefactor funcionando para calcular los
cambios que se producen en las paredes. Los resultados muestran la tasa de variacin en las mismas, que
puede tener un impacto importante en los procesos de deterioro que se producen sobre los materiales o
bienes de inters patrimonial.
Al mismo tiempo todos estos cambios termo-higromtricos en los muros influyen en la eficacia
energtica y econmica del sistema de calentamiento al modificar las temperaturas deseables para el
confort de sus ocupantes.
Palabras clave: eficiencia, HVAC, sensores, termografa infrarroja, estudio ambiental, temperatura de
confort, deterioro
ABSTRACT
Due to architectural design and construction materials, historic churches and other religious buildings are
characterized by low thermal efciency. The heating of large volumes of air is a difficult task and it is going
to depend on the HVAC system used, with a common objective of thermal efficiency for historic churches or
houses, in spite of having different problems. This work shows a thermal analysis of the centralized air
heating system in Nuestra Seora de la Asuncin church located in Algete (Madrid, Spain) by using a threedimensional sensor network. Furthermore, indoor environmental and wall conditions are studied taking into
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account different monitoring techniques as hygrometric conditions and series of thermal images while
heating for a complete analysis, together to energy and cost-effective aspects of using this kind of heating
systems.
Series of thermal images were taken while HVAC system was working to calculate rate of changes on
walls. Results show heating rates change across the walls, which may impact on dissimilar decay processes.
Furthermore, all of these thermo-hygrometric changes in walls influence energy and economic efficiency
of the heating system by modifying the minimum desirable temperatures for the comfort of the occupants.
Key words: efficiency, HVAC, sensors, thermal imaging, environmental study, comfort temperature, decay
1. INTRODUCCIN
Los sistemas de calefaccin existentes en las iglesias adquieren un especial inters desde el
punto de vista de anlisis energtico en tanto en cuanto su funcionamiento se limita a periodos
de tiempo muy cortos en los que han de alcanzarse condiciones de confort deseables para los
feligreses o visitantes [1], no habiendo existido regulacin en Espaa de esta prctica en este tipo
de edificios hasta diciembre de 2012 (UNE-EN 15759-1: 2012) [2].
Este uso intermitente para el calentamiento de grandes masas de aire perturba las condiciones
microclimticas en el interior de los templos [3] ejerciendo una alteracin que, junto a otros
factores externos como la insolacin [4], constituyen uno de los principales agentes de deterioro
de los muros y patrimonio artstico de los templos.
Para un anlisis exhaustivo de la problemtica de deterioro debido al funcionamiento de los
sistemas de calefaccin, es necesario imbricar una serie de tcnicas de monitorizacin como la
termografa infrarroja o la distribucin en el espacio de sensores de temperatura y humedad
relativa [5], cuyo desarrollo ha sido abordado en el presente trabajo para el conocimiento de la
eficiencia energtica y anlisis trmico del sistema de aire centralizado del que dispone la iglesia
Nuestra Seora de la Asuncin de Algete (Madrid, Espaa).
1.1. Iglesia Nuestra Seora de la Asuncin de Algete (Madrid, Espaa)

La Iglesia Parroquial de la Asuncin de Nuestra Seora en el municipio de Algete (Provincia de
Madrid, Espaa, a 30Kms al noreste de la capital) data de principios del siglo XVI y fue declarado
Bien de Inters Cultural en agosto de 1996. Posee unas dimensiones de 44.80x17.40x10.00m. El
interior est distribuido en tres naves con muros de ladrillos revestido y con columnas de basa de
granito, fustes y capiteles y arcadas de piedra dolomtica, presentando artesonado de madera,
observndose algunos contrafuertes de sillera de piedra dolomtica en el exterior [6]. El grosor de
sus muros es de 115cm. La torre est construida en ladrillo con zcalo de sillera y se corona con
un sencillo chapitel de cobre (Figura 1).
La temperatura media anual en el municipio es de 13,80C. En los meses de verano la
temperatura media es de 32,80C y en los meses ms fros la temperatura media es prxima a
0C. La precipitacin media anual en Algete es de 448 mm.
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a)
b)
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Figura 1: Fachadas norte (a) y sur (b) de la Iglesia Parroquial de la Asuncin de Nuestra Seora en Algete
(Madrid, Espaa)
1.2. Sistema calefactor estudiado

El sistema calefactor de la Iglesia Parroquial de la Asuncin de Nuestra Seora en Algete es un
modelo YGNIS LRP G-5 de gran rendimiento que se proyecta mediante calentamiento de agua a
travs de un generador de agua caliente por medio de gas natural, distribuyndose el agua
calentada a travs de un circuito de tuberas hasta sus unidades terminales tipo ventiloconvector
en el suelo, con un total de 10 rejillas de salida; 9 en la nave principal del templo y una en el
bside. La potencia prevista del mismo es de 168 kW, teniendo la rejilla sobre la que se realiza la
evaluacin del sistema un caudal de 9.790 l/h y 5 centmetros de dimetro.
De forma centralizada, una centralita electrnica se encarga de variar la temperatura de
impulsin del circuito hidrulico en funcin de la temperatura seca exterior y mediante una
mezcla a travs de vlvula de tres vas monitorizada (Figura 2). El sistema fue instalado a finales
de 2006 durante obras de restauracin y rehabilitacin de la iglesia que fueron acometidas por el
obispado de Alcal de Henares.
En lo que a trminos de consumo se refiere, los costes de mantenimiento, habindose
calculado con las condiciones de uso restringidas a la actividad de las misas del fin de semana, son
de alrededor de 1500 euros en un periodo anual.
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Figura 2: Esquema en planta de la sala de caldera de la iglesia Parroquial de la Asuncin de Nuestra Seora
en Algete (Madrid, Espaa)
2. METODOLOGA
Se realiz un estudio detallado de las condiciones tanto de ambiente exterior como interior as
como de las condiciones en los muros con diferentes tcnicas no invasivas consistentes en
termografa infrarroja y dataloggers.
Para la medida de condiciones meteorolgicas externas se instal una estacin meteorolgica
inalmbrica modelo Vantage Vue con display LCD de 8 x 11 cm, memorizacin de datos interna
cada 30 minutos y actualizacin automtica de datos desde los sensores cada 2,5 segundos,
provista de pluvimetro, anemmetro, veleta, sensor de presin as como sensores de
temperatura y humedad relativa trabajando en el rango -40C a 65C y 0 a 100% respectivamente.
Las condiciones ambientales generales en su ambiente interior (T/HR) fueron registradas a
intervalos de 5 minutos con un sensor modelo HOBO H8, ProSeries ONSET de 12-bit de resolucin
(alta resolucin). Su rango operativo es de -30 a +50 C (-22F a +122F) para la temperatura, con
una precisin de alta resolucin que se muestra en la Figura 3, y de 0% a 100% para la humedad
relativa con una precisin de 3% en el rango de 0C a 50C. La ubicacin de dicho sensor se
muestra en la Figura 4 como un icono triangular, estando situado a una distancia aproximada de 4
metros al foco emisor, registrando condiciones generales en una zona de bancos en el templo.
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Figura 3: Curva de precisin de la temperatura para el sensor HOBO H8 ProSeries ONSET de alta resolucin
Para el estudio del sistema calefactor se escoge una rejilla cercana a la fachada sur a los pies
de la iglesia situada en la zona rectangular verde de la Figura 4, primera en la entrada desde el
sistema de calefaccin a la iglesia y por lo tanto de mayor eficacia energtica, estudiando la
distribucin de la temperatura en el foco de salida emisor para cuatro alturas distintas, siendo
estas de 0,5m, 1,5m, 2,5m y 3,5m. Las rejillas de salida se indican en la Figura 4 a travs de
cuadrados rojos. Adems, se analiza la afeccin sobre la zona de pblico en la lnea del foco y a 2
m del mismo segn se muestra en la Figura 4 con un icono circular.
N
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S
Figura 4: Plano de la iglesia Parroquial de la Asuncin de Nuestra Seora en Algete (Madrid, Espaa).
Rectngulo verde: zona de estudio, cuadros rojos: rejillas de salida del sistema calefactor, icono circular:
ubicacin del sensor de evaluacin en la zona de pblico, icono triangular: ubicacin del sensor ambiental
interior
Las condiciones ambientales generales (T/HR) en la rejilla y a 2 m de la misma en la zona de

pblico fueron recogidas por sensores DS1923 iButtons, con una resolucin de 8 bits, un rango de
operacin de -20C a +85C (precisin 0.6C) para la temperatura y de 0% a 100% (precisin
0.6%) para la humedad relativa y una frecuencia de muestreo de 1 minuto.
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En base a la rejilla seleccionada anteriormente (Figura 4 seccin rectangular) para el anlisis

del foco de calor, se procedi a realizar termografa en la zona del muro sur adyacente al mismo.
La termografa de la iglesia se efectu con una cmara FLIR ThermaCAM B4 (7,5 a 13 micras de
rango de longitud de onda, 640 x 480 pixeles) para detectar la tasa de variacin en la temperatura
al encender el sistema de calefaccin. La emisividad se fij a un valor general alto de 0,96 (como
un valor comn para materiales de construccin) y la correccin atmosfrica no se aplic, por lo
tanto las imgenes muestran temperaturas aparentes.
La inspeccin termogrfica se realiz con dos metodologas diferentes: por un lado de manera
convencional (tomando imgenes individuales antes y despus del periodo de funcionamiento de
la calefaccin) en todas las zonas en las que se monitorizaron los parmetros ambientales. Por
otro lado, se realiz de manera focalizada en el rea definida en el muro sur al lado del
confesionario manteniendo la cmara fija desde antes del encendido de la calefaccin hasta 1
hora despus de estar funcionando. Se tomaron imgenes cada 10 minutos para observar los
gradientes de temperatura aparente de la superficie del muro causados por la calefaccin.
3. CONDICIONES MEDIOAMBIENTALES
3.1. Condiciones externas
Las condiciones externas registradas han sido estudiadas para los perodos de anlisis del
trabajo, en primero lugar para el intervalo horario en el que se efectu el encendido de la
calefaccin en el da 22 de marzo de 2013 para ver la distribucin de temperatura a diferentes
alturas en el foco, y en segundo lugar para el da 19 de febrero de 2014 que es cuando se realiza
el anlisis termogrfico en los muros.
Durante el anlisis de temperatura en el foco en altura (22 de marzo de 2013) las condiciones
externas registradas con la estacin meteorolgica inalmbrica muestran vientos predominantes
del Este-Sureste y de velocidad media 0.4m/s sin existencia de lluvias, con una distribucin de
temperatura y humedad relativa en el intervalo bajo estudio como se muestra en la Figura 5.
OUTSIDE T/RH DURING HEATING TEST (22nd MARCH 2013)
86
10.5
85
10.3
RH (%)
T(C)
84
10.1
9.9
82
81
9.7
11:30h.
83
12:00h.
12:30h.
13:00h.
Time of the day (hours)
13:30h.
14:00h.
80
11:30h.
12:00h.
12:30h.
13:00h.
13:30h.
14:00h.
Figura 5: Condiciones en el exterior de la iglesia para el da 22 de marzo de 2013 durante el funcionamiento

del sistema calefactor
Por su parte, las condiciones externas en el da de anlisis termogrfico presentan vientos de

direccionalidad muy variable en el periodo y de velocidad media 0.8m/s, con registro nico de
0.2mm de lluvia a las 12:30h. La evolucin de la temperatura y humedad relativa en este da (19
de febrero de 2014) se muestra en la Figura 6.
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OUTSIDE T/RH CONDITIONS 19th FEBRUARY 2014

90
80
RH (%)
T (C)
10
70
60
50
4
00:00h. 04:00h. 08:00h. 12:00h. 16:00h. 20:00h. 24:00h.
_
40
00:00h. 04:00h. 08:00h. 12:00h. 16:00h. 20:00h. 24:00h.
_
Figura 6: Condiciones en el exterior de la iglesia para el da 19 de febrero de 2014 en el que se tomaron las
imgenes de termografa infrarroja
3.2. Condiciones en el interior de la iglesia

Las condiciones microclimticas para el da 22 de marzo de 2013 en el periodo de anlisis del
sistema de calefaccin en el interior del templo, previas al encendido del sistema calefactor eran
de 11.2C de temperatura y 66% de humedad relativa. La Figura 7 muestras las condiciones
durante el encendido y una vez apagado el sistema.
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Figura 7: Condiciones en el interior del templo para el da 22 de marzo de 2013 en el que se estudi el
comportamiento del sistema calefactor
Las condiciones microclimticas para el da 19 de febrero de 2014 durante el anlisis

termogrfico en el interior del templo, previas al encendido del sistema calefactor eran 9.8C de
temperatura y 59.2% de humedad relativa. La Figura 8 muestras las condiciones durante el
encendido y una vez apagado el sistema.
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Figura 8: Condiciones en el interior del templo para el da 19 de febrero de 2014 en el que se tomaron las
imgenes de termografa infrarroja
4. RESULTADOS
La Figura 9 muestra los resultados de temperatura registrados en el centro del foco emisor de
la rejilla de salida bajo estudio (Figura 4 seccin rectangular) para las alturas de 0,5m, 1,5m, 2,5m
y 3,5m. Se registra el mximo de temperatura alcanzada en el foco para la altura de 1,5m con un
valor de 24.17C, siendo la lnea de tendencias en este caso muy similar a la de la altura de 0,5m.
Se observa adems cmo sin embargo para alturas mayores (2,5m y 3,5m) las temperaturas
siguen similar curva de distribucin al resto de alturas pero con una prdida de temperatura
notoria, por lo que la eficacia del sistema en el calentamiento queda condicionada por la altura,
con dispersin significativa a partir de 1,5m.
26
0.5m
1.5m
2.5m
3.5m
24
Temperature (C)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
11:30h.
12:00h.
12:30h.
13:00h..
13:30h.
Figura 9: Condiciones en de temperatura registradas en el foco emisor para distintas alturas analizadas (22
de marzo de 2013)
En lo que a la consecucin del confort trmico se refiere, se realiza el anlisis de los datos de
temperatura en el interior en la zona de pblico (Figura 4 icono cuadrangular) a una altura de
1,5m, que ha sido la altura de mayor afeccin por el calor del foco. Los resultados comparativos
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entre las temperaturas a 1,5m en el foco y en la zona de bancos para la misma altura se muestran
en la Figura 10.
26
PUBLIC ZONE (1.5m)
HEATING SYSTEM OUTPUT (1.5m)
24
Temperature (C)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
11:30h.
12:00h.
12:30h.
13:00h.
13:30h.
Figura 10: Condiciones en de temperatura registradas en el foco emisor y en la zona de pblico para la
altura de 1,5m (22 de marzo de 2013)
Se observa cmo tras la puesta en marcha del sistema y anterior al apagado, se registra un
aumento de temperatura en el foco emisor de 12C, siguiendo esta tendencia los datos
registrados para la altura de 15 m en la zona de pblico. Es por este hecho que se considera un
aumento significativo de la temperatura en la zona de pblico a pesar de que la distancia desde el
foco emisor al sensor en esta zona para una misma altura es de 2m. El mximo registrado en el
foco a 1,5m es de 23,2C, y en la zona de pblico de 16,2C habindose incrementado la
temperatura desde el encendido en este segundo caso en 4,5C. Por su parte, la temperatura
ambiente mxima registrada a 4m (Figura 4, icono triangular) es de 14,7C, permaneciendo por lo
tanto este valor cercano al registrado a 2m en la zona de pblico.
La curva de calentamiento desde el encendido del sistema presenta un ascenso progresivo de
la temperatura en todas las alturas estudiadas, siendo tras el apagado la disipacin de la
temperatura significativa, con una tendencia a volver a las condiciones iniciales ms rpida que la
seguida hasta alcanzar el mximo de temperatura durante el calentamiento.
La Figura 11 muestra una imagen de infrarrojos general del muro norte tomada desde el coro
70 minutos despus del encendido de la calefaccin en la que se observa cmo esta afecta al
muro calentando una banda vertical en la que la temperatura superficial es de hasta 3C mayor
que en las zonas adyacentes.
Asimismo, la Figura 12 muestra dos imgenes de infrarrojos de detalle de la zona del muro sur
antes del encendido de la calefaccin y tras 60 minutos de funcionamiento. Se observa cmo el
patrn de calentamiento de la seccin del muro no es homogneo existiendo una diferencia de
temperatura aparente de 3,3C entre las zonas con mayor y menor temperatura del paramento.
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Figura 11: Imagen de infrarrojos del muro norte tras 70 minutos de funcionamiento de la calefaccin en el
que se observa el calentamiento localizado generado por las rejillas
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Figura 12: Seccin del muro norte adyacente al confesionario, antes (a) y despus de 60 minutos de
funcionamiento del calefaccin. (b)
5. CONCLUSIONES
El sistema de aire centralizado analizado muestra pendientes de calentamiento-enfriamiento
muy diferentes siendo la pendiente de calentamiento ms paulatina hasta alcanzar la
temperatura mxima que la de enfriamiento, que se produce de manera ms acelerada. Los
valores mximos se registran para alturas menores, coincidentes con alturas de pblico sentado
(0,5m) y de pie (1,5m), por lo que los resultados de eficiencia relativos al confort son significativos
si adems se tiene en cuenta la distribucin del sistema en diez rejillas de salida en la superficie
del templo. La dispersin del calor es mayor para alturas superiores a 1,5m y tienden a ser
prximas las condiciones en la zona de pblico a 2m y 4m del foco de calor.
Los costes de mantenimiento del sistema son inferiores a otros sistemas donde el precio del
combustible es mayor, estando en Espaa el precio en /kWh para el gas natural en 0,05 /kWh
frente a otros combustibles como el gasleo para calefaccin (0,10 /kWh), el gas propano (0,090,14 /kWh) o la electricidad (0,13 /kWh) [7].
La termografa de infrarrojos muestra que el sistema de calefaccin utilizado genera un
calentamiento localizado de los muros y que estos muestran un calentamiento heterogneo
debido a irregularidades en la adherencia del revestimiento, fbrica interior del muro y
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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contenidos en humedad del mismo, que favorece el deterioro de los paramentos por
desprendimiento de la capa de revestimiento.
6. AGRADECIMIENTOS
Los autores agradecen la cooperacin recibida por el Obispado de Alcal de Henares. Nuestro
gran agradecimiento a D. Juan Jos y a D. Jess, por su gran apoyo y dedicacin. El presente
estudio ha sido financiado bajo los proyectos CGL2011-27902 y GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT1629). M. Gomez-Heras y M.I. Martnez-Garrido estn financiados por el Campus de Excelencia
Internacional Moncloa (UPM-UCM, CSIC) bajo el Programa Internacional de Captacin de Talento
en sus modalidades postdoc y predoc respectivamente.
7. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Nicol JF, Humphreys MA, New standards for comfort and energy use in buildings (2009). Building and
Research Information, 37(1), 68-73
[2]. Varas-Muriel M.J., Martnez-Garrido M.I., Fort R. (2014). Monitoring the thermal-hygrometric
conditions induced by traditional heating systems in a historic Spanish church (XII-XVI C.). Energy and
Buildings, 75, 119-132
[3]. Varas-Muriel M.J., Fort R., Martnez-Garrido M.I., Zornoza-Indart A., Lpez-Arce P. (2014). Fluctuations
in the indoor environment in Spanish rural churches and their effects on heritage conservation: Hygrothermal and CO2 conditions monitoring. Building and Environment, 82, 97-109
[4]. Martnez-Garrido M.I., Aparicio S., Fort R., Anaya J.J., Izquierdo M.A.G. (2014). Effect of solar radiation
and humidity on the inner core of walls in historic buildings. Construction and Building Materials, 51,
383-394
[5]. Martnez-Garrido M.I., Gmez-Heras M., Fort R., Varas-Muriel MJ. Monitoring moisture distribution on
stone and masonry walls. II International Congress "Science and Technology for the Conservation of
Cultural Heritage", Seville, 24-27 june 2014
[6]. Taborda M., Varas M.J., Fort R (2007). Influence of indoor environmental conditions on building
materials of Algete Church (Madrid, Spain). Water and cultural heritage, 7th Symposium International
sur la Conservation des Monuments dans le Bassin Mditerranen. Eds. F.Zezza, V. Perthuisot & A.
Planon, Universite dOrleans (France), 345-347
[7]. Obtenido de: www.preciogas.com. Fecha de consulta: 10 de septiembre de 2014
- 248 -
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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ANALISIS ENERGETICO DEL MUSEO DE HISTORIA DE

VALENCIA MEDIANTE DISTINTAS HERRAMIENTAS DE
SIMULACIN / Energy assessment of the History Museum
of Valencia using various simulation tools
TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.
TORT-AUSINA, I.: Dpto. Fsica Aplicada, ETS Ingeniera de Edificacin, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia
Espaa. isatort@fis.upv.es
VIVANCOS, J.L.: Dpto. Proyectos Ingeniera, ETS Ingenieros Industriales. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia
Espaa. jvivanco@dpi.upv.es
MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.: Doctorando, Dpto. Fsica Aplicada, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia Espaa.
anmarmo4@doctor.upv.es
MENDOZA, C. M.: Estudiante de Arquitectura, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia Espaa.
clmengme@arq.upv.es
RESUMEN
En esta comunicacin se analiza energticamente el edificio del Museo de Historia de Valencia (desde
2001), situado en Mislata (valencia, Espaa). El edificio fue construido en 1850, como depsito general de
aguas potables de la ciudad, manteniendo ese uso durante ms de un siglo. Se trata de un bello ejemplo de
la arquitectura industrial valenciana, considerado como la primera obra de ingeniera pblica de la Valencia
decimonnica, formado por un laberinto de doscientos cincuenta pilares y once bvedas de medio punto
realizadas con ladrillos de procedencia local.
Para el anlisis energtico se ha utilizado, en primer lugar, el programa informtico Designbuilder, para el
anlisis y diseo de edificios energticamente eficientes y sostenibles. Designbuilder utiliza la ltima versin
del motor de simulacin Energyplus para realizar los clculos energticos, siendo ste un motor de clculo
reconocido a nivel mundial, y en continuo desarrollo por el Departamento de Energa de los EEUU. Con este
programa se ha realizado una simulacin energtica dinmica para analizar el comportamiento energtico
del museo. De este clculo se han obtenido resultados de temperaturas y humedades interiores, ganancias
internas como solares, de equipos etc., y demandas energticas tanto de refrigeracin como de calefaccin.
En segundo lugar, se ha empleado el programa Ecotect Analysis, un simulador de edificaciones eficientes
de forma interactiva y visual, que trabaja con datos meteorolgicos del motor EnergyPlus, al igual que
Designbuilder. Esto ha permitido tener datos de partida sin dispersin a la hora de hacer una comparativa
posterior entre los resultados obtenidos del anlisis con Designbuilder y Ecotect. Con este ltimo se ha
realizado un modelado de la vivienda y se han analizado las temperaturas interiores, a la vez que
humedades, que son los factores que determinan el confort del edificio. Tambin se ha realizado el estudio
de la radiacin solar incidente en los muros exteriores. Por ltimo, se ha utilizado tambin el software CE3x
de certificacin energtica, para poder comparar los resultados de demanda obtenidos.
Tras analizar los resultados obtenidos mediante distinto software, se ha podido comprobar las
posibilidades de aplicacin de cada una de las herramientas, y de comparacin de resultados. Adems ha
permitido comprobar la importancia del modelado y simulacin de edificios patrimoniales, como
herramienta para introducir mejoras en el confort de los usuarios.
Palabras clave: Eficiencia energtica, Edificio histrico, Simulacin, Demanda energtica.
ABSTRACT
In this paper the building of the Museum of History of Valencia (2001), located in Mislata (Valencia,
Spain) is analyzed from the energy point of view. The building was constructed in 1850, as general
warehouse of drinkable waters of the city, supporting this use during more than one century. It is a beautiful
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
example of the industrial Valencian architecture, considered as the first work of public engineering of the
nineteenth-century Valencia, formed by a labyrinth of two hundred fifty pillars and eleven vaults realized
with bricks of local origin.
For the energetic analysis the Designbuilder software has been used, for the analysis and design of
energetically efficient and sustainable buildings. Designbuilder uses the last version of the engine of
simulation Energyplus to realize the energetic calculations, being this one an engine of calculation
recognized worldwide, and in continuous development by the Department of Energy of the USA. With this
program an energetic dynamic simulation to analyze the energetic behavior of the museum has been
realized.
From this calculation results of interior temperatures and humidity have been obtained, internal and
solar gains, equipment gains etc., and energetic demands both of refrigeration and heating.
Secondly, the Ecotect Analysis software has been used, a simuator of efficient buildings of interactive and
visual form, who works with meteorological information of the engine EnergyPlus, as Designbuilder. This has
allowed us to have initial data with no dispersion so then a posterior comparative between the results
obtained can be performed. A modelling of the building has been done with Ecotect and the interior
temperatures and humidities have been analyzed, being those the factors determining the comfort inside the
building. A study of the solar radiation in the exterior walls has been also done. And to finish, the software
for energy certification CE3X has also been used, to compare the result of demand.
After analyzing the results obtained by different software, the possibilities of application of each one of
the tools has been verified, and a comparison of results has been performed. In addition, it has allowed
verifying the importance of the simulation of heritage buildings, as a tool to introduce improvements in the
comfort of the users.
Key words: Energy efficiency, Historical building, Simulation, Energy demand.
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1. INTRODUCCIN
Los edificios histricos por regla general consumen muchos recursos energticos, y por lo
tanto son muy caros de mantener. Las causas ms comunes por las que su demanda energtica es
tan elevada son: la imposibilidad de aplicar mtodos estandarizados de aislamiento de edificios, la
pobre conservacin de muchos de ellos, o el diferente uso actual respecto al original. La
rehabilitacin energtica de los edificios histricos no solo necesita de un conocimiento del
estado del edificio y de sostenibilidad, sino que resulta imprescindible tener en cuenta las
exigencias de conservacin del patrimonio histrico. Este tipo de edificios requieren un
restaurador experto en estos trabajos y con un plan de actuacin de restauracin comprometido
con la singularidad de la construccin [1].
Este estudio muestra un anlisis de energtico de un edificio histrico mediante diferente
software de simulacin energtica dinmica de edificios. Este tipo de estudios se utilizan, entre
otros propsitos, para realizar proyectos de mejorar la eficiencia energtica de edificios y el
confort interior de los mismos. Una de las ventajas de la simulacin de un modelo 3D es la
capacidad para analizar el desarrollo de las caractersticas trmicas del edificio estudiado.
Mantener el confort trmico es uno de los objetivos ms importantes de los sistemas de
Calefaccin, Ventilacin y Aire Acondicionado. Existen un gran nmero de variables fsicas que
influencian el confort trmico. Estas variables incluyen la temperatura del aire del entorno, el
campo radiante de la persona, la velocidad del aire alrededor de la persona, humedad del aire
envolvente, el uso de ropa en el cuerpo y la actividad de las personas. Dicho lo cual, la evaluacin
del confort trmico ha sido siempre un tarea compleja y, por lo tanto, atractiva para los
investigadores.
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Este estudio ha sido desarrollado mediante una profunda investigacin de las caractersticas
del edificio y de su entorno. Para realizar este estudio los programas de simulacin energtica que
se han utilizado son Designbuilder y Ecotect. Ambos comparten motor de simulacin, EnergyPlus,
desarrollado por el Departamento Estadounidense de Energa.
Mediante el Real Decreto 235/2013 se traspone parcialmente la Directiva 2010/31/UE del
Parlamento y el Consejo Europeo [2], con la incorporacin del procedimiento bsico para
certificar energticamente edificios existentes. A pesar de excluirse del mbito de aplicacin los
edificios patrimoniales, se deben certificar los edificios o partes de ellos donde la administracin
pblica ocupe ms de 250m2 y sean concurridos habitualmente por el pblico. Dado que el
edificio est actualmente utilizado como museo por lo tanto cumple con las condiciones para su
obligada certificacin, se decidi incorporar al presente trabajo el estudio de la certificacin del
edificio de un museo, no tanto por la obtencin del certificado en s, sino para la comparacin del
software puesto a disposicin por el Ministerio de Industria, Energa y Turismo en lo referente al
clculo de demanda del edificio.
2. METODOLOGA
2.1. Edificio objeto de estudio
El edificio analizado es actualmente el Museo de Historia de Valencia (MHV) [3], pero fue
construido como un depsito de agua en 1850, siendo un magnfico ejemplo del patrimonio
industrial valenciano, construido con ladrillo y bvedas de can [4]. Fue restaurado en 2001 para
albergar el MHV, su geometra es rectangular de una sola planta. El acceso principal se encuentra
en la fachada norte (aproximadamente 5 al oeste del Norte) y no existen espacios separados en
el interior.
Figura 1: Interior del edificio del MHV y acceso principal
Figura 2: Planta del edificio del MHV
El MHV tiene cuatro muros exteriores y un gran porcentaje de ellos se encuentra enterrado.
Excepto la fachada norte (principal), todas las dems disponen de la misma tipologa constructiva,
materiales y espesor (muros de mampostera de 95cm, con hoja interior de ladrillo cermico
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hueco, y cmara de aire sin ventilar de 18cm. Por lo tanto podemos concluir que existen dos tipos
de cerramientos verticales, adems de la cubierta plana que cierra horizontalmente el MHV.
Una de las limitaciones encontradas para los clculos ha sido la definicin constructiva de los
muros de mampostera, puesto que al no encontrarse en las bases de datos de materiales que
incorporan los diferentes programas, se ha tenido que asimilar a un muro en dos capas, asignando
a cada una de ellas el porcentaje aproximado de cemento de cal y piedra que componen el muro
original: cemento de cal (30%) y mampostera de piedra caliza (70%). La figura 3 muestra el
detalle de la composicin de los dos tipos de cerramiento vertical.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a) hoja de ladrillo hueco triple

(b) cmara de aire
(c) cemento de cal
(d) piedra caliza
(b)
(c)
(a) hoja de ladrillo hueco triple

(b) cmara de aire
(c) cemento de cal
(d) piedra caliza
(d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
(e) cmara de aire

(f) Chapa
(g) mortero
(h) piedra artificial
Figura 3: Composicin fachadas sur, este y oeste (a la izquierda) y norte (a la derecha)
2.2. Programas empleados

Para el desarrollo del estudio sean han empleado dos programas de simulacin energtica en
la edificacin, DesignBuilder y Ecotect Analysis [5], y el programa de certificacin energtica CE3x.
Designbuilder es un software de simulacin energtica de edificios que permite analizar todos
los aspectos relativos a la eficiencia energtica, confort, coste e impacto ambiental. Para este
estudio se han introducido todos los datos obtenidos en la fase de recogida de datos y los
requerimientos de confort necesarios tanto para los visitantes del MHV como para las piezas
expuestas.
Ecotect en una herramienta completa de anlisis medioambiental til tanto para el proceso de
diseo como para la intervencin sostenible en edificios construidos proporcionando una
simulacin visual y minuciosa de la obra objeto de estudio y de su entorno.
CE3X es el Documento Reconocido por el Ministerio para la Certificacin Energtica de
Edificios. Mediante este programa se puede certificar de una forma simplificada cualquier tipo de
edificio, obteniendo una calificacin que va de la A a la G.
3. RESULTADOS
3.1. Recogida de datos
En primer lugar, se ha procedido al levantamiento grfico del edificio mediante mediciones
con distancimetros lser y programas de dibujo por ordenador, y a la recogida de informacin de
las caractersticas constructivas de los cerramientos.
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Despus de esta recogida de datos, se han utilizado diferentes programas de eficiencia

energtica de edificios para su posterior anlisis y comparacin de resultados.
Tabla 1: Espesores de los elementos de la envolvente
MHV
Muro exterior Sur
Muro exterior Este
Muro exterior Norte
Muro exterior Oeste
Cubierta plana
Suelo
Espesor (m)
1,24
1,24
2,80
1,24
1,10
0,85
3.2. Sombreamiento
La figura 4 muestra las representaciones de los edificios cercanos al MHV, realizadas con
Ecotect y Designbuilder, los cuales han sido considerados para los clculos como elementos de
sombreado.
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Figura 4: Entorno del MHV. Sombreamiento: Ecotect (izquierda) y Designbuilder (derecha)
Con Ecotect Analysis se han estudiado las sombras producidas por los edificios colindantes
sobre la cubierta del museo a lo largo del ao, como se muestra en la Figura 5. Como muestra la
Figura 6, se aprecian las diferencias entre verano e invierno fundamentalmente en el extremo
este de la cubierta del museo, que tal y como indica el cdigo de colores de la figura, recibe ms
radiacin en verano.
Figura 5: Radiacin solar anual incidente en la cubierta del MHV
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Figura 6: Radiacin solar incidente en la cubierta del MHV en invierno (izquierda) y verano (derecha)
Tambin, y para completar el anlisis, se ha realizado el estudio de los vientos predominantes

en la zona mediante Ecotect (Figura 7), pero debemos decir que en el caso de estudio no pueden
aplicarse estrategias pasivas de ventilacin natural debido a la ausencia de huecos (y a la
imposibilidad de practicar nuevos).
Prevailing Winds
A v e ra g e W in d T e m p e ra tu re s
L o c a t io n : V A L E N C I A , E S P (3 9 . 5 , -0 . 5 )
D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 5301 k
s tmD/ h
ecember
T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 04 0 k m / h
W ea th er T oo l
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
10 km/ h
10 k m/ h
10 km/ h
10 km/ h
J a n u a ry
F e b r u a ry
M a rc h
A p r il
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
10 km/ h
10 k m/ h
10 km/ h
10 km/ h
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
A u g u st
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
10 km/ h
10 k m/ h
10 km/ h
10 km/ h
S e p te m b e r
O c to b e r
N ov ember
D ec ember
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
C
45+
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
<0
Figura 7: Rosas de los vientos mensuales de la zona
3.2. Transmitancias
Para comenzar con el anlisis energtico se han introducido en ambos programas datos
generales de ubicacin (orientacin, latitud y longitud), y se ha modelado el edificio con sus
caractersticas dimensionales geomtricas exactas, en Ecotect Analysis y en DesignBuilder. La
presencia de los edificios del entorno se entienden como fundamentales para que la simulacin se
asemeje a las condiciones reales y es por ello por lo que se ha realizado la modelizacin del
entorno inmediato a la vivienda, comentado en el punto anterior. Se han introducido los
materiales que componen cada elemento constructivo de la envolvente, dando como resultado
los valores de transmitancia mostrados en la Tabla 2.
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Tabla 2: Transmitancias de los elementos de la envolvente
MHV
Muro exterior Sur
Muro exterior Este
Muro exterior Norte
Muro exterior Oeste
Cubierta plana
Suelo
Espesor (m)
1,24
1,24
2,80
1,24
1,10
0,85
U (W/m2k)
0,623
0,623
0,470
0,623
0,150
0,263
3.3. Demanda de calefaccin y refrigeracin

Se han calculado la demanda total [7], as como su distribucin entre demanda de calefaccin
y refrigeracin, con el objetivo de comparar los resultados ofrecidos por los tres programas (Tabla
3).
Tabla 3: Demandas de calefaccin y refrigeracin con distintos programas
Porgrama
Designbuilder
Ecotect
CE3X
Demanda
calefaccin
(kWh/m2a)
20,66
20,04
45,87
Demanda
calefaccin
(kWh/m2a)
31,92
21,96
3,58
Demanda total
(kWh/m2a)
52,58
42,00
49,45
Como se aprecia en la Tabla, y grficamente en la Figura 8, los resultados globales son muy
similares, mientras que los resultados de demanda de calefaccin y refrigeracin son similares
con Ecotect y Designbuilder, pero muy diferentes de los que nos muestra CE3x.
Figura 8.
Estas demandas han sido calculadas para un confort trmico interior para los visitantes del
MHV con un estricto rango de temperaturas entre 20C y 23C. Adems, estos lmites tan
exigentes permiten tambin estar dentro de los baremos ptimos para la conservacin de las
obras de arte [8]. Estas exigencias, al ser tan restrictivas, deberan incrementar la demanda
energtica del edificio enormenmente, pero segn los resultados obtenidos se puede observar
que el MHV funciona, en general, bastante bien energticamente.
4. CONCLUSIONES
En esta comunicacin se ha analizado energticamente el edificio del Museo de Historia de
Valencia (desde 2001), situado en Mislata (valencia, Espaa). Para el anlisis energtico se han
utilizado, diversas herramientas informticas de simulacin, el programa informtico
- 255 -
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Designbuilder, y el programa Ecotect Analysis, un simulador de edificaciones eficientes de forma

interactiva y visual, que trabaja con datos meteorolgicos del motor EnergyPlus, al igual que
Designbuilder. Adems, se ha utilizado el software CE3x de certificacin energtica, para poder
comparar los resultados de demanda obtenidos
A travs de la comparativa se ha podido comprobar que la seleccin correcta del software es
importante a la hora de interpretar los resultados. Pese a que ambas herramientas (Designbuilder
y Ecotect Analysis) utilizan el mismo motor de clculo se ha obtenido una dispersin entre ambos.
Y aunque el software CE3X da un comportamiento similar a ambos hay que resaltar que el
comportamiento cambia significativamente respecto a los que utilizan el motor de clculo Energy
+. Puesto que esta ltima da una importancia considerable a la calefaccin, lo que implicara
utilizar estrategias para evitar prdidas de calor y aumentar ganancias solares. Sin embargo las
otras dos, presentan un comportamiento en el que existe una fuerte influencia de la demanda de
refrigeracin lo que implicara un cambio en las estrategias a utilizar en el caso de mejorar el
comportamiento o simular las medidas a aplicar. Adems ha permitido comprobar la importancia
del modelado y simulacin de edificios patrimoniales, como herramienta para introducir mejoras
en el confort de los usuarios.
5. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Grzegorz Woroniak & Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak. (2014). Effects of pollution reduction and energy
consumption reduction in small churches in Drohiczyn community. Energy and Buildings 72 (2014) 5161.
[2]. Real Decreto 235/2013 (2013). Boletn Oficial del Estado. Sbado 13 de abril de 2013, Seccin I, Pgina
27548.
[3]. Pgina oficial del Museo de Historia de Valencia http://www.valencia.es/mhv/cas/edificio.php
[4]. C. Balocco, G. Grazzini., (2007), Plant refurbishment in historical buildings turned into museum, Energy
and buildings, Vol.39, 693-701.
[5]. N. Cardinale, G. Rospi, P. Stefanizzi., (2013), Energy and microclimatic performance of Mediterranean
vernacular buildings: The Sassi district of Matera and the Trulli district of Alberobello, Building and
environment, Vol.59, 590-598.
[6]. Moschella, A. Salemi, A. Lo Faro, G. Sanfilippo, M. Detommaso., (2013), Historic buildings in
Mediterranean area and solar thermal technologies: architectural integration vs preservation criteria,
Energy procedia, Vol.42, 416-425.
[7]. F. Ascione, F. de Rossi, G.P. Vanoli., (2011), Energy retrofit of historical buildings: theoretical and
experimental investigations for the modelling of reliable performance scenarios, Energy and buildings,
Vol.43, 1925-1936.
[8]. D. Camuffo, P. Brimblecombe, R. Van Grieken, H.J. Busse, G. Sturaro, A. Valentino, A. Bernardi, N.
Blades, D. Shooter, L. De Bock, K. Gysels, M. Wieser, O. Kim., (1999), Indoor quality at the Correr
Museum, Venice, Italy, The science of the total environment, Vol. 236, 135-152.
[9]. C. Balocco, G. Grazzini., (2009), Numerical simulation of ancient natural ventilation systems of historical
buildings. A case study in Palermo, Journal of cultural heritage, Vol.10, 313-318.
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APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR PASIVO EN LA RETCULA

URBANA DE LA CIUDAD HISTRICA. EL CASO DE CDIZ /
Passive solar gains in the urban grid of the historic city.
The case study of Cadiz
SNCHEZ-MONTAS, B.; RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.; PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A.
SNCHEZ-MONTAS, B.: Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla - Espaa. benitosm@us.es
RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.: Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla - Espaa. carlosrubio@us.es
PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A.: Universidad de la Prefectura de Shiga. Shiga - Japn. jesus.a.pulido@gmail.com
RESUMEN
Es comnmente aceptada la trascendencia que tiene la incidencia solar para el comportamiento
bioclimtico de un edificio, proporcional a los niveles de radiacin directa. Pero mientras que esa incidencia
es bien conocida en campo abierto, los modelos que determinan la radiacin en un sistema complejo de
ocultaciones no siempre son acertados. De entre estos sistemas, la ciudad es el ms relevante ya que la
mayor parte de la poblacin mundial vive en ciudades.
Un caso peculiar es el de los caseros histricos, que en climas soleados presentan gran compacidad y, en
consecuencia, sombreamiento. Mientras que la ciudad contempornea ofrece con frecuencia tramas
abiertas, en la ciudad tradicional predomina un rgimen de ocultacin-reflexin diferente en cada caso.
Debemos determinar pues el rgimen de radiacin solar en la trama urbana, para disponer del dato
objetivo que introducimos en los modelos de control de los edificios y en la definicin del microclima urbano.
Este estudio se inserta en una lnea de trabajos que intentan determinar dichas condiciones para cada tipo
de trama en cada clima y latitud. Su resultado debe sumarse a un acervo global de datos, adems de
proponer una metodologa que se pueda reproducir.
Para ello, adems de las componentes de radiacin directa y difusa modificadas por la ocultacin,
cuestin geomtrica ms o menos sencilla, est la determinacin de las reflexiones. Aqu es donde la
mayora de los modelos recurren a abstracciones de precisin discutible, homogeneizando resultados para
situaciones diversas; cuando no obvian directamente la importancia de la componente reflejada, lo que
consideramos inadmisible.
Nuestro Grupo viene desarrollando aplicaciones de los mtodos del factor de forma y configuracin que
homologamos con un software propio, para simular situaciones de intercambio radiante, contrastado
profusamente con mediciones de campo. En este trabajo ofrecemos un modelo de simulacin ms avanzado,
para la trama urbana reticular, capaz de adaptarse a gran nmero de variables morfolgicas.
Para aplicarlo, hemos elegido la trama del centro histrico de Cdiz, que se adecua a las condiciones de
clima antes mencionadas y consideramos extrapolable morfolgicamente a muchas ciudades del mbito
mediterrneo y americano. Sobre ella elegimos una clula de estudio, que procedemos a simular y a
comparar con mediciones de campo. As, proponemos un mtodo para predecir de forma efectiva las
condiciones de aprovechamiento solar en trama urbana, al tiempo que validamos la precisin de los
resultados mediante la comparativa con las mediciones realizadas.
Palabras clave: patrimonio, trama urbana, bioclimtica, intervencin, radiacin solar, radiacin reflejada,
iluminacin natural, vernculo.
ABSTRACT
Is generally assumed the great impact of solar incidence for bioclimatic performance of a building, which
is proportional to the levels of direct radiation. Although the incidence in the open field is well known,
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models which determine the radiation in a complex system of occultation not always achieve success. The
city is the most significant among those systems, due to a large part of the world's population lives in them.
A specific case is the historical quarters, which present great compactness and shading in sunny
climates. Whereas the contemporary city frequently provides open plots, the traditional city is dominated by
a concealing-reflecting system in every case.
We must determine the regime of solar radiation in the urban fabric, in order to provide objective data to
introduce in the buildings control models and in the definition of the urban microclimate. This study take
part into a line of work which tries to determine these conditions for each type of plot in every climate and
latitude. Its outcome should add to a global legacy of data and also propose an generalized methodology.
In addition to the direct and diffuse radiation components modified due to the geometry of the
obstructions involved, the reflected component is defined. At this point, most of the models use abstractions
of doubtful accuracy, homogenizing results for different situations even leaving aside the importance of the
reflected component, which we consider unacceptable.
Our research group is developing applications from the form and configuration factor methods which
we standardize with a proprietary software. The aim of these methods is to simulate situations of radiant
exchange, contrasted with field measurements. In this work we offer a more advanced simulation model for
the urban reticular grid, able to adapt to large number of morphological variables.
To implement it, we have chosen the plot from the historic centre of Cadiz, which is adapted to weather
conditions mentioned above and is considered morphologically extrapolated to many cities of the
Mediterranean and American area. We choose a cell study, which we proceed to simulate and to compare
with field measurements. Thus, we propose a method for predicting solar radiation in urban conditions,
while enabling the accuracy of the results through the comparison with the field measurements.
Key words: heritage, urban fabric, bioclimatic, retrofitting, solar radiation, reflected radiation, natural
lighting, vernacular.
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1. INTRODUCCIN
Nos enfrentamos al reto de intervenir en la ciudad histrica con criterios de sostenibilidad,
para lo que es imperativo conocer el comportamiento ambiental de la misma, no slo
entendiendo los edificios como unidades exentas sin entorno, sino con una comprensin de
conjunto.
Es sabido que en gran nmero de climas la radiacin solar es un factor fundamental a la hora
de determinar el comportamiento bioclimtico de la arquitectura y, por ende, su eficacia
ambiental. Con el problema clsico de que esta radiacin solar, incidiendo en una trama urbana,
modifica en gran modo los conocidos parmetros que registra en campo abierto. Como
demuestra abundantemente la literatura, esto es especialmente cierto en climas con grandes
niveles de radiacin y nubosidad escasa o concentrada anualmente. Estos climas se corresponden
con ciudades histricas compactas, diseadas precisamente para controlar la incidencia solar,
entre otros objetivos.
Sin embargo, como veremos, los mtodos de clculo y programas informticos al uso vienen
despreciando la componente directa/reflejada, que en estos climas podemos presumir que sea de
gran importancia, para utilizar fundamentalmente el overcast, lo que lleva a errores de bulto en
los resultados. Enfrentados a este problema, es necesario desarrollar herramientas para producir
resultados fiables adaptados a estos climas y extrapolables a todos.
Ya que es necesario validar el mtodo que se aplica, optamos por operar sobre un modelo real,
en este caso elegimos el casco histrico de la Ciudad espaola de Cdiz, que responde a los
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parmetros mencionados con antelacin. Una vez validado, su extrapolacin slo necesitar los
parmetros solares de cada latitud y morfolgicos de cada ciudad.
2. LA CIUDAD HISTRICA DE CDIZ

El casco histrico objeto del estudio cuenta actualmente con 3.238 edificios organizados en
manzanas. Es un ncleo urbano homogneo y compacto formado principalmente en los siglos XVII
al XIX. Sus estrechas calles y escasas plazas son fruto de la planificacin urbanstica y de una
exhaustiva direccin de los trabajos de alineacin establecidos desde las primeras Ordenanzas
Municipales.
La formacin de la trama bajo un patrn pseudo-reticular y acotada en sus lmites, con calles
de escasa seccin respecto de su altura, provoca que las condiciones ambientales a las que se
expone la edificacin sean difciles de predecir, teniendo en cuenta la multitud de casos que se
pueden dar.
2.1. Altura y ordenacin de la edificacin. Condiciones morfolgicas
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Ilustracin 1: Plano de la ciudad histrica de Cdiz, con el ancho medio de calles. Fuente: Elab. propia
Tras un amplio estudio de campo[i] cotejado con la cartografa de la ciudad, se han

determinado las condiciones ambientales especficas en las que se encuentra la edificacin de
cara al presente trabajo.
Nos limitaremos a la calle, a la que se alinea la mayor parte de la edificacin y es, por tanto, el
mbito urbano ms significativo. Puede entenderse como un can urbano[ii], debido a sus
caractersticas geomtricas (relacin entre ancho y alto). Como ha sido ampliamente estudiado
por diversos autores, el estudio de las condiciones ambientales de los diferentes tipos de caones
urbanos es un tema crucial para comprender el funcionamiento ambiental de la envolvente de la
edificacin.
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Para focalizar este estudio, no consideraremos situaciones singulares, como el caso de borde
urbano (en este caso martimo) o de plaza, que merecern estudios independientes. Tampoco
analizamos la influencia de la vegetacin[iii].
La gran mayora de las calles de la ciudad oscilan entre 3m a 5m de ancho, siendo alrededor de
los 4m el ancho que ms se repite[iv]. Los anchos superiores a 5m, muy poco frecuentes, se suelen
localizar en actuaciones de finales del siglo XIX y las calles superiores a 8m se limitan
fundamentalmente a las situaciones de borde. En la ilustracin 1 se definen los anchos medios de
los viales del mbito de estudio. La altura de la edificacin media, en el marco de la legislacin de
1792 y la posterior de 1845, se establece en 15,5 metros, siendo constante en la mayora de las
edificaciones. Por norma general, la planta baja tiene una altura media de 4 metros, al igual que el
primer y segundo piso, mientras que la tercera planta es de alrededor de 3,50 metros.
Como se puede observar en la ilustracin 2 la relacin entre ancho (W) y alto (H) de la calle
oscila entre valores de 5,167 y 3,10. Este hecho provoca que consideremos las vas de la trama
urbana como caones urbanos profundos muy alejados de otros valores de ciudades andaluzas, y
otras del arco mediterrneo.
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Ilustracin 2: Secciones tpicas del can urbano en la ciudad de Cdiz. Fuente: Elaboracin propia
La direccin de las calles vara en toda la ciudad, sin embargo, podemos destacar la
predominancia en el eje Noroeste-Sureste. La inclinacin media y ms repetida es
aproximadamente de 118 respecto del eje Norte-Sur. Es decir, en el eje de 298 Noroeste a 118
Sureste, aunque no hay un patrn riguroso en el trazado de la ciudad. En la presente investigacin
nos centraremos en el estudio detallado de estas orientaciones tipo. No obstante, cualquier otro
caso requiere del mismo procedimiento.
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3. CONDICIONES DE ILUMINACIN Y RADIACIN EN LA TRAMA URBANA

3.1. Generacin de datos en campo abierto
Para la generacin de los datos de iluminacin y radiacin utilizaremos un modelo terico que
nos da la posibilidad de conocer la radiacin directa y difusa que la superficie terrestre recibe del
Sol. La primera tiene un fuerte componente geomtrico y ocurre cuando los rayos del Sol
alcanzan directamente un punto; la segunda proviene de la difraccin de los gases y las nubes de
la atmsfera. Podemos emplear ecuaciones que modelan todos estos tipos de radiacin y que
proporcionan una aproximacin lo suficientemente exacta para cualquier localizacin. Slo en
reas con elevada contaminacin o con una atmsfera con un alto grado de turbidez, estos datos
deberan corregirse con mediciones locales. Estas ecuaciones dependen la altura (h) y el azimut
solar (A), datos suficientemente conocidos. As para un cielo despejado con radiacin directa en
una superficie perpendicular a la propagacin de los rayos solares tenemos, segn Gillete y
Pierpoint[v]:
Para cielo parcialmente nublado:
Para descomponer en sus componentes horizontales y verticales:
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Donde h es la altitud solar en radianes y A es el azimut del Sol respecto a la superficie vertical
considerada.
Las frmulas para predecir la iluminancia horizontal bajo los tres tipos de cielo posibles
(despejado, cubierto y parcialmente nublado) son:
Cielo despejado
Cielo parcialmente nublado
Cielo cubierto
Para la cantidad de radiacin incidente sobre una superficie vertical usamos la siguiente
frmula (iluminancia en cielo despejado sobre una superficie vertical debida a una semiesfera
emisora):
Para un cielo totalmente cubierto, similares a los descritos por la CIE[vi], tendramos:
Mediante programa informtico Diana X[vii], con la latitud fijada para la localizacin especfica,
podemos establecer para cada mes un da representativo, tomando los dados por Klein[viii].
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Para construir un escenario de diseo adecuado en la modelizacin de datos de radiacin solar

debemos atender a las ecuaciones de radiacin directa y difusa, las cuales pueden ocurrir en tres
escenarios climticos diferentes: cielo despejado, nublado y parcialmente nublado.
Para cada uno de ellos, combinamos las ecuaciones de radiacin directa y difusa. A
continuacin, el modelo contempla la probabilidad de ocurrencia de cada escenario que se
recogen de los datos climatolgicos normales de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorologa.
Como resultado obtenemos tablas o grficos por orientaciones en las que estn combinadas
las matrices de radiacin directa y difusa para cada tipo de escenario, y finalmente se combinan
todas ellas segn la probabilidad de ocurrencia de cada escenario. A continuacin se detallan los
datos medios de radiacin directa, difusa y total para cada estacin del ao y cada orientacin en
luxes, teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de das nublados, parcialmente nublados y despejados.
(Tabla 01)
Tabla 1: Datos medios de iluminacin de Cdiz por estaciones y orientaciones N-S-E-O. Fuente: Elaboracin
a partir de Diana X
NIVELES DE ILUMINACIN DE CDIZ EN LUX LATITUD= 36,5 NORTE
ESTACIN
PRIMAVERA
VERANO
OTOO
INVIERNO
GLOBAL
ILUMINACIN
NORTE
ESTE
DIFUSA
7.356,41
8.807,02
8.594,94
SUR
OESTE
8.807,02
HORIZONTAL
15.535,67
DIRECTA
2.793,78
29.902,68
12.641,99
29.902,68
35.580,77
TOTAL
10.150,19
38.709,70
21.236,92
38.709,70
51.116,44
DIFUSA
6.635,24
8.329,49
8.329,49
8.329,49
14.530,21
DIRECTA
2.232,47
32.867,71
16.392,04
32.830,30
37.741,13
TOTAL
8.867,71
41.159,78
25.043,12
41.159,78
52.271,33
DIFUSA
4.088,21
6.913,26
10.386,16
6.913,26
11.279,06
DIRECTA
0,00
19.636,56
27.865,19
19.636,56
18.750,54
TOTAL
4.088,21
26.549,82
38.251,33
26.549,82
30.029,60
DIFUSA
5.814,44
9.339,17
13.164,96
9.339,17
15.530,88
DIRECTA
0,00
28.865,52
33.405,28
28.865,52
28.060,02
TOTAL
5.814,44
38.204,70
46.570,25
38.204,70
43.590,90
DIFUSA
5.844,77
8.216,98
10.090,33
8.216,98
13.940,47
DIRECTA
5.749,19
40.371,07
33.225,25
40.371,07
42.029,63
TOTAL
11.593,97
48.588,05
43.315,58
48.588,05
55.970,10
Con los datos obtenidos podemos determinar los niveles de radiacin e iluminacin de un
edificio en campo abierto y en la horizontal, pero para situaciones de edificacin inserta en la
trama urbana hay que considerar las obstrucciones solares y la reflexin de los diversos
elementos del ambiente ms prximo. En el tejido urbano de Cdiz, las condiciones de borde y las
cubiertas se pueden determinar con los valores anteriormente obtenidos. En el caso especfico de
las cubiertas, es necesario contemplar las obstrucciones aunque son todas planas y se encuentran
situadas a una altura casi constante.
En situaciones respecto a plazas y en el caso del can urbano profundo el acceso solar difiere
de las de un edificio situado en campo abierto.
3.2. Acceso solar en fachadas del can urbano
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Tabla 02: OBSTRUCCIONES SOLARES EN EL CAN URBANO CARACTERSTICO DE CDIZ W=4m,

H=15,50m / 21 DE JUNIO. EJE NOROESTE-SURESTE
08:00
10:00
09:00
11:00
- 263 -
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
Los caones urbanos tienen 3 de sus 6 caras ocupadas por superficies opacas. En un entorno
urbano, los edificios adyacentes modifican la radiacin solar bloqueando la radiacin directa
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mediante la sombra y reflejndola a otras superficies. La primera est ampliamente estudiada, la

segunda es un parmetro mucho ms complejo, ya que depende de la geometra del espacio
confinado y de las propiedades radiantes de los materiales.
Como podemos observar en la tabla 3, se han estudiado las obstrucciones solares del can
urbano caracterstico que contiene a las fachadas N-E 28 y S-W 208. El anlisis se ha realizado en
los equinoccios y solsticios, siendo el objetivo especfico del estudio de sombras el de cuantificar
el rea soleada y sombreada y clarificar las diferentes casusticas que se dan en cada cara y suelo
del can urbano ms representativo[ix] Por brevedad, aqu reseamos slo los resultados para el
solsticio de verano, aunque el estudio recoge todas las situaciones estacionales (Tabla 02).
Una vez obtenidas las principales caractersticas del acceso solar en el can urbano tipo de la
ciudad histrica de Cdiz podemos establecer las siguientes consideraciones:
La fachada N-E 28 slo recibe radiacin difusa durante el invierno y en primavera y verano
slo recibe radiacin directa por la maana.
La fachada S-W 208 recibe radiacin directa de forma parcial durante todo el ao. En
invierno slo alcanza sus cotas superiores y la profundidad radiada directamente va
incrementndose haca el verano donde alcanza su altura mxima a las 12:00 horas
solares.
3.3. Niveles de iluminacin y aprovechamiento solar pasivo en el can urbano

3.3.1. Modelo de simulacin propuesto
Podemos establecer que en el can urbano, debido a las obstrucciones solares, el
aprovechamiento de las reflexiones puede ser crucial para potenciar la radiacin e iluminacin en
las zonas en sombra. As, es necesario combinar la componente directa y reflejada para conocer la
cantidad de radiacin que realmente incide en cada superficie.
Los modelos de clculo de la mayor parte de los programas comerciales suelen dar
importancia al clculo de obstrucciones solares y simplifican u obvian el clculo de la componente
directa y reflejada. Estas condiciones se adecuan a los climas que presentan altos niveles de
nubosidad a lo largo del ao y una consecuente predominancia de radiacin difusa, pero resultan
ineficaces y errneos en climas soleados.
En tramas urbanas compactas y con colores claros (coeficientes de reflexin altos), propias de
las ciudades histricas de latitudes meridionales, la componente reflejada puede representar una
parte muy elevada de la iluminacin final.
En consecuencia, nos basamos en un modelo de clculo que permite conocer con ms
exactitud la radiacin incidente en las superficies teniendo en cuenta ambas componentes y
puede proporcionar una herramienta efectiva para el clculo del acceso a la radiacin solar.
El mtodo de los factores de forma y los factores de configuracin, supone un avance capital
en los mtodos de diseo y composicin arquitectnica, porque permite entender en trminos de
forma arquitectnica el intercambio radiante de energa entre superficies y volmenes. Las
frmulas para el intercambio entre las superficies y los volmenes que podemos encontrar en el
diseo arquitectnico y urbano han sido resueltas, todas ellas detalladas en la obra del prof.
Cabeza y en sucesivas investigaciones de las que ha formado parte el Grupo de Investigacin de
los autores[x]. En la bibliografa se reflejan las fuentes donde queda desarrollado, en especial en:
Cabeza Lanez, Jos Mara. Fundamentos de transferencia radiante luminosa.
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Tratamiento de las reflexiones: La radiacin total que recibe una superficie soleada es la suma
de la directa, que proviene de la fuente original (El Sol, una luminaria), y la reflejada por otras
superficies de su entorno, esto es:
=
+ n
Extendiendo esta expresin para un caso muy comn, es decir, un entorno cerrado
paralelepipdico con seis superficies tenemos:
Donde Fij es el factor de forma entre las superficies i y j; i es el coeficiente de reflexin de una
superficie dada; Edi es la componente directa en una superficie i y Eri es la componente reflejada
de dicha superficie. En la prctica podemos hallar la componente total de una superficie 1, como
la suma de la directa ms la reflejada del resto (2,3,4,5 y 6) multiplicada por su factor de forma
correspondiente.
Este mtodo tiene la gran ventaja de que slo necesita resolver una ecuacin matricial con
matrices 6x6, evitando mtodos iterativos. Adems, contamos con la ventaja adicional de la
programacin informtica del procedimiento. La componente reflejada es ms importante en
tanto en cuanto los coeficientes de reflexin de los materiales sean ms prximos a la unidad.
3.3.2. Modelo para caones urbanos

Aplicando la teora de factores de forma y factores de configuracin a la geometra y
caractersticas de los caones urbanos determinaremos cuales son los niveles de radiacin e
iluminacin mediante el fenmeno fsico de intercambio radiante entre superficies.
Al calcular la radiacin efectiva en cada una de las caras de un can urbano sabemos que las
condiciones pueden variar ostensiblemente en cada uno de los puntos de estas superficies. La
primera y ms evidente viene dada por el hecho de que algunos puntos recibirn soleamiento
directo y otros no, lo cual podemos saber por simple geometra solar, pero debemos tener la
precaucin de no considerar aquellos puntos fuera del alcance del soleamiento directo como no
iluminados o simplemente infrailuminados.
Las superficies que componen un volumen cerrado actan como reflectores de radiacin
distribuyendo la componente directa del soleamiento a todos los puntos. Es por ello que el
modelo de clculo planteado tiene en cuenta todas estas componentes.
Tomamos un can urbano de longitud L, ancho W y altura H sobre el que hacemos las
siguientes consideraciones:
L tiene una longitud definida en el programa de clculo, aunque las sombras arrojadas para
un punto P en cualquiera de las fachadas se calculan para L= infinito.
W y H son constantes.
No se consideran a efectos de clculo las dos superficies virtuales de los extremos del
can.
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Como se puede apreciar en la ilustracin 3, existen dos posibilidades para el soleamiento, que
el Sol incida en una de las fachadas o que, debido a su mayor altura solar, incida totalmente en
una fachada y en parte del pavimento a cota de calle.
Ilustracin 3: Modelo y seccin de clculo del can urbano, con las posibilidades de soleamiento. Fuente:
Elaboracin propia
Siguiendo la nomenclatura de la ilustracin 4 tenemos:

Td corresponde a la denominada superficie virtual que recibe la componente total de la
radiacin horizontal procedente de la bveda celeste; de ella, slo es irradiada la
componente difusa, ya que hablamos de un rea virtual que no refleja los rayos del Sol.
La denominada Fachada 1 (F1), dependiendo de la incidencia solar puede estar soleada
total o parcialmente; en todo caso, distinguimos una parte que recibe la componente solar
total F1D, y otra que recibe slo la componente difusa reflejada F1r del resto de superficies
de la calle.
Algo similar ocurre con el pavimento (P), distinguimos una parte que recibe la componente
solar total PD, y otra que recibe slo la componente difusa reflejada Pr.
Siempre existir una fachada F2r donde nunca habr incidencia solar directa, por lo que su
radiacin provendr exclusivamente de las componentes difusa y reflejada.
3.3.2.1. Consideraciones sobre el tratamiento de la radiacin y su distribucin

De este modo, el tratamiento de la radiacin solar y su distribucin en las superficies del can
urbano es la que sigue:
A las superficies afectadas por el soleamiento directo (que pueden ser F1D y PD) se les
asigna el valor de radiacin en campo abierto que corresponda segn su latitud y su clima.
Una vez que estas superficies reflejan la radiacin solar, su distribucin radiante es difusa,
calculndose punto a punto por el mtodo de factores de configuracin.
El resto de superficies slo se ve afectada por la componente difusa proveniente de la
superficie virtual superior de la calle, as como de la componente reflejada proveniente del
resto de superficies.
Consideramos que la intensidad emisora es constante en todos los puntos de cada una de las
superficies que calculamos, es decir se toman valores medios para cada una de las superficies de
clculo que a continuacin detallamos:
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Las superficies que obtienen radiacin directamente de la bveda celeste emiten con el
valor obtenido en el clculo de datos climticos, multiplicado por su coeficiente de
reflexin. Las superficies tratadas en el clculo son las expuestas al soleamiento directo y
la falsa superficie virtual del extremo superior del can. En este caso el valor que se toma
de los datos climticos es la radiacin difusa horizontal y el coeficiente de reflexin no
existe, al considerar dicha superficie como virtual, slo til a efectos de clculo.
Las superficies que obtienen radiacin de modo indirecto en el can emiten con el valor
obtenido mediante el clculo con factores de forma, multiplicado por el valor de radiacin
difusa horizontal proveniente de la falsa superficie virtual. Aqu realizamos una pequea
simplificacin, ya que el factor de forma es una media de todos los factores de
configuracin en los lmites de la superficie dada.
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Ilustracin 4: Ejemplo de simulacin de fachada S-E 118 en calle de H=4,00m Y L=15,50m. En invierno a las
12:00 horas solares. Fuente: Elaboracin propia a partir de programa informtico
4. COMPARATIVA ENTRE SIMULACIONES Y MEDIDAS DE CAMPO

Por el procedimiento anterior se ha simulado y medido el can urbano caracterstico de Cdiz
(W=4,00m; H=15,50m) en sus fachadas N-E 28 y S-W 208 a diferentes alturas y en condiciones
de invierno y verano. Adems se han comparado estos datos con los tericos en campo abierto
para realizar una lectura inclusiva sobre las caractersticas del can urbano. El objetivo de esta
comparativa es la universalizacin del modelo de clculo propuesto, que debe ser corroborado
mediante el procedimiento que sigue a continuacin para otras orientaciones, otras geometras
urbanas y otras latitudes.
Hay que tener en cuenta la serie de consideraciones y datos tericos establecidos en el modelo
simulado as como los mrgenes de error y temporalidad de las medidas de los sensores.
Resumimos:
El can urbano se considera infinito y con una seccin constante de W=4,00m y
H=15,50m. Por lo que la zona expuesta a la componente directa de la radiacin ser
siempre paralela a la lnea de las cornisas. Las situaciones especficas, como cruces de
calles, se han obviado en este modelo, pudiendo ser objeto de futuras investigaciones.
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Se toman valores de reflectancia, emisividad y absortividad tericos de los diferentes

elementos, por lo que anomalas puntuales en revestimientos exteriores en las diferentes
fachadas del can urbano no son tenidas en cuenta.
Los sensores tienen un margen de error a radiacin y temperaturas elevadas, por lo que
varios datos extremos pueden diferir de las medidas reales.
Las mediciones se realizan durante diez das y realizando un promedio, pudiendo variar de
los datos tericos realizados por las mediciones en el mismo rango de fechas.
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Ilustracin 6: Sensores instalados las fachadas N-E 28 a 8,20m de altura y S-W 208 a 5,10m en el can
urbano caracterstico. Fuente: Elaboracin propia
En la ilustracin 6 se puede observar como los sensores fueron instalados en las plantas
primera y segunda. El sensor de la fachada N-E 28 se encuentra en la planta segunda, a una
altura de 8,20m. Esta fachada no recibe radiacin directa en invierno, as podremos evaluar la
componente reflejada en esta poca del ao de la fachada enfrentada que s recibe la
componente directa. La fachada S-W 208 en planta primera, a 5,10m, en invierno no recibe
componente directa al igual que su fachada enfrentada, por lo que se podr evaluar la influencia
de la reflexin cuando no existe radiacin directa.
En condiciones de verano la fachada N-E 28 recibe radiacin directa por la maana y la S-W
208 por la tarde, de esta forma podemos evaluar la capacidad de estas fachadas para funcionar
como reflectores solares.
4.1. Anlisis comparativo entre medidas, simulaciones y campo abierto

Fachada N-E 28 en invierno: La comparativa muestra el efecto positivo de la geometra
urbana de las condiciones de acceso solar para fachadas en el eje N-E 28 en invierno a una altura
media (8,20 m).
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Los datos en campo abierto reflejan unos valores mximos hasta las 7:00 horas solares, ya que
este es el momento en que, de acuerdo con la orientacin, esta fachada debe tener la mxima
radiacin, y a partir de esa hora en esta poca del ao, la radiacin solar directa no incide sobre
esta superficie.
El efecto de la componente reflejada procedente de la fachada opuesta (Coeficiente de
reflexin 0,6) es evidente desde las 09:00 horas solares, cuando los valores de este punto pueden
alcanzar el doble de aquellos que se encuentran en el campo abierto. Se mantienen superiores a
los de campo abierto hasta las 15:00 horas solares, en el que la obstruccin solar provoca una
cada ms acusada de los niveles de iluminacin en la calle.
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Grfico I: Comparativa en condiciones de Invierno. N-E 28. Fuente: Elaboracin propia
Fachada N-E 28 en verano: En las simulaciones y mediciones de verano tambin podemos

observar un patrn similar entre mediciones y simulaciones. Los valores difieren principalmente a
partir de 20.000 lux; lo que puede explicarse por la respuesta espectral de la clula de medicin,
que tiene un pequeo rango de error en altas temperaturas.
En este caso, el efecto de la geometra urbana en el acceso de la radiacin solar difiere
sustancialmente de la de campo abierto. En estas condiciones la fachada N-E 28 recibe radiacin
solar directa en las primeras horas de la maana, con un valor mximo de 53.709 lux a las 7:00h, y
va disminuyendo bruscamente hasta alcanzar un valor estable de alrededor de 6.000 lux de la
componente difusa y se mantiene hasta la puesta del sol.
La fachada opuesta obstruye el soleamiento directo de la maana, obteniendo valores de
simulacin y mediciones por debajo de los 10.000 lux, sin embargo, esta tendencia se invierte
cuando la fachada opuesta funciona como un reflector solar, ya que es influenciada por la
radiacin solar directa, en las horas con la altura mxima de solar (unos 79). Durante este
tiempo, los valores de la fachada noreste pueden alcanzar 26.000 lux, alrededor de 4 veces de
aquellos que se esperan en el campo abierto.
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Grfico II: Comparativa en condiciones de Verano. N-E 28. Fuente: Elaboracin propia
Fachada S-W 208 en invierno: De igual forma, a la altura de 5,10m. En condiciones de

invierno las medidas simuladas y las tomadas por los sensores son muy inferiores a las medidas
con las que contaramos en campo abierto (se descompone en dos grficos para un mejor
entendimento). A esta altura de planta en invierno no se recibe radiacin directa debido a las
obstrucciones solares. Aun as con una mxima de entre 3.190 lux y 2.910 lux (datos de
simulaciones y mediciones respectivamente), se obtienen unos valores de iluminacin aceptables.
A partir de la mxima hay un descenso brusco, siguiendo el patrn de campo abierto.
En este caso no se detectan excesivas reflexiones puesto que la fachada contraria y el suelo no
son iluminadas directamente durante esta poca del ao.
Grfico III: Comparativa en condiciones de invierno. S-W 208. Fuente: Elaboracin propia
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Grfico IV: Comparativa entre mediciones, simulacin y campo abierto. Verano. S-W 208
Fachada S-W 208 en verano: a la altura de 5,10m, la comparativa entre los valores de
simulaciones y mediciones es muy prxima observndose un aumento brusco de la radiacin a las
11:00h obteniendo su iluminacin mxima en torno a las 13:00h.
A partir de las 14:00h cae de forma brusca, debido a las obstrucciones de los edificios del
can, hasta los 4.000 lux aproximadamente. A continuacin la componente reflejada del can
juega un importante papel haciendo que los niveles de iluminacin vayan decayendo lentamente.
Mientras que en campo abierto en esta orientacin la mayor iluminacin se dara entre las 14:00
y 15:00 horas solares, el can urbano acta como protector solar durante las horas de mxima
exposicin en verano.
Validacin del modelo: La correlacin entre simulaciones y mediciones por recta de regresin
es respectivamente de R2=0,9407; R2=0,9321; R2=0,9413; R2=0,9739.
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Grfico V: Recta de regresin R entre mediciones y simulaciones. Fuente: Elaboracin propia
5. CONCLUSIONES
En cuanto a resultados, slo cabe remitirse a lo dicho en cada comparativa, que viene a
confirmar la idea inicial de la enorme importancia que la componente reflejada tiene en la
radiacin solar de las fachadas de las calles de un casco histrico compacto. Cualquier modelo que
no compute convenientemente esta variable es sencillamente invlido.
Ms all de esta confirmacin, verificamos que contamos ahora con un mtodo que nos
permite obtener, de forma fiable, la radiacin en cada fachada de un edificio de un casco urbano,
sea cual sea su situacin, con la importancia trmica y lumnica que ello conlleva.
En cuanto a mtodo y generalizacin, el modelo de simulacin propuesto ha elaborado
diferentes orientaciones, en diferentes alturas del can urbano y pocas del ao distintas. Estos
resultados se han cotejado con las medidas de los sensores instalados, obteniendo una
correlacin por recta de regresin entorno al 95% muy satisfactoria, que muestra pequeos
desvos debido a las diferentes consideraciones, valores tericos y los mrgenes de error y
temporalidad de los sensores.
Por lo tanto, podemos decir que el modelo de simulacin propuesto para el can urbano de
Cdiz ha sido validado. Una vez validada la herramienta, su campo de aplicacin es muy amplio
ya que podemos realizar simulaciones para todas las orientaciones y alturas del can urbano con
las proporciones H/W que estimemos. Ms all de este caso, podemos extrapolar este mtodo de
simulacin y validarlo para otras ciudades histricas. Ya que el fundamento en parmetros
cientficos y variables geomtricas, permiten universalizarlo.
6. REFERENCIAS
[1]. AAVV. Arquitectura y Clima en Andaluca: Manual de Diseo. Consejera de obras pblicas y
transportes, Direccin General de Arquitectura y Vivienda de la Junta de Andaluca. 1997.
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[2]. Almodvar Melendo, Jos Manuel. Tesis doctoral: Desarrollo de Mtodos de Simulacin
Arquitectnica: Aplicacin al Anlisis Ambiental del Patrimonio 2003
[3]. Andreou, E. The effect of urban layout, street geometry and orientation on shading conditions in
urban canyons in the Mediterranean. Renewable Energy Vol. 63. 2014.
[4]. Belakehal, A.; et al. Sunlight and daylight in the traditional built environment. Case of the hot arid
regions. Worm Renewable Energy Congress VI. 2000
[5]. Bozonnet, Emmanuel; et al. Modelling solar effects on the heat and mass transfer in a street canyon, a
simplified approach Solar Energy Vol. 79. 2005.
[6]. Cabeza Lanez, Jos Mara. Fundamentos de transferencia radiante luminosa Oleiros Netbiblo S.L.
2009.
[7]. de Luxn Garca de Diego, Margarita. Actuaciones con criterios de sostenibilidad en la rehabilitacin
de viviendas en el centro de Madrid Empresa Municipal de la Vivienda y Suelo. 2009.
[8]. Herbert, M.; et al. Simulation of the effects of canyon geometry on thermal climate in city canyons
Mathematics and Computers in Simulation Vol. 59. 2002.
[9]. Li, Danny H.W.; et al. Determination of vertical daylight illuminance under non-overcast sky
conditions. Building and Environment Vol. 45. 2010.
[10].
Liggett, Robin; Milnet, Murray. Climate Consultant 5.5 Energy Design Tools Group de la
Universidad de California (UCLA) 2014.
[11].
Oke, R. The Energy Balance of an Urban Canyon AMS. 1977.
[12].
Papadopoulos, A.M. The influence of the urban canyon on the cooling loads of buildings and the
performance of air conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings Vol. 33. 2001.
[13].
Pulido Arcas, Jess Alberto. Tesis doctoral: Diseo Cientfico Ambiental. Simulacin Energtica de
la Arquitectura del Espacio Urbano. 2013.
[14].
Snchez-Montas Macas, Benito. Estrategias medioambientales de la arquitectura verncula
como fundamento de sostenibilidad futura. Necesidad de la aplicacin de los principios cientficos de la
arquitectura congreso de Arquitectura verncula en el mundo ibrico. 2007.
[15].
Snchez-Montas Macas, Benito. La piel de la memoria. Times and cities. 2011.
[16].
Snchez-Montas Macas, Benito; Cabeza Lanez, Jos Mara. Daylight in Historical Centres.
PLEA Passive & Low Energy Architecture. 2007.
[17].
Strmann-Andersena, J.; et al. The urban canyon and building energy use: Urban density versus
daylight and passive solar gains Energy and Buildings Vol. 43. 2011.
7. NOTAS
[i]. Beca de investigacin de Carlos Rubio-Bellido en el Plan General de Ordenacin Urbana de Cdiz.
[ii]. Trmino acuado por Timothy R. Oke en el artculo The Energy Balance of an Urban Canyon en 1977.
[iii]. La influencia de la vegetacin ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Citamos el artculo de M. Parka, A.
Hagishimaa, J. Tanimoto y K. Narita de 2012 Effect of urban vegetation on outdoor thermal
environment: Field measurement at a scale model site Building and Environment 56.
[iv]. 4,17 metros. Que se corresponde con 5 varas.
[v]. Entre la profusa bibliografa elaborada por ambos podemos citar A General Illuminance Model for
Daylight Availability en 1984.
[vi]. Comisin Internacional de la Iluminacin.
[vii]. Al conjunto de programas de simulacin desarrollados por Cabeza Lainez los denominaremos Diana X.
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[viii]. S.A. Klein Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces. Solar Energy, Volume 19.
1977.
[ix]. Para el estudio de soleamiento en el can urbano se ha empleado la rbita solar de Google Sketchup.
[x]. Como queda patente en el artculo. Jos M. Cabeza-Lanez, Jess A. Pulido-Arcas, Benito SnchezMontas, Carlos Rubio-Bellido. New configuration factor between a circle and a point-plane at
random positions. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. Elsevier. 2013
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TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE

STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER STATION IN ITALY
PRETELLI, M.; FABBRI, K.
PRETELLI, M.: Associate Professor Department of Architecture, University of Bologna. Bologna - Italy.
marco.pretelli@unibo.it
FABBRI, K.: Adjunct Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Bologna. Bologna - Italy.
kristian.fabbri@unibo.it
ABSTRACT
Among the less explored aspects of the history of the buildings, with a few honourable exceptions in
Anglo-Saxon literature, is the history of technical systems (heating, wiring, lift, artificial lighting, etc.). Yet
technical installations are one of the most important aspects of differentiation of traditional architecture
from the modern age, along with the introduction of concrete, steel, glass and other products of
industrialisation. Technical systems also present a diversification in the manner of use of the building, even
old ones, which are equipped with facilities. Finally, the types of systems, because of their transience and the
absence of specific historical culture, risk falling into oblivion, on the basis of trends imposed by external
factors (energy efficiency or the availability of cheap energy, for example). Therefore, we have taken into
consideration a thermal power station built in the 1930s in a rationalist building in Forl (Italy), with the
intention of studying and preserving the approach.
Key words: Historic technical system, historic HVAC, Thermal Power Station,
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1. INTRODUCTION
Energy efficiency and sustainability in Heritage Buildings (HB) are closely related to the history
of buildings.
On one hand, in terms of heritage, the buildings' technical literature and professional practices
adopted, naturally, words and concepts from the history of architecture since the XIX century
wall, soil, floor, structure, windows, etc.; but on the other hand, this does not appear in the case
of:
i.
the study of Historic Indoor Microclimate (HIM), defined as the non-material part of a
building, or, in other words, the Environmental Building (EB). The EB includes all the setpoint conditions that throughout guaranteed, and continue to guarantee, indoor comfort
(thermal, light, acoustic, air, visual, etc.) of user habits;
ii.
a study of technical systems - hydraulic, wiring, HVAC, etc. whose main role is to
guarantee and to satisfy the above indoor comfort set-points.
In this article we would like to pay particular attention to the second point. Based on the
above points of view, the history of architecture can be divided in two ages:
a) the pre-Industrial Revolution age, in the case of buildings built before the XVIII century,
when the technical systems to control comfort were very rudimentary (fireplace, stove,
torch, fire, etc.) and they did not allow a better control of indoor comfort, therefore the
wall played the main role in guaranteeing thermal comfort;
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b) the post-Industrial Revolution age, for buildings built or refurbished from the XIX century
to today, when technical systems played a main role in guaranteeing EB and indoor
comfort, therefore the building envelope did not have a main role.
The energy efficiency in HB now depends on both: the envelope and the technical systems: the
old and new technical systems.
Attention to built Heritage - e.g. Viollet Le Duc, Ruskin, Morris, etc. - started not far after the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution; yet in spite of this (maybe exactly for this reason, at least
in the Ruskin vision of the matter), Heritage protection hardly considers technical systems as a
part of a building's history (and architecture), except in Anglo-Saxon research. Therefore, Heritage
Building research relegates technical systems to the background, paying less attention to
technical systems in spite of the retrofit of walls, floors, roofs, plasters, vaults, etc.
2. THE STUDY OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

Having proven that research into historical technical systems contributes to its preservation
and to the use and energy efficiency of Heritage Buildings, the question is: how to study technical
systems?
The study of the technical system framework presents four items:
a) historical items, the historical literature on technical systems could be useful in order to
find out if existing systems have an historic relevance for specific building history and/or
History of technology;
b) technical systems surveying, in terms of both building surveys in order to know their
network system (e.g. air-conducts, pipelines, etc.), front-end emission (e.g. radiator, light,
fan-coil, etc.) or generator (e.g. boiler, alternator, etc.), and also to discover the graphic
design of these combined with heritage retrofit surveys;
c) effectiveness of operation of historic technical plant, that depends on a specific technical
plant, in spite of a wide variety of technical systems. They could refer to each technical
sub-system - generations, distributions or network, front-end emissions and correlated
end-users devices, these could be produced by several factories, in several periods and
with countless kinds of technical design;
d) the heritage preservation of technical system as documents, and/or technical system
integration in order to guarantee modern-day comfort set-point conditions.
In this brief paper we cannot split up and study each of the above four points in detail [1], but
we would like to report a case study about an historical technical system, that unwittingly became
a monument of itself, without the above methodological/conceptual frameworks.
The case study is a "leftover" of history, it survived the rush of innovation of architects or
designers in the case of building retrofit. With technical systems, the first approach is always to
remove them as architects deem them inefficient a priori - they are substituted without any
attempt to save or improve them.
In our point of view, if during restoration an architect understands the above four items of the
conceptual framework, he should propose a better way to improve energy efficiency in the
heritage building.
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3. THE CASE STUDY: THERMAL POWER STATION

In order to support the aforementioned theoretical point of view, we will describe a case study
on an Historical Technical System: the Thermal Power Station of ITIS Guglielmo Marconi
(Secondary Technical School) located in Forl in the center-north of Italy. The Thermal power
station was built in 1938 and is the same age of building.
The ITIS Building is an Education Building included in the ATRIUM catalogue. ATRIUM is
acronym of Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the XX century in Urban Management [2], and
an International Project with the objective of better understanding and promoting objects of
heritage related to the totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century.
As reported in the ATRIUM catalogue: the technical institute was expressly commissioned by
Benito Mussolini in order to give the city of Forl a new educational centre whose importance
would extend beyond the local territory; it was designed to serve a basin of about 1,000 students
providing a place where they could study and work in fully-equipped workshops, based on a new
model of theoretical-practical learning.
The city of Forl, very close to Predappio, the hometown of Benito Mussolini, was the subject
of several transformations and new buildings during Italy's fascist regime period.
The building, which houses the Thermal Power Station, was built in 1938, and is an example of
rationalism architecture in Italy during Mussolini's dictatorship.
The building was originally destined as a Technical School, a secondary grade institute to train
manual workers, and it has retained the very same purpose over the years, with some extension
work carried out after the Second World War, such as a new gymnasium and some refurbishment
(plaster, paint, lighting).
The main part of the building - the classrooms, hall, auditorium, workshops and personal
offices are original, their space and material have not been modified; that confirms a good design
of building in order to hold several generations of students and craftsmen.
On the contrary, all the technical systems have been replaced, especially the heating, the
domestic hot water and the wiring systems. After WWII the Thermal Heating Station had been
replaced by a new central heating system, and with citizen electric grid.
Therefore, the Thermal Heating Station is in a new building, in the courtyard of ITIS, and
ironically, this thermal heating station will be replaced by a new District Heating system of Forl.
The Historic Thermal Power Station - a museum in itself is a small Rankine Cycle, with a boiler
with a horizontal Babcock-&-Wilcox water-duct, produced by Officine Breda Elettromeccanica e
Locomotive spa, an industry with a major role in the Italian industrial history during the XIX and XX
centuries.
The boiler with a horizontal water-duct has the same design as the boilers of the XIX century,
that replaced ancient boilers with smoke-duct, and were subsequently replaced during XX century
by boilers with vertical water-ducts. This boiler has a brick cladding, in order to reduce the risk of
fire.
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The duct leaves the boiler and brings the high temperature vapour to a turbine, in order to
convert energy to electricity with an alternator. There is a turbine under the condenser to
complete the Rankine Cycle.
Image 1: Boiler with horizontal Babcock-&-Wilcox water-duct
Image 2: Boiler detail
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Image 3: Turbine (left) and Alternator (right)
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Image 4: Condenser (under turbine)
During the 60s, with the extension of the national electric grid and natural gas pipeline, this
Thermal Power Station fell into disuse.
This little piece of Industrial Archeology is fascinating, for these reasons:
- it is a document of a Rankine Cycle and Babcock-&-Wilcox technologies in Italy. Furthermore,
it is unusual to adopt a Thermal Power Station in order to heat and provide energy to a school and
neighbourhood;
- the educational role for Technical Institute students, they in turn would perhaps have been
able to construct or to manage similar power stations;
- the independent (and spontaneous) decision, from WWII to today, to preserve the Thermal
Power Station as a document, as a teaching example.
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Image 5: Electric Control Panel to submit energy to city electric grid
We wonder if the same care would have been given to Thermal Power Station conservation if
it were in another building, e.g. not in a technical institute such as ITIS G. Marconi; and we ask to
ourselves how many of the not many Thermal Power Stations of this type are still surviving in our
Country (and not only): probably, this is the last one (give us informations, if you have).
4. CONCLUSION
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In conclusion, as described in paragraph 2, the Thermal Power Station could not be used today.
In spite of this, its presence in the building documents the age of the building and is a
testimony to the age of the city of Forl, because it was a part of the energy management history
of city and neighbourhood.
Ironically the same building houses a sub-station of the Forl District Heating system that
shows the main role of the place in the city's energy management.
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge Gabriele Mengozzi and Maicol Bartolini for their support during the
research, and ITIS G.Marconi of Forl. This research has not received any financial support.
5. REFERENCES
[1]. We already did it, in truth; or, at least, we tried to do; see M. Pretelli, A. Ugolini , K. Fabbri, Historic
plants as monuments preserving, rethinking and re-using historic plants, Journal of Cultural Heritage
14S (2013) S38S43; M. Pretelli, K. Fabbri, Conservazione degli impianti storici in D. Concas (ed.),
Innovazione tecnologica e restauro. Linserimento del moderno nellantico (in press).
[2]. ATRIUM Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the XXth Century in Urban Management
http://atrium.ipet.gr/atrium_catalogue/
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ANALISIS ENERGTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE UNA

CASA EN REQUENA MEDIANTE PROGRAMAS DE
SIMULACIN / Energy analysis and improvement proposal
of a house in Requena (Spain) using simulation software
TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.
MENDOZA, C. M.: Estudiante de Arquitectura, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia Espaa.
clmengme@arq.upv.es
RESUMEN
El fomento de la eficiencia energtica en edificacin pasa por utilizar la calificacin energtica para
concienciar a los usuarios de la importancia no slo de los equipos eficientes, sino de que lo sean tambin los
edificios. El Real Decreto 235/2013 transpone al derecho nacional espaol las exigencias de la Unin Europea
para los edificios ya construidos.
En esta comunicacin se analiza energticamente una casa en Requena (Valencia, Espaa) de 1851. Se
trata de un inmueble comn en comarcas de interior, colindantes con Aragn y Castilla la Mancha, en el que,
con el propsito de aprovechar la luz natural se habita la planta alta, distinguindose las estancias de la vida
domstica, y a nivel de suelo los espacios de almacenamiento. Una casa modesta, construida pocos aos
despus del fin de las guerras Carlistas en Espaa (1833-1876), periodo en el que, conocido el apoyo de los
vecinos a Isabel II, el municipio sufri una poca de decadencia.
Para el estudio energtico se ha utilizado en primer lugar el programa informtico DesignBuilder, para el
anlisis de edificios energticamente eficientes y sostenibles, que utiliza Energyplus, motor de clculo
mundialmente reconocido. Con este programa se ha realizado una simulacin energtica dinmica del
estado actual de la vivienda. Despus de analizar estos resultados, se ha utilizado el software Ecotect
Analysis de Autodesk, programa interactivo de simulacin energtica que trabaja tambin con EnergyPlus, lo
que ha permitido tener datos de partida sin dispersin en ambos programas.
Se ha introducido en Ecotect un modelado de la vivienda y se han realizado estudios de rosas de vientos
de la zona para la ventilacin natural, radiacin solar incidente de las fachadas y sombras de la vivienda. Se
han analizado las curvas psicomtricas por estaciones, estudiando las mejoras que el software propone a
partir de las mismas. Partiendo de los resultados de este anlisis, se proponen diversas estrategias pasivas
para mejorar la eficiencia energtica de la vivienda.
A continuacin, se ha vuelto a utilizar DesignBuilder para introducir las mejoras propuestas y se ha
simulado de nuevo. Los resultados obtenidos para la comparacin del xito de la intervencin son las cargas
del sistema en demandas energticas de calefaccin y las ganancias internas.
Palabras clave: eficiencia energtica, simulacin, estrategias pasivas, restauracin histrica.
ABSTRACT
The enhancement of the energy efficiency in buildings implies the use of the energetic qualification to
make the users aware of the importance not only of the use of efficient equipments, but also of the efficient
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buildings. The Spanish regulation (Real Decreto 235/2013) supersedes the exigencies of the European Union
for existing buildings.
In this paper, a house in Requena (Valencia, Spain) of 1951 is analyzed from the energetic point of view. It
is a common type of building in regions of interior, adjacent with Aragon and Castilla, in which with the
intention of taking advantage of the natural light the higher plant is where the living takes place, being there
distinguished the stays of the domestic life, and in the ground floor is devoted to spaces of storage. A modest
house, constructed a few years after the end of the Carlists wars in Spain (1833-1876), period in which,
known the support of the neighbors to Isabel II, the municipality suffered an epoch of decadence.
For the energetic study the software DesignBuilder has been used, for the analysis of energetically
efficient and sustainable buildings, which uses Energyplus, an engine of calculation worldwide recognized.
With this software an energetic dynamic simulation of the current condition of the housing has been
performed. After analyzing these results, the software Autodesk's Ecotect Analysis has been used, being an
interactive program of energetic simulation that works also with EnergyPlus, which has allowed us to use
initial data without dispersion in both programs.
A simulation of the building has been performed with Ecotect, realizing studies of wind roses of the zone
for the natural ventilation, solar incident radiation of the faades and shades of the building. The
psychometric curves have been analyzed, studying the improvements that the software proposes by using
them. Departing from the results of this analysis, diverse passive strategies to improve the energy efficiency
of the building are proposed.
To finish, DesignBuilder has been used again, to introduce the proposed improvements to do a new
simulation. The results obtained and compared to evaluate the success of the intervention are the loads of
the system in energetic demands of heating and the internal gains.
Key words: energy efficiency, simulation, passive strategies, historical refurbishment
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1. INTRODUCCIN
La mejora de la envolvente de los edificios residenciales representa un enorme potencial de
ahorro energtico, equivalente a 90 Mtep (millones de toneladas equivalentes de petrleo) en
2030 para la UE-27 [1]. Ms de dos terceras partes de este potencial se encuentra en los edificios
existentes. Por lo tanto, adems de los nuevos edificios, los existentes que se sometan a una
amplia restauracin, debern cumplir tambin con los estndares de gran comportamiento
energtico para el ao 2020.
Los edificios con un vaor patrimonial importante no estn obligados a cumplir los estrictos
requisitos sobre su comportamiento energtico. En nmeros generales los edificios histricos
representan una cantidad pequea, y que esos niveles de comportamiento energtico no se
lleven a cabo en estos edificios singulares no afecta en demasa el ambicioso plan para reducir el
consumo total de energa de los edificios construidos.
Aunque no exista obligatoriedad en el cumplimiento de los parmetros sobre el
comportamiento energtico de los edificios histricos, los propietarios y usuarios reclaman
soluciones para proponer una mejora de ese comportamiento estos edificios, ya que los costes de
mantenimiento son muy elevados. La optimizacin de la rehabilitacin enegtica depende de
varios aspectos, tales como el estado original y el objetivo final de las modificaciones, las
condiciones interiores del edificio, valores histricos y sociales, la necesidad de renovacin de la
estructura e instalaciones.
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En este estudio se ha analizado el comportamiento energtico de una vivienda y las diferentes

alternativas pasivas para la rehabilitacin en busca de una demanda energtica menor, por
supuesto, conservando intacto el valor patrimonial [2] del mismo.
2. DESCRIPCIN DEL INMUEBLE ANALIZADO

El edificio objeto de estudio es una vivienda unifamiliar adosada ubicada en Requena,
Valencia, formada por dos volmenes, el principal, original de la casa y de mayor tamao que
recae a la calle, y el otro ms pequeo, adosado al anterior tras una ampliacin en la vivienda,
que recae al patio de luces interior. El volumen principal est compuesto de planta baja ms dos
alturas y el ms pequeo, de planta baja ms una altura. La planta baja se destina a usos de
almacenaje, garaje, trastero y cuadra. En la primera planta se encuentran las zonas de vida de la
vivienda, como son los tres dormitorios, el saln comedor, cocina y bao. Por ltimo, en la
segunda planta se encuentra un trastero y un gran espacio multiusos, bajo la cubierta a dos aguas
del volumen principal. La composicin simple de la fachada se manifiesta humilde y clsica en su
entorno.
La vivienda, correspondiendo con las construcciones de su poca, consta de una estructura de
muros portantes de tapial construido con arcilla, de gran espesor, alcanzando en planta baja,
espesores de 50cm con un acabado de enfoscado y posterior pintando en la fachada principal.
Conforme se va creciendo en altura, la seccin de dichos muros va disminuyendo a 30 y 20cm. Se
presentan dos tipologas de cubiertas, el volumen mayor con una cubierta a dos aguas de
tipologa par-hilera compuesta de caizo, cuya misin es servir de apoyo a las capas de mortero
de yeso, rematada en la parte exterior con teja cermica curva.
El sistema constructivo de los forjados consiste en revoltones con bardos cermicos y de vigas
y viguetas de madera con acabado en yeso inferior por la parte inferior de los revoltones y
mortero de cemento de regulacin y placa cermica como pavimento por la parte superior.
La cubierta del volumen ms pequeo, est compuesta de viguetas prefabricadas de hormign
que forman la pendiente y a su vez reciben las placas de fibrocemento.
3. PROGRAMAS EMPLEADOS
Para el desarrollo del estudio se han empleado dos programas de simulacin energtica en la
edificacin, DesignBuilder y Ecotect Analysis.
Ecotect Analysis: Consiste en una herramienta completa de anlisis medioambiental til tanto
para del proceso de diseo como para la intervencin sostenible en edificios construidos
proporcionando una simulacin visual y minuciosa de la obra objeto de estudio y de su entorno.
Designbuilder es un software de simulacin energtica de edificios que permite analizar todos
los aspectos relativos a la eficiencia energtica, confort, coste e impacto ambiental. Para este
estudio se han introducido todos los datos obtenidos en la fase de recogida de datos y los
requerimientos de confort necesarios para la vida cotidiana de los habitantes de la vivienda.
4. RESULTADOS
4.1. Transmitancias
Para comenzar con el anlisis energtico se han introducido en ambos programas datos
generales de la ubicacin de la vivienda, como es la orientacin (290 Norte), latitud (39) y
longitud (-1,9) de la misma, poblacin y franja horaria. Una vez establecidos los parmetros
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generales de ubicacin se ha modelado la vivienda con sus caractersticas dimensionales

geomtricas exactas, en Ecotect Analysis como zonas trmicas y en DesignBuilder como muros y
sus espesores. La presencia de los edificios del entorno se entienden como fundamentales para
que la simulacin se asemeje a las condiciones reales por lo que se ha modelado tambin el
entorno inmediato a la vivienda, todos los edificios que pueden generar sombra sobre el mismo
[3].
Terminado el modelado, se han introducido los materiales componentes de cada elemento
constructivo dando como resultado los valores de transmitancia de cada elemento, como se
muestra en la Tabla 1.
Tabla 1. Transmitancia de elementos constructivos originales
Situacin Actual
Espesor (m)
Transmitancias(W/m2k)
Muro exterior 25
0,25
2,176
Muro exterior 30
0,30
1,980
Muro exterior 50
0,50
1,456
Cubierta plana
0,05
2,857
Cubierta inclinada
0,05
2,298
Forjados
0,82
2,552
Vidrio
0,006
6,250
Tanto Ecotect como DesignBuilder constan con una base de datos meteorolgicos bastante
extensa pero en ninguno de los dos aparecan los correspondientes a Requena, por lo que se han
obtenido de la plataforma Green Building Studio de Autodesk, en la cual se han generado un
proyecto, elegido la estacin existente en Requena y exportado los datos meteorolgicos en
formato .ccv que posteriormente se introducen en ambos programas.
Previo a la simulacin como tal, se han establecido parmetros trmicos iguales como la
temperatura interior necesaria para mantener el confort en el interior, determinndose un rango
entre 18 y 26C que debe alcanzarse con aire acondicionado o con calefaccin.
Con todos estos datos, ya se tienen introducidos todos los factores necesarios para la
simulacin [4]:
_Factores propios de la vivienda: geometra, materiales constructivos, transmitancia.
_Factores externos: ubicacin, datos meteorolgicos, edificacin vecina.
_factores internos: temperatura interior, franja horario de uso de la vivienda.
4.2. Anlisis medioambiental y posibles estrategias pasivas

En primer lugar, a travs de Wheather Tool, herramienta de Ecotect Analysis [5], se han
obtenido las rosas de los vientos anuales de Requena, la frecuencia en km/h con la escala de
colores que se observa a la derecha de cada rosa.
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Prevailing Winds
W in d F re q u e n c y ( H rs)
L o c a t io n : G B S _ 0 6 M 1 2 _ 0 2 _ 0 6 1 0 4 1 . c s v ,
D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 5301 k
s tmD/ h
ecember
T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 04 0 k m / h
W e ath er T o ol
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
(4 1 . 8 , 1 2 . 6 )
h rs
91+
81
72
63
54
45
36
27
18
<9
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
h rs
74+
66
59
51
44
37
29
22
14
<7
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
h rs
89+
80
71
62
53
44
35
26
17
<8
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
10 km/ h
10 k m/ h
10 k m/ h
10 k m/ h
J a n u a ry
F e b ru a r y
M a rc h
A p ril
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
h rs
143+
128
114
100
85
71
57
42
28
<14
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
h rs
149+
134
119
104
89
74
59
44
29
<14
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
h rs
183+
164
146
128
109
91
73
54
36
<18
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
10 km/ h
10 k m/ h
10 k m/ h
10 k m/ h
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
A u g u st
50 km/ h
40 km/ h
30 km/ h
20 km/ h
h rs
105+
94
84
73
63
52
42
31
21
<10
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
h rs
139+
125
111
97
83
69
55
41
27
<13
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
h rs
117+
105
93
81
70
58
46
35
23
<11
50 k m/ h
40 k m/ h
30 k m/ h
20 k m/ h
10 km/ h
10 k m/ h
10 k m/ h
10 k m/ h
S e p te m b e r
O c to b e r
N ovember
D ecember
h rs
95+
85
76
66
57
47
38
28
19
<9
h rs
156+
140
124
109
93
78
62
46
31
<15
h rs
79+
71
63
55
47
39
31
23
15
<7
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Figura 1: Rosa mensual de los vientos
Figura 2: Equinoccio primavera 20 marzo 13:30h
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En segundo lugar, con Ecotect Analysis se han estudiado tambin las sombras arrojadas y
proyectadas por la vivienda en los das pico del ao, observndose en la imagen la trayectoria
diaria y anual del sol y a su vez la radiacin solar que recibe la vivienda, que queda clara con la
escala de colores que aparece, al igual que en la grfica de los vientos, en el lateral derecho de las
Figuras 2 y 3.
Figura 3: Solsticio invierno 21diciembre 13:30h
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4.3. Demanda de calefaccin y refrigeracin

Se ha procedido a calcular las demandas de calefaccin y refrigeracin [6] y posteriormente
comparar los resultados obtenidos con los dos programas, extrayndose los resultados que se
muestran en la Tabla 2.
Tabla 2. Demandas de calefaccin y refrigeracin
Situacin Actual
Demanda Calefaccin
(kWh/ma)
Demanda refrigeracin
(kWh/ma)
TOTAL
(kWh/m2a)
184,81
186,42
7,87
17,95
192,68
204,37
DesignBuilder
Ecotect
4.4. Propuestas de mejora

4.4.1. Balance Trmico con DesignBuilder
Se ha analizado con este programa el balance trmico de la vivienda que ha proporcionado
informacin sobre los elementos constructivos que mejor y peor comportamiento energtico
tienen. Se puede observar que se han analizado los acristalamientos, muros exteriores, cubiertas,
solera e infiltraciones exteriores. Esta grfica visual y sencilla de interpretar, ha permitido tener
una idea bastante clara del comportamiento energtico actual de la vivienda. Los muros
exteriores y la cubierta plana son los dos elementos en lo que se debe actuar si se va a realizar
una intervencin, ya que son los que mayores prdidas demuestran.
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Figura 4: Balance trmico
Las infiltraciones exteriores son la tercera causa de prdidas que muestra la vivienda, por lo
que deberamos actuar sobre la tipologa constructiva de la envolvente.
4.4.2. Curvas Psicomtricas con Ecotect Analysis

Se estudian las curvas psicomtricas aportadas por el programa Ecotect para los meses de
invierno y de verano. El programa limita la zona de confort estndar y en funcin de las
temperaturas que se producen en cada zona geogrfica, propone una serie de estrategias pasivas
para alcanzar el confort en la estacin determinada. En el caso de verano, la curva se muestra en
la Figura 5.
El software plantea diversas estrategias como son la calefaccin solar pasiva, el efecto de masa
trmica, exposicin de las masas y ventilacin nocturna, ventilacin natural, enfriamiento directo
por evaporacin y enfriamiento indirecto.
Para la etapa de invierno la curva psicomtrica correspondiente es la mostrada en la Figura 6.
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Psychrometric Chart
AH
Location: Albacete, ESP

Frequency: 1st
June to 1st September
Requena
Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs
Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs
Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa
W e a th e r T o o l
30
SELECT ED DESIGN T ECHNIQUES:

1. passive solar heating
2. thermal mass effects
3. exposed mass + night-purge ventilation
4. natural ventilation
5. direct evaporative cooling
6. indirect evaporative cooling
25
20
15
10
5
Comfort
DBT(C)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Figura 5: Curva psicomtrica verano

Psychrometric Chart
AH
Location: Albacete, ESP

Frequency: 1st
December to 1st March
Requena
Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs
Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs
Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa
W e a the r T o o l
30
SELECT ED DESIGN T ECHNI QUES:

1. passive solar heating
2. thermal mass effects
3. exposed mass + night-purge ventilation
4. natural ventilation
5. direct evaporative cooling
6. indirect evaporative cooling
- 288 25
20
15
10
5
Comfort
DBT(C)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Figura 6: Curva psicomtrica invierno
Segn el balance trmico, la vivienda tiene perdidas en invierno por lo que se analizan las
estrategias de calefaccin en las curvas psicomtricas. Para las temperaturas de 11-18C el
programa propone calefaccin solar pasiva para alcanzar la temperatura de confort, lo que
supondra la apertura de huecos para una mayor captacin de la radiacin solar o la colocacin de
placas solares o algn sistema pasivo de captacin de la radiacin. Pero una vez analizado en
detalle, no se considera apropiada esta estrategia por dos razones. La primera, con esta solucin
de aumentar la radiacin solar pasiva tan slo se solventaran las temperaturas ms altas del
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disconfort, para mejorar las temperaturas ms desfavorables no sera suficiente con esta
modificacin pasiva de mayor captacin de radiacin solar. La segunda razn para no escoger esta
solucin es que al tratarse de un edificio histrico y de una actuacin de rehabilitacin, no resulta
apropiado realizar cambios morfolgicos en la vivienda.
4.4.3. Propuestas
Considerados los anlisis anteriores, se procede a aadir un aislamiento de lana de roca en el
intrads de los muros. Se ha simulado en DesignBuilder [7] con diferentes espesores para
conseguir la optimizacin del mismo en referencia a las demandas de calefaccin y refrigeracin.
Se han obtenido los siguientes resultados. Tabla 3.
Tabla 3. Resultados de la simulacin de opciones en DesignBuilder
DesignBuilder
Situacin Actual
Opcin 1 2cms
Opcin 2 4cms
Opcin 3 6cms
Opcin 4 8cms
Opcin 5 10cms
Demanda Calefaccin
(kWh/ma)
(kWh/ma)
Total
(kWh/m2a)
184,81
143,43
130,35
123,81
120,05
117,75
7,87
8,50
8,67
8,78
8,88
8,97
192,68
151,93
139,02
132,59
128,93
126,72
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Figura 7: Demandas segn espesores (Kwh/m a)
Considerndose que la disminucin de las demandas entre la opcin 2 y la 3 es muy pequea,

se ha considerado que la opcin 2 es la ptima pues se consigue disminuir la demanda de
calefaccin y refrigeracin con un menor espesor lo que supone una ventaja al ocupar menos
metros cuadrados de la superficie de la vivienda, y abaratar los costes de material.
Se ha realizado la comparacin de este resultado final tanto en DesignBuilder como en Ecotect
y los resultados obtenidos en este ltimo son los siguientes.
Tabla 4. Resultado de la simulacin de la mejora en Ecotect Analysis
Ecotect Analysis
Demanda Calefaccin
(kWh/ma)
(kWh/ma)
Total
(kWh/m2a)
Situacin Actual
186,42
17,95
204,37
Opcin 2 4cms
74,31
5,46
79,77
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Figura 8: Comparacin demandas situacin actual y mejora (kWh/ma)
5. CONCLUSIONES
Se han observado los resultados del balance trmico (figura 4) y los elementos constructivos
que tienen mayores prdidas son los muros y las cubiertas, por lo que se ha optado por proponer
como mejora la colocacin de placas de lana de roca en el interior de los muros y las cubiertas.
Como se puede observar tanto en la figura 7 como en la figura 8, las demandas de calefaccin han
disminuido de forma significativa sufriendo una reduccin de aproximadamente un 37% mientras
que la refrigeracin se mantiene ligeramente estable, aumentando muy poco con la simulacin de
DesignBuilder debido a que al aumentar el aislamiento trmico disminuye la radiacin solar
sensible de penetrar en el interior.
Se ha considerado exitosa la simulacin pues, las deficiencias de la vivienda que se centraban
en la calefaccin, se han solventado aadiendo solamente 4 cm de aislamiento y obtenindose
como resultado una gran mejora que supondr una reduccin de consumo y a su vez un menor
gasto econmico para los usuarios.
Cabe destacar los beneficios del empleo de los programas de simulacin energtica que
permiten estudiar, proponer y ensayar estrategias de forma dinmica para as llegar a optimizar
las actuaciones y poder ofrecer las mejores soluciones.
6. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Directiva 2010/31/EU del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, 19 de mayo de 2010, relativa a la
eficiencia energtica de los edificios, Official Journal of the European Union L153 (2010)13-35.
[2]. K. Fabbri, M. Pretelli., (2014), Heritage buildings and historic microclimate without HVAC technology:
Malatestiana Library in Cesena, Italy, UNESCO Memory of the World, Energy and buildings, Vol.76, 1531.
[3]. C. Balocco, R. Calzolari., (2008), Natural design for an ancient building: A case of study, Journal of
cultural heritage, Vol.9, 172-178.
[4]. F. Stazi, A. Vegli, C. Di Perna, P. Munf., (2013), Experimental comparison between 3 different
traditional wall constructions and dynamic simulations to identify optimal thermal insulation strategies,
Energy and buildings, Vol.60, 429-441.
[5]. Moschella, A. Salemi, A. Lo Faro, G. Sanfilippo, M. Detommaso., (2013), Historic buildings in
Mediterranean area and solar thermal technologies: architectural integration vs preservation criteria,
Energy procedia, Vol.42, 416-425.
[6]. K. Buvik, G. Andersen, S. Tangen., (2013), Ambitious renovation of a historical school building in cold
climate, Energy procedia, Vol.48, 1442-1448.
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[7]. N. Cardinale, G. Rospi, P. Stefanizzi., (2013), Energy and microclimatic performance of Mediterranean
vernacular buildings: The Sassi district of Matera and the Trulli district of Alberobello, Building and
- 291 -
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UNA REVISIN DE PUBLICACIONES EN EDIFICIOS DESDE EL

ASPECTO ENERGTICO / A review of papers in buildings
from the energetic perspective
TORT-AUSINA, I.; MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.; VIVANCOS, J.L.
RESUMEN
En la presente comunicacin se realiza una revisin de las distintas aportaciones realizadas en el mbito
de edificios histricos desde el punto de vista energtico. Se ha recopilado la informacin y se han
caracterizado en funcin de la situacin del edificio, el tipo de clima y de edificio, el mtodo anlisis, as
como si se ha realizado una simulacin y/o validacin.
La eficiencia energtica de los edificios, sus necesidades y el consumo de energa, han sido aspectos que
durante mucho tiempo han supuesto un debate en el sector de la construccin. Adems de en los edificios
existentes, en los ltimos aos se ha modificado la relacin entre los aspectos constructivos y la demanda
energtica as como el consumo de los mismos.
El edificio tiene un impacto significativo sobre el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. Algunos
estudios se han centrado en la categorizacin de las regiones vernculas mediante la simulacin de los
modelos energticos. Otros sin embargo se han centrado en evaluar las posibilidades de la envolvente en
especial analizando distintos tipos de aislamientos.
Adems se han clasificado las distintas publicaciones en funcin de si se ha realizado una monitorizacin
del mismo, o se han simulado. En la mayora de los estudios se monitoriza temperatura y humedad relativa,
pero tambin se ha encontrado que otros parmetros pueden ser de inters como las infiltraciones de aire o
la diferencia de presin. Adems en los ltimos aos se han ido utilizando nuevas tcnicas como la
termografa.
Algunos de los estudios han sido de tipo terico o analtico, aunque en una gran cantidad de
publicaciones se ha simulado desde el punto de vista energtico. En otros casos se ha encontrado que se
haban utilizado varias aproximaciones, es decir monitorizacin y simulacin. Encontrndose que se han
realizado monitorizaciones en las que por ejemplo se persegua evaluar el efecto de la adicin de aire en la
envolvente del edificio acondicionado.
Investigadores de todo el mundo han estudiado estos aspectos, principalmente en Europa y Amrica del
Norte, y en menor medida en Asia y Oceana. As como en distintas climatologas principalmente en climas
fros o templados y en menor medida en climas clidos. Por ltimo se ha estudiado la evolucin histrica de
las aportaciones de los trabajos en esta rea. Y se puede observar que el inters por estos aspectos en
edificios histricos ha ido en aumento especialmente en la ltima dcada.
Palabras clave: Eficiencia energtica, edificio histrico, revisin bibliogrfica.
ABSTRACT
In this paper a review of the different contributions realized in the area of historical buildings from the
energetic point of view is shown. The information has been compiled and papers have been characterized
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depending on the situation of the building, the type of climate and of building, the method analysis, as well
as if a simulation and / or validation has been realized.
The energy efficiency of buildings, their needs and consumption of energy, have been aspects that have
supposed a debate in the sector of the construction for a long time. Besides in the existing buildings, in the
last years the relation between the constructive aspects and the energetic demand has been modified as
well as their consumption.
Buildings have a significant impact on the environment and the natural resources. Some studies are
focused on the categorization of the vernacular regions by means of the simulation of the energetic models.
On the other side, some papers are focused on the evaluation of the possibilities of the closing, especially
analyzing different types of isolations.
In addition the different publications have been classified depending on if a monitoring of the building
has been realized, or if it has been simulated. In most of the studies temperature and relative humidity is
monitored, but also other parameters that can be of interest as the air infiltrations or the difference of
pressure are found. In addition in the last years new technologies have been in use as the thermography.
Some of the studies have been of theoretical or analytical type, though in a great quantity of publications
simulation has been performed from the energetic point of view. In other cases several approximations had
been done, that is to say monitoring and simulation, finding that monitorization has been realized, for
example, to evaluate the effect of the air addition in the closing of the building. Researchers worldwide have
studied these aspects, principally in Europe and North America, and in minor measure in Asia and Oceania.
As well as in different climatology principally in cold or moderate climates and in minor measure in hot or
warm climates.
Finally the historical evolution of the contributions of the papers in this area has been studied, and it is
possible to observe that the interest for these aspects in historical buildings has increased specially in the last
decade.
Key words: historic buildings, energy efficiency, review
1. INTRODUCTION
Algunos investigadores [1-3] han estudiado un sistema de ventilacin natural antigua dentro
de un edificio histrico y han analizado la eficacia de esta tcnica de refrigeracin simple,
utilizando una dinmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) de simulacin transitoria del modelo
tridimensional (3D) del edificio.
Mantener el confort trmico es uno de los objetivos ms importantes de aire acondicionado
(HVAC) sistemas de calefaccin, ventilacin y existe un gran nmero de variables fsicas que
influyen en el confort trmico. Estas variables incluyen la temperatura del aire, la radiacin
recibida por la persona, la velocidad del aire, la humedad del aire, la ropa que se vista y la
actividad de la persona [4]. Por lo tanto, la evaluacin del confort trmico ha sido siempre un
tema interesante para los investigadores. Existen modelos de confort trmico para el cuerpo
humano disponibles desde hace ms de 30 aos como resultado de un esfuerzo considerable en
la dcada de 1960 y anteriores para desarrollar este tipo de modelos para aplicaciones militares y
aeroespaciales. Actualmente, las normas de confort trmico ms utilizadas son las ASHRAE 552004 [5] y la ISO 7730 [6] ambas basadas en el modelo de Fanger, que resuelve las ecuaciones de
balance de calor entre el cuerpo humano y su entorno representado como un entorno uniforme.
Por otro lado, con el propsito de mejorar la eficiencia energtica y el confort trmico, se han
desarrollado en las ltimas dcadas ambientes trmicos asimtricos, tales como formado por
ventilacin por desplazamiento (DV) o ventilacin personalizado (PV), [7] y [8]. Esto hace que la
evaluacin del confort trmico en un entorno asimtrico sea ms compleja que en un entorno
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uniforme, debido a la sensacin trmica es altamente dependiente de las caractersticas de

transferencia de calor locales.
El modelo de Fanger se ha verificado que no es adecuado para ser utilizado para predecir el
confort trmico en el espacio de transicin, debido a su valor de tasa metablica y fsica inestable
y dinmico [9,10].
2. ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS
En la Tabla 1 se indican las referencias publicadas encontradas en revistas internacionales
sobre trabajos en eficiencia energtica en edificios clasificados por ao de publicacin. Aunque la
mayora de ellos corresponden a edificios no histricos, existe una cantidad significante de
estudios en edificios histricos ([24], [25], [28], [34], [36], [41], [49-51], [53-54], [57], [63], [67],
[74-77], [79-80]).
Tabla 1: Referencias analizadas por ao de publicacin
Ttulo
Minimising energy costs in buildings: the socioeconomic enviromental and political
implications
Day lighting as a factor in optimizing the energy performance of buildings
Finite air mixing rates in building and its impact on the energy requirements for heating
and cooling
Predicting building energy requirements
Assessment methods and techniques for energy conservation in buildings
Increased energy efficiency in existing buildings
Designing buildings for minimal energy consumption
Human Settlements and Energy. Chapter 4
Energy conservation measures for existing buildings
Human Settlements and Energy. Chapter 5
The energy requirements of buildings
Proceedings of the Second International CIB Symposium on Energy Conservation in the
Built Environment
Energy conservation in swedish buildings
Saving energy in old buildings
Building Rehabilitation with retrofit of passice and low energy systems
Simulation of the full and part load energy consumption of HVAC system of building
Energy conservation in museums and historic buildings
Energy conservation in 29 historic school buildings in Palermo
The main trends in energy saving in buildings Theory and practice in the U.S.S.R.
Energy-efficiency programs for existing buildings
A simple computer model for estimating the energy consumption of residential buildings
in different microclimatic conditions in cold regions
Heating energy reduction of buildings in cold climates
Building management: Energy efficiency in museums
Performance studies of a passively cooled mahal
Quantitative infrared thermography in buildings
Monitoring of the building envelope of a heritage house : a case study
Thermodynamic parameters for energy sustainability of urban areas
Optimisation of insulation measures on existing buildings
Can ISO 14000 and eco-labelling turn the construction industry green?
A simple model to study ventilated facades energy performance
Monitoring of ancient buildings by the thermal method
Ao
Ref
1975
[11]
1977
[12]
1977
[13]
1977
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1979
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
1980
[22]
1982
1982
1983
1983
1983
1985
1989
1990
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
1991
[31]
1994
1994
1995
1998
1999
2000
2000
2002
2002
2002
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
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A non-dimensional analysis of a ventilated double faade energy performance

Thermographic survey of two rural buildings in Spain
Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal
insulation materials
Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations
State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments
Thermal behaviour of interactive mechanically ventilated double glazed faade: Nondimensional analysis
Energy savings in Danish residential building stock
Daily natural heat convection in a historical hall
Plant refurbishment in historical buildings turned into museum
Natural light design for an ancient building: A case study
Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions
Impact of wind-driven rain on historic brick wall buildings in a moderately cold and humid
climate: Numerical analyses of mould growth risk, indoor climate and energy consumption
Numerical simulation of ancient natural ventilation systems of historical buildings. A case
study in Palermo
Vacuum insulation panels for building applications: A review and beyond
Assessing ventilation system performance in isolation rooms
Refurbishment of historic buildings : Thermal mass modified , its influence on indoor
comfort , energy
Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions
Properties, requirements and possibilities
Life cycle cost implications of energy efficiency measures in new residential buildings
Thermal performance and optimum insulation thickness of building walls with different
structure materials
Optimization of insulation thickness for different glazing areas in buildings for various
climatic regions in Turkey
Decreasing energy use in buildings by 50% by 2050 A backcasting study using
stakeholder groups
Lowering energy use in a historic building
Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) for building construction industry A review of the
contemporary developments and future directions
Buildingplant system energy sustainability. An approach for transient thermal
performance analysis
Domestic UK retrofit challenge: Barriers, incentives and current performance leading into
the Green Deal
Heritage buildings and energy performance: Mapping with GIS tools
Novel approach to 3D thermography and energy efficiency evaluation
Optimization of an envelope retrofit strategy for an existing office building
A review of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building
applications
Upgrading the building envelope to reduce cooling loads
Vacuum insulation properties of phenolic foam
Evaluation of economically optimal retrofit investment options for energy savings in
buildings
Characterizing the household energy consumption in heritage Nanjing Tulou buildings,
China: A comparative field survey study
Energy retrofitting of a typical old Danish multi-family building to a nearly-zero energy
building based on experiences from a test apartment
Indoor environments in heritage buildings - Comparing survey results with measurements
and simulations
2003
2004
[42]
[43]
2005
[44]
2005
2005
[45]
[46]
2006
[47]
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
2009
[53]
2009
[54]
2010
2011
[55]
[56]
2011
[57]
2011
[58]
2011
[59]
2011
[60]
2011
[61]
2011
[62]
2011
[63]
2011
[64]
2012
[65]
2012
[66]
2012
2012
2012
[67]
[68]
[69]
2012
[70]
2012
2012
[71]
[72]
2012
[73]
2012
[74]
2012
[75]
2012
[76]
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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Implementation challenges to the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings: Towards the goals
of sustainable, low carbon cities
State of the Irish housing stockModelling the heat losses of Ireland's existing detached
rural housing stock & estimating the benefit of thermal retrofit measures on this stock
Analysis of energy economic renovation for historic wooden apartment buildings in cold
climates
Energy incidence of historic building: Leaving no stone unturned
A multi-stage optimization method for cost-optimal and nearly-zero-energy building
solutions in line with the EPBD-recast 2010
Hygrothermal optimisation of museum storage spaces
Historic Buildings in Mediterranean Area and Solar Thermal Technologies: Architectural
Integration vs Preservation Criteria
Energy efficient museum buildings
Thermal, economical and environmental analysis of insulated building walls in a cold
climate
Development of prefabricated retrofit module towards nearly zero energy buildings
2012
[77]
2013
[78]
2013
[79]
2013
[80]
2013
[81]
2013
[82]
2013
[83]
2013
[84]
2013
[85]
2013
[86]
Como se observa en la Figura 1, el inters por aspectos relacionados con la eficiencia

energtica en edificios histricos ha ido en aumento de manera notable, y muy especialmente en
la ltima dcada. Al ver la evolucin histrica de las aportaciones de los trabajos en esta rea se
observa tambin que tras las crisis energticas ha habido un mayor inters por estudiar este tipo
de aspectos en edificios.
- 296 -
Figura 1: Referencias analizadas agrupadas por aos
Investigadores de todo el mundo han estudiado estos aspectos, principalmente en Europa y

Amrica del Norte, y en menor medida en Asia y Oceana. Como se puede observar en la Figura 2,
principalmente los estudios han sido en Europa, y con diferencia en Italia ([25], [28], [37], [40-42],
[47], [49-51], [54], [56], [65], [67], [70], [73]), seguido de Reino Unido ([39], [45], [52], [57], [6364], [66], [78]) y Suecia. As como en distintas climatologas principalmente en climas fros o
templados y en menor medida en climas clidos, nicamente en 3 casos ([34], [44], [71]).
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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Figura 2: Referencias analizadas por ubicacin
Adems se han clasificado las distintas publicaciones en funcin de si se ha realizado una

monitorizacin del mismo, o se han simulado. Y se ha comprobado que se han utilizado distintas
metodologas de anlisis. Desde el punto de vista terico se han realizado anlisis numricotericos ([35], [47], [53], [70], [81]) y de clculo mediante ecuaciones de balance de energa [34].
Algunos se tratan de estudios ([77-78], [80]) o ensayos cientficos, Kim et al (2012) realizaron
una investigacin experimental de las propiedades caractersticas de la espuma fenlica como
material intersticial de los paneles de aislamiento al vaco (VIP) [72]. Por otro lado, desde el punto
de vista de la caracterizacin, Li et al. (2012) registraron el consumo domstico de energa en
edificios patrimoniales de Nanjing Tulou (China). [74]
En muchos de los trabajos se han realizados modelos matemticos basados en la transferencia
dinmica de calor ([17], [21], [26], [28], [59], [64], [71], [85]) o modelo de simulacin por
ordenador [31] [85], as como simulaciones mediante ordenador ([29], [49], [54], [56]).
Por otro lado hay una tendencia a la monitorizacin ([12], [69]) y a las mediciones de campo
([27], [79]), adems Li et al. (2012) realizaron estudios en edificios histricos y compararon el
resultado de las simulaciones con mediciones reales [76]. En la mayora de los estudios se
monitoriza temperatura y humedad relativa, pero tambin se ha encontrado que otros
parmetros pueden ser de inters como las infiltraciones de aire o la diferencia de presin.
Adems en los ltimos aos se han ido utilizando nuevas tcnicas como la termografa. ([41], [43],
[68]).
Uno de los primeros trabajos (1975) trataba de minimizar el coste energtico en edificios [11].
Muchos de los trabajos buscaban predecir los requerimientos energticos en edificios [14] [15].
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3. CONCLUSIONES
Algunos estudios se han centrado en la categorizacin de las regiones vernculas mediante la
simulacin de los modelos energticos. Otros sin embargo se han centrado en evaluar las
posibilidades de la envolvente en especial analizando distintos tipos de aislamientos.
En la mayora de los estudios se monitoriza temperatura y humedad relativa, pero tambin se
ha encontrado que otros parmetros pueden ser de inters como las infiltraciones de aire o la
diferencia de presin. Adems en los ltimos aos se han ido utilizando nuevas tcnicas como la
termografa.
Algunos de los estudios han sido de tipo terico o analtico. Aunque en una gran cantidad de
publicaciones se ha simulado desde el punto de vista energtico. En otros casos se ha encontrado
que se haban utilizado varias aproximaciones, es decir monitorizacin y simulacin.
Encontrndose que se han realizado monitorizaciones en las que por ejemplo se persegua
evaluar el efecto de la adicin de aire en la envolvente del edificio acondicionado.
Investigadores de todo el mundo han estudiado estos aspectos, principalmente en Europa y
Amrica del Norte, y en menor medida en Asia y Oceana. As como en distintas climatologas
principalmente en climas fros o templados y en menor medida en climas clidos. Por ltimo se ha
estudiado la evolucin histrica de las aportaciones de los trabajos en esta rea. Y se puede
observar que el inters por estos aspectos en edificios histricos ha ido en aumento
especialmente en la ltima dcada.
4. AGRADECIMIENTOS
Los autores agradecen al MINISTERIO DE ECONOMIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD por la financiacin
econmica (proyecto MAT2012-38429-C04-01).
5. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Balocco C. and Grazzini G., (2009) Numerical simulation of ancient natural ventilation systems of
historical buildings. A case study in Palermo, Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 10, no. 2, 313-318.
[2]. P. Chassagne, E. Bou-Said, A. Ceccotti, J.F. Jullien, M. Togni., (2007), The contribution of numerical
simulation for the diagnosis of the conservation of arts objects: Application to Antonio Santucci's
armillary sphere of the 16th century, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8 , 215222
[3]. K.A. Papakonstantinou, C.T. Kiranoudis, N.C. Markatos., (2000), Mathematical modelling of
environmental conditions inside historical buildings. The case of archaeological museum in Athens,
Energy and Buildings, 31, 211220.
[4]. B.W. Jones., (2002), Capabilities and limitations of thermal models for use in thermal comfort
standards, Energy and Buildings, 34, 653659.
[5]. ASHRAE., (2004), Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 552004
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
[6]. ISO 7730., (2005), Ergonomics of the thermal environmentAnalytical determination and
interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal
comfort criteria.
[7]. F. Bauman, A. Baughman, G. Carter, E. Arens., (1998), A field study of PEM (personal environmental
module) performance in bank of Americans San Francisco office buildings, Center for the Built
Environment, University of California, Berkeley.
[8]. M. Fountain, G. Brager, E. Arens, F. Bauman, C. Benton., (1994), Comfort control for short-term
occupancy, Energy and Buildings, Vol.21, 113
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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[9]. C. Chun, A. Kwok, A. Tamura., (2004), Thermal comfort in transitional spacesbasic concepts:
literature review and trial measurement, Building and Environment, 39, 11871192
[10]. Martnez Molina, I. Tort Ausina, J. L. Vivancos, (2014), Modeling and Simulation of History Museum of
Valencia, Construction and Building Research,263-269, Springer Netherlands
[11]. Stambolis., (1975), Minimising energy costs in buildings: the socioeconomic environmental and
political implications, Energy and Housing, 133-148.
[12].
F. Arumi., (1977), Day lighting as a factor in optimizing the energy performance of buildings, Energy
and Buildings, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 175-182.
[13].
F. Arumi., (1977), Finite air mixing rates in building and its impact on the energy requirements for
heating and cooling, Energy and Buildings, Vol.1, 193-198.
[14].
J. Marx Ayres., (1977), Predicting building energy requirements, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 1, 11-18.
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MORTEROS MIXTOS DE CAL Y CEMENTO CON

CARACTERSTICAS TRMICAS Y ACSTICAS MEJORADAS
PARA REHABILITACIN / Lime-cement mixture with
improved thermal and acoustic characteristics for
rehabilitation
PALOMAR, I.; BARLUENGA, G.; PUENTES, J.
PALOMAR, I.: Dpto. Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcal, Alcal de Henares Espaa. irene.palomar@uah.es
BARLUENGA, G.: Dpto. Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcal, Alcal de Henares Espaa
PUENTES, J.: Dpto. Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcal, Alcal de Henares Espaa
RESUMEN
En la rehabilitacin de edificios, es habitual la reparacin o sustitucin de los morteros de revestimiento
de los paramentos. Muchos de los inmuebles a rehabilitar presentan, adems, importantes deficiencias
respecto a las exigencias de eficiencia energtica y de prestaciones higrotrmicas y acsticas actuales. Esto
limita su habitabilidad, entendida desde los estndares actuales, debido a los altos consumos energticos y
un bajo control ante el ruido. Los materiales que se utilizan actualmente en rehabilitacin han sido
desarrollados especficamente para esta aplicacin concreta y satisfacen las exigencias actuales de
resistencia, aplicabilidad y comportamiento. Surge una oportunidad de mejorar el comportamiento general
de los edificios, utilizando nuevos morteros para rehabilitacin con comportamiento trmico y acstico
mejorado.
En el presente trabajo se presenta el desarrollo experimental llevado a cabo para obtener un mortero
pigmentable de cal y cemento con propiedades trmicas y acsticas mejoradas, aplicable en paramentos
interiores y exteriores, til tanto en obra nueva como, especialmente, en rehabilitacin. Para el diseo del
material se han empleado diferentes componentes, entre los que destacan ridos sin fraccin fina, ridos
ligeros o fibras. El conglomerante es una mezcla cal area y de cemento blanco, mejorando los tiempos de
fraguado y la resistencia en endurecido de la cal y reduciendo el contenido en sales solubles de los cementos,
relacionadas con patologas en el patrimonio construido. Adems, la mezcla se adecua a los requerimientos
estticos por ser pigmentable con xidos metlicos.
Una vez diseadas las mezclas, stas se caracterizaron en estado fresco (consistencia y retraccin) y en
estado endurecido (resistencia a compresin, a flexin y a la adhesin y fisuracin) y se ha medido la
conductividad trmica y la absorcin acstica. Se ha identificado que estos parmetros trmicos y acsticos
estn relacionados con la estructura porosa del material.
De este modo, se ha establecido un procedimiento para caracterizar un mortero para revestimiento
teniendo en cuenta sus caractersticas trmicas y acsticas, lo que ha permitido disear un mortero til para
paramentos exteriores e interiores con un comportamiento trmico y acstico sustancialmente mejor que un
mortero de revestimiento convencional. Se ha logrado una densidad suficiente para ser usado como acabado
final sin necesidad de proteccin, ya que tiene una resistencia mecnica y adherencia adecuada.
Palabras clave: mortero de cal-cemento, rehabilitacin, revestimientos, rido de granulometra
discontinua, ridos ligeros, fibras, estado fresco, estado endurecido, propiedades trmicas, propiedades
acsticas.
ABSTRACT
The rehabilitation of buildings often requires the restitution or substitution of coating mortars, due to
their deterioration. Many old buildings are characterized by large energy consumption and a low noise
control, according to todays thermal and acoustic standards. Thus, habitability improvement has become a
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main concern of rehabilitation techniques and materials. The opportunity to fulfill the nowadays habitability
requirements, besides the technical or functional requirements, through the design of new mortar coatings
arises.
This paper presents an experimental program to design a pigmentable lime-cement coating mortar, for
both indoors and outdoors application, with improved thermal and acoustic performance, for repair,
rehabilitation or new buildings. To achieve functional, technical and thermal and acoustic requirements on
lime-cement mortars, a gap-graded aggregate and low amounts of lightweight aggregates (LWA) or fibers
were used. The binder combined aerial lime and white cement in order to: accelerate lime setting-time,
improve lime mechanical performance, reduce pathologies related to cements alkalis content and allow
colored mortars.
According to its use as a coating mortar, conventional parameters were measured both in the fresh
(consistency and free shrinkage) and the hardened states (compressive, flexural and adhesion strength and
cracking risk). Besides, thermal and acoustic properties were evaluated. A parametric analysis allowed the
identification of some relations among thermal conductivity, sound absorption coefficient and pore
structure.
The main goal of the study is, therefore, to set an experimental methodology and benchmarks to design
and characterize a coating mortar for its use in rehabilitation, improving sound absorption coefficient,
reducing sound reflection and avoiding noise problems, and thermal conductivity, enhancing thermal
insulation. In addition, the apparent density and mechanical and adhesion strength achieved allowed their
use as finishing materials.
Key words: lime-cement mortar, rehabilitation, coating mortar gap-graded aggregate, lightweight
aggregates, fibres, fresh state, hardened state, thermal properties, acoustic properties.
1. INTRODUCCIN
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A lo largo de la vida til de un edificio, las condiciones de habitabilidad se van perdiendo

debido al deterioro de los materiales y al incremento de las exigencias. Actualmente, la normativa
espaola [1, 2] establece unas exigencias que hacen que lo construido con anterioridad no cumpla
con los estndares de confort mnimos tanto trmicos como acsticos. Esto determina una
diferencia sustancial entre las condiciones requeridas para poder ser habitado y las prestaciones
reales del inmueble, haciendo necesaria una intervencin en el edificio para mejorarlo trmica y
acsticamente.
Un modo de actuar en esos inmuebles es rehabilitar las fachadas mediante el uso de morteros
que se desarrollan para su aplicacin en revestimientos al exterior y que tienen unas propiedades
adecuadas. Algunos morteros tradicionales han mostrado una buena capacidad en lo referente al
comportamiento trmico [3]. Mediante el uso de estos morteros para revestimiento se puede
modificar el comportamiento trmico y acstico de los edificios; pudiendo reducir el consumo de
energa y mejorar el control ante el ruido en los inmuebles a rehabilitar.
Aparte de los requerimientos trmicos y acsticos, estos morteros deben dar respuesta a los
requisitos funcionales (proteccin, valores estticos, compatibilidad estructural y material, vida
til y puesta en obra); a los requisitos tcnicos, basados en su aplicacin en interiores o
exteriores; y a los requisitos generales y especficos de cada caso [4]. Para poder satisfacer todas
estas exigencias, es necesario establecer una metodologa de investigacin para el desarrollo de
nuevos morteros para revestimiento.
En este estudio se recoge el diseo y caracterizacin de un mortero para rehabilitacin
aplicando criterios cientficos y tecnolgicos que cumpla con los requisitos trmicos y acsticos,
adems de alcanzar unas propiedades mecnicas adecuadas para su utilizacin al exterior sin
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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necesidad de proteccin. Para su desarrollo se estableci un programa experimental integral que

evaluase el mortero para su uso (revestimiento), aplicacin (construccin, rehabilitacin y
restauracin) y requerimientos especficos (trmico y acstico), considerando tanto su
comportamiento en estado fresco como en estado endurecido [5]. La Figura 1 presenta un
esquema de las propiedades consideradas y los parmetros experimentales medidos. Todas las
caractersticas de un mortero dependen de los componentes y dosificaciones, as como del
proceso de fabricacin, amasado, curado y ambiente, por lo que estos parmetros tambin se
tuvieron en cuenta a la hora de disear y caracterizar las mezclas.
Figura 1: Ensayos en estado fresco y endurecido: medicin y evaluacin
La primera cuestin a considerar en el diseo de este tipo de mortero fueron los componentes
a emplear. En general, los morteros con cal se consideran la mejor opcin para rehabilitacin [6],
ya que el uso de morteros convencionales con cemento puede provocar patologas debido al
contenido en sales solubles y a su mayor resistencia comparada con los morteros tradicionales de
cal [7]. Sin embargo, el cemento blanco se presenta como una alternativa al cemento gris por un
menor contenido en lcali, lo que reduce la posibilidad de formacin de sales [8]. Otra opcin son
los morteros mixtos cal-cemento [9, 10]. Finalmente, se opt por una mezcla de cal y cemento
blanco.
Para alcanzar las mejoras trmicas y acsticas requeridas, se puede incorporar a la mezcla
ridos ligeros [11] o fibras cortas [12]. Sin embargo, la baja densidad de estos morteros produce
una cada en la resistencia mecnica, lo que limita su exposicin directa a los agentes
ambientales, necesitando una proteccin externa. As, se limit el contenido de estos
componentes para evitar la prdida en otras propiedades que dificultaran el cumplimiento de los
otros requisitos. El uso de ridos con granulometra discontinua (AGD), se present como una
alternativa para mejorar la absorcin acstica [13].
Por tanto, para el diseo de un mortero de revestimiento para la mejora acstica y trmica en
rehabilitacin del patrimonio edificado, se recurri a una metodologa que integraba la
composicin del material, los requerimientos necesarios y el plan experimental que relacionaba
tcnicas experimentales y propiedades a evaluar.
2. MATERIALES Y DOSIFICACIONES
Para el diseo de un mortero que cumpliese con las prestaciones funcionales, tcnicas y
especficas (trmicas y acsticas) requeridas, se combin una cal area (K) y un cemento blanco
(B). De este modo, se puede colorear los morteros mediante el uso de pigmentos y reducir los
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problemas asociados a las patologas que produce el contenido lcali del cemento gris. Para lograr
los requerimientos trmicos y acsticos, sin que se produjese un perjuicio en los otros requisitos,
se utilizaron un rido silceo de granulometra discontinua y sin contenido en finos (AGD), tres
ridos ligeros convencionales (arcilla expandida, perlita y vermiculita) y dos tipos de fibras cortas
(celulosa y polipropileno).
Cabe destacar que, dada la viabilidad y novedad del mortero diseado, se ha solicitado una
patente de la mezcla de cal y cemento con caractersticas trmicas y acsticas aplicable en
paramentos interiores y exteriores en obra nueva y en rehabilitacin o restauracin del
patrimonio construido [14].
Figura 2: Diseo de dosificaciones para mortero cal-cemento modificado
- 306 -
Tabla 1: Componentes y dosificaciones de los morteros mixtos (en gramos)
Cemento blanco
BL-II B-L 32,5 N
Cal area
CL-90-S
Fibras celulosa
Fibracel BC-1000
Fib. polipropileno
MASTERFIBER 21
Arena silcea
0-4 mm 7,64% HR
Arena silcea (AGD)
2-3 mm 1,27% HR
a
Arcilla expandida
4 mm
a
Perlita 0-4 mm
a
Vermiculita 0-4
mm
b
Agua
c
REF
REF
P25
REFC FC15 FC30 A25
P50
P25
P25
FC30
P25
FPP
V50
V25
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
0,8
1,6
1,6
0,81
1379
1034
1127
1127
82
38
77
38
38
38
82
41
200
1,08
200
0,99
140
0,56
220
0,83
225
0,85
1502 1502 1502 1127
751 1127
140 140 160 260 220

0,56 0,56 0,61 0,96 0,83
751 1127
300 270
1,10 1,01
Agua/K+B (a/cg)
Consistencia (mm)
175
169
177 174 171 175 174 173
172
166
169 175
a
La granulometra de los ridos ligeros cambi por el amasado, ya que los granos mayores se rompieron.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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Agua lquida aadida. Incluye la cantidad de agua de los componentes (arena hmeda).
La Figura 2 presenta un esquema explicativo del proceso de diseo de las mezclas. Se parti de
un mortero de referencia con un rido silceo de granulometra continua (REF). Este rido
continuo se sustituy por otro de granulometra discontinua (REFC), buscando aumentar la
absorcin acstica. Parte de este nuevo rido discontinuo fue sustituido despus al 25 y al 50%
por los tres tipos de ridos ligeros (AL), para reducir la conductividad trmica del mortero. Estas
mezclas se designaron como A25, P25, P50, V25 y V50. Finalmente, se aadieron fibras de
celulosa (FC) y fibras de polipropileno (FPP) a las mezclas que se nombraron como FC15, FC30,
P25FC30 y P25FPP.
En la Tabla 1 se resumen las doce dosificaciones del mortero mixto cal-cemento y los
componentes utilizados. En todos los caso se emple una relacin cal, cemento y rido de 1:1:6
en volumen. Adems, se fij una consistencia plstica para lograr una trabajabilidad similar en
estrado fresco. Los datos se dan en peso para facilitar su reproducibilidad.
La Figura 3 presenta algunas de las muestras que se realizaron para evaluar la viabilidad de
colorear los morteros. A tal fin, se incorporaron pigmentos inorgnicos comerciales (xidos
metlicos) a las mezclas con los distintos componentes.
- 307 -
Figura 3: Fotografa de la superficie expuesta de los morteros mixtos cal-cemento pigmentados mediante
xidos metlicos
3. MTODOS Y RESULTADOS EXPERIMENTALES

El programa experimental incluy la evaluacin de los morteros en estado fresco (consistencia,
retraccin y tiempo de inicio), las propiedades fsicas (densidad aparente y porosidad abierta),
mecnicas (resistencia a compresin, a flexin y a la adhesin) y el riesgo de fisuracin en estado
endurecido. En algunas dosificaciones, se examin al microscopio la estructura porosa del
material endurecido. Adems, se realizaron ensayos especficos para determinar el
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comportamiento trmico y acstico mediante los valores de conductividad trmica () y absorcin

acstica (), respectivamente.
3.1. Caracterizacin en estado fresco

La consistencia en fresco de los morteros se evalu mediante el ensayo estandarizado de
escurrimiento de morteros [15]. Para alcanzar una consistencia plstica en todos los casos (Tabla
1), se ajust la cantidad de agua de cada dosificacin, variando la relacin agua-conglomerante
(a/cg) de cada mortero. Tambin se comprob que los morteros no presentaban problemas de
descuelgue tras su aplicacin durante una hora sobre un paramento vertical cermico.
Durante las primeras 24 horas se monitoriz la retraccin libre en muestras de 500 x 100 x 50
mm. La superficie expuesta fue sometida a un flujo de aire de 3 m/s durante 6 horas con el fin de
maximizar la retraccin debida a la evaporacin. Este ensayo ha sido descrito previamente [16].
Los resultados de retraccin libre medidos y el tiempo de inicio y finalizacin de la retraccin se
presentan en la Figura 4.
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Figura 4: Retraccin en estado fresco de los morteros cal-cemento con flujo de aire (3m/s) hasta las 6 horas
3.2. Caracterizacin fsica y mecnica en estado endurecido

La caracterizacin fsica en estado endurecido se hizo con muestras de 40 x 40 x 160 mm. Se
calcul la densidad aparente (D AP) y la porosidad abierta (P AB) a los 28 das, usando una balanza
hidrosttica (Tabla 2).
Tabla 2: Propiedades fsicas a los 28 das
D AP
(g/cm )
P AB
(%)
REF
REF
P25
REFC
FC15
FC30
A25
P50
P25
P25
FC30
P25
FPP
V50
V25
1,81
1,53
1,88
1,83
1,84
1,59
1,45
1,58
1,67
1,55
1,42
1,65
25,62
23,17
17,83
16,42
16,22
17,01
26,41
21,85
21,83
20,64
29,16
24,79
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Adems, se analiz la estructura porosa mediante la observacin directa a travs de un

microscopio ptico conectado a una cmara digital. La Figura 5 muestra las micrografas tomadas,
donde se puede observar las diferencias entre los distintos ridos silceos, las fibras y los ridos
ligeros en relacin a la pasta.
Figura 5: Micrografas pticas de los morteros cal-cemento

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Figura 6: Ensayo para determinar la resistencia a la adhesin sobre soporte cermico
El comportamiento mecnico en estado endurecido se caracteriz mediante ensayos de

resistencia a compresin (R COMP) en probetas cbicas de 40 mm y a flexin (R FLEX) en probetas
prismticas de 40 x 40 x 160 mm a diferentes edades. La resistencia a la adhesin (R ADH) de los
morteros aplicados sobre soporte cermico se midi en muestras cilndricas de 50 mm de
dimetro y 10 mm de espesor. Para ello se utiliz el equipo de traccin directa que elimina los
esfuerzos de cizallamiento: se aplica una carga a la pastilla de arrancamiento que est adherida al
mortero y se obtiene la fuerza necesaria para separar la pastilla con el mortero fuera del soporte
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cermico (Figura 6). Con los valores obtenidos y el rea se calcula R

determina la adecuacin del mortero al soporte.
ADH.
La forma de rotura
La Tabla 3 presenta los resultados de resistencia a compresin, a flexin y a la adhesin a 28

das. Los valores de R COMP vara entre 3 y 10 MPa, mientras que los de R FLEX presentan una menor
variabilidad. Los valores de R ADH se sitan entre 0,05 y 0,5 MPa. El valor ms alto corresponde al
mortero de referencia con rido continuo (REF).
Tabla 3: Propiedades mecnicas a los 28 das
R COMP
(MPa)
R FLEX
(MPa)
R ADH
(MPa)
REF
REF
P25
REFC
FC15
FC30
A25
P50
P25
P25
FC30
P25
FPP
V50
V25
6,50
4,89
6,17
9,67
7,67
7,83
6,33
6,67
6,33
5,83
3,00
5,00
2,14
1,85
1,59
2,36
1,83
2,22
2,13
1,84
2,08
1,85
1,74
1,57
0,41
0,27
0,27
0,05
0,21
0,23
0,15
0,23
0,12
0,14
0,06
0,12
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Figura 7: Ensayo para determinar el riesgo de fisuracin (390 x 390 x 40 mm) con superficie expuesta a
corriente de aire (3m/s) durante 6 horas
Para evaluar el riesgo de fisuracin por secado durante el proceso de fraguado e inicio de
endurecimiento del mortero, se fabricaron losas de 390 x 390 x 40 mm. En el interior del molde
metlico se colocaron 4 perfiles metlicos atornillados a la base en el permetro del molde,
impidiendo el desplazamiento horizontal. Sobre la superficie expuesta de la muestra se aplic un
flujo de aire de 3 m/s durante las 6 horas iniciales (Figura 7). El procedimiento de ensayo, con el
que se consigue maximizar la fisuracin registrada, se ha descrito previamente [16].
La Figura 8 muestra las superficies de las muestras despus del ensayo. Las fisuras se midieron
con una regla y se marcaron con rotulador. El rea fisurada se calcul midiendo la longitud y
ancho de las fisuras marcadas (mm2) respecto del rea total de la superficie de la losa (m2).
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Figura 8: Medidas del rea fisurada de las losas de mortero mixto cal-cemento
3.3. Comportamiento trmico y acstico

Para evaluar el comportamiento trmico de los morteros se midi la conductividad trmica ().
Los valores ms bajos son los que corresponden con materiales con una menor capacidad para
conducir el calor (aislantes). Para obtener el valor en el laboratorio (232 C y 335 % HR) se
emple una cmara completamente aislada donde se coloc el material a ensayar (Figura 9).
Figura 9: Ensayo para determinar el valor de conductividad trmica en cmara aislada (equipo facilitado por
la UAH)
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Figura 10: Temperaturas registradas para hallar los valores de conductividad trmica ()
A un lado de la placa (210 x 210 mm2 y 242 mm de espesor), dentro de la cmara, se ubica la
fuente de calor, lo que permite generar un flujo por la diferencia de temperatura que se crea. Se
midieron las temperaturas en el foco de calor, en el exterior de la caja y en las superficies interior
y exterior del material, empleando para ello cuatro termopares (Figura 10). Una vez alcanzado el
rgimen estacionario, que se produjo entre las 2 y las 5 horas, se pudo calcular de acuerdo con
la Ley de Fourier [17]. El valor medido depende de la humedad, temperatura y direccin del flujo
de calor, que son constantes cuando se alcanza el rgimen estacionario.
Los resultados de conductividad trmica () se representan en la Figura 11. Las muestras P25,
P50, V50 y FC15 alcanzaron valores ms bajos que el mortero de referencia (REF), incluso
cercanos o por debajo de 0,20 W/m K, lo que permite considerarlos como morteros con
capacidad aislante.
Figura 11: Valores de conductividad trmica () de los morteros mixtos cal-cemento
El comportamiento acstico se evalu mediante el coeficiente de absorcin acstica (). Es el

parmetro con el que poder evaluar la capacidad absorbente de los materiales, es decir, saber si
evita la reflexin del sonido que incide en ellos, lo que reducira el ruido en el interior de un local
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o disminuira el ruido ambiente en el exterior y aumentara la capacidad aislante de un

paramento. Su valor est comprendido entre 0 (reflectante) y 1 (completamente absorbente), y
depende de la frecuencia del sonido que usamos en la evaluacin, la densidad y espesor del
material. Para medir se utiliz un tubo de impedancia donde se colocaron unas muestras
cilndricas con un dimetro de 962 mm y un espesor de 402 mm (Figura 12). El rango de
frecuencias entre 50 y 1600 Hz fue el utilizado para estos ensayos. Para determinar el coeficiente
de reduccin de ruido ( NRC) se consider la media entre los valores 250, 500, 1000 y 1500 [18].
La Figura 13 muestra los valores del coeficiente de reduccin de ruido calculado ( NRC). El
mortero de referencia (REF) obtuvo un valor prximo a cero (altamente reflectante), mientras que
las muestras REFC, FC15 and A25 alcanzaron valores por encima de 0,10, lo que permite
considerarlos como morteros con capacidad absorbente acstica.
Figura 12: Ensayo para determinar el coeficiente de absorcin acstica en tubo de impedancia (ensayos
realizados en el Departamento de Fsica Aplicada de la UCLM)
Figura 13: Coeficiente de reduccin de ruido ( NRC) de los morteros cal-cemento
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4. ANLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS

El uso de ridos con granulometra discontinua (AGD), ridos ligeros (AL) y fibras (FC y FPP)
influy en las propiedades del mortero de referencia en base cal-cemento, logrando una mejora
en los requisitos trmicos y acsticos y manteniendo el resto de requerimientos. Estos
componentes variaron la relacin agua/conglomerante (a/cg) para lograr la consistencia adecuada
a su puesta en obra (Tabla 1). El efecto de la relacin a/cg en el comportamiento a edades
tempranas, en la estructura porosa y las propiedades mecnicas ha sido presentado previamente
por los autores [19]. Cabe destacar dos aspectos en el diseo y caracterizacin de este mortero: la
influencia de los componentes y la cantidad incorporada y las relaciones entre el comportamiento
trmico () y acstico (NRC) con la estructura porosa, caracterizada por los parmetros de
densidad aparente (DAP) y porosidad abierta (PAB).
En estado fresco, el uso de AGD permiti reducir el valor de retraccin y adelantar en casi 3
horas su inicio, comparado con el mortero de referencia (REF). La sustitucin parcial del AGD por
AL produjo diferentes efectos que dependan del tipo de AL y de la proporcin usada. La arcilla
expandida (A) mostr valores similares al AGD, mientras que la perlita (P) y la vermiculita (V)
modificaron la retraccin y su inicio. Tanto P como V aumentaron la retraccin y retrasaron su
inicio. Adems, la proporcin influy notablemente en estos aspectos, alcanzando V50 el valor
ms alto medido en retraccin. La adicin de FC apenas modific el comportamiento en fresco de
REFC. Sin embargo, el uso de FPP respecto de P25 (P25FPP) duplic la retraccin y adelant en
una hora el inicio.
En estado endurecido, los valores de densidad aparente y resistencia mecnica en REFC fueron
similares a REF y la porosidad abierta disminuy por debajo del 18%. Adems, redujo el riesgo de
fisuracin de REF, que obtuvo el valor ms alto de rea fisurada. Los AL modificaron los valores
REFC. Como era de esperar, redujeron la densidad aparente del mortero. Pero en el caso de la
porosidad abierta, A la redujo, mientras que P y V la aumentaron respecto del AGD. La resistencia
mecnica se vio poco afectada por A y P. No obstante, V mostr los valores ms bajos, alcanzando
V50 el mnimo en resistencia a compresin (RCOMP) y a la adhesin (RADH). El riesgo de fisuracin
fue nulo en el caso de A, mientras que en P y V la influencia de la proporcin empleada fue clave.
P25 no fisur, pero s lo hizo P50. V25 tuvo una gran proporcin de rea fisurada, pero fue V50 la
que obtuvo un valor prximo al mximo alcanzado por REF. En lo referente a las fibras (FC y FPP),
los valores de DAP, PAB y fisuracin no variaron significativamente. Sin embargo, FC15 aument la
resistencia a compresin y flexin respecto REF y REFC, alcanz el valor mximo de resistencia a
compresin a 28 das.
En lo referente a la conductividad trmica, el AGD aument el valor respecto REF. Adems, el
valor de A fue mayor que los de P y V, especialmente si se compara con las muestras que tenan
mayor contenido (P50 y V50). Sin embargo, el coeficiente de absorcin a ruido mejor con el uso
de AGD y A, superando el valor de 0,10. P y V lo redujeron casi al mnimo marcado por REF. En el
caso de NRC la proporcin de AL no afect. Por otro lado, la cantidad de fibras de celulosa (FC)
empelada s afect a las propiedades trmicas y acsticas. Ms cantidad (FC30) supuso empeorar
las mejoras que introduca (FC15). En el caso de FPP respecto de P25 (P25FPP), empeor los
valores de pero mejor los de NRC. A pesar de las diferencias que producen estos componentes,
se pudo establecer una relacin entre los parmetros trmicos y acsticos y la densidad aparente
y la porosidad abierta, respectivamente.
Segn los resultados obtenidos, la conductividad trmica () y la densidad aparente estn
relacionadas linealmente en el caso de los AL (Figura 14). No obstante, las muestras que
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contenan fibra de celulosa (FC) quedaron fuera de este modelo, siendo ms significativo la
cantidad incorporada que la densidad aparente en relacin a las propiedades trmicas.
Por otro lado, el coeficiente de reduccin de ruido (NRC) y la porosidad abierta (PAB) mostraron
una relacin bilineal (Figura 15). Esto es, entre los valores del 15 al 25% de PAB, al aumentar PAB
disminuy NRC; y si PAB se situaba entre el 25 y el 30%, se mantena NRC constante (0,037). Esto se
puede explicar por la estructura porosa, especialmente en el caso de los AL. Al no rellenar la pasta
los huecos y poros que dejan el AGD o los propios de A, se crea una mayor tortuosidad de la
estructura porosa, que aumentara la absorcin acstica. Sin embargo, en el caso de P y V la pasta
rellen los poros de los ridos reduciendo su porosidad propia (Figura 5).
Figura 14: Relacin entre conductividad trmica () y densidad aparente (DAP). Los morteros con fibras
aparecen marcados ()
Figura 15: Relacin entre coeficiente de reduccin de ruido ( NRC) y porosidad abierta (PAB)
Por tanto, el AGD permiti una mejora en estado fresco, en el riesgo de fisuracin y en el
comportamiento acstico, sin disminuir los requisitos mecnicos y la trabajabilidad. El uso de AL
modific los valores medidos en las mezclas con AGD: A y P mejoraron el comportamiento
acstico y trmico, respectivamente, manteniendo los requisitos mecnicos y en fresco; mientras
que V a pesar de la mejora trmica, redujo los valores de resistencia mecnica, aument la
retraccin y el riesgo de fisuracin. Asimismo, la cantidad de FC usada afect de manera dispar a
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las propiedades fsicas, mecnicas trmicas y acsticas, mostrando un lmite en las mejoras que
produce.
5. CONCLUSIONES
Se han diseado y caracterizado morteros consistentes en mezclas de cal area, cemento
blanco, rido silceo de granulometra discontinua (AGD), con sustitucin parcial o no de ridos
ligeros (arcilla expandida, perlita y vermiculita), adicin de fibras cortas (celulosa o polipropileno)
y que es pigmentable.
Se ha estudiado el conjunto de las prestaciones de estos morteros, incluyendo la evaluacin de
su consistencia en estado fresco, su retraccin y fisuracin a edades tempranas y su
comportamiento mecnico (resistencia a compresin, a flexin y a la adhesin) y la conductividad
trmica y la absorcin acstica en estado endurecido. Se identificaron las relaciones entre
densidad aparente (DAP) y conductividad trmica () y entre porosidad abierta (PAB) y coeficiente
de absorcin de ruido (NRC).
Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con los requerimientos tcnicos y funcionales
aplicables a morteros para revestimiento en rehabilitacin. La cantidad de rido ligero (AL) afect
significativamente al comportamiento trmico, mientras que mayores cantidades de fibra de
celulosa redujeron la conductividad trmica. El uso de AGD se mostr como una buena opcin
para aumentar la absorcin acstica del mortero de referencia. El efecto de los AL se vio
influenciado por la naturaleza y la estructura porosa del rido ms que por la cantidad usada. No
sucedi as en el caso de las fibras de celulosa, donde una mayor cantidad de fibra produjo una
menor absorcin acstica.
Otro resultado destacado del estudio consisti en establecer un procedimiento para
caracterizar y disear un mortero para revestimiento que sea til para paramentos exteriores e
interiores, evaluando su comportamiento trmico y acstico. A este respecto, se obtuvieron
valores de conductividad trmica () inferiores a 0,20 W/mK y valores de absorcin acstica (NRC)
superiores a 0,10, lo que supone una mejora sustancial del comportamiento comparado con
morteros de revestimiento convencionales. Adems, los morteros estudiados pueden usarse
como acabado final sin necesidad de proteccin, ya que tiene una resistencia mecnica y
adherencia adecuada y son pigmentables.
6. AGRADECIMIENTOS
Los autores agradecen al Profesor Santiago Expsito de la UCLM y a la Profesora Consuelo Cid
de la UAH la ayuda en la realizacin de los ensayos, a los estudiantes Guillermo Osorio y Roberto
Palomar la colaboracin en la preparacin de las muestras y ensayos. Algunos de los
componentes fueron suministrados por BASF Construction Chemicals Espaa S. L., Omya Clariana
S.L. y Readymix-Asland S.A. y la financiacin de la Ayuda para la Formacin de Profesorado
Universitario de la Universidad de Alcal (FPU-UAH 2013) y del Programa Geomateriales
(S2009/Mat-1629), financiado por la Comunidad de Madrid.
7. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Bentchikou, M., Guidoum, A., Scrivener, K., Silhadi, K., & Hanini, S. (2012). Effect of recycled cellulose
fibers on the properties of lightweight cement composite matrix. Construction and Building Materials,
34, 451-456.
[2]. CTE-DB-HE. (2013). Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin, Documento Bsico HE - Ahorro de energa.
[3]. CTE-DB-HR. (2009). Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin, Documento Bsico HR - Proteccin frente al ruido.
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[4]. Elert, K., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Sebastian Pardo, E., Hansen, E., & Cazalla, O. (2002). Lime mortars for
the conservation of historic buildings. Studies in Conservation, 47(1), 62-75.
[5]. Palomar, I., Barluenga, G. & Puentes, J. (2013, octubre). Estudio sobre morteros de revestimiento para
la mejora acstica y trmica en construccin, rehabilitacin o restauracin del patrimonio edificado. III
Foro Internacional de Ciencias en los mbitos Antrpicos: Patrimonio, Territorio, Paisaje, Alcal de
Henares, Espaa.
[6]. Lanas, J., & Alvarez, J. (2003). Masonry repair lime-based mortars: factors affecting the mechanical
behavior. Cement and Concrete Research, 33, 1867-1876.
[7]. Marolf, A., Neithalath, N., Sell, E., Wegner, K., Weiss, J., & Olek, J. (2004). Influence of aggregate size
and gradation on acoustic absorption of enhanced porosity concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 101, 82-91.
[8]. Mosquera, M., Bentez, D., & Perry, S. (2002). Pore structure in mortars applied on restoration. Effect
on properties relevant to decay of granite buildings. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 1883-1888.
[9]. Pacheco-Torgal, F., Faria, J., & Jalali, S. (2012). Some considerations about the use of lime-cement
mortars for building conservation purpose in Portugal: A reprehensible option or a lesser evil?
Construction and Building Materials, 30, 488-494.
[10].
RILEM TC-RHM. (2012). Performance requirements for renders and plasters. A publication from
RILEM TC 203-RHM Repair mortars for historic masonry. Materials and Structures, 45, 1277-1285.
[11].
Silva, L., Ribeiro, R., Labrincha, J., & Ferreira, V. (2010). Role of lightweight fillers on the properties
of a mixed-binder mortar. Cement & Concrete Composites, 32, 19-24.
[12].
Stefanidou, M. (2014). Cement-based renders with insulating properties. Construction and Building
Materials, 65, 427-431.
[13].
Stefanidou, M., Assael, M., Antoniadis, K., & Matziaroglou, G. (2012). Thermal conductivity of
building materials employed in the preservation of traditional structures. International Journal
Thermophyics, 31, 844-851.
[14].
Palomar, I. & Barluenga, G. (2014). Patente: Mezcla de cal y cemento con caractersticas trmicas y
acsticas. Espaa, Nmero de solicitud P2014-00305. Madrid, Espaa: Oficina Espaola de Patentes y
Marcas (OEPM).
[15].
UNE-EN 1015-3 (2000). Mtodos de ensayo para los morteros de albailera. Parte 3:
Determinacin de la consistencia del mortero fresco (por la mesa de sacudidas). AENOR.
[16].
Barluenga, G., Palomar, I., & Puentes, J. (2013). Early age and hardened performance of cement
pastes combing mineral additions. Materials and Structures, 46, 921-941.
[17].
Herrero, S., Mayor, P., & Hernndez-Olivares, F. (2013). Influence of proportion and particle size
gradation of rubber from end-of-life tires on mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties of pasterrubber mortars. Materials and Design, 47, 633-642.
[18].
UNE-EN ISO 10534-2 (2002). Determinacin del coeficiente de absorcin acstica y de la
impedancia acstica en tubos de impedancia. Parte 2: Mtodo de la funcin de transferencia. AENOR.
[19].
Palomar, I., Barluenga, G. & Puentes, J. (2014). Characterization of lime-cement mortars with gapgraded aggregate, lightweight aggregates and fibers. Construction and Building Materials (enviado a
publicar, julio 2014
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NEAR ZERO ENERGY HISTORIC BUILDING. TOOLS AND

CRITERIA FOR ECOCOMPATIBLE AND ECOEFFICIENT
CONSERVATION
BAIANI, S.
BAIANI, S.: Sapienza University of Rome PDTA Dept. Planning Design Technology of Architecture, Rome - Italy.
serena.baiani@uniroma1.it
ABSTRACT
To set conservation project in sustainable human development means to understand in-becoming reality,
turning the static vision into a dynamic approach that considers life cycle as theoretical-methodological
base, articulated in different and integrated steps.
Historical architecture, in Mediterranean basin, assumes a type-morphological structure in coherence to
microclimatic characters of site, defining the optimization of energetic relationships with surrounding
natural environment.
Interventions on historical building, therefore, cannot put aside from the articulation in subsystems of the
components constitutive the object on which operate, individualizing:
-
environmental context, conditions of state defined by natural/artificial characters of site
settlement system, typological-morphological, physical-spatial and setting characters of the

structures of built environment
-
building organism, organizational, distributive and conformed characters of architecture.
The building as fluid, adapted, sensitive interface, superficial border line that is able to define the
relationships with environment and to model itself on environmental factors finds in technological
environmental design tools and criteria to make a dialog with climate and natural elements: sun, wind, light,
water, vegetation are materials and sources of energy that the project makes to selectively interact with the
context, in a continuous exchange of material and energy, determining an equilibrium of transformations.
Transferability of bioclimatic approach (systems and technologies) to the "planning of the existing
heritage" allows to re-construct the processes of "natural working" of the historical-architectural structures,
valorising characters (orientation, radiation, shadowing, form and compactness, peculiarities of envelope
and characteristics of materials) in the microclimatic local conditions, inside the landscape, to increase
environmental efficiency.
The objective of the compatibility among demands of protection, exploitation and fruition shapes the
intervention on the existing as insertion of the new (low energetic systems and equipment for preservation
and fruition) within the "ties" imposed by the historical envelope - system of constructive elements that
separate indoor space from outdoor environment - that constitutes the principal vector of exchanges.
The "third skin" of building, therefore, is set as priority operational field - through components and
materials analysis - to control biophysic and bioclimatic factors that cause alteration and degrade of
surfaces; to ensure captation, accumulation, distribution, protection, dispersion behaviours; to integrate
devices and systems for indoor environmental comfort; to introduce green and water into in-between spaces;
to adopt elevated ecological compatibility materials, finishes and treatments.
Key words: historic building, near zero energy building, life cycle approach
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1. NEAR ZERO ENERGY HISTORIC BUILDING_THE CONTEXT

In documents and in legislative proposals presented by European Commission for Cohesion
policy 2014-2020, is the address to each Member to adopt an "Urban Agenda" that allow
administrations to be directly involved in elaboration of strategies through integrated actions for
sustainable urban development. Urban Agenda is articulated around five specific themes:
Reduction of soil consumption and urban regeneration; Infrastructure and sustainable mobility;
European strategy on Energy and Climate (less than 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, more than
20% energy efficiency, at least 20% of energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020);
Culture, smart cities and Universities; Work and welfare.
This is the focus theme, around the project of building environment, finalised to reduction of
soil consumption (ZeroSoil), control of climate change effects (urban and building Resilience) and
widespread energy efficiency (Energy Community) through urban regeneration, to overcome the
logic of redevelopment, even widespread [1]. The decision to regenerate an existing building
rather than demolish and rebuild it, leads to energy saving of approximately 60% because it
maintains the structure and at least part of the masonry. Also avoids many environmental impacts
due to waste from demolition, the use of new resources and emissions throughout the life cycle
of materials.
Move from a processing perspective through re-qualification to re-generation means, in fact,
put into action many more components of city and its region, based on a balance between
available and necessary resources for sustainable growth, integrating, in addition to those basic
environmental resources, even those energetic [2].
The approach to conservation is clearly coherent with the objective of sustainability from
perspective of contemporary intervention aimed at transmission of cultural identity and universal
heritage to future generations. The actions envisaged are, in fact, focusing on criteria such as noninvasiveness, reversibility, harmonisation of intervention in respect of context (physical and
perceptual integration, recognition), use of compatible techniques and products with existing
support, use of local materials (short chain), durability, maintainability and ... criteria founded in a
proper low-impact intervention, flexible and adaptive.
The innovative concept of sustainable intervention on existing cultural and historical value
allows integrating instances of recovery-reuse-redevelopment with European objectives of energy
efficiency and reducing environmental impact through a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary
approach, with interventions in specific cases.
The principles of new energy model are focused on energy efficiency as an instrument of
environmental policy and protection of cultural heritage, distributed energy generation as an
interpretative key of the so-called Third Industrial Revolution [3]. European policy has imposed on
Member States the respect of performance levels for energy efficiency in buildings, not only
related to energy-autonomous buildings, but also and especially, to buildings in an urban context,
assigning to public, historical, constrained or not, real estate, a relevant role [4].
Is, therefore, existing built environment the focus of energy efficiency. Are, in fact, some
relevant data, collected in 2009 [5], related to Italian situation: more than half of the building is
made prior to law 373/76; the 22% is mediocre and poor state of preservation; the 70% is
achieved after Second World War, but only 2% of the total can be placed into virtuous energy
classes, greater than or equal to C.
In this scenario buildings of historical interest are about 6% of total, to which can be added
scattered houses, villages or urban assets that, although in absence of constraint, are testimony
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to the culture of places. Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage lists 46.025 architectural heritage
bound (which add 5.668 archaeological heritage) and just under 8.700 among those of interest
based on the Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape.
Italian Legislation - Legislative Decree 192/2005 and subsequent Legislative Decree 311/2006 specifies that such typologies are not required energy efficiency obligations "in cases where
compliance with the requirements would unacceptably alter their character or appearance, with
particular reference to historical or artistic character".
In recent times, around theme of sustainable cultural heritage action, many activities of study,
experimentation, technological research projects, that aim to develop integrated approaches and
not just specific solutions, have outlined.
Elaboration of guidelines to orient the project aims to build a framework of references for the
subsequent elaboration of a normative specification for historic buildings, through technology
transfer activities aimed at improving energy and environmental performance, integrating
restoration policy with principles of biobuilding.
Experimentation, started by Veneto Region with A.T.T.E.S.S. project [6] in 2010, developed a
complex document aimed to public administrations (which evaluate and authorise project),
technical professionals (which treat project) and construction companies (which adopt building
technologies), which constitutes a framework for the analysis, evaluation and design checks.
The research is closely connected with development of Guidelines for efficient use of energy in
cultural heritage, promoted by Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities [7] aimed at designers
and superintendence to support evaluation and improvement of energy performance of
safeguarded heritage, with reference to specific legislation.
Designers have a tool for assessing energy performance of historic building in existing
conditions and a reference framework for retrofits appropriately calibrated to needs and
peculiarities of cultural heritage. For institutions it is a useful support in formulation of the final
judgment on energy efficiency and conservation conditions guaranteed by the intervention.
Ongoing experience is the drafting of LEED Protocol for Historical Buildings" [8] (LEEDLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design), in which conservation and enhancement of
historical and architectural building heritage and culture of sustainability are integrated for
defining technical and procedural instruments aimed at developing technical regulations, codes of
practice and planning practices shared. The Protocol is designed to evaluate whether restoration
projects on historical buildings will go in the direction of keeping original bioclimatic behaviours
consistent with environmental stress. The goal of restoration, according to these criteria, is not to
reach a passive house or energy class A, but to a historical, cultural and energetic sustainability
within a conservation intervention that also makes use of innovative techniques or anti-seismic
supports. The Protocol applies to buildings of architectural value and "spontaneous architecture"
which constitutes a wealth of constructive knowledge by enhancing and updating within the
national sustainable development plan.
Is recently the adoption of Law No. 90 August 3, 2013, conversion of Decree Law June 4, 2013
No. 63, which called new rules on energy performance of new buildings or buildings subject to
"significant restructuring". The Act transposes Directive 2010/31/EU through an update of
Legislative Decree 192/2005. Fundamental is introduction of the concept of Near-Zero Energy
Building (NZEB), defined as high energy performance building, whose very low or almost null
energy requirement, is covered from renewable energy in situ produced. The debate around
Near-Zero Energy Buildings is increasing in relation to the date of January 1, 2014, when public
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buildings must become "exemplary" for energy-efficiency levels, in accordance with the
procedures laid down by Directive/27/2012 EU, art. 5. Operationally, in relation to publicly-owned
buildings, which characterize most of Italian cultural heritage, energy efficiency actions, according
to a mixed approach, seem appropriate: one third of existing buildings, built before 1945, had a
passive behaviour that ensured bioclimatic comfort, for proper integration into context, through
thick walls in local materials, false ceilings and facades made of wood for heat insulation, green
spaces into the courts, interior systems for collection and reuse of rainwater. The recovery of the
original behaviour, one of the priority intervention strategies on the existing building through
Passivhaus principles [9], adapted to specificity of system, can be integrated to compatible active
systems, by a reduced perceptual impact, with home automation controls, to balance required
energy (NZEB).
2. THE [EXISTING] BUILT ENVIRONMENT_NEW PARADIGM

The project of the existing is a new architectural paradigm in which operate for the
conservation, the improvement, the modification of the existing building heritage through
sustainable strategies of maintenance, re-use, retraining and management. The existing, in fact,
constitutes an important, non-renewable resource that is important to recover, reducing the
impacts derived by the life cycle of the components and the materials.
The project of the existing city was born in the Eighties within the IX ANCSA Congress
Progettare la citt esistente (November 1983), as an evolution of recovery and reuse project.
The Conference Environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992, defined the project of
the existing as the only sustainable strategy for human settlements in every context. Ten years
later the project of the existing and on the existing acts, through 5R strategy, with recovery of
structures, recycle of materials, reuse of components, reduction of connected energetic
consumptions, compatible redesign of space [10].
The project actions, finalized to the conservation of the cultural heritage, often move from the
understanding of the alteration of the state of the materials, from the necessity of adaptation to
the normative and to the new demands of the users through the adoption of constructive
techniques, not different from the original ones, that are not able, however, to realize the
technological, functional and energetic requested conditions.
To promote virtuous practices for the existing recovery is necessary to establish
environmental compatibility objectives, to measure the resources, to value the alternatives, trying
to move the smaller quantity of materials [11]. Flexibility, integration and bioclimatic control
define, therefore, the most correct approach for an innovated definition of the modalities of
intervention on the existing. To set the project of conservation in the sustainable human
development means to understand the reality in becoming, turning the static vision into a
dynamic approach that considers the Life Cycle as theoretical-methodological base articulated in
different, integrated steps. Life cycle of an existing building is centred on the application of the
LCA methodology (Life Cycle Assessment) [12] to obtain a reduced environmental impact:
environmental and energetic problematic connected to buildings life - from the
design/construction to the phase of recovery/restoration, finalized to start a further cycle, up to
demolition (reuse and recycle of materials and components, energetic recovery and disposal) - are
measured on the basis of the loads determined by the cycle of life of materials and
components, by the phases of yard and by the different modalities of use (maintenance included).
The tool of evaluation, used since the first phases of the design/project, allows supporting
technical choices on the basis of different options, determining the optimal level of intervention
with the purpose to get a minimum environmental impact. The evaluation of technical solutions
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sustainability allows, in fact, to define the environmental performances of materials, components

and construction processes adopted in different phases of the building life.
Operating performing working on pluristratified existing environment means to be in front of
a mutable reality - for architectural, technological, structural characters and for alteration state that doesn't allow to adopt operational rules and standardize technical solutions, applicable
indiscriminately, but it needs uses multidisciplinary contributions, joining science, tradition and
innovative technologies, so that it is possible to propose design solutions compatibles with the
actual qualitative and functional requirements, within a methodological line based on
compatibility and coherence of the intervention with the nature of the pre-existing.
Fundamental is, therefore, a multidisciplinary reading of the various meanings of the project in a
perspective that joins the opposite requests determined by the necessity to maintain the memory
unchanged and, at the same time, to submit the existent to a partial transformation or change,
finalised to allow the understanding and the conscious fruition by different and diversified users.
2.1. Ecocompatible and ecoefficient conservation_Architecture and site

The relationship between architecture and character of the site [13] is evident analysing
historical buildings and urban plan: the presence of specific construction materials characterizes
the choices of the constructive modalities; biophysical and bioclimatic conditions determine the
morphology of the settling structures and the building typologies [14], achieving a condition of
optimization of the energetic relationships with the surrounding natural environment. The
building - as fluid, adapted, sensitive interface, superficial border line [15] that is able to define
the relationships with the environment and to model itself on the environmental factors finds,
in technology, the mediator with natural elements [16]: sun, wind, light, water are the materials
and the resources that the project makes to selectively interact with the construction, in a
continuous exchange of material and energy, determining an equilibrium of the transformations
[17]. The building is not considered an air/watertight container that lives from its inner
apparatus, but a built organism in connection with the surrounding space, picking up and using
all natural energy that requires to realize optimal conditions of natural lighting, ventilation,
heating and cooling of indoor spaces [18]. Knowledge of building (technology of construction,
dimensions, form, configuration, distributive characters), therefore, must not be separated from
the physical-spatial and material conditions of site (separations, open spaces, streetscape, urban
planning, constructive materials, presence of vegetation) [19]. The order conditions of buildings
and intermediate spaces, in their general morphological articulation, result fundamental for an
assessment of effects and bioclimatic/environmental direct performances [20]: plan and
volumetric conformation of building; building disposition in the space; dimensional relationships
that define building morphology; factor of form (relationship among length, depth, width of
building) [21]. Morphology constitutes a fundamental element for energetic performances control
of building, in relationship to the physical-climatic conditions of context [22]. Configurations
studies and environmental characters of built form have allowed individualizing some parameters
of description of energetic effects [23]: compactness, slimness, porosity and so on.
2.2. Object of intervention

Choosing the most appropriate treatment (preservation, restoration, rehabilitation...) for a
building requires careful decision-making about a buildings historical significance, as well as
taking into account a number of other considerations:
- Relative importance in history (nationally significant resource, a rare survivor or work of a
master architect, memory/site of an important event): preservation or restoration buildings that
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contribute to a historic district significance, but are not individually subordinate to normative
tie, more frequently undergo rehabilitation for a compatible new use.
- Physical condition (structural condition, degree of material integrity, alterations of form or
typology, additions): preservation may be appropriate if distinctive materials, features and spaces
are essentially intact and convey buildings historical significance. If building requires more
extensive repair and replacement or if alterations or additions are necessary for a new use, then
rehabilitation is probably the most appropriate treatment. These key questions play major roles in
determining what treatment is selected.
- Proposed use (historical or compatible new use): any historic buildings can be adapted for
new uses without seriously damaging their historic character; special-use properties (such as grain
silos, forts, ice houses or windmills may be extremely difficult to adapt to new uses without major
intervention and a resulting loss of historic character and even integrity).
- Mandated code requirements (accessibility for all, structural or seismic upgrading, energetic
saving): if a building needs to be upgraded, modifications to historic appearance should be
minimal; alterations and new construction needed to meet code requirements should be
designed to minimize material loss and visual change to a historic building.
The intervention on the existing, therefore, cannot put aside from the articulation in
subsystems of components constitutive the object on which operate, individualizing:
environmental context, conditions of state defined by natural/artificial characters of the site;
settlement system, typological-morphological, physical-spatial and setting characters of built
environment structures; building organism, building organizational, distributive and conformed
characters [24].
It is, therefore, possible to define various ambits of intervention, articulating different
individualized subsystems: setting (district/neighbourhood); building site (outdoor and
intermediate spaces) [18] and building (materials, features, interior). Setting is the larger area or
environment in which historic property is located. It may be an urban, suburban or rural
neighbourhood or a natural landscape in which buildings have been constructed. The relationship
of buildings to each other, setbacks, fence patterns, views, driveways and walkways and trees
street together, create character of a district or neighbourhood. Parameters are: Location,
Microclimatic conditions, System of connections, Presence of green/blue areas and Relationship
among buildings.
Building site consists of historic buildings, structures and associated landscape features within
a designed or legally defined parcel of land. A site may be significant in its own right or because of
its association with the historic buildings. The relationship between buildings and landscape
features on a site should be an integral part of planning for every work project. Parameters are
Orientation, Microclimatic conditions, Uses and functions, Activities [25].
Fundamental is individualization of procedures and tools - to determine modalities of recovery
intervention in qualitative, functional and energetic terms - with the awareness that active
transformation of urban planning has to happen in the respect of the consolidated built
environment [26].
Intervention on the existent, in terms of eco-compatibility and eco-efficiency, is expected to
be the demonstration in order to support legislative and regulatory measures for energy
efficiency and enhanced use of renewable energy solutions within building sector. Project aims at
a new approach for design, construction and operation of refurbished buildings, which is based on
the best combination of double approach: to reduce substantially, and, if possible, to avoid the
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demand for heating, cooling and lighting and to supply the necessary heating, cooling and lighting
in the most efficient way and based as much as possible on renewable energy sources and polygeneration.
Technologies application based on renewable energetic resources use is not affirmed because
the intervention on the existing is driven, generally, by objectives not directly connected to
energetic aspects: in reality every intervention of recovery can constitute an important
opportunity of energetic retrofit through a synergy of diversified interventions. Energetically
recover of a building involves considerations, evaluations and different choices in relationship to
the manifold variables that characterize building specificities: analysis of all characters is the basis
of every intervention that will have to stay within different limits (structural, distributive, cultural,
normative) for the adjustment to the new demands, included those energetic and environmental.
To undertake actions for energy conservation or for energetic efficiency improvement has to
belong to a wide project of renewal and/or maintenance: it means to reduce the costs of every
single action during life cycle of building. Reduction of energetic consumptions and improvement
of comfort conditions in existing buildings have to be connected to the principle that such
interventions make part of natural processes of renewal and maintenance of built environment.
Integration of eco-compatible aspects and energetic control in the intervention, therefore, is
developed at two levels: conservation of the existing, finalized to the transmission to the future of
building material components and historical memory; project of the existing, finalized to
conservation in life of building individualizing new uses and new compatible functions. During
interventions is strongly necessary the integration between traditional workers of recovery
process (skilled workers with specific competences of building process, of constructive techniques
and historical materials) and contemporary workers (characterized by ability to operate and to
choose the most proper solutions among technological innovations in continuous evolution)
careful to environmental performances and energetic efficiency of the whole project cycle.
Intervention actions, although diversified, are strongly connected and constitute an important
aspects of recovery projects, usually not all part of the overall process of protecting, stabilizing,
conserving or repairing features: to choose the most correct ones is necessary the assessment of
potential negative impact on the buildings historic appearance. For this reason, particular care
must be taken not to obscure, damage or destroy historic materials or features from restoration
period in undertaking process work to meet code and energy requirements.
2.3. Strategies of intervention

Building is shaped as physical system that assumes performances directly from materials
physical-mechanic properties and from interactions of different components with physicalclimatic phenomena in the indoor-outdoor relationship. Such behaviours ask for optimization of
single components performances and of the whole building in relationship to specific aspects that
influence in a determined way the comfort of the man, as greenhouse effect, fireplace effect,
natural convection, thermal inertia, natural lighting. Transferability of bioclimatic systems and
technologies to "planning of the existing one" allows to re-construct processes of "natural
working" of historical-architectural structures, valorising characters (orientation, radiation,
shadowing, form and compactness, peculiarities of envelope and characteristics of materials) in
microclimatic local conditions, to increase environmental efficiency. Compatibility objective
among demands of protection, exploitation and fruition shapes intervention on the existing as
insertion of new (low energetic systems and equipment for preservation and fruition) within
"ties" imposed by historical envelope system of constructive elements that separate the indoor
space from the outdoor environment, that constitutes principal vector of exchanges. The "third
skin" of building, therefore, is set as priority operational field, through components and materials
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analysis, in the control of biophysical and bioclimatic factors that cause alteration and degrade of
surface; in exploitation of behaviours of captation, accumulation, distribution, protection,
dispersion; in the integration of devices and systems for environmental comfort of indoor spaces;
in the intrusion of green and water into built spaces; in the relationship between indoor/outdoor
spaces; in the adoption of elevated ecological compatibility materials, finishes and treatments.
Envelope, system of constructive elements that separate indoor space from outdoor
environment, constitutes principal vector of exchanges: ability to regulate, in passive or active
way, dynamics of such phenomena, determines climatisation systems efficiency, influencing
reduction of consumptions with optimization, integration or substitution of mechanical action.
Envelope is an active element that automatically transforms environmental resources in rising of
energy for indoor comfort and faade and roof become elements where are experimented
possibilities and applications of technological components [27]. Traditional systems of envelope
act in passive way in comparison to indoor/outdoor microclimatic variations. It is necessary to
operate, therefore, toward two principal directions, assuring materials and constituent
components conservation of historical building: recovery of building original behaviours,
eliminating every juxtaposed system determining an accelerated obsolescence; conformation of
envelope to dynamic behaviours, typical of daily and seasonal climatic variations (interventions of
retrofitting), also maintaining abilities to passively react, regulating through variable systems,
thermal and acoustic performance, natural ventilation and lighting. In particular, it is possible to
identify: intervention on material and on components: project approach is finalized to
preserve historical structure; control of behaviours and operations: project approach is based
on evaluation of global energetic performance of building to adopt all solutions that improve ecoefficiency.
Intervention on the existing is moving to two directions:
a. recovery of original operations: natural operation of building is founded upon flows
regulation by conductivity, reduction of losses by convection, minimization of infiltrations and
external air flows, radiation to increase or to decrease solar irradiation, evaporation to
promote ventilation and cooling, in respect of nature (phenomena and processes) and of
relationships (effects) between man and environment.
b. integration of bioclimatic systems: the most recent lines of research are directed to:
elevated thermal insulation solutions (passive systems) that strongly favour use of solar energy
with the development of integrated architectural and technological models, deprived of thermal
discontinuity (dry systems) or equipped with external protection for the integration with the
structural system; functional integrations between system and envelope (traditional and
contemporary); dynamic insulation systems in which systems of closing are directed to air flows
control (in/out), determining an integration between plan and envelope; substitution of
monolayer systems (blocks in concrete, lighter or perforated tiles), that use an unique system for
envelope performances control (with limited control), with plural-layer systems (dry systems) in
which every functional layer has specific requirement; integration of transparent, elevated
performances, systems to control energetic transmission and regulate environmental conditions,
favouring direct solar radiation.
To achieve maximum energy savings in historic buildings, without jeopardizing architectural,
cultural and historical qualities, it is possible undertaking passive measures and "recommended"
preservation retrofitting [28] for attempting energy conservation measures and weatherization
improvements such as adding insulation and storm windows or caulking of exterior building joints.
Many historic buildings have energy saving physical features and devices that contribute to good
thermal performance. Older buildings were found to use less energy for heating and cooling and
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hence probably require fewer weatherization improvements. They use less energy because they
were built with a well-developed sense of physical comfort and maximized natural sources of
heating, lighting and ventilation. The most obvious inherent energy saving characteristic was use
of operable windows to provide natural ventilation and light. In addition, historic commercial and
public buildings often include interior light/ventilation courts, rooftop ventilators, clerestories or
skylights. These features provide energy efficient fresh air and light, assuring that energy
consuming mechanical devices may be needed only to supplement the natural energy sources.
Any time mechanical heating and air conditioning equipment can be turned off and windows
opened, energy will be saved. Early builders and architects dealt with poor thermal properties of
windows in two ways: number of windows (in historical buildings the ratio of glass to wall is
often less than 20%) was kept to only those necessary to provide adequate light and
ventilation; interior or exterior shutters, interior venetian blinds, curtains and drapes, or exterior
awnings to minimize the heat gain or loss from windows. Thus, a historic window could remain an
energy efficient component of a building.
In the warmer climates, buildings were often built to minimize heat gain from summer sun by
introducing exterior balconies, porches, wide roof overhangs, awnings and shade trees; living
spaces were planned to catch breezes and to escape radiant heat from the earth's surface;
exterior walls were often painted light colours to reflect hot summer sun, resulting in cooler
interior living spaces. Winter heat loss from buildings in northern climates reduced by using heavy
masonry walls, minimizing the number and size of windows and often using dark paint colours for
exterior walls.
Walls of large mass and weight have the advantage of high thermal inertia that can modify
thermal wall resistance by lengthening time scale of heat transmission. This will identify ways of
conserving energy by initiating operational controls.
To reduce heating and cooling expenditures there are two broad courses of action that may be
taken: passive measures to assure that a building and its existing components function as
efficiently as possible without the necessity of making alterations or adding new materials;
preservation retrofitting, which includes altering the building by making appropriate
weatherization measures to improve thermal performance.
a. Passive Measures
The first passive measures are operational controls, that is controlling how and when a
building is used: these controls incorporate programmatic planning and scheduling efforts by the
owner to minimize usage of energy-consuming equipment (Costs Analysis: a building should
survey and quantify all aspects of energy usage, by evaluating money expended for electricity, gas
and fuel oil for one year and by surveying how and when each room is used).
The others are related to original features of historic building (cupolas, shutters, transoms,
skylights, sun rooms, porches and plantings) that can play an energy-conserving role: it is
necessary to maximize natural light, using operable windows, shutters, awnings and vents as
originally intended to control interior environment (maximize fresh air); having mechanical
equipment serviced regularly to ensure maximum efficiency. The passive measures - can save as
much as 30% of the energy used in a building - should be the first undertakings to save energy in
any existing building and are particularly appropriate for historic buildings because they do not
necessitate building alterations or introduction of new materials that may cause damage.
b. Preservation Retrofitting
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In addition to passive measures, certain retrofitting measures will not jeopardize building
historic character and can be accomplished at a reasonable cost (preservation retrofitting
improves building thermal performance, resulting in another 20%-30% reduction in
energy). But, considering retrofitting measures, it is important to keep in mind that there are not
permanent solutions because standards being applied with today's materials and techniques, in
future will change and a whole new retrofitting plan may be necessary. Thus, it is fundamental to
limit retrofitting measures to those that achieve reasonable energy savings, at reasonable costs,
with the least intrusion or impact on building characters. Retrofitting actions can cause three
common problems in historic structures: inappropriate building alterations (wholesale removal of
historic windows or addition of insulating aluminium siding or installing dropped ceilings in
significant interior spaces; creation of moisture related deterioration problems; presence of
materials, chemically or physically, incompatible with existing materials or improperly installed.
In northern climates, moisture may be a problem during winter when it condenses on cold
surfaces such as windows. As moisture passes through walls and roof it may condense within
these materials, creating the potential for deterioration. In southern climates, insulation and
vapour barriers are handled quite differently because moisture problems occur in summer when
the moist outside air is migrating to building interior.
Before planning retrofitting measures, existing physical conditions (state of conservation) of
building should be investigated: the basic building components (attic, roof, walls and basement)
should be checked to determine methods of construction used and presence of insulation;
sources of air infiltration should be checked at doors, windows or where floor and ceiling systems
meet the walls; condition of exterior wall materials and roof condition, to determine weather
tightness of building.
The envelope is an active element that automatically transforms environmental resources in
sources of energy for indoor comfort: faade and roof become the elements where it is possible
to experiment the possibilities and the applications of technological components.
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[16] La Rocca, F. (2001). Strumenti e tecniche di valorizzazione delle risorse. In: Gangemi (2001). (130).
[17] La Rocca, F. (2001). In: Gangemi (2001). (130-132).
[18] Bagnato, F. (2001). Criteri ed indicatori per la scelta dei materiali. In: Paolella, A. (ed) (2001). Ledificio
ecologico (81). Roma: Gangemi.
[19] Orlandi, F. (2000). La qualit ambientale nei processi di trasformazione tecnologica. In: Marocco, M. &
Orlandi, F. (2000). Qualit del comfort ambientale (XIII). Roma: Dedalo.
[20] Orlandi, F. (2001). Strategie di riqualificazione bioclimatica ed ambientale. In Sala, M. (ed) (2001).
Recupero edilizio e bioclimatica (27). Napoli: Sistemi editoriali.
[21] Paolella, A. 2001. Tecnologia e progetto ambientale degli edifici. Paolella, A. (ed) (2001).
[22] Olgyay, V. (1963). Design with Climate: An Approach to Bioclimatic Regionalism. Princeton: Princeton
Univ Press (morphology of energy); Knowles, R. (1982). Sun, Rhythm Form. Boston: MIT Press (solar
morphology, sun rights); Martin, L., March, L. (eds) (1972). Elementary models of built forms. Urban
Spaces and Structures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (environmental performance of
building form); Steadman, J.P. (1994). Built forms and building types: some speculations. In
Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 21 Supplement, 730; Lynch, K. (1981). A theory of
good city form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (bioclimatic performances of open and
transition spaces).
[23] Rogora, A. (2005). La progettazione preliminare delledificio. In: Grosso, M., Peretti, G., Piardi, S. &
Scudo, G. (eds) (2005). Progettazione ecocompatibile dellarchitettura. Napoli: Sistemi Editoriali.
[24] Marocco, M. (2000). I requisiti del comfort nellistruzione del progetto ambientale. In: Marocco &
Orlandi (2000), VII.
[25] Definitions are derived by Heritage Preservation Services, National Park Service, Washington,
http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/index.htm
[26] Sala, M. (ed) (2001).
[27] Sala, M. (ed) (1994). Tecnologie bioclimatiche in Europa (15). Firenze: Alinea; Amirante, I. (1985).
Energie rinnovabili e sistema abitativo. In: Gangemi, V. (1985). Architettura e tecnologia appropriate
(134). Milano: Franco Angeli.
[28] It is interesting to know that some studies were done already in the Seventies: Smith, B.M. (1978).
Conserving Energy in Historic Buildings. Washington: AIA, National Park Service, Technical Preservation
Services. Brunoro, S. (2006). Efficienza energetica delle facciate. Rimini: Maggioli.
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INTEGRANDO RENOVABLES EN LA CIUDAD HEREDADA:

GEOTERMIA URBANA / Integrating renewable in the
inherited city: urban geothermal
SACRISTN DE MIGUEL, M. J.
SACRISTN DE MIGUEL, M. J.: Arquitecto. Mster en Edificacin Eficiente y Rehabilitacin Energtica y Medio
ambiental. Espaa. 19246sacristan@coam.es
RESUMEN
Partimos de la valoracin de la ciudad heredada como patrimonio histrico de los ciudadanos. Cuando
queremos integrar las energas renovables en el medio urbano existente, nuestro objetivo es organizar la
ciudad de forma sostenible satisfaciendo las necesidades de los ciudadanos que la habitan: vivienda, trabajo,
ocio, relaciones sociales, comunicaciones, espacios creativos comunitarios, cultura, estmulos colectivos,
La planificacin de infraestructuras debe valorar esas necesidades, para que una vez ejecutadas faciliten
esas actividades a todos los ciudadanos. Centrndonos en las infraestructuras energticas, tenemos la
oportunidad de desarrollar un nuevo sistema de generacin energtica que se alimenta de energas
renovables como fuentes sostenibles. Aqu nos centramos en la geotermia como una de las opciones
eficientes de climatizacin utilizando energas renovables. El objetivo es encontrar mbitos y escalas de
aplicacin adecuados para su implantacin y valorar la oportunidad que presenta la geotermia en la
implantacin de una infraestructura energtica ms eficiente, que respete la edificacin heredada. Se valora
la oportunidad que presenta la geotermia para la implantacin de Redes de Distrito y trataremos de
encontrar las escalas urbanas ms adecuadas para su implantacin en la ciudad heredada.
Se propone integrar la energa geotrmica en el sistema energtico de la ciudad, desarrollando una
infraestructura con visin de futuro cuyo objetivo principal sea el aprovechamiento de las energas
renovables locales, las ms propicias en el medio ambiente urbano que es nuestro mbito de actuacin.
Consideramos la ciudad histrica como la ciudad heredada que siempre podemos revalorizar con la
implantacin de una nueva infraestructura energtica ms eficiente y humana, utilizando las energas
renovables como catalizador.
Este conjunto urbano y ciudad heredados, como sistema en el que gestionamos nuestras necesidades
energticas vitales adaptndonos al intercambio energtico que el medio urbano soporta. Esta idea de
identificar la cuantificacin del intercambio que el ambiente urbano soporta, es la clave para un desarrollo
sostenible, y es la clave que exigen los recursos geotrmicos para que podamos disfrutar y explotar su
potencialidad energtica.
Nuestros objetivos se apoyan en el estudio de casos existentes en funcionamiento, de Edificios Urbanos
que contribuyen a la regeneracin de entornos Urbanos Heredados, que usan la Geotermia como fuente
energtica. El carcter gestionable de la energa geotrmica, ofrece una caracterstica esencial para
conseguir la estabilidad en un sistema energtico urbano con generacin basada en energas renovables.
Palabras clave: Geotermia, redes urbanas, escala, ciudad heredada.
Lneas temticas: Conocimiento tradicional y tecnolgico: conceptos, tcnicas, prcticas, usos, materiales
y metodologas. Sostenibilidad energtica y medio ambiente urbano. Edificio, manzana, barrio, ciudad,
municipio.
ABSTRACT
We start from the valuation of the city heritage inherited as citizens. When we want to integrate
renewable energy into the existing urban environment, we aim to organize the city in a sustainable manner
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to meet the needs of citizens who live: housing, jobs, leisure, social relationships, communication,
community, creative spaces, culture, collective stimuli , ...
Infrastructure planning should assess those needs, so that once executed facilitate these activities to all
citizens. Focusing on energy infrastructure, we have the opportunity to develop a new power generation
system that feeds as sustainable renewable energy sources. Here we focus on geothermal energy as one of
the efficient cooling options using renewable energy. The goal is to find suitable areas and scales of
application implementation and evaluate the opportunity presented by the implementation of geothermal
energy in a more efficient energy infrastructure that respects the legacy building. The opportunity presented
to implement geothermal Networks District and try to find the most appropriate urban scales for
implementation in the city inherited values.
It is proposed to integrate geothermal energy in the energy system of the city, developing an
infrastructure visionary whose main objective is the use of local renewable energy, the most favorable in the
urban environment is our scope. We consider the historic city as the city inherited can always reassess the
implementation of a new and more efficient human energy infrastructure using renewable energy as a
catalyst.
This urban complex and legacy city, as a system in which we manage our vital energy needs adapting to
the energy exchange that supports urban areas. This idea of identifying the quantification of exchange that
supports the urban environment, is the key to sustainable development, and is the key to geothermal
resources required for us to enjoy and exploit their energy potential.
Our objectives are based on the study of cases in operation, Urban buildings that contribute to the
regeneration of Legacy Urban environments that use geothermal energy as an energy source. The
manageable nature of geothermal energy offers an essential for stability in an urban energy system based
on renewable energy generation feature.
Key words: Geothermal, District Heating and Cool, scale, inherited city.
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1. INTRODUCCIN
Estamos en un momento de cambio en el modelo de generacin energtica, el nuevo modelo
se debe conformar con las posibilidades que las nuevas fuentes renovables de generacin
energtica nos ofrecen. Una de estas posibilidades es la generacin local, caracterstica que
provee de autonoma al cliente final, que podemos considerar como clula consumidora. La red
entre consumidores, ahora debe conformarse como un sistema de apoyo en el mantenimiento y
gestin del recurso, ms que como sistema de distribucin. Necesitamos una red que se organice
como un sistema de comunicacin reversible de doble sentido, no nos sirve el sistema de un solo
sentido vigente hasta ahora.
El nuevo modelo de red energtica deber ser un sistema de gestin y mantenimiento ms
que un sistema de distribucin. Esto supone un cambio, pasar del sistema energtico actual, un
sistema de distribucin, a un nuevo sistema de gestin, abastecido por energas renovables
locales. La nueva infraestructura energtica se implementa y gestiona desde los puntos de
generacin, cerca del usuario final. Las caractersticas de las energas renovables nos
proporcionarn datos sobre cmo debe ser el nuevo sistema. En este estudio analizamos la
geotermia como recurso de generacin energtica en mbitos urbanos.
La caracterstica de gestionabilidad, especfica de la geotermia puede servir como la base de
generacin energtica que aporta la demanda base de este nuevo sistema energtico en las reas
urbanas en las que sea viable este tipo de generacin, por disponer del recurso geotrmico y de
las condiciones adecuadas para su explotacin.
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La sostenibilidad energtica recomienda unas escalas de desarrollo en el momento de

planificar la explotacin y gestin de los recursos energticos. Si estamos hablando de los
recursos geotrmicos de un organismo urbano, es recomendable que descubramos las escalas
adecuadas para aprovechar la energa geotrmica en la ciudad de forma sostenible. Tenemos que
localizar esos rganos que dan vida a nuestro organismo urbano en la escala adecuada dentro del
mbito urbano.
Partimos de una ciudad existente para regenerarla como ciudad sostenible, actuando en su
infraestructura metablica, en este caso nos centraremos en una actuacin en la infraestructura
energtica para conseguir la base de sus necesidades gestionando los recursos geotrmicos
existentes bajo sus cimientos. La integracin de la energa geotrmica en el sistema energtico
urbano se implementar en una infraestructura cuyo objetivo principal sea el aprovechamiento
de las energas renovables locales, las ms propicias en nuestro entorno urbano y en nuestro
mbito de actuacin.
Europa busca la eficiencia energtica en todos los procesos y servicios, un nuevo tipo de
produccin energtica basada en las Energas Renovables, busca optimizar estableciendo unas
condiciones de entorno adecuadas para desarrollar este nuevo mercado creado con los nuevos
sistemas tecnolgicos de produccin y gestin energtica. Siguiendo este nuevo modelo, el ideal
ser buscar el mix energtico ptimo para el entorno de nuestra edificacin, con un sistema de
control y monitorizacin adecuado al tamao de cada mbito de intervencin. En este estudio nos
centramos en el desarrollo e implementacin de la generacin geotrmica.
2. OBJETIVOS
Desde la conveniencia del uso de energas renovables, nuestros objetivos generales sern la
integracin de las energas renovables en el sistema de generacin energtica urbana. En este
estudio nos centramos en la integracin de la geotermia en la edificacin urbana existente, para
averiguar la escala ms adecuada en la actuacin.
Europa con una serie de Directivas, establece una serie de requisitos mnimos que debe
cumplir toda edificacin. Estos requisitos tienen 2 vertientes:
Los requisitos constructivos.
Los requisitos medioambientales.
En la actualidad tendemos a reducir los requisitos constructivos y medioambientales a los

energticos, por cuanto el mayor desarrollo normativo elaborado desde Europa ha incidido en el
aspecto energtico a travs de las sucesivas normativas, Directivas desarrolladas desde que
apareci el Libro Blanco de las Energas Renovables en noviembre de 1997 publicado por la
Comisin Europea despus de publicar el Libro Verde el ao anterior, en 1996.
En la Directiva 2002/91 relativa a la Eficiencia Energtica de los Edificios, se establecieron unos
requisitos mnimos de eficiencia energtica en edificios nuevos y tambin de la rehabilitacin
energtica de los existentes. La Directiva 2009/28/CE sobre Energas Renovables establece
nuevos objetivos en cuanto a alcanzar el 20% para el 2020. La Directiva 2010/31/CE deroga la
Directiva 2002/91 introduciendo nuevos requisitos que ahora se exigen a los edificios en trminos
de eficiencia energtica. La Directiva 2012/37/CE sobre edificacin energtica sigue desarrollando
esto.
Nuestros objetivos generales a conseguir son la sostenibilidad y la autosuficiencia energtica
aprovechando la oportunidad de la utilizacin de energas renovables locales:
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Encontrar los mbitos y las escalas de aplicacin ms adecuadas para la integracin de la

Energa Geotrmica y valorar la oportunidad de la implantacin en cada mbito de
estudio o actuacin.
La escala adecuada en la ciudad existente.
La renovacin energtica del barrio, como oportunidad de renovacin urbana.
La conveniencia de un nuevo sistema de infraestructuras en la ciudad existente.
Utilizaremos tecnologas y sistemas de alta eficiencia energtica, la captacin geotrmica ser

la base energtica para alimentar la climatizacin y el sistema de Agua Caliente Sanitario. Un
sistema de monitorizacin, redes de sensores que nos facilite un control remoto, centralizado
desde una Central Energtica de Distrito o individual desde el telfono mvil del usuario.
Necesitamos aplicaciones que permitan la gestin y supervisin del sistema en el mbito urbano
de implantacin, en su relacin entre diferentes mbitos urbanos, as como en su relacin entre
diferentes ciudades.
Diversos ejemplos a nivel mundial demuestran que la implantacin de Redes Urbanas de
Distrito alimentadas por geotermia, son una herramienta de generacin energtica que
contribuye en la disminucin de emisiones de CO2 as como en la eficiencia de los consumos. En
el caso de Espaa, la aprobacin de la Ley de Rehabilitacin, Renovacin y Regeneracin Urbanas
puede facilitar la implantacin de este nuevo modelo energtico, comenzando con la
regeneracin a escala de barrio integrando Redes Urbanas de Distrito que conectan las clulas
consumidoras desde el nivel de usuario hasta el nivel de barrio; y desde esta escala conectar los
distritos para llegar a la siguiente fase de conexin entre ciudades.
3. METODOLOGA GENERAL: CASOS DE ESTUDIO QUE UTILIZAN GEOTERMIA URBANA

La metodologa ser genrica para cualquier renovable, en este estudio nos centramos en el
anlisis de la energa geotrmica. Partimos de unos escenarios urbanos en los que se utiliza la
energa geotrmica, para descubrir las escalas de aplicacin que debern desarrollar las nuevas
infraestructuras para ser eficientes y sostenibles en el mbito global de la ciudad existente.
Comenzamos con el estudio de casos modelo, en funcionamiento o en proyecto, de Edificios
Urbanos que contribuyen a la renovacin de entornos Urbanos, la ciudad heredada, que utilizan la
Geotermia como fuente energtica. Los casos modelo se han elegido por ser ejemplos que
integran los dos objetivos generales que nos interesan, utilizar la energa geotrmica e incentivar
la rehabilitacin de su entorno urbano por ser un edificio singular a escala de barrio. Al utilizar la
geotermia se utiliza una energa renovable local que estimula la valoracin de los recursos
propios, y al elegir un edificio singular estimulamos la regeneracin en todos los edificios situados
en su entorno, consiguiendo una renovacin a escala urbana en la ciudad heredada.
Entre los casos en funcionamiento de edificios de nueva construccin el edificio dotacional
mixto de la C/ Margaritas es un buen ejemplo que adems de utilizar la geotermia, por su
situacin en entorno urbano heredado, el barrio de Tetun, estimula la renovacin en este barrio
madrileo con una propuesta innovadora. Entre los casos de edificios rehabilitados, dos casos
tambin en Madrid: la rehabilitacin integral de un Palacete Protegido para su uso como oficinas
de la Administracin, y la rehabilitacin del Cuartel Daoiz y Velarde, para su uso como teatro
infantil y centro cultural. Finalmente un caso en proyecto, nuestra propuesta de Central Urbana
Geotrmica en un barrio de Alcorcn (Madrid) quiere ser un estmulo que incentive la renovacin
de este barrio.
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3.1. EDIFICIO DOTACIONAL

SOLAR/GEOTRMICA
MIXTO
CON
INSTALACIN
DE
CLIMATIZACIN
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Figura 1: Edificio Dotacional Mixto, viviendas, servicios municipales y aparcamiento, en el centro de Madrid,
Calle de las Margaritas, Barrio de Tetun. El edificio integra captacin solar y almacenamiento, intercambios
geotrmicos y gestin integral de los recursos renovables para climatizacin y ACS, adems recursos
tcnicos para la eficiencia en el aprovechamiento del espacio, como el sistema de aparcamiento mecnico.
Arquitectos Luis de Pereda, Joaqun Lizasoain y Mauricio Perico. Concepcin energtica ENERES/ IEI Fuente:
ENERES / Instituto Europeo de Innovacin. IEI
El edificio de la C/ Margaritas como oportunidad de regeneracin urbana en el barrio de

Tetun. Por ser un microcosmos que ana muchas funciones, este edificio de nueva construccin
puede ser un foco de regeneracin en la ciudad heredada, estimulando la implantacin de
renovables en su entorno, el barrio de Tetun.
Un sistema mixto de captacin solar e intercambio geotrmico con bomba de calor geotrmica
genera el 100% de las necesidades en climatizacin, refrigeracin y calefaccin, y produccin de
agua caliente sanitaria del edificio. El edificio tiene un uso mixto que incluye apartamentos en
alquiler, plazas de aparcamiento semiautomtico para residentes, e instalaciones de los servicios
municipales de Medio Ambiente y Limpieza.
Los sistemas de eficiencia implantados consiguen reducir la demanda en un 50% respecto a un
edificio convencional. En conjunto se logran ahorros energticos de un 70% respecto de un
edificio que utilice otro tipo de combustibles.
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La instalacin geotrmica capta en un terreno arenoso con 24 intercambiadores verticales de

83 m. El diseo del intercambiador consigue cubrir con intercambio geotrmico el 100% de las
necesidades de calefaccin y refrigeracin. Las caractersticas especficas del subsuelo, con agua y
la porosidad del terreno favorecen la capacidad de refrigeracin.
Cada grupo de 6 intercambiadores, alimenta 1 bomba de calor geotrmica de 25 kW y ciclo
reversible, para la produccin de fro o calor. En total 4 bombas realizan un intercambio trmico
con el terreno como foco caliente-fro. La variacin estacional de temperaturas en el terreno
junto con su inercia, posibilita su uso como acumulador. Las temperaturas en el suelo oscilan
entre los 14C despus del invierno y 26 C despus de verano.
El sistema interior de climatizacin es suelo radiante en baja temperatura en todas las
dependencias climatizadas y en las viviendas, y con l se resuelve tanto la calefaccin como la
refrigeracin por refrescamiento del edificio.
3.2. REHABILITACIN INTEGRAL DE UN PALACETE PROTEGIDO PARA OFICINAS DE LA

ADMINISTRACIN EN MADRID
En este caso un palacete protegido de principios de siglo XX, es objeto de una rehabilitacin
integral, con la que un edificio heredado, histrico por su condicin de catalogado, aprovecha los
recursos del entorno para autoabastecerse energticamente y puede interaccionar con las
necesidades de confort de sus usuarios.
El Palacete es un ejemplo excepcional de rehabilitacin de un edificio histrico, en una zona de
la ciudad dnde quedan pocos ejemplos representativos de cmo fue la ciudad a finales del siglo
XIX en esta zona. La rehabilitacin es integral y aborda todos los temas de eficiencia y
sostenibilidad que nos preocupan en el siglo XXI con una visin holstica que se preocupa de
satisfacer las necesidades de confort de sus usuarios respetando el entorno y aprovechando los
recursos que el entorno ofrece. Desde este anlisis holstico del problema se encuentra un
recurso local, la energa geotrmica como una opcin de sostenibilidad a lo largo de la vida del
edificio, que por su escaso impacto de las instalaciones necesarias es muy adecuada para un
edificio protegido.
Figura 2: Oficinas de la Administracin del Estado en un palacete protegido en el Barrio de Chamber de

Madrid. Estados previo y posterior a la rehabilitacin de la envolvente exterior del edificio. Que integra
sistemas de pretratamiento pasivo del aire, geotermia y estructuras termoactivas para la climatizacin, en
un contexto de rehabilitacin muy exigente. Arquitecto Ignacio Mendaro. Concepcin energtica ENERES.
Fuente: ENERES / Fernndez Molina Obras y Servicios
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Figura 3: Esquema del sistema de intercambio de energa entre el edificio y el terreno a travs de
cimentaciones y estructuras termoactivas, que resuelve el 100% de la calefaccin y la refrigeracin del
edificio. Intercambiador geotrmico integrado en las cimentaciones del aparcamiento del edificio y,
mecanismo de induccin para el enfriamiento del terreno contra el aire exterior en los meses de primavera.
Ignacio Mendaro Arquitecto. Concepcin energtica ENERES Fuente: ENERES / Fernndez Molina obras y
servicios
La intervencin concibe el edificio como un sistema que interacciona con el individuo y con el
entorno, un sistema de generacin bioclimtico que coordina un pretratamiento del aire, la
recuperacin de energas del medio y residuales, la utilizacin de la estructura horizontal
termoactivada y la captacin geotrmica, para conseguir climatizar el edificio, en sus necesidades
de calefaccin y refrigeracin.
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Se aborda primero la reduccin de la demanda, mejorando la envolvente en sus caractersticas

aislantes as como el control de la radiacin solar y la iluminacin natural. Junto a este
tratamiento minucioso de las envolventes se aprovechan las condiciones de soleamiento en
cubierta para hacer un precalentamiento del aire de renovacin que se usar en invierno; y las
condiciones de refrescamiento que se dan en los stanos en contacto con el terreno para
preeenfriar el aire de renovacin que se utiliza en verano; en ambos casos este aire atemperado
pasa a las unidades de tratamiento de aire para despus entrar a renovar el aire del edificio.
Despus se determinan las necesidades energticas para la climatizacin y se plantea la
captacin geotrmica como fuente de generacin energtica. Se construyen 14 intercambiadores
verticales de 150 m de profundidad adems de 45 pilotes que se utilizan como intercambiadores
geotrmicos pertenecientes a la pantalla discontinua de contencin y cimentacin. Tambin los
forjados se utilizan en funciones de climatizacin, son losas de hormign visto termoactivadas que
funcionan como acumuladores, transmisores y absorbedores de energa. El sistema de generacin
que se inicia en los intercambiadores geotrmicos, interacciona con un sistema inercial, las losas
que funcionan como acumuladores y superficies radiantes de climatizacin. Los sistemas de
captacin geotrmica y los sistemas termoactivos, pilotes y losas, aprovechan al mximo los
recursos del medio y del propio edificio.
La capacidad total de este conjunto de intercambiadores genera el 100% de la demanda de
energa para la calefaccin del edificio, y el 70% de la demanda de energa para la refrigeracin. La
cobertura total en refrigeracin se ha resuelto incorporando un sistema de induccin estacional
del terreno. La gestin del recurso geotrmico utiliza energa trmica de baja intensidad y
temperatura moderada.
3.3. REHABILITACIN DEL CUARTEL DE DAOZ Y VELARDE. REUTILIZACIN COMO

TEATRO INFANTIL Y CENTRO CULTURAL (AYUNTAMIENTO DE MADRID)
En este caso se rehabilita un edificio cuartelero del siglo XIX, situado en una zona de la ciudad
con un patrimonio arquitectnico de construcciones industriales y de servicios. En la
rehabilitacin se mantienen la fachada de ladrillo y la estructura de cerchas metlicas, se
construyen forjados termoactivos, losas de hormign utilizadas en la climatizacin del edificio,
tanto para la calefaccin como para la refrigeracin, utilizan la inercia acumulando energa. Se
utiliza la geotermia como energa renovable para la calefaccin y refrigeracin del edificio y
tambin para el pretratamiento trmico en verano e invierno del aire de la ventilacin.
Para hacer un tratamiento del aire primario de renovacin, previo a su entrada en los locales a
ventilar, se construye un sistema de intercambiador geotrmico tierra-aire con capacidad de
24.000 m3/hora. El sistema de pretratamiento del aire de renovacin y la recuperacin de la
energa del aire expulsado, supone reducir la demanda energtica en un 30% de la demanda
original sin aplicar tratamiento previo.
Para cubrir la totalidad de la demanda energtica del edificio en climatizacin se construyen 33
intercambiadores verticales geotrmicos con una profundidad de 157 metros. y bombas
geotrmicas con una potencia en calefaccin de 174 Kw y 127 Kw en refrigeracin. Este sistema
est asociado al dispositivo inercial de climatizacin radiante a baja temperatura, los forjados
termoactivados. Se consigue un consumo energtico de aproximadamente un 40% del que
tendra un sistema convencional con caldera y enfriadora. La combinacin de ambos factores
conjunta reduce el consumo energtico en climatizacin en el edificio de aproximadamente un 70
%, la reduccin estimada de los costes de mantenimiento de la instalacin se cifra en torno a un
60 % a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida del edificio.
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Figura 4: Rehabilitacin del Cuartel de Daoiz y Velarde para Teatro Infantil. Avenida Ciudad de Barcelona.
Madrid. Esquema del funcionamiento del sistema de renovacin de aire con pretratamiento geotrmico y
recuperacin de energa. La renovacin del aire es en este edificio pblico de uso infantil, el mximo factor
de consumo energtico con el mximo potencial de ahorro. Rafael de La Hoz Arquitecto. Concepcin
energtica ENERES. Fuente: ENERES / Fernndez Molina obras y servicios
Todos estos sistemas garantizan que los consumos energticos del edificio sean muy inferiores
a los obtenidos con sistemas convencionales. Las exigencias de climatizacin y calidad del aire se
resuelven con eficiencia energtica mediante la implantacin del intercambiador geotrmico,
dotando al edificio con un nuevo uso en el que los nios gozarn de excelentes niveles de confort
y salud.
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Figura 5: Rehabilitacin del Cuartel de Daoiz y Velarde para Teatro Infantil. Avenida Ciudad de Barcelona.
Madrid. Losas termoactivas e intercambiadores geotrmicos, como sistema inercial, radiante e integrado de
climatizacin del edificio. En el contexto de una ventilacin eficiente el sistema geotrmico tiene una
enorme efectividad incluso en un edificio con una envolvente poco eficiente trmicamente. Rafael de La
Hoz Arquitecto. Concepcin energtica ENERES. Fuente: ENERES / Fernndez Molina obras y servicios
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3.4. PROPUESTA DE CENTRAL ENERGTICA GEOTRMICA EN EL BARRIO DE SAN JOSE DE

VALDERAS EN ALCORCN (MADRID)
Figura 6: Seccin de la Central Energtica por el aparcamiento robotizado modelo IPS/PARKSAFE 582, con
60 plazas, y estructuras termoactivas. Arquitecto Mara Jess Sacristn. Fuente Mara Jess Sacristn
Figura 7: Planta de la Central Energtica con salas de mquinas, que integra todos los dispositivos de
generacin, intercambio y almacenamiento trmico, y resuelve la gestin y el intercambio entre los
sistemas energticos. Arquitecto Mara Jess Sacristn. Fuente. Mara Jess Sacristn
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Figura 8: Esquema general del sistema de distrito de Captacin Geotrmica: Intercambiadores verticales
geotrmicos de 80 metros de profundidad distribuidos en el barrio paralelos a aceras y en el DHPU los
pilotes del foso del aparcamiento robotizado tambin estn equipados con sondas doble U. Arquitecto
Mara Jess Sacristn. Fuente. Mara Jess Sacristn
La Central Energtica de Barrio se construye reutilizando el mercado existente de San Jos de

Valderas. La central de generacin energtica se disea para abastecer el total de la demanda
energtica, ya sea calor para calefaccin, refrigeracin, para agua caliente sanitaria. La fuente
base de generacin es geotrmica, construyendo intercambiadores verticales de 80 m de
profundidad en los espacios pblicos propicios para implantar estas sondas verticales de
intercambio geotrmico. Adems podemos centralizar otros servicios como recogida de residuos,
servicios de comunicaciones, servicios de informacin. Si la central energtica interacciona con las
redes urbanas puede darse la recuperacin de energas gratuitas aplicables al sistema.
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La Central es un generador energtico mediante renovables: geotermia y solar con apoyo de

mdulo de cogeneracin de gas. La idea ser canalizar desde la Central DH: calor (ACS,
calefaccin), electricidad y las comunicaciones. En el edificio propuesto se integra un
aparcamiento robotizado, que alivie la escasez de aparcamientos con un uso muy eficiente del
espacio, e integrando en su estructura enterrada intercambiadores geotrmicos. La generacin de
energa es mixta: el mdulo de cogeneracin, junto a las captaciones de renovables distribuidas
por el barrio, los colectores verticales geotrmicos y captadores solares (trmicos y fotovoltaicos).
Se propone una Red de Distrito Energtica configurada mediante sistema de cuatro tuberas,
destinadas a transportar por separado el agua utilizada para calefaccin de la utilizada para
producir Agua Caliente Sanitaria. Se configura una red de calefaccin que trabaja a temperatura
elevada en invierno (en verano se utiliza la temperatura facilitada por el sistema geotrmico,
como posibilidad de refrescamiento en las viviendas) y otra red para ACS que funciona todo el ao
a baja temperatura, unos 70 C.
En la subestacin establecemos diferenciacin entre el circuito de la Red de Distribucin y el
circuito del usuario mediante intercambiadores de calor, bombas y dems dispositivos que
permitan al usuario final definir sus necesidades de consumo en cada momento y conocer sus
consumos. En las subestaciones se regula la presin y la temperatura de la red de distribucin a
las condiciones necesarias demandadas por los consumidores, garantizando los saltos trmicos
adecuados para que la Red Urbana de Distrito funcione de forma eficiente.
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Figura 9: Barrio de San Jos de Valderas, Alcorcn, Madrid, en cuya rehabilitacin energtica se integra la
red de distrito y el sistema integrado de gestin de los recursos geotrmicos. Arquitecto Mara Jess
Sacristn. Fuente. Mara Jess Sacristn
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4. RESULTADOS
Los ejemplos revisados estn ubicados en 3 distritos de la capital con caractersticas diferentes,
la intencin es dar una visin global de la idoneidad de las instalaciones Urbanas Geotrmicas
para cualquier ciudad existente, sean cualesquiera sus caractersticas sociales y urbanas en
general; las limitaciones para el desarrollo de la geotermia urbana van a ser slo fsicas, es decir,
la existencia del espacio adecuado para ejecutar los intercambiadores y las caractersticas de
conductividad adecuadas en el subsuelo del mbito de actuacin.
La propuesta desarrollada en un barrio de Alcorcn utiliza la geotermia en una Central de
Distrito para ser valorado cmo posible modelo de geotermia urbana. Se realiza sobre un barrio
homogneo en cuanto a tipologa edificatoria y de usos, es un barrio mayoritariamente
residencial. En este caso queremos dar un salto de escala con el uso de la geotermia para
implantar una Red de Calor y Frio que resuelva las necesidades energticas de un barrio.
Descubrimos los datos que apoyan su viabilidad en los 3 edificios analizados previamente. As
como el edificio mixto de la Calle Margaritas se podra proponer como modelo de eficiencia
energtica que incentivara la renovacin del barrio de Tetun, el Museo Centro Energtico
propuesto en Alcorcn, rehabilitando el Mercado existente en el barrio, debe ser el elemento
catalizador que posibilite la renovacin de todo el barrio, mediante una rehabilitacin integral. La
implantacin de Redes Energticas de Distrito ayudar a conseguir edificios de consumo cero y
acercarnos a la sostenibilidad del entorno urbano, al usar y gestionar unos recursos renovables de
procedencia local.
La disponibilidad de Geotermia supone una oportunidad de autonoma energtica local con
una gran eficiencia energtica. Los ahorros se logran de dos maneras, en primer lugar los costos
econmicos se reducen, en segundo lugar hay un importante ahorro en espacio al no necesitar
caldera tradicional, unas tecnologas que se integran con la edificacin posibilitando la
rehabilitacin en edificios histricos protegidos. Aqu los ejemplos del Palacete convertido en
oficinas y el cuartel Daoiz y Velarde reutilizado como teatro infantil, son emblemticos porque los
logros de calidad funcional son en parte debidos al uso de la geotermia integrada en la
rehabilitacin.
Con los sistemas geotrmicos analizados, podemos llegar a reducir el consumo energtico
hasta un 50-60 % respecto a consumos con sistemas convencionales. Los costes de implantacin y
construccin, son algo ms elevados, pero se reducen significativamente cuando la geotermia se
aplica a un edificio eficiente y bajo consumidor, los costes de mantenimiento son muy reducidos.
El retorno de la inversin depender de la escala de la actuacin y de las caractersticas del
sistema. Con la implantacin de la geotermia urbana lo que siempre conseguimos es mejorar el
patrimonio heredado, rehabilitar el patrimonio histrico, contribuyendo a mejorar la
sostenibilidad en nuestras ciudades.
5. CONCLUSIONES
La generacin con geotermia proporciona energa renovable 24 horas al da, es una fuente de
energa segura, que no slo permite la obtencin e intercambio de energa trmica a travs de la
bomba de calor agua-agua, sino el almacenamiento y la gestin de energa procedente de otras
fuentes renovables como la solar o la procedente del enfriamiento pasivo, como se aprecia en los
casos que hemos presentado, con costos mnimos de suministro de combustible; es una energa
con bajo impacto ambiental, sin emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
El descubrimiento de recursos geotrmicos requiere asumir inversiones, la generacin de
energa geotrmica presenta oportunidades de aplicacin en la regeneracin del patrimonio
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urbano que requieren ms investigacin. Tambin se debe incentivar la investigacin en las

tecnologas de desarrollo, publicitar las ventajas de utilizar esta energa renovable, y desarrollar
una normativa que agilice la gestin y ejecucin de proyectos de Geotermia Urbana. Estos
desafos se ven compensados por el bajo costo del combustible, la energa geotrmica es una
energa renovable econmicamente viable que nos ayuda a conseguir edificios y ciudades
sostenibles.
Al integrar la tecnologa geotrmica en la estructura del edificio se disminuye el impacto
negativo de maquinaria, equipos y conductos sobre la arquitectura interior y exterior del edificio,
mejorando las posibilidades en la rehabilitacin en edificios histricos, de mantener las cualidades
culturales del edificio heredado y acondicionarlo a las necesidades de uso y confort actuales.
Al integrar la tecnologa geotrmica en la estructura de la ciudad, podemos disminuir el
impacto negativo de las infraestructuras existentes, gestoras de energas fsiles muy
contaminantes, que nos llegan de muy lejos mediante sistemas de transporte y distribucin muy
costosos. La integracin de redes de distrito alimentadas por geotermia y otras renovables en la
ciudad existente, mejorar las posibilidades de rehabilitacin de la ciudad histrica, la protegida y
la heredada en general, para acondicionarla a las necesidades de uso y confort actuales.
La geotermia urbana es una opcin para los enclaves urbanos de la Comunidad de Madrid;
hemos analizado 3 ejemplos realizados en 3 distritos diferentes de Madrid capital, para finalizar
con una propuesta en un barrio de Alcorcn, urbe limtrofe con la capital. Las grandes urbes
limtrofes con la capital son enclaves idneos para la implementacin de Redes Urbanas de
Distrito, por ser territorios fronteras administrativas. En estos distritos frontera, por su condicin
de frontera administrativa, es habitual la existencia de espacios con vacios infraestructurales que
por ello son espacios con caractersticas oportunas para la instalacin de captadores geotrmicos
y de un nuevo sistema de generacin energtica alimentado por renovables locales, incluida la
geotermia.
6. REFERENCIAS
Arnheim, R., Entropa e arte, Torino, Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi, 1989.
Badescua V., Sicre B.; Energy and Buildings 35[11] (2003), p. 1077
De Pereda Fernndez, Luis; /Eneres / IEI / Madrid, Geotermia. Rehabilitacin para la Eficiencia Energtica en
la Climatizacin de Edificios. Captacin geotrmica y estructuras termoactivas.
De Pereda Fernndez, Luis; /Eneres / IEI / Madrid. Geotermia por agua y aire en edificios escolares y
culturales. Calidad Ambiental y Eficiencia Energtica en ventilacin y Climatizacin. Teatro Infantil del
Ayuntamiento de Madrid en la Rehabilitacin del Cuartel Daoz y Velarde.
De Pereda Fernndez, Luis; /Eneres / IEI / Madrid; Integracin de sistemas de intercambio geotrmico en la
estructura de los aparcamientos subterrneos. Dotacin geotrmica en edificios en rehabilitacin.
De Pereda Fernndez, Luis; /Eneres / IEI / Madrid, mayo 2011; Aprovechamiento energtico de las
infraestructuras urbanas subterrneas. Presentacin de la Gua sobre Aprovechamiento energtico de
las Infraestructuras Urbanas Subterrneas (FENERCOM).
De Pereda Fernndez, Luis; /Eneres/ Mallo Sanz, Manuel; Fernndez lvarez, Jos; Durango Dominguez,
Marta /ICCP/ La concepcin integrada de la gestin y el uso de la energa en la Rehabilitacin Integral
de un Palacete Protegido para oficinas de la Administracin en Madrid, RIEd 2013
Guallart, V., La Ciudad Autosuficiente, Rba 2012.
IDAE (Instituto para la Diversificacin y el Ahorro de la Energa) en colaboracin con el IGME (Instituto
Geolgico y Minero de Espaa). Madrid junio 2008; Manual de geotermia
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IDAE (Instituto para la Diversificacin y el Ahorro de la Energa) (Madrid-2011): Evaluacin del Potencial de
energa Geotrmica. Estudio tcnico per 2011-2020. TECNOLOGA Y RECURSOS DE LA TIERRA, S.A.:
Jos Snchez Guzmn, Laura Sanz Lpez, Luis Ocaa Robles.
IDAE (Instituto para la Diversificacin y el Ahorro de la Energa) (Madrid-2011): Plan de Energas
Renovables 2011-2020 y Resumen.
Fernndez lvarez, Jos; ICCP / Eneres / Madrid. Utilizacin del recurso geotrmico para la climatizacin
mediante losas termoactivas y el pretratamiento del aire de renovacin. Proyecto de Eneres para un
Teatro.
Fundacin de la Energa de la Comunidad de Madrid: Gua de la Energa Geotrmica Guillermo Llopis Trillo
y Vicente Rodrigo Angulo.
Fundacin de la Energa de la Comunidad de Madrid: Documento Anexo de la Gua de la Energa
Geotrmica.
Fundacin de la Energa de la Comunidad de Madrid. Energas renovables para todos: Energa Geotrmica y
del Mar.
Fundacin de la Energa de la Comunidad de Madrid: Gua de proyectos emblemticos en el mbito de la
Energa Geotrmica II, 2012 Nuevo teatro infantil y centro cultural del Ayuntamiento de Madrid.
Geotermia para la climatizacin mediante losas termoactivas y el pretratamiento del aire de
renovacin. Cuartel de Daoz y Velarde.
Fundacin de la Energa de la Comunidad de Madrid: Gua de proyectos emblemticos en el mbito de la
Energa Geotrmica II, 2010 Climatizacin geotrmica y termoactiva en la Rehabilitacin de un
Palacete Protegido.
Stritzky, J. von y Cabrerizo, C (2011): Ideas para las ciudades inteligentes del futuro. Fundacin ideas
Siemens (2009): European Green City Index.
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Pginas web
http://www.iftec.es/enlaces.cgi
http://www.dlsc.ca/district.htm
http://www.iftechnology.com/
http://geodh.eu/
http://egec.info/
http://www.tendenciasenenergia.es/espana-pais-de-district-heating-cooling/2391
http://www.tendenciasenenergia.es/la-transicion-energetica-comienza-por-las-ciudades/2607
http://regeocities.eu/es/proyect-concept/
http://loczy.mfgi.hu/flexviewer/geo_dh/
http://www.eaciprojects.eu/iee/page/Page.jsp?op=project_detail&prid=2559&side=downloadablefiles
http://www.cosasdearquitectos.com/2014/03/centro-cultural-daoiz-y-velarde-por-rafael-de-la-hozcastanys/#sthash.XBEvAbHu.dpuf
http://www.eneres.es/uploads/pdf/Manuel_Silvela_web.pdf
http://www.eneres.es/uploads/pdf/MARGARITAS_52_web.pdf
http://www.eneres.es/press/downloads/
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ANLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA

ENERGTICA DE UN EDIFICIO HISTRICO DE CARTAGENA:
ANTIGUO PALACIO DEL MARQUS DE CASA-TILLY /
Analysis and proposals for improving the energy efficiency
of a historical building in Cartagena: the former Palace of
the Marquis of Casa-T illy
COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.; MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C.
COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.: Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena. Cartagena Espaa. pedroe.collado@upct.es
MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C.: Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena. Cartagena Espaa.
c.maestredesanjuan@gmail.com
RESUMEN
Con la entrada en vigor del R.D 235/2013, de 5 de abril, por el que se aprueba el procedimiento bsico
para la certificacin de la eficiencia energtica de los edificios, as como la Orden de 24 de mayo de 2013 de
la Consejera de Universidades, Empresa e Investigacin, por la que se crea y regula el Registro de
Certificados de Eficiencia Energtica de Edificios de la Regin de Murcia, una parte importante del parque
inmobiliario debe ser analizado, controlado y, muy posiblemente, rehabilitado para conseguir una reduccin
significativa de su consumo de energa as como la disminucin de sus emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero. Sin embargo, el R.D. 235/2013 establece que los edificios con algn grado de proteccin, como
los monumentos, estn exentos de este anlisis y no tienen obligacin de obtener el certificado de eficiencia
energtica. Por tanto, se dejan fuera de este control edificios que, por sus caractersticas, suelen ser
restaurados, rehabilitados y/o conservados con cierta periodicidad pero en cuyas intervenciones no se
consideran obligatorias las mejoras necesarias para la mejor calificacin energtica posible, perdindose as
una gran oportunidad de rehabilitacin energtica. En esta ponencia se presenta el anlisis realizado en el
Antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly, un edificio del siglo XVIII ubicado en Cartagena, para determinar
su consumo energtico y, sobre todo, las posibles medidas de mejora a desarrollar en una rehabilitacin
energtica del edificio. Teniendo en cuenta las caractersticas histricas, arquitectnicas, materiales y
culturales del inmueble, se plantea una intervencin en la envolvente, cerramiento, cubierta e instalaciones
con el fin de mejorar sus niveles de calificacin energtica, analizando y valorando energticamente las
propuestas y su compatibilidad con todos los valores patrimoniales que atesora el edificio.
Palabras clave: rehabilitacin energtica, mejoras, eficiencia
ABSTRACT
With the entry into force of RD 235/2013, April 5, by which the basic procedure for the certification of the
energy performance of buildings, as well as the Order of May 24, 2013 of the Ministry of Universities
approves and Research Company, for which it is created and regulates the registration of Certificates Energy
Performance of Buildings in the Region of Murcia, an important part of the housing stock should be
analyzed, controlled and quite possibly rehabilitated to achieve a significant reduction of their energy
consumption and decrease emissions of greenhouse gases. However, R.D. 235/2013 states that buildings
with some degree of protection, such as monuments, are exempt from this analysis and are not required to
obtain a certificate of energy efficiency. Therefore left out of this control buildings, by their nature, tend to
be restored, rehabilitated and / or maintained on a regular basis but whose interventions are not considered
necessary improvements for the best possible energy rating, thus losing a great opportunity for energy
rehabilitation. In this paper the analysis in the Old Palace of the Marquis of Casa-Tilly, a XVII century building
in Cartagena, to determine their energy consumption and, especially, the possible improvement measures to
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develop an energy rehabilitation of this Taking into account the historical, architectural, material and
cultural characteristics of the property, an intervention in the housing, fencing, indoor and facilities in order
to improve their energy rating, energy analyzing and evaluating proposals and poses compatibility with all
the assets amassed by the building.
Key words: energy rehabilitation, improvements, efficiency
1. OBJETO
El establecimiento de los criterios de eficiencia energtica presenta indudables ventajas a
corto, medio y largo plazo, para el propietario y para la sociedad en su conjunto. Sin embargo, la
legislacin espaola no establece ninguna clase de control energtico ni la necesidad de contar
con certificado de eficiencia energtica para los edificios que cuenten con algn tipo de
proteccin por su valor histrico, arquitectnico y/o cultural. Esta ponencia resume los
planteamientos y resultados de una serie de estudios realizados en el Departamento de
Arquitectura y Tecnologa de la Edificacin de la Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena con el fin
de mostrar los beneficios de una serie de medidas concretas que permiten la reduccin del gasto
innecesario de energa en los edificios histricos, medidas que, adems, deben ser compatibles
con los valores patrimoniales (histricos, arquitectnicos, sociales, documentales, culturales)
que atesoran este tipo de inmuebles. Para ello se ha tomado como caso prctico un edificio
protegido como es el antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly, en Cartagena (Murcia - Espaa).
En primer lugar, se hace indispensable un anlisis exhaustivo de la edificacin histrica, con el
reconocimiento de todos valores patrimoniales que, con el paso del tiempo, ha ido acumulando y
que necesitan ser protegidos y conservados en el presente y para las generaciones venideras. El
edificio del Casino de Cartagena o antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly se enmarca dentro
del Conjunto Histrico de la ciudad de Cartagena, como uno de los ms notables edificios de estilo
modernista, dentro de la gran cantidad que presenta la localidad portuaria y sus alrededores. El
Palacio presenta una mezcla de estilos arquitectnicos ya que, sobre el palacio barroco original,
se han realizado importantes intervenciones a lo largo del tiempo que lo han modificado
ostensiblemente, destacando especialmente la serie de actuaciones realizadas por el arquitecto
D. Vctor Beltr y Roqueta durante el periodo comprendido entre finales del siglo XIX y principios
del XX, en pleno apogeo del Modernismo.
Los estudios realizados proponen sentar las bases para la realizacin de intervenciones de
eficiencia energtica a medida que permitan la adecuada conservacin de los edificios histricos y
de todos aquellos valores patrimoniales y caractersticas que los hacen nicos y singulares.
2. BREVE RESEA HISTRICA DEL PALACIO

El Casino de Cartagena o antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly es un edificio del siglo XVIII
que se construy como smbolo del poder econmico y social de la nueva nobleza de la poca,
adquirida como recompensa a los mritos blicos. El primer propietario del Palacio y artfice de su
construccin fue D. Francisco Javier Everardo Tilly y Garca de Paredes, que era natural de Huelva,
y al que el 23 de abril de 1761, el rey Carlos III le concede el Marquesado de Casa-Tilly. Hacia
1776, este noble logra su ms importante xito al lograr la toma de la colonia de Sacramento a los
portugueses, siendo ascendido a Capitn General de los Departamentos Martimos de Cartagena
y Cdiz, en 1790 y 1792 respectivamente. Por tanto, la construccin del palacio original, en estilo
barroco, se puede fechar en estos aos (finales del XVIII), durante los cuales su propietario
consolid las bases de su influencia poltica y fortuna econmica.
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A finales del siglo XIX, la ciudad de Cartagena y especialmente su centro histrico, se encuentra
devastada por el intenso bombardeo a que fue sometida durante la llamada Guerra Cantonal, en
poca de la I Repblica Espaola, siendo el Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly uno de los 30 nicos
edificios que, segn los registros histricos, haba quedado intacto de toda la ciudad. Sin
embargo, esta situacin de deterioro propiciar una completa renovacin de la ciudad, ya que al
aumento repentino de solares libres se sum una ola de riqueza generalizada debido al
resurgimiento de la actividad minera en las importantes minas de Cartagena y la Unin. El apogeo
econmico unido al deseo de derroche de los nuevos hacendados atraer a una generacin de
nuevos arquitectos procedentes, principalmente, de las escuelas de arquitectura de Madrid y
Barcelona, que traen consigo las nuevas ideas del Eclecticismo y el Modernismo [1].
En el ao 1890, el Palacio es adquirido por la Sociedad de Recreo Casino de Cartagena y, tras
una serie de reformas menores, la Sociedad encargar al ms prestigioso arquitecto afincado en
Cartagena, el cataln D. Vctor Beltr y Roqueta, una intervencin de gran calado con el fin de
adecuar el edificio histrico a la importancia de la institucin, segn los cnones modernistas
imperantes en aquel momento. De este modo, el edificio se posiciona a la cabeza de una larga
serie de casinos y espacios recreativos existentes en la ciudad de Cartagena, y que para principios
del siglo XX alcanzan el nmero de 70, entre los que destacan los desaparecidos Ateneo y Crculo
Militar, el Real Club de Regatas, la gran variedad de Pabellones Temporales ubicados en el Paseo
Martimo como el que aparece en la Figura 1 y, por supuesto, el Casino de Cartagena [2], [3].
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Figura 1. Postal del Pabelln del Casino de Cartagena situado en el Paseo Martimo de Alfonso XII
3. ESTADO ACTUAL DEL EDIFICIO

El edificio que hoy da alberga la Sociedad del Casino de Cartagena es el resultado de la
incorporacin paulatina de las tendencias eclcticas y modernistas, tan caractersticas de los
edificios histricos de la ciudad. Adems, destacan en el antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly
las intervenciones ms recientes, de mayor o menor calado, y que se comentarn ms adelante.
El actual edificio presenta una planta irregular, en forma de polgono escalonado, debido a la
fragmentacin de los solares de las pequeas viviendas situadas en el Casco Antiguo de la ciudad.
El inmueble se articula en cuatro alturas y, puesto que es un edificio encastrado entre
medianeras, presenta dos fachadas: la fachada principal orientada a la calle Mayor, una de las
principales vas de Cartagena a lo largo de su historia, y la fachada posterior, ms austera y
recayente a una estrecha calle secundaria.
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Como paso previo al anlisis del comportamiento y eficiencia energtica de un edificio

histrico, es necesario analizar los materiales y sistemas constructivos presentes y detectar y
cuantificar las posibles prdidas energticas. Para este estudio ser muy provechoso el anlisis de
los materiales y tcnicas tradicionales con las que se construy el inmueble as como la presencia
de intervenciones contemporneas y su grado de compatibilidad e influencia en el
comportamiento energtico del edificio.
Anlisis constructivo del edificio

El inmueble organiza sus cuatro alturas en torno a un patio central en planta baja, conectado
con el cuerpo lucernario de la planta noble hasta llegar a la cubierta. Estructuralmente, el antiguo
Palacio se sustenta sobre un sistema tradicional de forjados unidireccionales apoyados en muros
de carga.
Los muros de carga presentan un grosor de entre 1 y 2 pies, es decir, entre 45 y 60
centmetros, estando constituidos en su mayor parte por fbrica de ladrillo macizo, dispuesta
segn el aparejo de tizones o a la espaola, con el tizn hacia el exterior y solapes de tizn
entre las hiladas. Mientras, la mampostera se localizara en las primeras hiladas, con el fin de
otorgar mayor estabilidad al conjunto.
El sistema de transmisin de cargas se complementa con forjados unidireccionales compuestos
de ladrillos cermicos macizos colocados a revoltn y apoyados tanto en vigas de madera como
en perfiles metlicos como el que se muestra en la Figura 2. Estos revoltones de ladrillo trabajan
como pequeas bvedas de can, con un entrevigado aproximado de 1 pie, y cuentan con un
relleno de senos con mortero de cal y mortero de cemento, con una cama de arena sobre la que
asienta el pavimento y una cara inferior revestida de yeso. Las viguetas se encuentran siempre
colocadas de canto, es decir, con la seccin mayor de su seccin perpendicular al plano horizontal
del forjado. Las viguetas de madera presentan una seccin de 10 cm. mientas que en el caso de
las viguetas metlicas se componen de perfiles de doble T [4].
Figura 2. Forjado de revoltones de ladrillo sobre viguetas metlicas
Por otro lado, el antiguo Palacio presenta dos cubiertas planas de diferente tipologa. La
primera cubierta corresponde a la situada sobre las estancias aadidas en la planta segunda
durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, y consiste en una mera estructura metlica ligera que
sustenta una chapa metlica ondulada y un falso techo como solucin de acabado. La que ocupa
mayor superficie es una cubierta plana transitable que cubre superiormente la planta primera y la
biblioteca de la planta segunda. Se trata de una cubierta con una pendiente media inferior al 3% y
que conforma una azotea rematada por una balaustrada perimetral (solucin tpica del
modernismo). Est resuelta mediante un econmico sistema empleado tradicionalmente en
Cartagena hasta los aos 30 del pasado siglo XX, y se basa en el empleo de la lguena, un tipo de
tierra arcillosa que se coloca a modo de aislante trmico, pero que dificulta la evacuacin del agua
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y puede llegar a deteriorar la madera y oxidar los elementos metlicos. Este sistema consta de:
impermeabilizacin de tela asfltica, capa de mortero de regularizacin, capa de arena, lguena,
como aislante trmico, material de relleno, entablado de madera (generalmente de de pino) y
estructura de vigas de madera.
El tratamiento de los huecos en los elementos de cerramiento de los edificios histricos es uno
de los factores determinantes para la posible mejora de su comportamiento y eficiencia
energtica. El antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly presenta gran cantidad de estos huecos
que comunican entre s tanto los espacios de las diferentes estancias como a stas con el exterior.
Uno de los elementos ms reconocibles y caractersticos del edificio son los muros acristalados
compuestos estructuralmente por vigas y pilares de hierro que enmarcan el prtico de entrada de
la fachada principal en sus dos primeras alturas, presentando unos amplios miradores en una de
ellas, y una sucesin de balcones en la otra. Los huecos de la fachada principal se completan con
diversos balcones de mayores dimensiones en la planta noble y una serie de pequeas ventanas
que corresponden a la biblioteca. La fachada posterior cuenta con una cantidad de huecos que
alcanza el nmero de 11 balcones, 7 puertas y 5 ventanas. Estos huecos exteriores cuentan con
una carpintera de madera que, en la fachada posterior, es de una menor calidad en lo que
respecta al material y sistema constructivo.
En cuanto a la comunicacin de los espacios interiores del antiguo Palacio, resaltar que
predominan las carpinteras de madera al igual que en el caso de las exteriores. La excepcin se
encuentra en la potente carpintera que divide la galera situada en la planta primera del cuerpo
lucernario situado sobre el patio, la cual cuenta con vidrios grabados al cido, tcnica decorativa
muy utilizada en la poca modernista y que permite el grabado de motivos ornamentales en el
vidrio. Tambin son de destacar los cuerpos de las balconadas que se sitan rodeando la caja de la
escalera imperial a su desembarco en la planta primera (como se aprecia en la Figura 3), creando
as una comunicacin con el resto de estancias.
Figura 3. Detalle del rellano de la escalera imperial, en el interior del edificio, y que se encuentra
profusamente decorado
Por ltimo, tambin cabe destacar los huecos en los paramentos de cubricin superior de
algunas estancias, que sirven para la entrada de luz natural al interior del edificio. Se distinguen
las dos vidrieras emplomadas, una decorada con un modernista pavo real sobre la Sala de
Tocadores de la planta primera y la otra, de mayor tamao, con el escudo de la ciudad de
Cartagena y que corona el tragaluz situado sobre el patio central. Tambin la biblioteca de la
planta segunda cuenta con una alargada claraboya sustentada por una estructura de madera [5].
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4. INTERVENCIONES REALIZADAS EN EL EDIFICIO

Como se ha comentado, el antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly o Casino de Cartagena, es
un edificio que ha sufrido una larga serie de intervenciones desde su construccin, aunque se
conserva escasa documentacin de las mismas, con la excepcin de las recientes actuaciones
llevadas a cabo por el arquitecto cartagenero D. Jos Manuel Chacn Bulnes (intervenciones
realizadas durante los primeros aos del presente siglo XXI). Por tanto, a la hora de proponer
actuaciones sobre un edificio histrico con los valores patrimoniales y culturales con lo que
cuenta ste, hay que tener muy presente las caractersticas que las sucesivas intervenciones han
ido aadiendo al palacio barroco original. Aquellas actuaciones que han variado sustancialmente
las caractersticas volumtricas, constructivas y materiales del edificio y de las cuales se pudo
obtener informacin documental han sido [6]:
El arquitecto D. Francisco de Paula Oliver Rolandi ser el encargado de sustituir, en el ao

1896, el slido cerramiento dieciochesco de la fachada principal original, en sus dos primeras
alturas, por una solucin ms ligera a base de una estructura metlica revestida con madera y
con grandes ventanales de carpintera de madera, a modo de escaparate, con la intencin de
comunicar indirectamente el interior del edificio con la va pblica (la fachada principal recae
a la calle Mayor, la va ms importante y seorial del centro histrico de Cartagena).
El arquitecto de origen cataln D. Vctor Beltr y Roqueta emprende una larga serie de
reformas en el inmueble entre los aos 1897 y 1919. Intervenciones de gran envergadura y
que se proyectan para introducir en el edificio histrico las innovaciones estticas y
tecnolgicas del Modernismo, movimiento artstico imperante en aquellos aos. Entre las
reformas de mayor relevancia para el comportamiento energtico del edificio se encuentra,
en primer lugar, la redistribucin de los espacios existentes con el fin de contar con las
estancias necesarias para su nuevo uso como Casino de la ciudad. En particular prolong la
fachada posterior hacia la va pblica, completando el murete de cantera que delimitaba las
caballerizas, cerr el patio interior del edificio mediante una cristalera superior con el escudo
de la ciudad y una potente cerrajera metlica. El rellano de la caja de escalera lo modifica
comunicndolo con el resto de la planta primera mediante carpinteras de madera
acristaladas a modo de balcones, adems de una red de globos de lmparas incandescentes,
que forman parte de la decoracin modernista, al estar integrados en las molduras y
acompaar a doce lunetos que permiten la entrada de luz natural.
De autor desconocido es la incorporacin de nuevos espacios cerrados en la azotea de la

planta segunda. Tampoco se conserva documentacin para fechar la intervencin, pero se
puede aventurar una fecha entre los aos 20 y 30 del siglo XX. Para esa poca, el empuje
econmico de la minera haba remitido en gran medida y el presupuesto de la Sociedad
Casino de Cartagena se redujo considerablemente. Las nuevas estancias, por tanto, estn
solucionadas con materiales y sistemas constructivos ms modestos. Los muros de
cerramiento se componen de fbrica de ladrillo hueco y la cubierta de una ligera chapa
metlica ondulada. Los revestimientos tambin son de baja calidad, tratndose de gotel en
paredes, falsos techos de yeso y pavimentos de gres. El trasds del muro de cerramiento
presenta un enfoscado y revoco de mortero de cemento con acabado superficial de pintura
impermeable.
El arquitecto cartagenero D. Jos Manuel Chacn Bulnes emprende, entre 2005 y 2009, una
serie de intervenciones con las que proteger el edificio, pues tras varias dcadas de progresiva
desidia y ausencia total de mantenimiento, el inmueble se encontraba en un estado de
conservacin cercano a la ruina. La situacin se vuelve crtica tras unas fuertes lluvias en 2003,
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que provocan el derrumbamiento de una parte de la cubierta que se encontraba en mal

estado. No ser hasta el ao 2005, cuando el cambio en la direccin al frente de la institucin
y la adjudicacin de financiacin pblica posibilita el inicio de las obras de restauracin.
Durante este periodo de cinco aos se realizan las labores de intervencin sobre la cubierta
daada, la fachada principal, la biblioteca, los salones principales de la planta primera (como
se muestra en la Figura 4), y caja de la escalera imperial, as como nuevas distribuciones de
algunas de las estancias existentes. [7]
Figura 4. Saln Principal de la planta noble tras las labores de intervencin realizadas a partir de 2005
5. NORMATIVA APLICABLE EN MATERIA DE EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA

La norma de referencia en materia de eficiencia energtica de los edificios es el Real Decreto
235/2013, de 5 de abril, que aprueba el procedimiento bsico espaol para la certificacin de la
eficiencia energtica de los edificios, un refundido de la Directiva Europea 2010/31/UE del
Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 19 de mayo de 2010 y a toda aquella legislacin espaola
sobre certificacin energtica anterior, como el Real Decreto 47/2007, de 19 de enero, incluyendo
en este caso a los edificios ya existentes. A partir del 1 de junio de 2013 se convierte en
obligatoria la presentacin de la certificacin de eficiencia energtica de la totalidad o parte del
edificio a los compradores o arrendatarios correspondientes, siendo este nuevo documento
imprescindible para los contratos de arrendamiento o compraventa de edificios y/o viviendas.
El mbito de aplicacin de este Procedimiento Bsico, establecido para permitir que los
compradores y usuarios puedan valorar y comparar las prestaciones de los edificios mediante una
informacin objetiva, es de aplicacin obligatoria a edificios de nueva construccin, edificios
existentes o partes de ellos que se vendan o alquilen ,y en el caso de tratarse de una propiedad
pblica, aquellos que ocupen una superficie til total de al menos 250 m2 y que sean frecuentados
por el pblico. Sin embargo, se excluyen del mbito de aplicacin de esta norma a:
a) Edificios y monumentos protegidos oficialmente por su valor histrico o arquitectnico
b) Edificios o partes de ellos utilizados como lugares de culto y par actividades religiosas
c) Construcciones provisionales con un plazo de utilizacin menor a dos aos
d) Edificios industriales, de la defensa y agrcolas
e) Edificios o partes de ellos, que se hallen aislados con superficie til total menor a 50m2
f) Edificios adquiridos para reformas importantes o demolicin
g) Edificios o partes de ellos usados como viviendas cuyo uso sea inferior a cuatro meses al
ao o bien utilizados temporalmente y con un consumo de energa inferior al 25% del
consumo estimado de su utilizacin ininterrumpida
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Se aprecia que la norma hace referencia en este artculo a construcciones remotas o que se
tenga pensado demoler y a aquellas que vayan a ser habitadas durante un breve plazo de tiempo.
Tambin incluye a las construcciones de actividades econmicas como son los edificios
industriales y agrcolas que, por su tamao y funcin, se alejan del objetivo perseguido por la
presente norma, adems de resultar muy compleja la aplicacin inmediata. Por otro lado, la no
aplicacin de la normativa en materia de certificacin de eficiencia energtica en el caso de
inmuebles con proteccin debida a la atribucin de valores arquitectnicos o histricos se
fundamenta en que las medidas encaminadas a disminuir las prdidas de energa pueden no ser
compatibles con la del mantenimiento de los valores patrimoniales (histricos, arquitectnicos,
sociales, culturales) que se les atribuyen a estas construcciones histricas. Sin embargo, la
aplicacin de gran parte de las medidas contenidas en el Real Decreto 235/2013, de 5 de abril,
que aprueba el procedimiento bsico espaol para la certificacin de la eficiencia energtica de
los edificios, lograra dos beneficios muy claros. Por un lado, se conseguira una mejora energtica
sobre el conjunto del parque inmobiliario, ya que los edificios protegidos por su valor histrico y
arquitectnico son, en su gran mayora, construcciones antiguas e ineficientes energticamente,
debido a que la gran mayora cuenta con instalaciones obsoletas, materiales muy deteriorados y
con escaso o nulo mantenimiento. Por otro lado, las medidas de seguimiento y mejora peridicas
de los edificios establecidas por esta normativa serviran como apoyo para la labor de proteccin
y conservacin de los edificios protegidos y de los valores arquitectnicos, sociales y culturales
que poseen, como se da en el caso del Real Monasterio Santa Mara, en Poblet (Tarragona), que
se muestra en la figura 5. En todo caso, una solucin ptima para este dilema sera incluir a los
edificios con valor patrimonial en la legislacin sobre certificacin de eficiencia energtica, a la vez
que se establecen disposiciones adicionales encaminadas a flexibilizar la aplicacin de la ley en
aquellos puntos que supongan una amenaza para asegurar la conservacin y puesta en valor de
estos edificios protegidos.
Figura 5. Real Monasterio de Santa Mara, en Poblet, en la provincia de Tarragona, un claro ejemplo de
eficiencia energtica en edificios histricos
Otro punto que apoya la aplicacin de la normativa a los bienes inmuebles protegidos por su
importancia histrico-cultural es el contenido del artculo 11 del R.D. 235/2013, titulado Validez,
renovacin y actualizacin del certificado de eficiencia energtica. En el mismo se establece una
validez mxima de diez aos para los certificados de eficiencia energtica, delegando las
condiciones especficas para su renovacin y actualizacin a los rganos competentes de las
distintas Comunidades Autnomas en materia de certificacin de edificios. De este modo, la
aplicacin de los certificados de eficiencia energtica a estos inmuebles patrimoniales se
convertira en una medida ms para el correcto control de la proteccin de aquellos valores
histricos, artsticos y/o culturales que los hace merecedores de tal grado de proteccin.
Adicionalmente, el R.D. 235/2013 establece un rgimen de inspecciones y sanciones para
aquellos casos en los que se cometan infracciones en materia de certificacin de eficiencia
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energtica. El grueso de la regulacin en este sentido lo deriva a otras dos normas. Una es la Ley
8/2013, de 26 de junio, de rehabilitacin, regeneracin y renovacin urbanas; en las Disposiciones
Adicionales tercera y cuarta, se establece una cuanta de las sanciones de 300 a 600 euros para las
leves, de 601 a 1.000 euros para las graves y de 1.001 a 6.000 euros para las muy graves. En el
caso de que el incumplimiento constituya infracciones en materia de defensa de los consumidores
y usuarios, las sanciones vendrn determinadas por los artculos 49 y 51 del Real Decreto
Legislativo 1/2007, de 16 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley
General para la Defensa de Consumidores y Usuarios y otras leyes complementarias. Las
sanciones seran de hasta 3.005,06 euros para infracciones leves, entre 3.005,07 euros y
15.025,30 euros para las graves, entre 15.025,31 euros y 601.012,10 euros para las muy graves.
Estas medidas de inspeccin y sancin colaboraran de igual modo al cumplimiento del R.D.
235/2013, que como ya se ha comentado, redundara en la proteccin de los bienes inmuebles
protegidos por su valor histrico, arquitectnico y cultural. [8]
6. ANLISIS ENERGTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DEL EDIFICIO

Realizando la certificacin de eficiencia energtica del antiguo Palacio del Marqus de CasaTilly mediante el programa CE3X se obtiene un resultado de emisiones de 323,15 kg. de CO2
anuales por metro cuadrado, por lo que le corresponde una valoracin F (como se observa en la
Figura 6), dentro de la escala A-G, siendo la A el mejor resultado posible y G el peor. Se puede
observar en la imagen que el estudio sobre la eficiencia energtica del edificio muestra unos
resultados psimos. El edificio slo logra una calificacin A en emisin y demanda de
calefaccin, siendo ste un resultado coherente habida cuenta de que se encuentra emplazado en
Cartagena, una ciudad costera donde no se alcanzan temperaturas muy bajas en invierno pero s
presenta veranos muy clidos. Esta es una de las razones por las que las emisiones de
refrigeracin se destacan como el apartado ms ineficiente con una calificacin de F.
Figura 6. Diagrama de las emisiones de CO2 obtenidas del estudio del antiguo Palacio del Marqus de CasaTilly
En base a este estudio, se proponen algunas medidas de mejora con las que elevar los
resultados obtenidos para la certificacin de eficiencia energtica de un inmueble histrico como
es el antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly. Estas propuestas se engloban dentro de los
criterios de rehabilitacin energtica para la transformacin eficiente de las instalaciones y
soluciones constructivas de este tipo de edificios. A continuacin se detallan estas medidas de
mejora [8], [9].
6.1. Sustitucin de la heterognea iluminacin actual por un sistema ms eficiente

Debido a la profunda diferencia en el estado de restauracin de las diferentes estancias del
edificio del Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly, se propone realizar un proyecto unificado de
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iluminacin para su actualizacin, aprovechando la mayor eficiencia que el avance de la

tecnologa en este campo permite. La iluminacin actual se compone de lmparas incandescentes
de tungsteno y de vapor de mercurio de alta y baja presin de diferentes calidades, con
instalaciones comprendidas desde las intervenciones modernistas hace ms de un siglo, pasando
por pequeas intervenciones con escasos medios a lo largo del siglo XX hasta soluciones ms
actuales a principios del siglo XXI. Actualmente existen opciones ms eficientes con las que
reemplazar a las anteriores, como se muestra en la Tabla 1. En concreto se propone el uso de
lmparas incandescentes halgenas de tungsteno para la sustitucin de las incandescentes de
tungsteno tradicionales situadas en las luminarias originales y en las molduras de algunas
estancias. Dentro de las de descarga de vapor de mercurio se proponen se encuentran de alta
presin: las de halogenuros metlicos y de baja presin: las de induccin. Las lmparas de
electroluminiscencia denominadas LED son tambin recomendables debido a sus grandes
prestaciones y a su bajo consumo. En la siguiente tabla se muestran algunas de las principales
caractersticas exigidas a los diferentes tipos de lmparas existentes.
Tabla 1. Comparativa de las principales caractersticas exigidas a las lmparas
Tipo de lmpara
Tipo de
encendido
Encendido en
caliente
Contenido en
mercurio
Lmenes/vatio
Vida
til
Reproduccin
cromtica
Temperatura del
color
Parpadeo
estroboscpico
Coste de
mantenimiento
Vapor de
mercurio
Fluorescente
Halogenuro
metlico
LED
Induccin
5-10 min
Instantneo
7-10 min
Instantneo
Instantneo
No
No
14-100 mg
10-43 mg
1-2,8 mg
Despreciable
5 mg
15-45
lum/W
86-96
lum/W
96-118
lum/W
65-115 lum/W
64-73
lum/W
10.000 h
8.000 h
16.000 h
50.000 h
80.000 h
>40
50-90
60-70
>70
>80
5.000 K
2.700/5.400 K
2.800 K
2.700/6.500K
2.900/3.850K
No
No
Alto
Medio
Medio
Muy bajo
Muy bajo
6.2. Instalacin de bomba de calor de alto rendimiento

Segn un reciente estudio del Instituto para la Diversificacin y el Ahorro de la Energa
(IDAE), la calefaccin es responsable del 47% del consumo energtico de los hogares espaoles,
seguido de los electrodomsticos y el agua caliente. En este escenario, la bomba de calor surge
como una alternativa a la calefaccin tradicional de gas y de gasleo, ya que proporciona un
mayor ahorro. El calor generado por la bomba de calor es considerado como energa aerotrmica,
un tipo de energa renovable y totalmente gratuita procedente del aire exterior. Es un sistema
polivalente ya que tambin proporciona refrigeracin para climatizar el hogar a una temperatura
adecuada durante los meses de ms calor. En funcin del modelo y las condiciones de uso, una
bomba de calor genera unos 3 kWh de calor til por cada kWh de electricidad que consume y no
produce emisiones directas de dixido de carbono a la atmsfera. Este sistema aparece con una
gran alternativa frente a los diseminados aparatos de aire acondicionado de diferentes fechas y
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calidades repartidos por todo el inmueble. Adems, la bomba de calor resulta muy fcil de
integrar con otras formas de energa renovable, como puede ser la solar trmica. De este modo,
se aprovecha la energa gratuita del sol para transferir el calor al depsito de agua caliente
sanitaria, aprovechando esta energa y maximizando de este modo la eficiencia energtica de la
bomba de calor.
6.3. Instalacin de vidrios con control solar

El vidrio de control solar (tambin conocido como solar-e o vidrio espectralmente selectivo) es
un vidrio doble trmicamente reforzado al que se le aade una fina capa transparente en una de
sus laminas, de tal manera que -adems de las funciones del doble vidrio- sin perjudicar la
cantidad de luz reduce la cantidad de calor solar (energa de onda larga) que absorbe el vidrio y la
cantidad de calor solar que pasa del exterior al interior a travs del vidrio. El vidrio de control
solar es incoloro y deja pasar el mximo de luz del da (energa de onda corta). Esto lo diferencia
de los vidrios tintados o teidos, que tambin sirven para controlar la transmisin de calor solar,
pero tienen el inconveniente que reducen la luz y la visibilidad, y se calientan mucho por la
elevada absorcin del calor que experimentan. Con la excepcin de los vidrios grabados al cido
presentes en el antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly, la instalacin de vidrios con control
solar reducira el calor solar que entra en contacto con el vidrio, disminuyendo la temperatura en
el interior y reduciendo, por tanto, el consumo en climatizacin.
6.4. Instalacin de sistema de refrigeracin de energa solar trmica

Hoy da es posible aprovechar la energa solar para cubrir la demanda de la instalacin de
climatizacin de los edificios, pues la tecnologa permite acumular la energa trmica por un lado y
la refrigeracin solar por el otro. Gracias a esto, se resuelven conjuntamente las necesidades
energticas de nuestro edificio: agua caliente, calefaccin mediante suelo radiante y refrigeracin
mediante suelo radiante. Este sistema funciona mediante la energa liberada a travs de los
cambios de estado de la materia, de forma similar a como lo hace la bomba de calor, aunque en
este caso no lo hace mediante un gas/lquido sino por la disolucin de sales en agua. Los sistemas
de refrigeracin solar, como el que se muestra en la Figura7, tienen la gran ventaja de que se
utilizan cuando coinciden los niveles mximos de demanda y de produccin, ya que las
necesidades de climatizacin de un edificio se producen en la poca de ms radiacin solar. Otra
de las ventajas es que se evitan los problemas de dispersin energtica que las instalaciones de
energa solar trmica tienen en verano, al no disponer de sistemas de disipacin de calor. La
energa solar trmica utilizada para refrigeracin descongestiona la red de distribucin elctrica y
extrae un mayor rendimiento de las instalaciones solares, a menudo infra-aprovechadas o en
riesgo de sobrecalentamiento durante el verano. En la Unin Europea (UE) se espera que su uso
aumente en los prximos aos, teniendo en cuenta el incremento de las energas limpias como
frmula para evitar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y de los CFC y HCFC,
refrigerantes implicados en la reduccin de la capa de ozono. El aprovechamiento de la energa
solar para producir fro puede realizarse de dos maneras distintas. Por un lado, mediante mdulos
fotovoltaicos que generen la electricidad necesaria para accionar un equipo elctrico. Por otro
lado, mediante colectores solares que produzcan directamente energa trmica a baja o media
temperatura. Esta solucin se presenta, por tanto, como una solucin eficiente de aprovechar las
altas temperaturas presentes en la ciudad de Cartagena para climatizar el edificio del antiguo
Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly de un modo ecolgico que permite disminuir las emisiones de
CO2 a la atmsfera.
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Figura 7. Ejemplo de captadores solares en azotea, llamados techos solares
6.5. Incorporacin de un sistema de cogeneracin para el Agua Caliente Sanitaria

La cogeneracin es un procedimiento de generacin de energa en el que se genera
simultneamente electricidad y calor. Es un sistema altamente eficiente, ya que el calor es
producido durante el proceso de generacin de la electricidad y supone, por tanto, el
aprovechamiento de un calor residual. En una combustin normal, los humos son expulsados a
altas temperaturas, mientras que en la cogeneracin, el humo se enfra antes de salir para
aprovechar el calor residual en otros procesos. En cuanto al aprovechamiento del calor residual,
los sistemas de cogeneracin presentan rendimientos globales del orden del 85%, lo que implica
que el aprovechamiento simultneo de electricidad y calor favorezca la obtencin de elevados
ndices de ahorro energtico, as como una disminucin importante de la factura energtica, sin
alterar el proceso productivo, ahorro energtico que se incrementa si se utilizan energas
residuales. Adems de ser un sistema altamente eficiente, disminuye la contaminacin, dado que
por cada unidad elctrica producida son solamente necesarias 1,5 unidades, frente a las 3
necesarias en la generacin trmica convencional. La contaminacin se reduce entonces al 50%.
Para producir una unidad elctrica por medios convencionales se necesitan 3 unidades de
energa, mientras que en cogeneracin se necesitan 1,5 unidades de energa, por lo que la
cantidad de contaminacin emitida se disminuye en un 50%. Esta opcin se posiciona como una
alternativa para la necesidad de cubrir el aporte de calor para el agua caliente sanitaria ACS, a la
vez que supone un modo eficiente de rebajar notablemente la factura de electricidad.
7. CONCLUSIONES
En los ltimos aos, los conceptos de eficiencia en el uso de la energa han ido asentndose
gradualmente en la conciencia colectiva y gracias al aumento de las intervenciones de
conservacin, restauracin y mantenimiento de edificios en detrimento de las obras de nueva
planta, se abre un amplio campo de aplicacin de estos conceptos a los edificios existentes y, en
particular, a la edificacin histrica. Sin embargo, la legislacin espaola sobre eficiencia
energtica excluye actualmente de su mbito de aplicacin a una serie de construcciones, entre
las que destacan los edificios histricos, edificios en los que se reconocen valores patrimoniales
(histricos, arquitectnicos, culturales).
Aprovechar diseos inteligentes y materiales y sistemas constructivos energticamente
eficientes y ponerlos al servicio de lograr un mximo rendimiento y confort dentro del edificio
histrico con el mnimo de recursos posibles parece el camino ms acertado para el futuro de la
arquitectura y la construccin en la poca de revolucin tecnolgica en la que vivimos. Para
alcanzar estos objetivos sobre rehabilitacin y mejora energtica es imprescindible el
establecimiento de una normativa al respecto que sea eficaz y que cuente con unos organismos
pblicos que vigilen por su correcto cumplimiento. Este trabajo defiende la investigacin y la
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transferencia de conocimiento sobre la mejora de las prestaciones energticas de los edificios con
valor histrico mediante la inclusin de este tipo de inmuebles dentro del grupo de edificios para
los que la aplicacin de la normativa sobre eficiencia energtica es de obligado cumplimiento, en
particular el Real Decreto 235/2013 de 5 de abril. Tal y como se ha desarrollado en este artculo,
no se encuentran motivos suficientes que justifiquen la prdida de las ventajas de la eficiencia
energtica en edificios histricos como el antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly en Cartagena,
mostrado en la Figura 8. As mismo, se han realizado una serie de propuestas de modificaciones
en el edificio para conseguir una mejora de la calificacin energtica que esperamos sean tenidas
en cuenta en una prxima intervencin de conservacin en este singular y representativo edificio
de Cartagena.
Figura 8. Fachada principal del antiguo Palacio del Marqus de Casa-Tilly en Cartagena
8. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Tornel Cobacho, C., (1996) Manual de Historia de Cartagena. Murcia: Ayuntamiento de Cartagena y
Universidad de Murcia.
[2]. Prez Rojas, F.J., (1980) Casinos de la Regin Murciana. Un estudio preliminar (1850-1920). Valencia:
Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Valencia y Murcia.
[3]. Prez Rojas, F.J., (1986) Cartagena 1874-1936 (transformacin urbana y arquitectura). Murcia: Editora
Regional de Murcia.
[4]. Monjo Carri. J., (1997) Patologa y tcnicas de intervencin en estructuras arquitectnicas. Madrid:
Editorial Munilla-Lera.
[5]. Maestre de San Juan Escolar, C., (2012). El Casino de Cartagena y antiguo Palacio del Marqus de CasaTilly. Anlisis histrico-constructivo y de patologas. Cartagena: Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena.
[6]. Prez de Puig, E., (2008) Sociedad de Recreo Casino de Cartagena. Cartagena: Ayuntamiento de
Cartagena.
[7]. Chacn Bulnes, J. M.; (2007) Casino de Cartagena. La restauracin arquitectnica. En XVIII Jornadas de
Patrimonio Cultural. Murcia: Consejera de Cultura y Turismo de la Regin de Murcia. pp. 751-758.
[8]. Maestre de San Juan Escolar, C., (2013). El Casino de Cartagena y antiguo Palacio del Marqus de CasaTilly. Anlisis integral. Hacia una mayor eficiencia energtica. Cartagena: Universidad Politcnica de
Cartagena
[9]. VV.AA., (2011) Eficiencia energtica en edificios. Certificacin y auditoras energticas. Madrid:
Thomson editores Spain.
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REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS DE VIVIENDAS

BAJO EL PLAN ESPECIAL DE PROTECCIN DEL PATRIMONIO
URBANSTICO CONSTRUIDO EN DONOSTIA-SAN
SEBASTIN / Building energy retrofit of dwellings under
the special plan of urban built heritage protection in
Donostia-San Sebastian
MARTN, A.; MILLN, J. A.; HIDALGO, J. M.; IRIBAR, E.
MARTN, A.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas y Motores Trmicos.
Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San Sebastin Espaa.
a.martin073@ikasle.ehu.es
MILLN, J. A.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas y Motores
Trmicos. Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San Sebastin Espaa.
j.millan@ehu.es
HIDALGO, J. M.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas y Motores
Trmicos. Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San Sebastin Espaa.
juanmari.hidalgo@gmail.com
IRIBAR, E.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas y Motores Trmicos.
Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San Sebastin Espaa. eideriribar@gmail.com
RESUMEN
Los edificios son los responsables del 40% del consumo energtico europeo. A consecuencia de ello varias
son las medidas que se estn tomando en el sector de la edificacin en materia energtica. A su vez un
amplio nmero de edificios disponen de un inters particular debido a su valor histrico-artstico. Por lo que
un estudio especfico de las intervenciones sobre esta tipologa edificatoria es fundamental para mantener
ntegros los valores del patrimonio edificado.
El objetivo de la presente investigacin es establecer una metodologa de estudio, que nos permita
evaluar el comportamiento energtico y el futuro potencial de ahorro energtico en edificios decimonnicos
catalogados de carcter residencial. Para ello se propone enfocar el mbito de trabajo en el desarrollo
urbanstico que vivi la ciudad de Donostia-San Sebastin a partir del ao 1865, centrndonos en el actual
barrio del centro.
En primer lugar se procede a emplear herramientas SIG que permiten establecer una organizacin y
cuantificacin de la edificacin existente en el mbito de estudio. A su vez se determina el potencial de
actuacin y conocer as el grado de aplicacin posible de este tipo de intervenciones.
Posteriormente el anlisis se enfoca en un caso de estudio que representa la tipologa edificatoria ms
prolfera del mbito. A travs de una serie de ensayos termogrficos y termoflujomtricos, monitorizacin
higrotrmica, facturacin y simulacin energtica se logra caracterizar el comportamiento trmico y evaluar
las medidas de mejora aplicables al mismo.
En una ltima fase se sugiere una propuesta de rehabilitacin energtica pasiva teniendo en
consideracin las limitaciones normativas existentes en materia de edificacin protegida y el objetivo de
reducir la demanda energtica.
Como conclusin se logra establecer un orden de prioridad en las actuaciones de futuras intervenciones y
cuantificar el posible ahorro energtico mediante la aplicacin de las medidas pasivas en la envolvente.
Palabras clave: Patrimonio edificado, Rehabilitacin energtica de edificios, Simulacin energtica de
edificios.
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ABSTRACT
Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption in Europe. As a result, several measures are
being taken in the building sector on energy. For its part, a large number of buildings are of particular
interest because of its historical and artistic value. As a specific study of interventions on this building type is
critical to keep in place the values of the built heritage.
The objective of this research is to establish a study methodology, allowing us to assess the energy
performance and the future potential for energy savings in nineteenth century buildings listed as residential
buildings. To this end, it is proposed to focus the scope of work in the urban development experienced by the
city of Donostia-San Sebastian from 1865, focusing on the current downtown area.
First, it is necessary to use GIS tools to establish an organization and quantification of the existing
building in the area of study. Turn determines the action potential and thus determine the degree of
applicability of such interventions.
Subsequently, the analysis focuses on a case study representing the most prolific building in its own field.
It is through a series of heat flowmeter and thermographic trials, hygrothermal monitoring, billing and
energy simulation that thermal performance characterization is achieved as well as an evaluation of
improvement measures
In the last phase, it is suggest a proposal of passive energy refurbishment taking into account the existing
regulatory restrictions on protected buildings and aim to reduce energy demand.
In conclusion, the priority of future interventions can be achieved as well as a possible energy saving
through by applying passive measures in the thermal layer.
Key words: Built heritage, Building energy retrofit, Building energy simulation
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1. INTRODUCCIN
En la actualidad diversos son los proyectos de rehabilitacin energtica que se centran en la
intervencin en edificios existentes anteriores a los aos 80 [1] [2]. Las razones fundamentales
que motivan dichas actuaciones son debido a la necesidad de aislamiento y a la existencia de un
gran campo de aplicacin.
No obstante, es presente otra gran parte de edificacin de caractersticas diferentes pero que
necesitan a su vez de este tipo de intervenciones. Se trata de los edificios con cierto grado de
proteccin debido a su valor histrico-artstico.
En este mbito, se han desarrollado algunos proyectos a nivel de investigacin [3] [4] [5]. Su
propsito es el de apoyar la rehabilitacin energtica del patrimonio edificado en Europa a travs
del desarrollo y demostracin de nuevas metodologas, sistemas y tecnologas.
El presente estudio trata de abordar este tipo de intervenciones de manera similar con el
objetivo de establecer una aproximacin y fomentar las actuaciones de rehabilitacin energtica
en edificaciones con cierto grado de proteccin.
2. ANLISIS
2.1. Mtodo de estudio
Para poder acometer el presente estudio se ha establecido una metodologa que nos permita
comprender este tipo de actuaciones de una manera global.
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Para ello inicialmente se propone un anlisis de aproximacin de un entorno en concreto y

finalmente centrarse en un caso de estudio y plantear en l las propuestas de intervencin.
Posteriormente se analizarn las mejoras obtenidas y se obtendrn las conclusiones del estudio.
Este tipo de anlisis permitir en un primer paso comprender el edificio en su entorno,
investigar las relaciones existentes con el ambiente y estudiar tanto las caractersticas
constructivas como el estado de conservacin. El segundo paso consistir en evaluar el
comportamiento energtico del edificio para detectar as los problemas existentes y as
finalmente, como tercer paso identificar las soluciones tcnicas ms apropiadas para la mejora del
edificio [6].
Cabe destacar que en el caso de estudio nicamente se plantean soluciones pasivas con el
objeto de establecer actuaciones sencillas pero eficaces, facilitando as la aplicacin real en
futuros casos de intervencin.
2.2. Entorno y mbito de estudio

El mbito de estudio elegido ha sido el barrio del centro de Donostia-San Sebastin debido a su
alto valor arquitectnico patrimonial protegido por el Plan Especial de Proteccin del Patrimonio
Urbanstico Construido (PEPPUC), Figura 1.
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Figura 1: Distribucin edificatoria en el mbito de estudio segn el grado de catalogacin del PEPPUC de
Donostia-San Sebastin mediante software SIG
La trama urbana se expande mayoritariamente mediante bloques de manzana cerrada con

esquinas achaflanadas. En ellas se presentan las tipologas edificatorias conocidas como edificios
burgueses o en esquina, las casas de rentas o entre medianeras y finalmente los bloques exentos,
viviendas individuales u hotelitos [7].
El empleo de herramientas SIG [8] ha permitido concluir que la tipologa edificatoria ms
representativa coincide con el bloque edificatorio entre medianeras con el grado de proteccin D,
uso residencial y localizado en el sector entre la Calle San Martn y la plaza del Centenario.
A su vez se ha cuantificado el potencial de actuacin de este tipo de intervenciones en el
mbito de estudio, Figura 2, siendo un total de 852.632 m2 para uso residencial y de 161.331 m2
para uso no residencial. Estas superficies quedan repartidas entre un total de 606 bloques
edificatorios catalogados.
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Figura 2: Distribucin de superficies construidas (m ) en el mbito de estudio en funcin del grado de

catalogacin segn el PEPPUC
2.3. Caso de estudio

El caso de estudio se centra en el bloque de edificatorio localizado en la C/Larramendi n13
por coincidir con la tipologa edificatoria ms representativa y por tener acceso a una vivienda del
mismo.
El anlisis particular se ha elaborado de manera que se pudiera comprender el estado original
del edificio y finalmente poder establecer una propuesta final de actuacin. Para ello el presente
apartado se clasifica en cuatro subapartados.
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Caracterizacin del edificio

El edificio objeto est compuesto por una fachada principal de piedra arenisca vista y fachada
posterior al patio de manzana de mampostera revocada. Dispone de cubierta inclinada de teja en
los extremos de los vanos y cubierta plana con baldosa cermica en el vano central.
Para poder caracterizar el comportamiento energtico se estableci una serie de ensayos que
se centraron en la vivienda de la segunda planta mano derecha.
En primer lugar se elabor un estudio higrotrmico del interior de la vivienda. Para ello se
emplearon dos data logger que se localizaron en ubicaciones que representaran de manera ms
fiel las condiciones interiores. De los registros recogidos durante 115 das entre los meses de
noviembre y marzo, se obtienen unos resultados que muestran como las condiciones de confort
interior son adecuadas en trmino medio, Tabla 1. Los valores mximos y mnimos no preocupan
debido a sus valores puntuales que representan. El valor medio de la humedad se encuentra
dentro de los rangos que son habituales en los periodos de calefaccin.
Tabla 1: Resultados mximos, mnimos y promedios calculados de los registros higrotrmicos obtenidos de
la vivienda objeto
Datos
Estancia
Valor mximo
Valor mnimo
Promedio
Saln
25,40
16,00
20,06
T (C)
Habitacin
24,60
17,90
20,01
Hum. Relat. (%)

Saln
Habitacin
72,10
71,30
19,50
28,90
47,18
48,58
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El segundo de los ensayos efectuados consisti en la medicin de la transmitancia trmica del

muro al patio de manzana. Para ello se emple un termofluxmetro [9] que tom los registros de 4
das. Se puede observar, Figura 3, como el valor de la resistencia trmica del elemento tiende a
tomar un valor de 0,5 m2K/W. Por lo que el valor de transmitancia trmica del cerramiento en la
parte ensayada obtiene un valor de 1,49 W/m2K.
El tercer ensayo efectuado consisti en realizar un anlisis cualitativo mediante termografa.
Los resultados obtenidos, Figura 4, mostraron la existencia de un gran diferencial de temperaturas
en el encuentro de las carpinteras con las mochetas de los huecos producidos por las
infiltraciones existentes en esas zonas. A su vez permiti detectar la existencia de un puente
trmico en el dintel de planta baja como consecuencia de la solucin constructiva de solventar el
dintel de los huecos de carpintera mediante un perfil metlico.
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Figura 3: Resultados obtenidos de resistencia y transmitancia trmica del cerramiento en el ensayo

termoflujomtrico en la vivienda objeto
Figura 4: Fachada principal del edificio objeto segn el espectro visible y el infrarrojo
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Por ltimo, una vez determinada la composicin geomtrica y compositiva de la envolvente

trmica del edificio se procedi a efectuar la simulacin energtica mediante el software Design
Builder, que emplea el contrastado motor de clculo Energy Plus.
Tabla 2: Comparativa de la demanda y consumo de calefaccin del edificio y la vivienda objeto calculados
mediante simulacin y facturacin
Objeto de clculo
Facturacin vivienda objeto
Simulacin vivienda objeto
Simulacin edificio objeto
Demanda de calefaccin
2
(kWh/m ao)
56,41
73,26
Consumo de calefaccin
2
(kWh/m ao)
57,92
66,36
86,19
Los resultados obtenidos, Tabla 2, muestran una demanda de calefaccin a nivel de edificio de
73,26 kWh/m2ao. Para contrastar los valores se comparan a su vez los resultados obtenidos de la
simulacin de la vivienda objeto con los datos de consumo obtenidos por medio de la facturacin.
Se observa una ligera diferencia despreciable debida a parmetros que no se pueden alcanzar en
el presente estudio tales como el nivel real de infiltraciones, el rendimiento exacto de
instalaciones o que el perfil de usos y cargas que establece la normativa en la materia no puede
llegar a ser tan fiel al perfil real. No obstante se considera que los resultados de la simulacin son
muy prximos al comportamiento real.
Exigencias y limitaciones
En este tipo de intervenciones al tratarse de edificios catalogados se debe de establecer un
anlisis concreto de las limitaciones que impone la normativa. En el caso a tratar el PEPPUC
especfica que el edificio objeto queda catalogado como Grado D. Esto implica la obligacin de
mantener intacta la fachada exterior principal y la composicin unitaria y original de las
carpinteras.
La normativa en materia de ahorro energtico queda fuera del mbito de aplicacin por
tratarse de edificios protegidos. No obstante se consideran sus valores a modo de orientacin
para garantizar la calidad de la intervencin.
Estudio de propuestas
Para la eleccin de las soluciones ms idneas se elabor un estudio paramtrico con 55
configuraciones diferentes en funcin del tipo de vidrio y el espesor de aislamiento a emplear. A
su vez, dicha evaluacin se efectu de manera independiente en funcin de la orientacin de la
fachada.
Los resultados en las viviendas orientadas al patio de manzana muestran, Figura 5, como a
partir de un espesor de aislamiento entre 8-12 cm no se consigue reducir sustancialmente la
demanda energtica de calefaccin. Es de apreciar a su vez como la unidad de vidrio aislante
(U.V.A.) que mayor reduccin obtiene es el vidrio triple. No obstante dicha reduccin de demanda
energtica no justifica el aumento de precio que supone [10] y por lo tanto se propone el empleo
de U.V.A. doble. Teniendo en consideracin estos datos, para este tipo de fachadas, en las que el
PEPPUC consiente la intervencin por el exterior, se propone la instalacin de un sistema SATE
debido la consolidacin que ha logrado en el sector, lo que facilitar la bsqueda de profesionales
experimentados en su ejecucin.
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Figura 5: Estudio paramtrico de simulacin energtica en funcin del tipo de U.V.A. y el espesor de
aislamiento para la vivienda de segunda planta mano derecha del edificio objeto
Los datos obtenidos para la fachada principal, Figura 6, muestran resultados similares en
cuanto al nivel de aislamiento. No obstante en cuanto a la tipologa de U.V.A. a emplear vara
notablemente. Al encontrarse las viviendas orientadas al Noroeste las U.V.A. triples con
aplicaciones bajo emisivas obtienen ptimos resultados. No obstante, al igual que en la fachada
opuesta, dicha reduccin de demanda no justifica el aumento de precio. Es por ello que en este
caso se recomienda el empleo de U.V.A. doble con aplicacin bajo emisiva. Cabe destacar que el
espesor a emplear se recomienda de 4 cm, no obstante se emplearn 6 cm para poder cumplir la
normativa municipal en materia de eficiencia energtica [11]. Su aplicacin ser por el interior
mediante trasdosado para cumplir a su vez el PEPPUC.
Figura 6: Estudio paramtrico de simulacin energtica en funcin del tipo de U.V.A. y el espesor de
aislamiento para la vivienda de segunda planta mano izquierda del edificio objeto
En lo que respecta al estudio de la cubierta cabe destacar que los anlisis paramtricos
efectuados han permitido detectar como la adicin de aislamiento repercute notablemente sobre
las viviendas de ltima planta y por el contrario la inapreciable reduccin de la demanda de
calefaccin que se obtiene sobre las viviendas tipo. Al igual que para el caso de las fachadas, el
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espesor ptimo considerado a partir del cual la demanda de calefaccin no se ve notablemente

reducida es de 14 cm.
Anlisis propuesta de intervencin

Una vez evaluadas las propuestas se procede a efectuar la simulacin energtica de la
intervencin final con el objeto de determinar la reduccin de demanda obtenida.
A nivel global, Figura 7, queda reflejado como se ha logrado reducir notablemente en ms de
un 60% la demanda de calefaccin gracias a la reduccin de las prdidas de calor por transmisin.
No obstante, se puede observar como el factor principal en el que se debe de actuar es el nivel de
infiltraciones.
Figura 7: Balance energtico del edificio objeto originariamente y tras la propuesta de intervencin
Tabla 3: Distribucin de las demandas de calefaccin de las viviendas del edificio objeto originariamente y
tras la propuesta de intervencin
Ref.
Planta
Mano
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
PB
P1
P1
P2
P2
P3
P3
P4
P4
BC
BC
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
Superficie
2
(m )
122,21
68,32
58,46
68,32
58,46
68,32
58,46
68,32
58,46
68,32
58,46
D. Original
2
(kWh/m ao)
59,35
89,41
65,03
86,86
56,41
87,3
58,21
90,56
60,04
85,73
90,79
D. Intervencin
2
(kWh/m ao)
26,62
33,29
30,08
30,53
26,87
30,04
25,17
30,11
24,4
23,78
24,76
Reduccin
(%)
55,15
62,77
53,74
64,85
52,37
65,59
56,76
66,75
59,36
72,26
72,73
En lo que respecta al anlisis individual de cada vivienda, Tabla 3, gracias a la actuacin se ha

logrado evitar las grandes descompensaciones en la demanda de calefaccin existentes
originariamente entre las diferentes viviendas. Todas ellas tienen unos valores prximos a 28
kWh/m2ao, obtenindose unos valores mnimos de reduccin del 50% y del 70% en algunos
casos.
3. CONCLUSIONES
El presente estudio muestra el gran potencial de actuacin existente de rehabilitacin
energtica en edificios protegidos en el mbito de estudio del barrio del Centro de Donostia-San
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Sebastin. Este tipo de casos es igualmente aplicable a una gran mayora de ciudades europeas
cuyo valor del patrimonio edificado es elevado.
A su vez es de apreciar cules son los parmetros fundamentales para lograr una reduccin en
la demanda energtica.
En primer lugar es primordial la cuantificacin y la toma de medidas para la reduccin del nivel
de infiltraciones por ser el parmetro que ms influye. En segundo lugar el empleo de unas
carpinteras idneas debido a la reduccin de infiltraciones y de transmisin trmica que se
obtiene. Recordar que el estudio del tipo de U.V.A. en funcin de la orientacin de la fachada es
un aspecto vital. Por ltimo el empleo de soluciones constructivas diferentes en funcin de la
orientacin de la vivienda permite solventar las grandes descompensaciones de demanda de
calefaccin existentes en las viviendas originariamente.
Gracias a estos parmetros se pueden obtener unas reducciones mnimas del 50% de la
demanda de calefaccin original pudiendo obtener valores de hasta el 70% de reduccin en
algunos casos.
4. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Greciano, J.C. (2014). Comunicacin: Cmo realizar una rehabilitacin energtica integral de un edificio
para conseguir que su consumo de energas sea casi nulo. PREI. II Congreso EECN Edificios Energa Casi
Nula. Madrid, 6-7 Mayo de 2014.
[2]. Aurea Consulting; Factor 4 Ingenieros S.L. (2010). Estudio para la rehabilitacin energtica y
medioambiental del barrio de Amara del municipio de San Sebastin. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from
http://www.donostia.org
[3]. 3encult. Efficient energy for EU cultural heritage. Project duration: October 2010-March 2014.
Retrieved August 11, 2014, from http://www.3encult.eu/
[4]. New4Old. New energy for old buildings-Promoting the integration of RES & RUE measures in historic
buildings. Project duration: September 2007-August 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from
http://www.new4old.eu/
[5]. Renerpath. Metodologa de Rehabilitacin energtica de edificios. Project duration: April 2011December 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2014 from http://www.cartif.com
[6]. Pianezze, F. (2009). Energy efficiency and conservation: a systematic approach to knowledge,
management and restoration project of historical buildings.
[7]. Martn, A. (2002). Los orgenes del ensanche Cortzar de San Sebastin. Barcelona: Fundacin Caja de
Arquitectos.
[8]. Fundacin OSGeo. (2014). QGIS 2.2.0-Valmiera. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from http://www.qgis.org/
[9]. ISO. Thermal insulation-Building elements-In situ measurement resistance and thermal transmittance.
ISO 9869. Genve: ISO 1994.
[10].
Cristaleria Recalde, S.A. (2014). Documento indito: Presupuesto de distintas tipologas de U.V.A.
para carpinteras.
[11].
Ayuntamiento de Donostia-San Sebastin. (2009). Ordenanza municipal de eficiencia energtica y
calidad ambiental de los edificios.
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IS TEMPERIERUNG ENERGY EFFICIENT? THE APPLICATION

OF AN OLD-NEW HEATING SYSTEM TO HERITAGE
BUILDINGS
DEL CURTO, D.; LUCIANI, A.; MANFREDI, C.; VALISI, L.
DEL CURTO, D.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia.
davide.delcurto@polimi.it
LUCIANI, A.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia.
andrea.luciani@polimi.it
MANFREDI, C.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia.
carlo.manfredi@polimi.it
VALISI, L.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia.
luca.valisi@polimi.it
ABSTRACT
Temperierung consists in the installation of pipes circulating hot water (40-60C) below the surface of the
wall at one or more different heights from the floor, forming a heated band at man-height. Similarly to the
floor heating, heat is emitted in part by IR radiation at low frequency, in part is transferred to the air by
conduction inside the wall and then by convection to the air along the wall. The experience of the
Landesstelle fr die Nichtstaatlichen Museen in Bayern since the 1980's, highlights that the best results are
gained when the two purposes of heating and preservation are properly balanced [1].
The paper presents an update of the discussion on Temperierung, following the most recent studies
evaluating the system on the basis of data collected on field, after 30 years of installations and debates [2].
Along with the question of how Temperierung is effective to set an indoor climate suitable for preservation,
the authors consider now the impact of Temperierung on users' comfort and energy consumption.
Beside recent literature, the discussion is based on the experimental data from the ongoing monitoring of
Palazzo Pallavicino-Ariguzzi in Cremona. The Palazzo was built between 14th and 19th century and is
nowadays used as an international violin-making school and a music academy. A Temperierung system was
installed in 2006 and monitored since 2013 by measuring outdoor and indoor air temperature and relative
humidity, wall surface temperatures and radiant heat.
The results of the first season of monitoring allow a discussion on some beliefs concerning the use of
Temperierung in heritage buildings.
Key words: Temperierung, indoor climate, monitoring, energy efficiency
1. INTRODUCTION
Temperierung consists in the installation of pipes circulating hot water (40-60C) below the
surface of the wall, forming a band of heated band at mans height. In case of the restoration of
historic buildings with fine masonry surfaces, the tubes can also be applied on the wall surface.
Similarly to the floor heating, the heat is emitted in part as IR radiation at low frequency, in part is
transferred to air by conduction inside the wall and then by convection to the air close to the wall
[3].
Temperierung was employed by the Bayerische Landesamt fur Denkmalpflege since the
beginning of the 1980s in local museums, also to reduce the negative effect of the cold wall at the
back of the paintings. The system proved to be suitable also for heating the internal environment
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and the best results are obtained by the combination of the two purposes. The main experiences
are collected in the Eureka project / Eurocare "PREVENT" attended by partners from Austria,
Czech Republic, Italy, Slovenia and Germany The book of the results is still a kind of "manifesto" of
Temperierung [1] and states some key points at the base of the project "PREVENT", then
incorporated and developed by subsequent research: 1) the building envelope plays a key role in
regulating and stabilizing the indoor climate; 2) the slow variation of the indoor climate is a key
requirement of the project; 3) the international standards about the climatic values cannot be
considered universally valid because they do not take into account the local and seasonal
conditions of each place, the typology and constructive features of each building or the type of
heating and air conditioning [4].
More recently, Temperierung has been studied in the context of the European projects
"Friendly Heating" and "Climate for Culture", in addition to the work of the Technische Kferhaus
Bro GmbH in Wien [5]. Ongoing research at the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics and
activities promoted by Landesstelle fr die nichtstaatlichen Museen in Bayern with the project
"Temperierung Heating as a Tool for Preventive Conservation An Assessment" should also be
mentioned [2]. Besides the evaluation of Temperierung as a tool for preventive conservation,
current research is focused on two aspects: 1) the evaluation of the energy behaviour of the
system (Temperierung is energy-efficient?); 2) the effectiveness of Temperierung to define
hygrothermal comfort conditions for users.
The availability of experimental data is a key issue to achieve good results and to renew the
debate on Temperierung which, in the recent past, was rarely based on experimental data. For
this reason, a third issue is the definition of an internationally shared measurement protocol [6].
This paper presents the first results of the monitoring of the internal climate of the Palazzo
Pallavicini-Ariguzzi in Cremona, where a Temperierung system was installed during the general
restoration of the building. The building is quite representative of the Italian situation, where
Temperierung has been employed in a number of historic buildings over the last thirty years as a
possible alternative to the systems of heating air or radiant floor. This trend must be connected to
the rise of conservation as a primary goal of architectural restoration and to the spread of the
idea that the amount of matter which is preserved, may be a way to state the quality of a
restoration project: technical devices, especially those for heating and air-conditioning, may cause
serious damage to walls, decorations, floors and ceilings, and sometimes even to the fragile
structure of historic buildings (holes, channels, partial demolition). That is why Italian designers
were more interested in Temperierung as a way to limit the damage to the existing building,
rather than as a device for preventive conservation [7].
The building nowadays known as Palazzo Pallavicino-Ariguzzi in Cremona (approx. 5,000
square meters, 20,000 cubic meters) is the result of a long process of aggregation of different
smaller buildings from the Middle Age, the 17th and 18th century and the Modern Age.
Temperierung was installed as a heating system between 2002 and 2005, but has been in
operation only since autumn 2010, when the building became the headquarters of the
Professional Institute for the International Violin Making and Woodworking Handicrafts (IPIALL)
[8,9].
Temperierung of the Palazzo Pallavicino-Ariguzzi consists in the installation of a double circuit
of heating pipes on the inner side of the external walls. From the bottom to the top, the section
consists in: one pipe (18 mm) in contact with the floor, one (18 mm) 20 cm from the floor, one
(12 mm) 80 cm from the floor and one (12 mm) 90 cm from the floor.
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The pipes are coated with a layer of lime plaster applied over the existing plaster and finished
with lime stucco and marble powder. The channelling of the electrical system is placed in the
bottom of the wall, between the two pipes of the lower circuit, protected by a brass plate. An
additional single pipe is also installed at the base of some interior walls (e.g. in the 18th-century
wing).
The pipework has been designed in detail to follow and exploit the building structure: the
dispersions due to the windows and to the limited thickness of the wall are compensated by
putting the pipes in place as a coil in the wall sections under the windows and the frames of the
new internal doors have been designed to accommodate the copper pipes.
The heating system is connected to the district heating. The heat is distributed to local
collectors through a primary circuit running underground, along the faades of the inner
courtyard. To keep the efficiency constant, the local circuits have an average length of 60m.. The
water circulates at 40-45C. Although it was planned in the project, an automatic regulation of the
system has never been installed.
2. METHODOLOGY
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Image 1: plan of first floor, ground floor and under ground floor of Palazzo Pallavicino. All the highlighted
rooms have been monitored during this study, but only the rooms highlighted in red are described in the
article
Diagnostic analyses followed a widespread procedure [10] that was extensively used and
tested in the past by the research group of the Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito
(LADC) [11,12,13]. Data gathered through the monitoring of the indoor climate are coupled and
compared with more specific type of analyses, such as thermography and/or psychrometric
mapping. These analyses were performed before and after the installation of the monitoring
system, so that it was possible to collect information about the heating system with different
environmental and seasonal conditions.
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The study was focused on 8 significant rooms and indoor environments (Image 1) for a total of
36 measure points; sensors are generally positioned around 2,5-3m from the ground, to avoid
disturbance to the users activities.
Following current European standards EN 15758:2010 [14] e EN 16242:2012 [15], air
temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) are measured in all the selected rooms by highprecision thermistors (accuracy: 0.2C, resolution 0,1C) and capacitive polymers (accuracy: 2%,
resolution 0,1%)
Surface temperature (Ts) is monitored in the heated rooms, generally in the midpoint between
two water pipes, in order to measure the average temperature induced by the heating system to
the plastered surface (Image 2).
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Image 2: lecture hall, 19/12/2013, Ts range: 20,5-34C; surface temperature is measured with a contact
sensor between the delivery and return pipe of the upper circuit, as the average of the two temperatures
The headmasters office was surveyed in depth. Here, besides air temperature and relative
humidity, surface temperatures are monitored on each external wall at two different heights [6]:
the first measure-point is placed in the midpoint between the two upper pipes, the second one is
around one meter higher, in order to understand if the surface temperature of the wall is still
influenced by the heating flow. On the outer face of one wall there are two additional measure
points, corresponding to the two measure points on the inner side (Images 3 and 4). Furthermore
a black-globe thermometer, placed 2.5m from the ground in the middle of the room, is used to
measure and verify the radiant effect which is expected from the Temperierung system.
Infrared imaging was used to obtain a qualitative and quantitative description of surface
temperatures and to describe the hygrothermal interactions between the indoor environment,
walls and the heating system, both during cold seasons, with the heating on, and warm seasons,
with the heating off.
With similar purposes, psychrometric analyses were used to map the distribution and the
variations of temperature, relative humidity and mixing ratio of the air in selected rooms [10].
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The energy consumption of the heating system was measured by a pulse counter installed in
the heat-exchanger with the local district heating.
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Images 3-4: headmasters office, indoor and outdoor,19/12/2013, Ts ranges: 15,5-24,5C and 20,5-24,5C;
surface temperatures are measured at two different heights, both on the inner and on the outer side of the
wall; each arrow points out one measure point (one covered by an inlaid panel)
3. RESULTS
Comparing data gathered from January to March 2014 in three different rooms, the lecture
hall on the ground-floor and two classrooms at the first floor facing south (one on the inner court,
the other one on the street), some interesting differences in the hygrothermal trends can be
observed. The following graphs (Images 5-6-7) show outdoor RH and T (upper and lower grey
line), indoor RH and T (blue line and red line) and surface temperature nearby the pipes of the
Temperierung (green line).
The graph in image 5 represents the values surveyed in the room facing the inner court, where
the Temperierung system is installed in all the four walls. Air T (red line) is constantly above 20C
until the heating system is switched off on March 20th due to the warm outdoor temperatures.
There are no unexpected variations of T, excluding those caused by solar radiation or by human
presence during the day. Indoor RH variations (blue line) follow, though smoothed, the outdoor
ones (upper grey line) but they seem much more influenced by the presence of users, as shown
by the repeated daily peaks in working days. Parameters are generally within the human comfort
range expected in a public building.
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Image 5: classroom, first floor, north wing; outdoor RH and T (upper and lower grey lines), indoor RH and T
(blue and red line) and surface temperature nearby a Temperierung pipe (green line)
Image 6 shows the values surveyed in one of those classrooms where the Temperierung
system was combined with a fan coil unit due to the uncomfortable low temperatures that were
observed during winters. In this classroom infrared imaging has detected a low extension of the
pipework, since two partition walls, without any pipe, were added after the installation of the
heating system (this part of the building was initially thought as one large room but it was later
divided into three smaller classrooms). The sudden peaks in the air T line (red line) are thus
probably due to the fan coil unit switching on. As a result, corresponding RH drops can be
observed, since the unit has no humidification apparatus and the air gets drier. Even in a rather
mild winter, the simultaneous action of the two systems, inefficiently controlled and combined
with the solar radiation of the south-facing room, results in quite high average temperatures, with
anomalous episodes of useless overheating up to 28C.
The sensor, placed 3m from the ground, is exposed to higher temperatures compared to the
users at floor level due to air stratification, showing that an air heating system cannot be efficient
in such a building, where a quite relevant distance between the floors cause the upper part of the
rooms, without users presence, to be the warmest. Furthermore, air excessively dried and
sudden RH fluctuations can result in mechanical decay of hygroscopic materials, e.g. the wooden
ceiling in this room which is exposed to the riskiest hygrothermal stresses.
Hygrothermal conditions in the lecture hall are shown in Image 7. The room is very large and
well-equipped with Temperierung pipework into the walls. Since it is subjected to crowding,
during the refurbishment a central ventilation system was designed (with an air handler unit in
the lower floor) but it seems to be in operation only occasionally. The effects on the hygrothermal
variations are similar to those caused by the fan coil unit in the classroom (peaks in T and drops in
RH) but they are much more limited due to the huger volume of the room.
It was possible to perform a psychrometric mapping of this room on January 30th 2014, with
both the systems in operation (Image 8): the local difference in temperature and moisture
content highlights the conditioned air flow entering the room from an inlet of the ventilation
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system, while the Temperierung systems seems to keep the temperatures quite homogenous and
comfortable in the rest of the room.
Image 6: classroom, first floor, south wing; outdoor RH and T (upper and lower grey lines), indoor RH and T
(blue and red line) and surface temperature nearby a Temperierung pipe (green line)
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Image 7: lecture hall, ground floor; outdoor RH and T (upper and lower grey lines), indoor RH and T (blue
and red line) and surface temperature nearby a Temperierung pipe (green line); highlighted in yellow the
day 30/1/2014
Thanks to the temperature mapping of the headmasters office in the same day (Image 9) it is
possible to compare the distribution of temperature in a smaller room where only the
Temperierung system is in operation. A sort of ring of warm air can be observed along the outer
walls, equipped with pipework. The highest temperatures are reached in the north-east corner
(bottom-left in the image) where many pipes are concentrated and the lack of openings avoids
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heat dispersion and cold air infiltration from the outside. An infrared image taken in March 8th
2013 (Image 10) shows the distribution of the pipes in the north-facing wall of this room.
As described in paragraph 2, the headmasters office was analysed in depth: air T and RH were
monitored, as well as surface temperatures in many different points and the radiant temperature
through black-globe thermometer. This way significant data were gathered about how the
Temperierung system works.
Firstly, the temperature detected by the black-globe thermometer (placed in the middle of the
room 2,5m from the ground) was almost overlapping the air temperature detected by a sensor
placed in the same point. This information could mean that, at least in this point, the system is
not able to influence significantly an object by radiation. The radiant effect of the system,
probably combined with a convective flow, is likely limited to the perimeter of the room, close to
the pipework, as suggested by the psychrometry in Image 9.
The graph in Image 11 describes the thermal behaviour and the environmental interactions of
the 3 outer walls in the week from January 27th to February 3rd 2014. The air temperature (purple
line) and the outdoor temperature (grey line) are compared with the surface temperatures of the
walls detected nearby the pipes (Ts 10b, Ts 11b, Ts 13b) and 1 meter above the pipes (Ts 10a, Ts
11a, Ts 13a). The temperature measured nearby the pipe along the inner court (Ts10b, measure
point 10 in Image 9) remains 1C lower than those measured on the other pipes (Ts11b and
Ts13b, measure points 11 and 13 in Image 9), probably due to the larger dispersion caused by the
heating-coil displacement of the pipes under the windows (see also Image 14).
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Image 8: lecture hall, ground floor, 30/1/2014. Psychrometric mapping of T, RH and MR
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10
12 13
11
Images 9-10: headmasters office, ground floor. Psychrometric mapping of 30/01/2014 and thermal image
of 8/3/2013, both with the heating system in operation; blue dots are the measure points
As shown in Image 10, the heat transmission from the pipes to the walls seems limited to the
areas closest to the pipes, without affecting the other parts of the walls. As a result, the three
surface temperatures measured 1 meter above the pipes (Ts 10a, Ts 11a, Ts 13a) are lower than
the air temperature (purple line), which means that the heat dispersion through the walls is
prevailing on the heat that is supposed to be transmitted by the pipes to the inner side of the
walls. It is also interesting to notice what is causing the differences of temperatures between the
measure points: Ts 13a and Ts11a are placed behind two inlaid panels which insulate them from
the warm air of the room (see Image 3) while Ts 10a is not covered (see Image 14), it is influenced
by heated air and it is thus measuring the equilibrium temperature between the inner surface of
the wall and the indoor air. The cold areas behind the inlaid panels can be observed in the
thermal images in Images 3, 10 and 14. The constant difference of less than 1C between Ts 11a
and Ts 13a is due to the different thickness of the walls influencing their transmittance: the
former is higher than the latter because is measured on a thicker wall with lower transmittance.
Heat dispersion through the walls is worse nearby the pipes, which is one of the most criticised
aspects of Temperierung systems. The graph in Image 12 tries to give a quantitative and
qualitative description of this problem. As shown in Images 3 and 4, besides indoor and outdoor
air temperature (purple line and grey line), not only the surface temperatures on the inner side of
the wall (nearby the pipes, Ts13b, and 1m above, Ts 13a) are measured but also the
corresponding surface temperatures on the outer side of the wall (nearby the pipes, Ts12b, and
1m above, Ts 12a). The difference between Ts 12b and Ts 12a is caused by the heat dispersion
from the pipes towards the outside. That is why when operation temperature of the heating
system begins to be lowered (already in February 19th) until it is switched off (March 20th), the
difference between the two temperatures becomes thinner and thinner and afterwards the two
lines are almost overlapping.
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Image 11: headmasters office, ground floor, 27/13/2/2014; indoor air T (purple line) and outdoor T (grey
line) compared with surface temperatures of the walls nearby the pipes (Ts 10b, Ts 11b, Ts 13b) and with
surface temperatures 1 meter above (Ts 10a, Ts 11a, Ts 13a)
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Image 12: headmasters office, ground floor, 30/12/201314/4/2014; indoor air T (purple line) and outdoor
air T (grey line) compared with inner surface T of the walls nearby the pipes (Ts 13b), inner surface T 1m
above the pipes (Ts 13a), outer surface T nearby the pipes (Ts 12b) and outer surface T 1m above the pipes
(Ts 12a)
The problematic heat dispersions which take place behind the pipework of the Temperierung
system were already highlighted by infrared images in the preliminary phase of this study and
have been confirmed as one of the most critical points for the energy efficiency of this type of
system. In Palazzo Pallavicino this problem is particularly evident in the section of the walls under
the windows, where the limited thickness of the walls is coupled with the heating-coil
displacement of the pipes which was designed to balance out the heat dispersion through the
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glazed surfaces of the windows (Image 13 and 14). Thus, Temperierung designers nowadays use
to insert an insulating layer behind the pipes in these critical areas [16].
The energy consumption of the heating system was 192109 kWh for the whole winter 20132014 (from October 15th to March 20th). As the heated area is approx. 3000 m2, the energy
consumption of the Temperierung system was approx. 64 kWh/m2. It is an encouraging
performance, particularly considering the above mentioned dispersion problem and the building
typology with high ceilings (the energy consumption calculated on the volumes would be 14,5
kWh/m3 per year). A key role in energy saving was probably played also by the interventions put
in place in the recent refurbishment (e.g. double windows and thermal insulation of the roofs).
Nevertheless, it must be considered that this performance was obtained in a mild winter and that,
for this reason, the heating system has been switched off one month in advance than usual.
4. CONCLUSIONS
As the scientific literature on Temperierung is still lacking of data collected on field to validate
or contest the theoretical principles on which the system is based, the ongoing monitoring of
Palazzo Pallavicino may offer a useful database for renewing the discussion.
The data show that the system slightly warm the inner surface of the wall and the warming
effect is limited to the areas immediately close to the pipes. On the contrary, the heat flow
through the wall section result in heat dispersion to the outside.
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Image 13: facade of the north wing on the inner court, 16/1/2014, range Ts: 2-8C; the white box highlights
the windows of the headmasters office which are shown from inside in Image 13
Also the idea that Temperierung works primarily by radiation seems not totally confirmed. In
fact, temperature measured by the globe thermometer is not different from the air temperature.
Nevertheless it is likely that the radiation is limited to the perimeter of the room: the
psychrometric mapping in Image 9 suggests that a combined effect of radiation and convection
take place along the pipes. Here, further analyses are quickly needed to understand to which
extent radiation, combined with convection, is effective and if, this way, Temperierung is effective
in compensating the cold wall effect and to guarantee comfort conditions for users near the
outer walls.
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Image 14: headmasters office, ground floor, 16/1/2014, range Ts: 18-24C; the black arrow points out the
measure point Ts 10a
The data about energy consumption suggests that the system can be efficient when installed in
historic buildings but it should be better discussed whether this performance resulted in a
comfortable environment for users or not.
In the headmasters office and in the offices nearby, where workstations are close to the walls,
the users tend to complain about hot temperatures in winter. On the contrary, in the classrooms
at the first floor, where only two walls are equipped with pipes but an additional fan coil unit was
installed, users complain about freezing, despite the graphs show that the average air
temperatures inside the rooms are similar in the two situations. This may probably be related to
the much larger extension of pipework installed in the office rooms (the ratio between pipework
and floor surface is around 2,5m/m2 in the headmasters office and around 1m/m2 in the
classroom). Nevertheless it shows that if properly designed and dimensioned, Temperierung may
give positive results for users comfort.
On this point, the indoor climate monitoring of Palazzo Pallavicino has highlighted that
unbalanced and uncomfortable conditions are mainly due to the lack of a good regulation and
control system, since it is impossible to obtain a local adjustment of heat flow and temperature.
Further steps of the research in the next future could be a focused investigation on the
thermal comfort of the users as well as a deeper analysis on the energy efficiency of the system,
maybe including a comparison with similar buildings equipped with ordinary heating systems [17,
18].
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5. REFERENCES
[1]. Kotterer, M., Groeschmidt, H., Boody, F.P., Kippes, W. (Eds.). (2004). Klima in Museen und
historischen Gebuden: Die Temperierung / Climate in Museums and Historical Buildings: Tempering.
Vienna: Schloss Schnnbrunn Kultur
[2]. VV.AA. (2014). Die Temperierung. Beitrge zum aktuellen Forschungsstand. Munich: Volk Verlag.
[3]. Groeschmidt, H. (2004).The tempered building: Renovated architecture Comfortable rooms A
giant display case". In Kotterer, M., Groeschmidt, H., Boody, F.P., Kippes, W. (Eds.). Klima in Museen
und historischen Gebuden: Die Temperierung / Climate in Museums and Historical Buildings:
Tempering (pp. 14-48). Wien: Schloss Schnnbrunn Kultur
[4]. Luciani, A. (2013). Historical climates and conservation environments. Historical perspectives on
climate control strategies within museums and heritage buildings. Doctoral dissertation. Milan:
Politecnico di Milano.
[5]. Kaeferhaus, J. (2010). Sustainable building services and case studies in Austria. In Del Curto, D. (Ed.).
Indoor environment and preservation. Climate control in museums and historic buildings / Ambiente
interno e conservazione. Il controllo del clima nei musei e negli edifici storici (pp.97-106). Firenze:
Nardini Editore.
[6]. Bichlmair,S., Raffler, S., Kilian,R. (2014) The Temperierung heating systems as a retrofitting tool for the
preventive conservation of historic museums buildings and exhibits. In AiCARR. Edifici di valore
storico:progettare la riqualificazione. Una panoramica, dalle prestazioni energetiche alla qualit
dellaria interna / Historical and existing buildings: designing the retrofit. An overview from Energy
performances to indoor air quality (pp. 443-456). Milan: AiCARR.
[7]. Del Curto, D. (2013). Restauro, conservazione preventiva ed efficienza energetica. Il sistema
Temperierung in Italia. In Lucchi, E. & Pracchi, V. Efficienza energetica e patrimonio costruito. La sfida
del miglioramento delle prestazioni nelledilizia storica (pp. 309-323). Santarcangelo di Romagna:
Maggioli Editore.
[8]. Grimoldi, A. (2013). Conservare senza tecniche di conservazione. in Musso, S. (Ed.) Tecniche di
Restauro. Aggiornamento. (pp. 61-86). Assago: UTET Scienze Tecniche, Wolter Kluwer Italia
[9]. Grimoldi, A. (2014). Historische Gebude und Heizanlagen: Erfahrungen mit der Temperierung in
Norditalien. In VV.AA. Die Temperierung. Beitrge zum aktuellen Forschungsstand (pp.100-110).
Munich: Volk Verlag
[10].
Camuffo, D. (1998). Microclimate for Cultural Heritage. Amsterdam: Elsevier
[11].
Del Curto, D., Valisi, L. (2007) Il comportamento microclimatico della Rocca Rangoni. In Spilamberto
e la sua Rocca, atti della giornata di studi, Spilamberto (Mo), 28 ottobre 2006 (pp. 142-144). Milano:
Silvana Editoriale.
[12].
Del Curto, D., Luciani, A., Manfredi, C., Valisi, L. P. (2011). Historic analysis and climate monitoring:
an integrated approach to the study and management of Villa Reale in Milan. In Krger, M. (Ed.)
Cultural Heritage Preservation. EWCHP 2011. Proceedings of the European Workshop on Cultural
Heritage Preservation. Berlin, Germany, September 26 to 28, 2011 (pp. 70-77). Stuttgart: Fraunhofer
IRB Verlag.
[13].
Manfredi, C., Luciani, A., Del Curto, D., Valisi, L. (2014). The case of ltaly: Energy efficiency and
preservation - Two challenges for Temperierung. In VV.AA. Die Temperierung. Beitrge zum aktuellen
Forschungsstand (pp.82-92). Munich: Volk Verlag
[14].
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[15].
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heritage - Procedures and instruments for measuring humidity in the air and moisture exchanges
between air and cultural property
[16].
Fraternali, D., Manfredi, C., (2010). Tempering in Palazzo Viani Dugnani in Pallanza. The project of a
climate control system. In Del Curto, D. (Ed.). Indoor environment and preservation. Climate control in
museums and historic buildings / Ambiente interno e conservazione. Il controllo del clima nei musei e
negli edifici storici (pp.119-126). Firenze: Nardini Editore.
[17].
Holmberg, J. (2004). Comparison of Tempering and Conventional Convection Heating. In Kotterer,
M., Groeschmidt, H., Boody, F.P., Kippes, W. (Eds.). Klima in Museen und historischen Gebuden: Die
Temperierung / Climate in Museums and Historical Buildings: Tempering (pp. 99-106). Wien: Schloss
Schnnbrunn Kultur
[18].
Huber, A. (2014). Warme Wnde" oder warme Luft"? Das Raumklimaverhalten bei
unterschiedlichen Heizsystemen in Abhngigkeit vom Nutzerverhalten ein Praxisvergleich. In VV.AA.
Die Temperierung. Beitrge zum aktuellen Forschungsstand (pp.61-74). Munich: Volk Verlag.
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TERMOGRAFA INFRARROJA Y EDIFICIOS HISTRICOS

MELGOSA, S.
MELGOSA, S.: Ebuilding, Edificios Eficientes, S.L. Madrid - Spain. smelgosa@ebuilding.es
ABSTRACT
Communication presented to this conference aims to show the advantages of the use of infrared
thermography in the diagnosis of historic buildings, with the difficulties and challenges that this type of
buildings facing us sometimes very different from conventional residential buildings or offices.
We have had experience in various buildings, such as the Monastery of Guadalupe and the Real Centro
Universitario Escorial Maria Cristina, where we were requested work involving the use of infrared
thermography due to the fundamental advantage of being a non-invasive technique and also capable for
temperature measurement from a distance with the target, getting a thermogram (thermal image) of the
region of interest.
On the other hand, what were the difficulties we faced? For example the height of the vaults of the
Monastery of Guadalupe, the low thermal contrast of inside and outside. With the help of a thermal
camera's high resolution (640x480 pixels) and good thermal sensitivity (NETD <0,045C) we could solve the
problem, also helping two sets of lenses, one of 15 to remote areas and another 45 for the rest. Buildings
of this type require high performance cameras.
With this article we intend to show this technique further, because despite carrying several decades it
remains a great unknown technique about the potential it has and still does not take infrared surveys
enough..
Key words: Termografa Infrarroja, cmara termogrfica, infrared survey, thermography, termograma,
Flir
1. INTRODUCTION
La comunicacin que presentamos para este congreso pretende mostrar las ventajas del uso
de la termografa infrarroja en el diagnstico de edificios histricos, con las dificultades y retos
que este tipo de edificios nos plantean en ocasiones, muy diferentes de los edificios
convencionales de viviendas u oficinas.
Hemos tenido experiencia en varios edificios, como son el Real Monasterio de Santa Mara de
Guadalupe y el Real Centro Universitario Escorial Maria Cristina, donde se nos solicitaron trabajos
en los que el uso de la termografa infrarroja fue fundamental para el desarrollo del trabajo
debido a la ventaja fundamental de ser una tcnica no invasiva y de medida de temperatura a
distancia con el resultado final de un termograma (imagen trmica) de la zona de inters.
Por otro lado, cules eran las dificultades a las que nos enfrentbamos? Por ejemplo la altura
de las bvedas del Monasterio de Guadalupe, el escaso contraste trmico del interior y el exterior
y que nos dificultaba el obtener imgenes de calidad. Tambin la ausencia de planos de las
instalaciones de calefaccin que se pretende reformar del Real Centro Universitario. Con la ayuda
de una cmara termogrfica de alta resolucin (640x480 pixeles) y una buena sensibilidad trmica
(NETD < 0,045C) pudimos resolver el problema, ayudndonos tambin de dos juegos de lentes,
una de 15 para las zonas ms alejadas y otra de 45 para el resto. Edificios de este tipo requieren
equipos de altas prestaciones.
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Con este artculo pretendemos mostrar an ms esta tcnica, pues a pesar de llevar varias
dcadas empelndose sigue siendo una gran desconocida en cuanto al potencial que tiene y an
los tcnicos no la emplean lo suficiente.
1.1. Interpretacin de los termogramas

En esta comunicacin cada termograma ir acompaado de su correspondiente imagen visible,
para facilitar su localizacin y ver las caractersticas de las zonas mostradas.
En cada imagen conviene recordar brevemente lo que nos vamos a encontrar, siendo:
Margen derecho: aparece el campo, que son las temperaturas recogidas en la imagen,
desde la mnima, en colores azules o morados, a la mxima, en colores amarillos y blancos.
Los valores numricos superior e inferior son los lmites, en grados centgrados (C)
Lneas, reas y otras herramientas de medida: en cada imagen se seleccionarn algunas

herramientas de medida de temperatura, cuyas medidas de temperatura se reflejarn en
el margen superior izquierdo, en grados centgrados (C)
RH1 y Air1 corresponden a la humedad relativa ambiente y temperatura ambiente donde

se tom la imagen
La paleta de colores usada es la infrarroja
2. CASO PRCTICO 1: DETECCIN DE HUMEDADES EN EL REAL MONASTERIO DE SANTA

MARA DE GUADALUPE
Situado en la provincia de Cceres y declarado por la Unesco como Patrimonio de la
Humanidad en 1993, se enfrenta ahora a una reforma (actualmente en fase de adjudicacin de las
obras de rehabilitacin) para solucionar entre otros problemas los que les causa la humedad.
Para localizar dichas humedades empleamos una cmara de Flir Systems, modelo T640bx,
usando el zoom que nos proporciona la lente de 15 para poder caracterizar las cpulas ms
elevadas, y la lente de 45 para zonas ms accesibles. La visita se hizo en abril de 2014, en unas
condiciones ambientales de elevadas temperaturas y ambiente seco, lo que dificultara
enormemente nuestro trabajo.
Mediante termografa infrarroja podemos identificar zonas con temperaturas ms bajas en el
paramento, siendo el causante de esa temperatura ms baja la humedad, es decir, el contenido
de agua de ese paramento.
El agua tiene un elevado calor especfico de manera que mientras la parte de la pared seca
eleva ms rpidamente su temperatura debido al calor del momento, la parte de la pared que
contenga agua permanecer ms fra, siendo ese diferencial de temperatura el que nos permitir
detectar las posibles zonas hmedas.
Todas aquellas zonas que por evaporacin hayan perdido su contenido de humedad no se
podran detectar, pero seguiran siendo zonas de riesgo que en una futura inspeccin deberan
detectarse tambin para dar la solucin correspondiente. Esto lo podemos ver en la imagen 2 y 4
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Imagen 1: imagen visible de la zona inspeccionada
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Imagen 2: imagen infrarroja de las zonas hmedas sobre los arcos, marcadas con las puntas de flecha azules
de cada lnea
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Imagen 3: imagen visible de la zona inspeccionada
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Imagen 4: humedades detectadas en la esquina inferior
De manera casual, pero aprovechando la tecnologa de la termogafa infrarroja, se detectaron

pequeas reformas ocurridas en el Mosterio de Guadalupe y que mostramos a continuacin:
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Imagen 5: imagen visible de la zona inspeccionada y que aparentemente no presenta mayor inters
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Imagen 6: localizacin de una estructura oculta y tapada en alguna reforma
3. CASO PRCTICO 2: LOCALIZACIN DE REDES DE TUBERAS DE CALEFACCIN EN EL

REAL CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO ESCORIAL MARIA CRISTINA
Situado en la provincia de Madrid, junto al Monasterio de El Escorial, y con una arquitectura
muy similar. En el edificio se pretende reformar la instalacin de calefaccin debido a prdidas
generales en la red, adems de modernizarla un poco.
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Al carecer de planos el centro y no saber el trazado de las tuberas de impulsin y retorno de la

instalacin de calefaccin, se trat de localizar mediante termografa infrarroja los tubos que
deban reformarse. Para lo cual empleamos la misma cmara Flir Systems, modelo T640bx,
usando nicamente la lente de 45 ya que todo el trabajo se realiz en interiores y necesitbamos
cubrir amplias zonas para tener una idea ms exacta del trazado de los tubos.
La visita se hizo en Julio de 2014, aprovechando que el centro tena menos actividad. La
instalacin se tuvo que poner en marcha y en poco tiempo comenzaron a descubrirse el recorrido
de las tuberas.
Imagen 7: acceso a una de las habitaciones de estudiantes, en la planta 2

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Imagen 8: trazado de la tubera de calefaccin
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Para poder acometer la reforma era necesario localizar la general de calefaccin en su entrada
a la sala de calderas. Sin embargo el grosor de las paredes del centro nos dificultaba localizar esta
tubera, no siendo hasta el segundo da de la inspeccin cuando dimos con ella:
Imagen 9: acceso al aula de formacin
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Imagen 10: localizacin de la tubera general de calefaccin
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3. CONCLUSIONES
Estos dos casos prcticos son slo dos ejemplos de las posibilidades que nos puede ofrecer la
termografa infrarroja a la hora de ayudarnos a localizar patologas en edificios histricos,
estructuras ocultas, conducciones y otra serie de elementos.
La principal ventaja, como hemos mencionado al principio, no es invasiva, no tenemos
necesidad de tocar elementos estructurales, paredes, etc, as que durante el estudio del edificio
ste no sufrir ningn dao.
La segunda ventaja es que podemos obtener imgenes a distancia de los elementos que nos
interesen. Jugando con las lentes adecuadas no nos importar que estos elementos estn
alejados. Adems esta imagen podr ser posteriormente comparada con otras imgenes que se
vayan tomando en visitas posteriores, de manera que si por ejemplo en el caso de las humedades,
stas se reparan, podremos comprobarlo fcilmente.
Finalmente en los dos casos prcticos se concluyeron los trabajos con xito y nos anima a
seguir introduciendo esta tcnica en el campo del patrimonio de edificios histrico para ayudar a
su conservacin.
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SIMULATION MODEL CALIBRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF

REAL USE HISTORIC BUILDINGS
ENRQUEZ, R.; JIMNEZ, M.J.; HERAS, M.R.
ENRIQUEZ, R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain . ricardo.enriquez@ciemat.es
JIMNEZ, M. J.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain
HERAS, M. R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain
ABSTRACT
Energy Efficiency in the context of historic buildings poses a big challenge. On one hand, new
technologies are to be adopted in order to meet energy efficiency requirements. On the other hand, cultural
heritage values must be preserved. Different technologies are being developed in this context, such as
advanced envelope components and materials, high performance HVAC systems, renewable energy
integration, advance control schemes or district level management. In the historical buildings context all
these promising technologies share the same common point: the need of a reliable dynamical model of the
existing building.
It could be thought as an intuitively simple exercise to solve this problem: install measurement devices
and model the dynamics. However, there are a lot of technical difficulties to be taken into account such as,
for example, non-intrusiveness, monitoring during occupancy or, in many cases, the lack of a good
theoretical dynamic model. A common approach to solve this problem is to model from previous physical
phenomena, and complement it by experimental measurements in a stochastic framework. This approach
has shown good results for assessment or control purposes, but it is hard to generalize to assess the impact
of a mayor change in the system. Building energy simulation software has the capability to evaluate the
relative performance of different technologies and the drawback that many approaches are not validated
enough for the cases under study.
In this work the calibration of a simulation model to experimental data is presented for Office buildings
under occupancy conditions. Experimental requirements for this are addressed and a validation/calibration
methodology is presented. Results are presented for one office building belonging to the PSE-ARFRISOL
project and located at Almeras Tabernas Desert. The building under study is fully monitored under high
quality international criteria for experimental design. It is shown that the deviations from common
simulation hypotheses when experimental modelling techniques are applied. Results of the analysis show
that deviations represent in some cases more than 40% of the theoretical estimation for the energy demand,
which is a clear proof of the needs of an adequate experimental validation technique for each case under
study. These techniques are of particular relevance in historical buildings, since we want to preserve them.
Finally, extrapolation of the exposed experience to the historical building context is presented, identifying
possible applications and challenges for research.
Key words: simulation validation and calibration, historic buildings, heritage energy efficiency.
1. INTRODUCTION
From the Physical point of view, a building can be considered as a complex system involving
many components in mutual interaction. Heating (and cooling) of buildings takes into account of
most of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To characterise the energy performance of
such a system different subsystems must be considered: heat/cool generation, distribution and
heat transfer through the envelope. The appearance of new directives has revitalized the
discussion about how performance should be addressed in High Performance Buildings (Marszal
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et al., 2011). In the growing trend of smart networks of interacting buildings performance
definitions play also a high relevant role as reported in the ongoing IEA-SHC Task 40 Net Zero
Energy Buildings (Sartori et al., 2012). In this work the performance evaluation is focused in the
heat transfer through the envelope. This is a critical issue for the understanding of Net Zero
energy Buildings and is closer to the ongoing work of IEA -EBC Annex 58 Reliable Building Energy
Performance Characterisation Based on Full Scale Dynamic Measurements. The experimental
evaluation of the energy performance of existing buildings and components is implemented
usually via stochastic modelling where data-driven modelling and prior physical knowledge work
together (Rabl 1988, Madsen and Holst 1995, Jimnez et al. 2008, Enriquez et al. 2008). This
system identification approach is a powerful feature as far as most real situations are dynamic
and can take into account, for example, workmanship effects in the real use behaviour of a
building. On the other hand, model structure is to be identified for each case study and difficulties
appear specially when dealing with non-linear phenomena such as solar radiation influence
(Bacher and Madsen, 2011).
On the other hand, a model structure can be identified from heat transfer principles and a
suitable numerical approach. This is the case of building energy performance simulation (BES)
models. If model is validated in a broad context, it can then be calibrated for each case study.
Regarding simulation model calibration lot of work has been done in the past, mainly in test-cell
environments, and Strachan (2011) reports a comprehensive state of the art. Recent work has
been done in the IEA -SHC task 22 framework, where a methodology based on parameter space
techniques was developed to deal with building model calibration issues (Palomo and Guyon,
2003). The methodology consists of two main parts: active parameters identification for the
model and estimation of free parameters to fit the model to experimental data. This methodology
was applied in a case study consisting of a testcell environment and indoor air temperature is
used as the only output of the model (Palomo and Guyon, 2004). It should be remarked at this
point that in the former work the experimental design was not linked to the model to be
validated.
In this work, the experimental design is linked to the model to be validated. It is shown that a
multioutput framework can help to solve the correlation among active parameters and it is
checked in two different buildings. Glass temperature reveals as one of the most relevant
measurements to be taken. The outline of the paper is as follows. Next section describes the
building employed in this work. After, sensitivity analysis is presented for the building, focusing on
experimental design. Next, dynamic characterisation for one of the buildings under the free
running mode is presented and calibration in the context of occupied buildings is pointed out.
Finally, some conclusions are highlighted.
2. BUILDINGS UNDER STUDY

Two buildings are used for this study, located at different climatic zones in Spain (Almera and
Madrid) and present different constructive characteristics. Both buildings (from a total of five)
have been constructed under the PSEARFRISOL project (www.arfrisol.es). A dynamic
characterisation through simulation calibration is performed for the building located at Almera
(PSA) and the building located at Madrid (ED70) is used to check the multioutput experimental
design consistency in a different situation.
The climatic conditions for the PSA building (figure 1) are those of a semi-arid zone with high
daily thermal oscillations, hot and dry summers and cold winters. The building itself is a
longitudinal ground level construction of 1110 m2 with the main axis oriented in the East-West
direction. It includes massive walls to add thermal inertia, low-emisitivy doble glazing, different
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opening sizes according to orientation, BIPV overhang for south faade shadowing and natural
ventilation coming from solar chimneys, integrated in a double wing structure. To favor
architectural integration, solar collectors were located on such structure, serving also as rooftop
shading device in summer. Heat from solar collector is used for space heating and cooling trough
radiant floor systems, assisted by air climatization. Other elements such as air to earth heat
exhanger (buried pipes) and radiant coolers have also been included.
Shading
devices
Overhang
Solar collectors
Radiant coolers
Solar chimneys
Buried pipes
PV System
Fig. 1. Aerial view of PSA building (left) and south faade view of the building (right)
Finally, it implements an intelligent illumination system which regulates artificial lights in

function of the existent luminosity.
Representative rooms have been selected for the study, for both buildings following the same
procedure in the five PSE-ARFRISOL buildings. It should be noticed at this point that the
experimental set-up is a part of a more complex study described by Jimnez et. al (2010) and it
has not only been design for this purpose. The experimental set-up includes the following
measurements:
Indoors: Indoors air temperature and humidity, glass surface temperature, floor surface
temperature, state of windows and doors (open/closed), lighting systems and appliances power
consumption.
Outdoors: Air temperature and humidity, Global Solar radiation in different orientations,
Infrared radiation, Wind speed and direction.
Additional measurements: Energy delivery subsystems, indoors and outdoors CO2 air
concentration, temperature of the ground below the building at several points and depths (or
basement and upper floor if present).
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

For the sensitivity analysis a simulation model is to be employed. In this study TRNSYS software
has been chosen and usual simulation hypothesis have been employed. For the PSA building one
office has been chosen, with an hourly basis simulation timestep, taking material properties from
Spanish codes and using PSA meteorological data services TMY as weather input file.
In the case under study, 132 parameters are identified in the model defining the geometrical,
thermical and optical properties of the different materials involved in the construction. Due to
accessibility, geometrical properties of the room, such as window size and position are excluded
from the sensitivity analysis. Other constructive materials such as waterproof films are also
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excluded since their influence on the thermal dynamics are considered to be negligible. Under
those assumptions, only 41 parameters are involved in the sensitivity analysis.
The sensitivity analysis is performed under free running simulation for three variables as
output: indoor air temperature (air and air), glass surface temperature (glass and glass) and
indoor floor surface temperature (floor and floor). The notation is as follows: for each variable x
selected as output two values are calculated: x and x. The first value () represents the mean
and is related to the static behaviour. The second one () represents the variance and is related to
the dynamic behaviour of the building. The motivation for this splitting will be clarified later in the
paper. The resulting active parameters are presented in table 1, marked in green. A parameter
will be active if the relative variation of the produced outcome is equal or bigger than the relative
variation of the original parameter.
It can be seen that from the original 41 parameters, only 16 are active with respect to the
mean or the variance for some output variable. In fact, one parameter can be active only for one
variable. For example, the Polyuretane thickness of the exterior wall influences only to the mean
of the indoor air temperature. It should also be noticed that glass temperature and indoor floor
temperature do not add new active parameters with respect to the indoor air temperature.
If identification is to be done, correlations among different parameters should also be
addressed. The active parameters correlation matrix is presented in table 2. Correlation is
represented as a green box and the selected correlation threshold is 0.8. There are different
groups of correlated parameters:
Thickness and thermal conductivity of the insulation layer of the exterior wall.
Floors massive layer thickness and conductivity, floors convection coefficient, insulation
thickness of ceiling, infiltration rate, external walls convection coefficient and ceilings external
absorptivity.
Ceilings thickness, thermal capacity and thermal conductivity.
One possible solution is to perform a clustering in the active parameters set based on physical
principles. For example, with respect to the indoor air temperature mean polyuretane thickness
and conductivity of the exterior wall are active and correlated parameters. However, they are
related to the same physical concept: thermal resistance of the external wall insulation layer.
Under these assumptions, one of them can be neglected without losing any generality. When this
operation is performed for the set of parameters, it can be checked that correlation is still
present. In fact, if only indoor air temperature is selected as output variable it can be seen that
there are more correlations than degrees of freedom for fitting the model ( and in this case). It
should also be noticed at this point that ground temperature below the building can be measured,
so this parameter can be excluded from the analysis.
Previous work dealt with this problem by making a new parameter clustering based on
Principal Component Analysis. That technique allows to identify certain combination of
parameters, not the parameters themselves. From tables 1 and 2 can be checked that the
addition of glass and floor surface temperatures adds four new characteristics (glass, glass,
floor and floor). Thanks to the mean and variance of the new outputs included correlation can
be solved, since there will be more equations than variables. That feature is the justification of the
previous mean-variance building behaviour splitting. Outputs included from the model must then
be included in the measurement device.
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Table 1. Active parameter identification for diverse simulation model outputs. PSA building
Exterior Wall
Floor
Ceiling
Other
Parameter
Front brick conductivity
Front brick capacity
Front brick density
Polyuretane thickness
Polyuretane conductivity
Polyuretane capacity
Polyuretane density
Back brick conductivity
Back brick capacity
Back brick density
Front convection
Back convection
Front absortivity
Back absortivity
Concrete conductivity
Concrete capacity
Concrete density
Sand thickness
Sand conductivity
Sand capacity
Sand density
Absortividad front
Front convection
Reinforced concrete conductivity
Reinforced concrete capacity
Reinforced concrete density
Mortar thickness
Mortar conductivity
Mortar capacity
Mortar density
Polyestyrene thickness
Polyestyrene conductivity
Polyestyrene capacity
Polyestyrene density
Front convection
Back convection
Front absortivity
Back absortivity
Inertia
U_suelo
Infiltration
Ground temperature
air
0.02
0.00
0.00
-0.14
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
-0.12
0.01
0.31
-0.50
0.00
0.00
0.31
-0.69
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.52
0.05
0.01
0.01
-0.05
0.07
0.01
0.01
-0.61
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.08
-0.45
0.02
1.09
-0.04
0.00
-0.03
10.01
air
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.08
0.28
0.01
0.01
0.17
0.39
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.33
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.13
0.05
0.11
0.11
0.45
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.18
0.01
0.37
0.07
0.00
0.45
0.41
glass
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
-0.08
0.01
0.21
-0.34
0.00
0.00
0.21
-0.47
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.35
0.03
0.00
0.00
-0.03
0.05
0.01
0.01
-0.41
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.05
-0.30
0.01
0.74
-0.04
0.00
-0.02
6.74
glass
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.26
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.21
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.09
0.03
0.07
0.07
0.30
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.12
0.01
0.25
0.07
0.00
0.26
0.28
floor
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.08
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.07
0.00
0.18
-0.58
0.00
0.00
0.36
-0.80
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.10
0.03
0.00
0.00
-0.03
0.04
0.01
0.01
-0.36
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
-0.27
0.01
0.65
-0.02
0.00
-0.02
11.52
floor
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.33
0.01
0.01
0.20
0.45
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.27
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.11
0.01
0.22
0.04
0.00
0.23
0.34
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Table 2. Active parameter correlation matrix. PSA building

Polyuretane thickness
Polyuretane conductivity
Back convection
Back absortivity
Concrete conductivity
Sand thickness
Sand conductivity
Front convection
Mortar thickness
Mortar capacity
Mortar density
Polyestyrene thickness
Back convection
Back absortivity
Infiltration
Ground temperature
4
5
12
14
15
18
19
23
27
29
30
31
36
38
41
42
4
1.00
-1.00
-0.06
-0.24
0.60
-0.59
0.61
0.60
0.49
0.43
0.43
0.46
0.11
-0.25
-0.61
-0.19
5
-1.00
1.00
0.05
0.24
-0.60
0.59
-0.61
-0.60
-0.50
-0.43
-0.43
-0.46
-0.10
0.25
0.61
0.19
12
-0.06
0.05
1.00
-0.78
-0.53
0.53
-0.53
-0.54
-0.22
-0.08
-0.08
-0.58
-0.56
0.54
0.57
-0.12
14
-0.24
0.24
-0.78
1.00
0.55
-0.56
0.55
0.57
0.18
-0.04
-0.04
0.64
0.67
-0.63
-0.52
0.16
15
0.60
-0.60
-0.53
0.55
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.99
0.43
0.16
0.16
0.92
0.70
-0.75
-0.86
0.01
18
-0.59
0.59
0.53
-0.56
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-0.99
-0.43
-0.15
-0.15
-0.92
-0.69
0.74
0.85
-0.05
19
0.61
-0.61
-0.53
0.55
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.45
0.18
0.18
0.93
0.71
-0.76
-0.88
-0.02
23
0.60
-0.60
-0.54
0.57
0.99
-0.99
1.00
1.00
0.47
0.20
0.20
0.93
0.71
-0.78
-0.92
-0.04
27
0.49
-0.50
-0.22
0.18
0.43
-0.43
0.45
0.47
1.00
0.95
0.95
0.58
0.24
-0.51
-0.55
-0.18
29
0.43
-0.43
-0.08
-0.04
0.16
-0.15
0.18
0.20
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.30
-0.03
-0.25
-0.34
-0.16
30
0.43
-0.43
-0.08
-0.04
0.16
-0.15
0.18
0.20
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.30
-0.03
-0.25
-0.34
-0.16
31
0.46
-0.46
-0.58
0.64
0.92
-0.92
0.93
0.93
0.58
0.30
0.30
1.00
0.86
-0.93
-0.83
-0.15
36
0.11
-0.10
-0.56
0.67
0.70
-0.69
0.71
0.71
0.24
-0.03
-0.03
0.86
1.00
-0.95
-0.58
-0.19
38
-0.25
0.25
0.54
-0.63
-0.75
0.74
-0.76
-0.78
-0.51
-0.25
-0.25
-0.93
-0.95
1.00
0.68
0.25
41
-0.61
0.61
0.57
-0.52
-0.86
0.85
-0.88
-0.92
-0.55
-0.34
-0.34
-0.83
-0.58
0.68
1.00
0.14
42
-0.19
0.19
-0.12
0.16
0.01
-0.05
-0.02
-0.04
-0.18
-0.16
-0.16
-0.15
-0.19
0.25
0.14
1.00
As a final step for the experimental design uncertainty must be addressed. Chosen uncertainty
must be as low as possible, but no more than the model one. Model uncertainty has been
estimated in a 0.1C for the indoor air temperature through Montecarlo analysis. The
experimental set-up uncertainty has been estimated in 0.5 C according to international
standards (ISO, 1995), so it can be concluded that the experiment is, in principle, valid. Regarding
the universality of the method, the reader is referred to (Enrquez and Jimnez, 2013), where the
same method is applied in a different building located in a different climate, with the same
results.
4. METHODOLOGY VALIDATION
In this section the validity of the previously exposed methodology is checked. It comprises of
three steps. First, the model is fitted to free running data obtained for a room and parameters
obtained. Second, the model is fitted to a different room, as a cross-validity check. Finally, the
experimental design is applied to the ED70 building to check consistency in a different situation.
To fit the model the boundary conditions must be properly characterised. Special attention is
paid to the albedo calculation and the technique developed by Enrquez (2012a) is used. The
multioutput experimental scheme requires of a multiobjective identification procedure. The
results presented in this section are obtained from the application of an evolutionary
programming scheme based on the differential evolution genetic algorithm (see Enrquez, 2012b
for complete details). Figure 2 shows the indoor air temperature fitted by simulation calibration
(Tair_sim) and measured (Tair_exp), together with the uncertainty band. It can be seen that the fitting
of the model are within the uncertainty band, so the model can be considered good enough for
this purpose.
Once the simulation is fitted parameters are obtained. Parameters are within physical validity,
but very far from their nominal values (see Enrquez 2012b, table 2). However it should be
remarked that the parameters chosen were representative of macroscopic properties such as
thermal resistance or capacity of the constructive components. The check, then, should be
performed for the global U-value and not for each material of every layer. In this case, the floor
and faade experimental U-values obtained are 1.658 W/m2 K and 0.508 W/m2 K, respectively.
Those values are to be compared to the theoretical ones: 1.730 W/m2 K and 0.544 W/m2 K,
respectively. The experimental and theoretical values are close one to each other, which is a proof
of the consistency of the model. A value of 0.13 for the infiltration rate is obtained, which is a
reasonable one for this kind of building.
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Temperature (C)
30,00
29,00
28,00
27,00
26,00
25,00
24,00
350
450
550
650
Time (hours)
Tair_sim
Tair_exp
Fig. 2 Free running fitting for a south-facing office of the PSA building
Temperature (C)
As a further check, same procedure is applied to a different room of the building, north-facing
this time. Figure 3 shows the indoor air temperature fitted by simulation calibration (Tair_sim) and
measured (Tair_exp), together with the uncertainty band. It can be seen again that the fitting of the
model are within the uncertainty band, which is a consistency check of the method.
32,00
31,50
31,00
30,50
30,00
29,50
29,00
28,50
28,00
27,50
27,00
350,00
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450,00
550,00
650,00
Time (hours)
Tair_sim
Tair_exp
Fig. 3 Free running fitting for a north-facing office of the PSA building
Once the free running of the building has been fixed, real use conditions can be investigated. A
new fitting is to be performed, since new phenomena are present. New modelling is required for
the air conditioning system contribution, air exchange within rooms and internal heat gains
(occupancy, lighting and equipment). Since the simulation-based experimental set-up was derived
for the free running mode, additional fitting quantities are needed to check out the model. This
issue will be addressed two paragraphs ahead. First, the new modelling is described.
Heat injection/rejection is modelled as a ventilation rate at the inlet temperature. The former
temperature is measured and the volumetric air exchange rate is left as a parameter to be
identified. The lighting and equipment power is measured, and the heat gain introduced with a
radiative/convective splitting to be identified. Occupancy gains are not introduced explicitly in the
model; instead of it the identification barrier is widened until 1 C. Under these circumstances,
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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
the model can be considered valid only for control purposes, which is typically the uncertainty
band of a thermostat.
Under these conditions, a new fitting is produced for the offices, keeping constant the
parameters fitted previously. Once fitted the parameters, during the refrigeration period, 98% of
the predicted temperatures are within a 1 C band, suitable for control.
In this case, to check the validity of the model, a new measurement is performed, that is,
indoors CO2 concentration decay while air conditioning is on, door is closed and occupant is
outside the room. The identified parameters from the model fall below a 10% error from design
values and lesser to 5% of the measured ones.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this work a methodology to link simulation models and experimental design for the energy
performance characterisation of buildings has been established. Taking advantage of prior
knowledge provided by simulation the experimental design can be optimized. In fact, it has been
shown that a multiouput scheme is necessary to be able to identify each relevant parameter in
the building thermal dynamics.
Two different building in highly separated places have been employed to check the necessity
of the multioutput scheme. In addition, glass temperature is identified as a necessary
measurement for the experimental energy performance characterisation of buildings.
Experimental uncertainty has been assessed and a lower bound has been obtained from the
Montecarlo analysis of the model.
The model has been fitted for the PSA building at Almera. It has been done in two different
offices during a free running period. Both cases show consistency in the results and predictions of
the model fall below the uncertainty level of the experimental device. When assessed, properties
of the building derived from experimental data are closer to the theoretical ones.
In addition, further modelling of the involved phenomena during occupancy period has been
performed. Internal heat gains due to occupancy, lighting and equipment and air conditioning
system have been introduced. A new fitting, keeping the identified free running parameters, is
performed. A good agreement between the fitting and additional experimental measurements
such as indoors CO2 concentration decay- show that calibration is feasible in a control band.
Furthermore, this is of application in any historical building for which the modelling
hypotheses hold.
6. REFERENCES
Bacher and Madsen, 2011. Peder Bacher, Henrik Madsen, Identifying suitable models for the heat dynamics
of buildings, Energy and Buildings, Volume 43, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 1511-1522
Enrquez et al., 2008. Enrquez R., Jimnez M.J., Heras M.R. 2008. Identification of a change in the thermal
dynamics of a Wall. Proceedings of the 27th AIVC, Kyoto, Japan.
Enrquez et al., 2012a. Enrquez R., Zarzalejo L., Jimnez M.J., Heras, M.R. 2012. Ground reflectance
estimation by means of horizontal and vertical radiation measurements. Solar Energy. 86(11), pp.
3216-3226.
Enrquez et al., 2012b. Enrquez R., Jimnez M.J., Heras M.R. 2012. Analysis of a solar office building at the
South of Spain through simulation model calibration. Energy procedia. 30, pp. 580-589.
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Enrquez, 2013. R. Enrquez, M. J. Jimnez. Experimental requirements in building energy performance

th
evaluation. High Energy Performance Buildings. Design and Evaluation Methodologies. June, 24-26 .
Brussels.
ISO, 1995. International Standarization Organization. 1995. ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement. Geneve. ISBN 92-67-10188-9.
Jimnez et al., 2008. Jimnez M. J., Madsen H. 2008. Models for Describing the Thermal Characteristics of
Building Components. Building and Environment. Special issue on Outdoor testing, analysis and
modelling of building components. 43, pp. 152-162.
Jimnez et al., 2010. M. J. Jimnez, R. Enrquez, R. Olmedo, N. Snchez, M.R. Heras. 2010. In Spanish.
Monitorizacin energtica de los C-DdIs del PSE-ARFRISOL. Diseo experimental. Presented at
congress: I Congreso sobre Arquitectura Bioclimtica y Fro Solar. Aguadulce, Almera, Spain. 23-26
March 2010. ISBN: 978-84-693-5141-3.
Madsen and Holst, 1995. H. Madsen, J. Holst. Estimation of continuous-time models for the heat dynamics
of a building. Energy and Buildings, 22 (1) (1995), pp. 6779.
Marszal et al., 2011. A.J. Marszal, P. Heiselberg, J.S. Bourrelle, E. Musall, K. Voss, I. Sartori, A. Napolitano,
Zero Energy Building A review of definitions and calculation methodologies, Energy and Buildings,
Volume 43, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 971-979
Palomo and Guyon, 2003. Elena Palomo Del Barrio, Gilles Guyon, Theoretical basis for empirical model
validation using parameters space analysis tools, Energy and Buildings, Volume 35, Issue 10, November
2003, Pages 985-996.
Palomo and Guyon, 2004. Elena Palomo del Barrio, Gilles Guyon, Application of parameters space analysis
tools for empirical model validation, Energy and Buildings, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 2333.
Rabl A. 1988. Parameter estimation in buildings: methods for dynamic analysis of measured energy use. J.
Solar Energy Eng, 110, pp. 52-66.
Sartori et al., 2012. Igor Sartori, Assunta Napolitano, Karsten Voss, Net zero energy buildings: A consistent
definition framework, Energy and Buildings, Volume 48, May 2012, Pages 220-232.
Strachan, 2011. P. Strachan. Validation of Dynamic Thermal Simulation Programs. DYNASTEE international
workshop on Whole Building Testing, Evaluation and Modelling for Energy Assessment. IEA -ECBCS
Annex 58 definition workshop. 18-19 Mayo 2011, Lyngby, Dinamarca.
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THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNICAL

ELEMENTS IN THE HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCES
IN PALERMO
GENOVA, E.; FATTA, G.
GENOVA, E.: University of Palermo, Department of Architecture, Palermo Italy. enrico.genova@unipa.it
FATTA, G.: University of Palermo, Department of Architecture, Palermo Italy. giovanni.fatta@unipa.it
ABSTRACT
The improvement of energy and environmental performances in historic buildings has to be achieved
respecting their aesthetic, material and construction features. This requires an in-depth knowledge of the
thermophysical properties of their materials and technical elements. Nonetheless, several difficulties are
related to the availability of few data and to the inhomogeneities typical of historic constructions. This paper
focuses on the evaluation of thermal transmittance of historic stone walls in Palermo. As the scientific
literature shows, the discrepancy between U-value calculations and measurements can be relevant and the
first generally overcome the latter. Therefore, the objectives and methods of a plan of in situ measurements
of thermal conductance are presented. It is being carried out on the stone walls of a monumental complex in
Palermo. The U-values derived from these measurements are compared to those calculated according to the
international standard ISO 6946:2007, for which different thermal conductivity values can be used for stones
and mortars. The preliminary findings of this research concern walls made from one of the calcarenites used
in the building. Depending on the conductivity value used for stone, they show an overestimation of the
measured wall transmittances or a good agreement with them. Notably, the second is reached by U-value
calculations referring to the thermal conductivity 0,63 W/(mK), provided for tufo (volumetric mass density
3
=1500 kg/m ) by the Italian standard UNI 10351:1994. However, the range of physical properties of
calcarenites and the variety of construction features of stone walls in the analysed building highlight the
need of further investigation.
Key words: thermophysical properties, thermal transmittance, historic architecture, energy improvement,
stone walls
1. INTRODUCTION
Historic architecture is a relevant part of the European building stock. Therefore, the attention
to resource consumption and environmental impact in its restoration and management can
contribute significantly to the achievement of the EU sustainability targets: buildings are
considered responsible for about 40% of total final energy requirements in Europe (BPIE, 2011)
and for 36% of GHG emissions in the atmosphere. The great part of the member Countries has
maintained for protected buildings the exemption from minimum energy performance
requirements, as set in the directive 2010/31/EU and maintained in the 2012/27/EU. However, it
does not concern a relevant part of historic minor architecture. Hence, the latter could be subject
to energy refurbishments not respectful to the conservation of their aesthetic and material
characters. On the other side, the mentioned exemption makes it possible to improve the energy
and environmental performances of historic buildings as far as the predominant need of
conservation is respected, following an approach already used for structural strengthening and
accessibility. For this purpose, the local dimension of historic architecture has to be considered.
Therefore, its materials and construction techniques should be analysed in the light of their
thermophysical properties. At the same time, methods and simulation models should be
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developed in order to represent the peculiarities of each building. Hence, the importance of
enriching the knowledge of historic constructions through surveys focused on its energy
performance is evident. Technical standards, moreover, require several data to determine the
energy demand of buildings for heating and cooling. Nevertheless, in the historic ones the
heterogeneity of materials and technical elements adds to the availability of few thermophysical
data. This problem is relevant for historic masonry, whose detailed characterization often needs
destructive surveys, not always possible. Notably, a necessary parameter to describe the envelope
performance is the thermal transmittance of its components: this paper focuses on its evaluation
in the case of historic solid walls, referring to the architectural heritage of Palermo.
2. THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF HISTORIC MASONRY

The thermal transmittance of technical elements can be calculated according to the method
provided by the standard EN ISO 6946:2007. For this purpose, it is possible to refer to product
declarations, where thermophysical data such as thermal conductivity are reported, or to
tabulated values collected in technical standards. Nevertheless, scientific literature shows for
historic walls even significant discrepancies between U-value calculations and the results of the
measurement method described in ISO 9869:1994. Following this procedure, Baker (2011) has
determined the thermal transmittance of 57 cases of historic walls in Scotland, the most part
made from stone. The comparison with calculated values has shown that the latter generally
underestimate the performance of historic walls. Furthermore, Baker underlines the relation
between the calculation deficiencies and the lack of knowledge of the wall build-up and the
thermal properties of traditional materials. Thermal transmittances of historic walls have been
measured in England by Rye et al. (2012), referring to a wider variety of construction features. In
Italy, measurements has been carried out on brick, stone and mixed walls by Adhikari et al.
(2012). Also these researches show that calculated U-values tend to overestimate the results of in
situ measurements. As Adhikari et al. highlight, further uncertainties are related to the different
values of thermal conductivity sometimes attributed to the same material in the available data
collections. As a matter of fact, Baker (2013) underlines that the agreement between calculated
U-values and measured ones can be higher if thermal conductivity values are known: thus the
unreliability of calculations is significantly related to the low quality of input data. Therefore, in
addition to in situ measurements of thermal transmittance carried out on historic brick walls in
England, thermal conductivity laboratory tests have been taken of samples from three historic bricks
with different physical properties (Baker, 2013).
The Italian standard UNI/TS 11300-1:2008, referring to UNI EN ISO 13790:2008, describes the
evaluation of energy need for space heating and cooling. For existing buildings it allows a
simplified evaluation of thermal transmittance of opaque elements, if a more rigorous calculation
is not possible. Hence, U-values are provided for five masonry typologies, which refer to wall
thicknesses up to 60 cm. Notably, plastered stone walls and brick walls plastered on both
sides are suitable for historic buildings. The use of values reported for walls made from
semisolid bricks or tuff blocks seems to be forced. However, traditional walls are often thicker
than 60 cm even in minor architecture. Furthermore, in the first of the mentioned typologies the
wide variety of stones used in Italian historic constructions is not considered. This standard also
provides a list of masonry structures containing information about wall stratigraphies and
materials for common technical solutions, which is currently being updated. Thermophysical data
concerning construction materials, necessary to thermal transmittance calculations according to
EN ISO 6946:2007, are provided by specific technical standards. Notably, UNI 10351:1994 collects
thermal conductivity values for several stones, mortars and plasters, for the latter also providing
vapour permeability. These data are the basis for the standard UNI 10355:1994, reporting thermal
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resistances for walls and floors: for the first, the values referring to brickworks are suitable for
historic buildings, but up to 425 mm; for the latter, on the contrary, only modern technologies are
considered. More recent data collections are provided by UNI EN ISO 10456:2008 and UNI EN
1745:2012. They deals respectively with the hygrothermal characteristics of building materials
and with the thermal properties of masonry and masonry products.
3. THE HISTORIC STONE WALLS IN PALERMO

The historic solid walls of Palermo are built from shell calcarenite, a sedimentary rock of
marine origin, widespread in the town territory and in the neighbouring coastal areas. The use of
bricks, on the contrary, was essentially limited to structural repair. The historical calcarenite
quarries were numerous, the most ancient inside the town itself (La Duca, 1964). It follows that
the physical and mechanical properties of these stones vary significantly. Their first
characterization dates at the second half of the XIX century (Fatta, 1993): it was demonstrated
that the volumetric mass density of the calcarenites used in Palermo ranged from about 1400 to
1850 kg/m3, their compressive strength between 3 and 10 N/mm2. The variety of wall
construction features (Campisi et al., 2003), the composition of mortars, but also continuous
building transformations have characterized for centuries the historic architecture in Palermo.
They add to the widespread, traditional use of plaster, which often hides inhomogeneities related
to masonry works.
The first thermophysical characterization of historic building materials in Palermo was carried
out in the end of the XIX century. As in other Italian towns and abroad, the hygienic features of the
most common construction materials, among which calcarenites, where analysed (De Blasi et al.).
Notably, porosity, water absorption and air permeability were determined. For three types of
calcarenite the heat transmission, to which the indoor thermal comfort of buildings was mainly
related, was examined. The results were expressed in comparison to a local brick, to which unitary
value was attributed. The tests showed that, depending on the calcarenite, the difference in heat
transmission ranged from about 14% more to 16% less than those of bricks. Furthermore, a test on
a plastered specimen highlighted an increasing in the examined property. We have not found recent
studies and tests concerning the thermal conductivity of Palermos calcarenites. This is due to the
quarry exhaustion started in the XIX and continued in the following one, when calcarenites from
other Sicilian areas spred. The deficiency of data is probably related also to the common practice of
identifying the calcarenites as tuffs, denomination peculiar to volcanic rocks with similar physical
and mechanical properties. In the technical standard UNI 10351:1994, two thermal conductivity
values are provided for tufo: =0.63 W/(mK) and =1.7 W/(mK) referring to stone densities
=1500 kg/m3 and =2300 kg/m3 respectively. For intermediate values linear interpolation can be
used. On the other side, the standard UNI EN 10456:2008 attributes =0.85 W/(mK) to natural,
light, sedimentary rocks (1500 kg/m3) and to extra soft limestones (1600 kg/m3), =1.1 W/(mK) to
soft (1800 kg/m3) and =1.4 W/(mK) to semi-hard (1800 kg/m3) limestones. Similar values for
these stones are collected in UNI EN 1745:2012. Therefore, also for calcarenites, the choice of input
data can influence significantly the U-value calculation, given the lack of experimental values of
thermal conductivity. This uncertainty involves also mortars and plasters. The mentioned list of wall
structures refers to lime and gypsum plaster (UNI 10351:1994, =1400 kg/m3, =0.7 W/mK) and
mortar of lime or lime and cement (same standard, =1800 kg/m3, =0.9 W/mK) for internal and
external plasters respectively. On the other side, -value 0,80 W/(mK) is reported by EN ISO
10456:2008 for a 1600 kg/m3 lime mortar and UNI EN 1745:2012 attributes 0,66 W/(mK) to a generic
mortar of the same density.Although the importance of thermal transmittance to determine the
energy performance of building envelope, also other parameters are necessary, such as periodic
thermal transmittance, phase shift and attenuation factor, notably to describe the building dynamic
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behaviour and evaluate the indoor comfort performance of buildings. Recently a laboratory
procedure has been proposed to determine the periodic thermal transmittance of technical
elements (Arenghi et al. in Galbusera et al., 2010).
4. IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF HISTORIC WALLS IN A

MONUMENTAL COMPLEX IN PALERMO: OBJECTIVES AND METHODS
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Image 1: Ground floor of the Saint Anne Convent in Palermo. In green: XV-XVI century stone walls. The
calcarenites came from intra moenia quarries. In red: XVII-XVIII century structures, where calcarenites from
extra moenia urban quarries was used. In blue: mid XIX century masonry, made of calcarenites from coastal
areas (Aspra). (On the basis of the project plan: De Angelis Ricciotti, D., Li Castri, M., & Martelli, T.,
Progetto di completamento)
In situ measurements of thermal conductance are being carried out on the historic stone walls
of an ex convent in Palermo, seat of the town Gallery of Modern Art. Archival researches (Li
Castri, 1999), but also the documents concerning the restoration project and works concluded in
the last decade, are available for this building. They provide important information about the
material and construction features of the analysed walls. The oldest part of the complex is the
residence built by the Catalan merchant Gaspare Bonet between the end of the XV and the
beginning of the XVI century. In 1618, the Franciscan friars bought the building and its garden. In
its turning into a convent, a new storey was added and the indoor spaces radically changed.
Furthermore, a monumental cloister, completed in 1648, substituted the garden and was
connected to the existing construction through a great staircase. After a new raising in the
southern side of the cloister in 1771, significant structural and distribution transformations
started in the second half of the XIX century. Aimed at converting the building to public functions,
they continued during the following century. Built on alluvial soil, the convent has been seriously
damaged by earthquakes: the available archival documents (Li Castri, 1999) provide information
about damages and repairs caused by seismic events in 1726, 1751, 1823. The complexity of this
architecture, result of centuries of building activities, allows to investigate a significant variety of
stone walls: the mentioned restoration documents show the presence of different types of
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masonry but also the use of calcarenites from at least three different quarries. Moreover, the
several structural repairs, carried out in historical period and recently, induce to check the
variability of measurement results in different points of the same wall (image 1).
For the in situ measurements of thermal conductance, a data logger Ahlborn Almemo 2690-8
is used. A heat flowmeter FQA 119 (250x250x1,5 mm with substrate in epoxy resin), and four
thermocouples (Cu-CuNi) to measure the external and internal wall surface temperatures, are
wired up to the logger, where data are recorded every 180 seconds. To avoid damaging surface
finishings, the sensors are fixed by means of a paper adhesive tape. Its colour, moreover, is similar
to that of masonry surfaces. Measurement points are chosen on the base of thermographic
inspections, aimed at locating possible, hidden inhomogeneities. It is checked that surface
temperature variation does not exceed 2C in about 60 cm around the analysed points. The heat
flowmeter is mounted on the internal surface of the wall, in a location intermediate between
openings and corners, floor and ceiling. Temperature sensors are used, one or in couples, both
indoor and outdoor. Following the standard ISO 9869:1994, North-facing faades are preferred to
reduce the uncertainties related to solar radiation. Otherwise, one of the two external sensors is
protected by means of a small shield, made of paper adhesive tape (images 2 and 3). In this way,
in some of the tests conducted during summer 2014 (June-September) the difference of external
surface temperature between the two sensors has been negligible except for the hours of
exposition to solar radiation, when it reached 3 C.
According to ISO 9869:1994, for heavy elements the analysis has to be carried out over an integer
multiple of 24 hours and at least for 72. In Adhikari et al. (2012) measurements last 100-120 hours for
masonry from 100 up to 160 cm thick. Baker (2011) underlines the necessity to monitor historic walls
for about two weeks or, preferably, for a longer time. In the examined case in Palermo, during winter
the average difference between internal and external surface temperatures ranged from 4,0C to
7,5C and measurements have lasted 14 days (for walls 56 and 59 cm thick) or 21 days (for
measurement point 4 and for walls 96 cm thick). On the opposite during summer, the fluctuations of
external temperature are more relevant during the day, but the average difference between internal
and external surface temperatures is generally higher. In these measurements, taken of walls around
60 cm thick, the conditions required by the average method have been achieved after a monitoring
period of 10 to 12 days.
The mentioned average method, described in ISO 9869, is used to analysed the measured data
and determine thermal conductance. From the latter, U-values are derived (table 1) through the
conventional resistances provided by UNI EN ISO 6946:2008 (0.04 m2K/W outdoor and 0.13
m2K/W indoor in the case of horizontal heat flow). Furthermore, these thermal transmittances are
compared with those calculated according to the standard EN ISO 6946 itself. Three hypothetical
contents of mortar are supposed for the walls: 10%, 30% and 40%. For calcarenite, two
conductivities are considered: 0.63 W/(mK) (tufo, =1500 kg/m3, UNI 10351:1994) and 0.85
W/(mK) (natural, light, sedimentary rock, =1400 kg/m3, UNI EN ISO 10456:2008). Thermal
transmittances of walls are also calculated referring to a masonry conductivity. This is
determined, by means of the mentioned -values chosen for materials (considered as design
values), following the method described in UNI EN 1745:2012 (7.1). The differences in results
(table 2) are slight if = 0.63 W/(mK) is used, negligible with = 0.85 W/(mK). The influence of
moisture and voids is not considered: notably, the first hypothesis is supported by the
thermographic surveys. The conductivity values used for mortars and plasters are those referred
to in the list of masonry structures: lime and gypsum plaster (=1400 kg/m3, =0.70 W/mK) for
internal plaster, mortar of lime or lime and cement (=1800 kg/m3, =0.90 W/mK) for mortar
and external rendering.
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Images 2, 3: Point of measurement. Measurements taken in summer 2014 of a wall in the ancient Bonet
residence. The upper level of the tower is air-conditioned, although not used now for exhibitions
5. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Measurements have been taken both in the museum offices and in the exhibition area. The
latter occupies the oldest part of the building, whose stone walls are plastered only on the
internal side and were built using blocks of grey, fine-grained calcarenite extracted from urban
quarries. In these walls, the use of finely cut stones is limited to decorations and quoins. The rest
is made of two halves connected by no more than two bonding stones for each square metre of
surface: between them, small pieces of calcarenite are bound by a mortar of lime added with
pozzolana. Because of the significant percentage of voids and the low mechanical performance of
masonry, injections of a mortar of lime-pozzolana were carried out during the restoration.
Because of the climatic conditions in the exhibition area, measurements have been taken also
during summer (June-September 2014). The values of thermal conductance and transmittance
will be compared with those of measurements repeated at the same points during winter. The
preliminary findings (Genova et al., 2014) concern the nine measurements conducted during
winter 2013-2014 in the office spaces: the southern faade of the cloister, which faces the North,
has been examined. The continuous heating of indoor spaces has resulted in the stability of
internal temperature, but the average difference between this and the external one ranged from
4,0C to 7,5C. The analysed wall is made of squared blocks of calcarenite from extra-urban
quarries and is plastered on both sides. In its three levels, thicknesses are 96 cm, 56 cm and 59
cm: two, four and three measurements have been taken respectively. The indoor plaster,
substituted during the restoration, is a 2 cm thick render based on lime and its finishing is a stucco
(2mm) at the two upper levels, a smooth at the ground floor. The thickness of the external plaster
ranges from 3 to 4 cm, but on the upper level it has been increased up to 7 cm during the
restoration.
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Image 4: Measurement point 6

Table 1: Preliminary results of the in situ measurement
Measureme
nt point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Wall
thickness
cm
96
96
56
56
56
56
59
59
59
Tint, av
Text, av
Tav
C
20.5
20.5
21.0
20.6
20.0
20.0
19.6
19.4
19.2
C
15.6
15.4
14.0
14.0
14.1
14.1
12.1
14.5
14.8
C
4.5
4.4
4.8
6.1
5.9
5.9
7.5
4.0
4.2
Thermal
conductance
2
W/(m K)
0.62
0.71
1.31
1.14
1.26
1.21
1.25
1.30
1.28
Thermal
transmittance
2
W/(m K)
0.56
0.63
1.07
0.95
1.04
1.01
1.03
1.06
1.05
Table 2: Calculated values of thermal transmittance for the three walls analysed
Plaster/
Masonry/
Plaster
cm
Stone
Mortar
Calculated thermal transmittance

2
W/(m K)
Stone 70%
Mortar 30%
90%
10%
Tufo =1500 kg/m3
Natural, light,
sedimentary
rock
Tufo =1500 kg/m3
UNI EN
1745
4/90/2
4/50/2
7/50/2
0.614
0.987
0.956
0.620
0.996
0.964
Natural, light,
sedimentary rock
Stone
Mortar
Tufo =1500 kg/m3
UNI EN
1745
0.772
1.208
1.161
0.648
1.036
1.001
0.663
1.057
1.021
60%
40%
Natural, light,
sedimentary rock
UNI EN
1745
0.779
1.218
1.170
0.667
1.062
1.026
0.684
1.086
1.048
0.783
1.223
1.175
Although the limited number of tests, the results of thermal conductance and transmittance
(tables 1 and 2) are quite homogeneous when referring to the same wall thickness: according to
ISO 9869:1994, the total uncertainty can be expected to range from 14% to 28%. For each wall
thickness, the average of the three U-values, calculated varying the supposed content of mortar,
is compared to the results of measurements (table 3). Notably, the agreement is good if thermal
conductivity =0.63 W/mK (tufo, =1500 kg/m3, UNI 10351:1994) is used. On the other side, by
referring to natural, light, sedimentary rock (=0.85 W/mK, =1500 kg/m3, UNI 10456:2008)
thermal transmittance is overestimated between 10% and 39% (table 3 and image 5). The slight
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difference between the thermal conductivities used for calcarenite and mortar, moreover, seems
to limit the influence of mortar content and therefore that of the wall construction features.
Nevertheless, the different physical properties of calcarenites and the several materials
traditionally used together with them in masonry construction, must be taken into account.
Table 3: Percentage variation between U-values calculated and based on measurements
Measurement
point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Wall
thickness
cm
96
96
56
56
56
56
59
59
59
Utufo-meas
+14.8%
+2.1%
-3.9%
+8.2%
-1.1%
+1.8%
-3.5%
-6.2%
-5.3%
Utufo-meas
(UNI EN
1745)
+17.1%
+4.1%
-2.2%
+10.1%
+0.6%
+3.6%
-1.8%
-4.6%
-3.7%
Usedim-meas
+38.9%
+23.5%
+13.7%
+28.0%
+17.0%
+20.4%
+13.5%
+10.2%
+11.3%
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Image 5: Preliminary findings; comparison between measured and calculated values. The grey bands show
the range of U-values derived from measurements referring to the same wall thickness. The red lines show
3
the U-values calculated through the thermal conductivity of tufo (=1500 kg/m , =0.63 W/(mK), UNI
10351:1994), while the blue lines represent those related to natural, light, sedimentary rock (=1500
3
kg/m , =0.85 W/(mK), UNI 10456:2008)
6. CONCLUSIONS
The conservation of the aesthetic, material and construction characters of historic architecture
is based on the knowledge of its features and on the peculiarities of each building. In order to
improve its energy performance, surveys now essentially used for modern constructions have to
be carried out. At the same time, the thermophysical characteristics of materials and technical
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elements in specific local contexts must be examined: current available data are few and thus
several uncertainties influence the calculation of the parameters which describe the envelope
performance. In this way, operational directions could be identified, useful both to evaluations on
a large scale and to the building restoration. Hence, the objectives and method of a program of in
situ measurements of thermal conductance in a monumental complex in Palermo have been
presented. The preliminary findings concern the nine measurements taken of the walls of a
North-facing faade. For each of the three thicknesses examined, they are quite homogeneous
according to the range of uncertainty stated in the standard ISO 9869:1994. These results show
for the analysed stone walls a good agreement between U-values derived from measurements
and those calculations where the thermal conductivity used for stone is 0,63 W/(mK). This value is
provided by UNI 10351:1994 for tufo (=1500 kg/m3). Nonetheless, measurement results are
strictly related to the construction features of masonry and to the physical properties of
calcarenites, which vary according to their origin. Therefore, further tests and in-depth
examinations are necessary.
7. REFERENCES
[1]. Adhikari, R. S., Lucchi, E. & Pracchi, V. (2012). Experimental Measurements on Thermal Transmittance
of the Opaque Vertical Walls in the Historical Buildings. In: Reiser, J., Jimnez, C. & Biondi Antnez de
th
th th
Mayolo, S. (ed.), (2012). Proceedings of the 28 International PLEA Conference. Lima, Per, 7 -9
November 2012.
[2]. Adhikari, R. S., Lucchi, E. & Pracchi, V. (2013). Energy modelling of historic buildings: applicability,
problems and compared results. In: [20].
[3]. Galbusera, G., Panzeri, A., Salani, C., Tuoni, G., Leccese, F., Arenghi, A. & Scaramella, I. (2010). ANIT. Lisolamento
termico e acustico. Vol. 5. Prestazioni estive degli edifici. Milano: TEP.
[4]. Baker, P. (2011). Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10 U-values and traditional buildings. In situ
measurements and their comparisons to calculated values. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland.
[5]. Boarin, P. & Davoli, P. (2013). A systemic approach for preliminary proposals of sustainable retrofit in
historic settlements. The case study of villages hit by earthquake. In: European Conference on
Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013. Official Conference Proceedings 2013, 297-313.
[6]. Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) (2011). Europes buildings under the microscope. A countryby-country review of the energy performance of buildings. Bruxelles.
[7]. Campisi, T. & Mutolo, S. (2003). Palermo pietra su pietra. Apparecchi murari delledilizia settecentesca.
Palermo: Ila Palma.
[8]. De Blasi, L. & Castiglia, E. (1891). Ricerche fisico-igieniche sui materiali da costruzione comunemente
usati in Palermo. Rivista digiene e sanit pubblica, 2, 865-886.
[9]. De Blasi, L. & La Manna, D. (1892). Sulla permeabilit allaria dei materiali da costruzione di Palermo.
Rivista digiene e sanit pubblica, 3, 273-286.
[10]. De Blasi, L. & Castiglia, E. (1893). Ricerche sulla trasmissione del calore nei materiali da costruzione
comunemente adoperati in Palermo. Rivista d'igiene e sanit pubblica, 3, 637-644.
[11]. De Santoli, L. (ed.). (2014). Lefficienza energetica negli edifici storici. Milano: Editoriale Delfino.
[12].
Fatta, G. (1993). Esperienze ottocentesche sui tufi calcarei siciliani. In: Atti del convegno Le pietre da
costruzione: il tufo calcareo e la pietra leccese. Bari, Italy, 1993.
[13].
Genova, E. & Fatta, G. (2014). Contributo alla conoscenza delle propriet termofisiche delle murature
storiche palermitane. In: Atti del convegno di studi Scienza e Beni Culturali XXX 2014 Quale sostenibilit
per il restauro?. Bressanone, 1-4 luglio 2014. Marghera, Venezia: Edizioni Arcadia Ricerche, 819-828.
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[14].
Green Building Council Italia. (2014). GBC Historic Building. Sistema di verifica GBC Historic Building Parte 1. Versione breve ad uso pubblico e divulgativo. Rovereto, Trento: Green Building Council Italia.
[15].
La Duca, R. Cave di tufo del palermitano. (1964). Estratto dal n. 3-4 del Bollettino dellOrdine degli
Ingegneri della provincia di Palermo. Palermo: G. Denaro editore.
[16].
Li Castri, M. (1999). La dimora di Gaspare Bonet a Palermo. Studi e ipotesi di restauro. Tesi di laurea in
Architettura, Universit degli studi di Palermo, a.a. 1998-1999.
[17].
Lucchi, E. & Pracchi, V. (ed.). (2013). Efficienza energetica e patrimonio costruito. La sfida del
miglioramento delle prestazioni nelledilizia storica. Santarcangelo di Romagna: Maggioli Editore.
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[18].
Kibert, C. J. (2013). Sustainable Construction. Green Building Design and Delivery (3 ed.). Hoboken,
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
[19].
Rhee-Duverne, S. & Baker, P. (2013). Research into the thermal performance of traditional brick walls.
English Heritage.
[20].
Rye, C. & Scott, C. (2012). The SPAB research report 1. U-value report. Revised November 2012. First
published 2010. SPAB.
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[21].
Troi, A. & Lucchi, E. (ed.). (2013). Proceedings of the 3 European Workshop on Cultural Heritage
th
th
Preservation. Bolzano, 16 -18 September 2013.
[22].
Vinci, C. (2013). La costruzione sana. Criteri di sostenibilit tra tradizione e innovazione. Palermo:
Fotograf Edizioni.
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ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM BASED ON

SOLAR ENERGY AND BIOMASS OF THE CEDER RENOVATED
BUILDING
DAZ ANGULO, J. A.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. H.
DAZ ANGULO, J. A.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid Spain. alberto.diaz@ciemat.es
FERRER, J. A.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid Spain. ja.ferrer@ciemat.es
HERAS, M. R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid Spain. mrosario.heras@ciemat.es
ABSTRACT
Within the finished Singular Strategic Project on Bioclimatic Architecture and Solar Cooling (SSPARFRISOL) five buildings with real use and R & D purposes, were built or restored, employing bioclimatic
architectural designs and solar-based air conditioning and hot water systems.
This article deals with the general operation of the system corresponding to the main building of the
CEDER in Soria, Spain, restored in this project, whose systems are fed from a field of solar panels and
biomass boilers. The system is described and its operation is studied for a real year, focusing on what part of
the consumption is brought by each system, if operation is as expected or not in this case, also the possible
reasons - and whether the operation can be improved.
Key words: Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Buildings Restoration, HVAC with Renewable Energy
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1. INTRODUCTION
Bioclimatic architecture is based a number of strategies and systems, both passive (on the
design of the building) and active (on its operation), which intend to reduce the energy
consumption, beneficial from an ecological and economic perspective. One of the most important
active strategies is the use of solar-based HVAC.
The Research Unit on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (UiE3) of CIEMAT has coordinated and
participated in the singular strategic project SSP-ARFRISOL. It is a project of bioclimatic
architecture and solar cooling [1-2] which aims to demonstrate the energy savings that can be got
by using of a range of strategies. Studying them will allow knowing how to apply them better to
enhance any new built or refurbished building.
These strategies are both passive, on the design of buildings, as active, in their systems. Among
these strategies, there is HVAC (heating, cooling and DHW) optimized with the use of renewable
energy such as solar and biomass.
Within this project, five bioclimatic buildings have been built or restored, becoming Research
& Development Building Containers (RDBP); they are located in five different locations in Spain.
All of them have a solar collector field, intending to feed the heating and DHW systems [3-4], and
also to get solar cooling using innovative absorption chillers - getting all the air conditioning
needed might depend on solar energy. In all buildings there are also facilities for monitoring and
control [5]; allowing the evaluation of the systems operation and conditions so it can be proved if
the changes are beneficial.
One of these buildings is the CEDER RDBP; the Centre for the Development of Renewable
Energy Sources. It is a building that existed prior to the study, which was restored and adapted to
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the projects purpose; this is to study strategies of bioclimatic architecture in extreme continental
climate locations.
1.1. System to Study

CEDER is a research center, member of CIEMAT, who is this project coordinator.
It is located in Altos de Lubia, 22 km away from Soria, a location where the winter is long and
cold and the summer is hot and dry, with a severe thermal gradient between day and night. These
conditions have to be taken into account for the restoration.
The original building to restore and study is a brick one, built in the mid-80s. It has two floors;
and a total area was 1174.5 m2; being 743.9 used for offices - is the main building site at the
Research Centre. Apart from the benefit it will bring to the building itself from an energy point of
view, it also acquires a technological dimension - because of its scientific use, it is convenient.
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Figure 1: Building before refurbishment
We want to improve the buildings energy performance. In its refurbishment it was decided to
maintain the original structure and design; improving the framework, foundation, walls and
providing it with an envelope that varies the gaps and extends the differentiating isolation
guidelines. In the new design employ bioclimatic passive strategies are employed, such as facades
orientation differentiation, including ventilated facades; control on shadowing, glazing and
vegetation to obtain a higher (or lower) solar contribution, depending on the time of year; or
cross ventilation.
Similarly, active systems were built - efficient lighting, a photovoltaic field to produce
electricity, and a solar thermal system. This combination of passive and active strategies through
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the control system will help optimize the buildings energetic performance. All the proposed
strategies can be applied perfectly to any historic building to restore.
Figure 2: Building after refurbishment. Solar Field and Radioconvective System can be seen on the roof
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The solar thermal system is the one were focusing in this study. More particularly, the
building has a solar field, consisting of 60 flat plate collectors with a useful unit area of 2.1 m2
each, facing south on the additional roof of the building. This field is intended to meet all the
HVAC and DHW demands. It is linked to a conventional tank of 300 liters; the bottom of this is a
150 litre interaccumulator intended for DHW.
There are two boilers burning biomass (respectively 48 and 90 kw) for the hot water
production - as support for the heating, DHW and absorption. They operate in cascade, supported
by pre-heated water in the solar thermal field. They work against a 200 litres buffer tank to avoid
constant starting and stopping. These boilers can be fed by different fuels as wood chips, wood
pellets or industrial pellets.
The system is completed with five absorption machines, responsible for supplying solar cooling
this is, cold water to the facility. Theres as well as a geothermal system, it acts as a sink for the
residual energy that absorption machines dissipate when operating in cooling mode - or may act
as well as a hot source when working in heating mode. Similarly, there is a radioconvective panels
system intended to nocturne dissipation. These systems will not be studied in this article as
theyre not operating in a regular way: It will be focused on heating and DHW.
There are 3 HVAC Terminal Units:
Underfloor heating for all the rooms of the building (except for the auditorium), with
three collectors by floor.
Air conditioning equipment in auditorium, kitchen and meeting room first floor.
Fancoils in auditorium and dining room.
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Figure 3: Scheme of Production and Consumption of buildings HVAC and DHW
2. METHODOLOGY
We take the evaluation methodology proposed in the IEA SHC task 38 [6-8] as inspiration, to
have a HVAC systems energy evaluation model, common to study all systems of SSP-ARFRISOL. It
is based in the confrontation of the energy produced and the energy consumed. We will evaluate
the systems under actual use conditions; the calculated energy is decomposed by source and
destination, considering both instant and long-time values. The specific design of each system to
analyze is easily adapted to the general model. In this one these energy flows are measured:
The energy produced at the output of each source (all the systems studied in this case are
based on heat or cold transmission through water. The collector field and the boilers will
produce hot water, whereas absorption machines or conventional chillers or chillers
produce cold water).
The consumption points (Heating, DHW and input into the absorption machines for hot
water; the cooling for the cold outputs).
More particularly, the HVAC is provided through different endpoints: Underfloor heating
circuits, inductors, etc.
Other energy exchange points: Storage tanks inputs and outputs, heat exchangers.
Dimensionless values can be obtained, like energy percentages covered by solar, consumption
rates or performances, allowing comparing installations with different composition or dimension.
We can also study the temporal evolution of the energy flows; checked whether the graph form is
right, if there are peaks or irregularities; displaying the consumption in contrast with the
conditions (external temperature, humidity), etc.
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It is necessary to propose a calculation mechanism for every needed energy flow, depending
on the existing sensors. For electric heaters or coolers power can be directly measured, but as we
have said, for the studied systems in this case is all the energy is thermal, moving in fluid circuits.
The calculation method, therefore, is based on the equation:
Q = C*m*T
In this formula C is heat capacity, m is a mass of fluid taking or transferring heat and T the
temperature variation due to the heat exchange. The control and monitoring systems measure
periodically temperatures and volume flows. So the energy formula fits the equation:
Q = C*V** T = C* *flow*t* T
t is the period between measurements. The density and specific heat hardly change for the
working temperature ranges, they are assumed to be characteristic constants of each fluid, so
their product is also a constant of each circulating fluid, so:
Q/ t = Constant*Volume Flow*(Input Temperature Output Temperature)
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Figure 4: Scheme of a heat exchange, and sensors allowing its evaluation
Therefore, from three measurements made simultaneously, we can calculate a value of

instantaneous heat. The accumulated energy will be the sum of the instantaneous energy
measures, multiplied by the time between each measurement.
The real measurements taken by sensors in the control system have a constant frequency; it is
ideal that time periods are as short as possible for the best reliability. Each system requires a
particular study on its existing measurements, to decide which energy flows can (and interest) to
obtain, and which sensors are needed to do so.
The next steps are getting the real measurements for a period of time to study, treating the
selected data and performing the necessary calculations. Theyre are done by a software tool that
first unifies the time basis, different formats and periodicity of the data; then applies the
necessary filters for tables with instantaneous values; and finally uses these sorted data to get the
accumulate values (hourly, daily, monthly).
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2.1. Applied Methodology

For the particular case of a real system, the energy studio of the CEDER HVAC installations, the
control system does not take all the possible measures of volume flow and temperature on all the
endpoints; but they are available on the main outputs.
The energy fluxes appearing in the picture will be calculated:
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Figure 5: Calculated energy values for the production / consumption study
Radiative Solar Energy incident on the collector field (E0)
Collectors output (E1)
Solar Energy intended for heating (E2)
Solar Energy intended for absorption machines (E3)
Solar Energy intended for DHW (E4)
Boilers Output intended for heating (E5)
Boilers Output for absorption machines (E6)
Cooling output from the absorption machines (E7)
These values allow comparing collectors output with the incident radiant energy, or with the
sum of the solar contributions reaching every part of the system, and thus get the percentage of
consumption covered by solar energy. It is known that the performance of the absorption
machines is only punctual, so that it is not a part of the system where high performance is
expected.
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3. RESULTS
The following is a series of graphs and tables displaying values for a full year (2013) and an
interpretation of their meaning
3.1. Collector field operation

Measures of the incident radiation are available for 5 and a half months due to malfunction of
the pyranometer. Daily Energy values are compared in a graph:
Figure 6: Daily collectors output vs. Solar radiation incident on the collector field
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Graphics are almost parallel. To study the system we discard the days when there are no
measures for all the necessary parameters. Due to blockage of the flow meters, it has been found
that although there is water movement every day, not always flow measurements are taken.
Considering the days with a normal functioning, an average of incident energy and output of
respectively 517.3 and 125.8 KWh / day are obtained. Circuit performance while working is of an
average 24.3 %. The KWh / day unit is chosen as the reference unit because it allows comparing
months of varying lengths and also eliminating days without data while keeping a real average
value. Displayed:
Figure 7: Collectors output vs. the solar radiation incident
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3.2. Solar Energy Distribution

There is no solar contribution to DHW until the end of August - from then until the end of the
study period, it occurs on a daily basis with a mean value of 13 KWh / day.
Figure 8: Collectors output vs real solar contribution to subsystems
In general, it is found that the shape of the sum of solar gains graph is practically parallel to,
and always below, the collectors output graph. It is ideal that the two displayed curves are as
close as possible (meaning losses are small). 76.4% of the collectors output comes from the
system effectively; the percentage is higher in the months when the solar contribution is higher.
Solar-heated water is employed in a direct way for the DHW use; it is found that the inlet
temperature in these moments is higher than 40C. It can enter into the HVAC system in two
ways, directly or as preheating both into the heating terminals o into the absorption machines;
in these cases temperatures have values as high as 70, but as low as 35C (in cold months).
3.3. Consumption
We have the boiler production employed in a hot circuit this is, the sum of heating and
DHW- so this output is represented also with the sum of the solar outputs for heating and DHW
(E2 + E4). These curves are compared with the average monthly temperature, as a very simple
indicator of environmental conditions:
Figure 9: Heat consumption (heating + DHW)
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Noteworthy, the low consumption in the first 4 months of the year, before May, because
despite being this one a cold month (average temperature 8.6 C), it is not as cold as the previous
months (3.3; 2.1, 4.8 and 7.8C); and that there is consumption in months when the average
temperature exceeds 15 C. Both events are being studied. The last quarter has consumption in
the expected order.
The absorption machines are occasionally loaded. The cooling unload just happens punctually.
No actual demands are being made in the building cooling, but only for performance testing. We
couldnt evaluate yet the HVAC systems operation in cooling mode.
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Solar field performance
The performance of the collector field is between 7.8% in February and 26.9% in May, being
19.8% the average (different of the previous value as all the days with data are considered). It
seems low at first not that much thinking of the installations high working temperatures and
environmental conditions of Soria.
The performance of a solar collector is expressed by the equation = 0 - a1 * Tm / I - a2 *
Tm2 / I, where Tm is the mean temperature difference between the sensor and the ambient
temperature, and I is the intensity of radiation useful Solar incident - this is, being higher the
temperature needed, lower the room temperature and the direct solar radiation, then the tree
performance-reducing conditions are met.
The ambient temperature in Soria is one of the lowest in Spain, and the demanded systems
temperatures are high, as absorption function properly with a supply water temperature around
8C, heating from 30 to 80C (depending on the distribution element) and DHW at 40C. Given
these conditions, the performance is satisfactory being the collectors flat plate TIM.
4.2. Heating consumption in winter

A significant fact is the low consumption measured in the first months of the year, particularly
in January. It is partially justified because the boiler only works regularly for half a month; not
every day. As theres data, we consider 31 days for the study, but boiler works only for 15 days
making the months average production value to be a low one. In February, there seems to be
days where the systems not working - but the real cause is that no measures are taken for 9 days:
We cannot consider 28 days to calculate the average value, but 19. In general, it is observed that
the boiler operation is irregular until the first week of May, a month coinciding with the increase
of the average production.
4.3. Heating consumption in summer

In contrast, there is a high consumption of heat in summer. It is not expected, so it is
important to find out why:
Production of solar energy is higher in summertime, regardless of whether there are sources
for consumption - theres no money waste. Because there is only occasional use of the absorption
machines, as mentioned, the fact that water from the collector field is delivered to the heating
circuit does not necessarily mean theres heating being distributed to the rooms. So part of this
consumption is due to solar energy circulating in the subsystem. DHW is produced by boiler until
late August. But it doesnt justify a consumption similar to that on spring months.
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Using boilers for heating purposes can be activated automatically or manually. With the mode
selector on "automatic", the first thing the system does is to determine the order in which each
boiler begins to operate which is based on the outside temperature and a seasonal change value
selected by the system operator. So if the outside temperature is above this value, it is considered
that the heating demand will be a minority and the only "extra" charge would be the load of
absorption machines; so the lower power boiler (48kW) is the first one to work, leaving 90 kW
boiler in reserve. If the outside temperature drops below this value, it would work in the opposite
order, giving priority to higher power boiler on the lower heating power.
We take July as the example month, looking at its hourly values:
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Figure 10: Hot Water Consumption (Heating + DHW)
On the external temperature:
There are no particularly high values, only a few hours in the month exceed 30C; there are
nights when the minimum temperature is below 10C.
The difference between daily maximum and minimum temperature is most days over
10C.
The graph shows that boiler starting occurs when the temperature decreases.
To evaluate what the actual comfort conditions are, we look at inner temperatures as an
example, the Directors office observed. The outside temperature is shown on the same graph qualitatively, gives an idea of heating consumption.
We get the following graph from hourly values in July:
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Figure 11: Indoor and outdoor air temperature, July 2013
By looking at the measured temperatures shape in the principal's office, the temperature
inside the office is very stable in July, close to 25C, and with a very low difference between the
daily maximum and minimum temperatures - rarely exceeding 2C. On weekends, the
temperature is maintained even theres no occupation. We conclude that the systems covering
an inner temperature setpoint.
We take November as another month to study, being a coldest month - and higher
consumption. The graph is:
Figure 12: Temperature of indoor and outdoor air, November 2013
The peaks are more pronounced; we see that unlike July, theres weekends (particularly 16-17
and 23-24) when the rooms not acclimated - which also gives an idea of the shape of the free
evolution of temperature.
The average temperature difference between the inside and outside, is of 4.5C In July (6,7C
barring the times when the outside temperature exceeds the interior); while in November the
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temperature difference is 15.2C. At the same time, the total consumption of heating and DHW in
November is more than the double of July.
Thus, it seems that an incorrect setpoint temperature chosen by users is the reason why
boilers worked in summer.
5. CONCLUSSIONS
We prove that the use of solar energy is a benefit on the operation of air conditioning systems
in extreme weather restored buildings. From solar energy a 15.5% of the heat consumption and
DHW are obtained.
We consider that the proposed proposed strategies can be applied perfectly to any historic
building to restore.
The following optimizations and improvements are planned for the future:
Keep the Solar DHW
Follow more closely the chosen comfort conditions and hours of actual use of the Building
to avoid unnecessary consumption.
Make a better monitoring on the operation of the boilers; particularly nighttime and
summertime.
Activate solar cooling machines, whose study is very interesting from a scientific point of
view, trying to include measurements at more termination points if possible, so production
and consumption can be contrasted.
And so, proceed with the study of the system in 2014, contrasting new results with the
performance with 2013.
6. REFERENCES
[1]. PSE-ARFRISOL Project: Bioclimatic Architecture and Solar Cooling, http://www.arfrisol.es
[2]. Energa Solar en la Edificacin Serie Ponencias. CIEMAT, 2005
[3]. Government of Spain, Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin DB HE: Documento Bsico de Ahorro de Energa
Spanish Technical Building Code DB HE: Energy Saving Basic Document,
http://www.codigotecnico.org/web/recursos/documentos/
[4]. Instalaciones de Energa Solar Trmica - Pliego de Condiciones Tcnicas de Instalaciones de Baja
Temperatura - IDAE Instituto para la Diversificacin y Ahorro de la Energa 2009
[5]. J. Figueiredo, J. S da Costa. A SCADA system for energy management in intelligent buildings. Energy
and Buildings 49 (2012) 8598
[6]. International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Program (IEA-SHC), Task 38 "Solar AirConditioning and Refrigeration", http://www.iea-shc-task38.org/
[7]. Assunta Napolitano, Wolfram Sparber, Alexander Thr, Pietro Finocchiaro, Bettina Nocke - Monitoring
Procedure for Solar Cooling Systems - A joint technical report of subtask A and B (D-A3a / D-B3b) - IEASHC Task 38 Official Document, October 20, 2011.
[8]. M.J. Jimnez, R. Enrquez, M.J. San Isidro, S. Soutullo, M.R. Heras. Desarrollo de metodologas para la
evaluacin energtica experimental de edificios a escala real: contribucin del PSE-ARFRISOL. Revista
Espaola de Fsica (2013)
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Legal and technical regulation and historic buildings
Presence and absence, problems and solutions.
How to consider the specificity of historic buildings in energy regulations.
How to approach energy certification in historic buildings.
Norms of heritage protection and energy efficiency.
Monitoring and auditing tools.
Comparative analysis of specific cases.
Regulacin normativa y tcnica y edificacin histrica
Presencia y ausencia, problemticas y soluciones.
Cmo considerar la especificidad de la edificacin histrica en la regulacin

energtica.
Cmo abordar la certificacin energtica en edificacin histrica.
Normativa de proteccin patrimonial y eficiencia energtica.
Mecanismos de control y auditora.
Anlisis comparados de casos concretos.
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OLD BUILDING, NEW BOILERS: THE FUTURE OF HERITAGE

IN AN ERA OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
JANS, E.; ICOMOS, M.; KOPIEVSKY, S.; AIRHA, M.
JANS, E.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
ICOMOS, M.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
KOPIEVSKY, S.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
AIRHA, M.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
ABSTRACT
Energy efficiency and sustainability is of great relevance to historic buildings and can help both look after
our heritage and show how heritage can contribute to wider environmental, social and economic objectives.
This paper presents the real-life case study of improving energy efficiency in an iconic public building. The
replacement of Old Parliament Houses obsolete heating system substantially improved energy efficiency and
by carefully preserving heritage values, the project also enhanced the story of the building itself. Old
Parliament House, on the Australian National Heritage List, located in Canberra, within the heart of
Australian government is a site that captures the ideas, movements, individuals and events of Australian
democracy. As the home to Australias federal parliament from 1927 to 1988, the building features a
remarkable and historically significant array of engineering heritage. During Canberras early years, Old
Parliament House was the social, geographic and political heart of the new Australian capital. In its heyday,
the building was like a town within the city of Canberra: it had its own library, post office, barber, carpentry
workshop, bars and dining room. By the 1980s, thousands of people worked in the building including
politicians, parliamentary staff, Hansard reporters, journalists, dining room and bar staff. Since Parliament
moved to its new and permanent home, an active and award-winning program to conserve the heritage
fabric of the National Heritage Listed building has been undertaken, alongside the launch of dynamic
exhibition galleries which explore Australias journey to democracy as the Museum of Australian Democracy.
In addition to 150, 000 general public, over 75,000 school children visit the building each year, participating
in a unique learning program that fuses technology, civics and history to engage young people from around
the nation. In 2012 we needed to upgrade the buildings heating system to meet current and future needs. At
the same time we recognised that it would be a challenge to minimise the impact on heritage values. In this
presentation we outline the Australian Government imperative to meet energy efficiency targets, describe
the varied technical, conservation and regulatory challenges of the project and finish with some data that is
showing that the innovative solution is already demonstrating energy savings. At the end of the project we
emerged with values intact and a heating system that will ensure this heritage site has a sustainable future.
Key words: iconic public building, democracy, museum, significance, Australian Government, sustainable
future
1. INTRODUCTION
An energy efficient, sustainable old building is often seen as an impossible goal. Much of this
conflict depends on definitions and measurements of energy use and loss of historic and cultural
fabric. Sustainability is of great relevance to historic buildings and heritage places and involves a
balance of energy use with a contribution to wider environmental, social and economic
objectives. This paper presents the real-life case study of improving energy efficiency in an iconic
public building. The replacement of Old Parliament Houses obsolete heating system substantially
improved energy efficiency and by carefully preserving heritage values, the project also enhanced
the story of the building itself.
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We present this paper in the context of a number of current conversations in the heritage and
collections sector: sustainability of built heritage, improving energy efficiency in heritage
buildings, and environmental standards for the storage and display of cultural collections.
Old Parliament House, on the Australian National Heritage List, located in Canberra, within the
heart of Australian government is a site that captures the ideas, movements, individuals and
events of Australian democracy. As the home to Australias federal parliament from 1927 to 1988,
the building was modest and functional, and was filled with natural light from windows, skylights
and light wells. With its verandahs and colonnades, and strong horizontal lines, the building was
not as some people expected a parliamentary building to be, and it attracted criticism from some
architects at the time. The architect, John Smith Murdoch, and the politicians and public servants
who supervised and advised him planned a building which would meet the needs of the
Commonwealth Parliament for at least fifty years; they largely succeeded even though major
changes to the use of parts of the building began within a few years, and within a decade
overcrowding had become an issue.
During Canberras early years, Old Parliament House (OPH) was the social, geographic and
political heart of the new Australian capital. In its heyday, the building was like a town within the
city of Canberra: it had its own library, post office, barber, carpentry workshop, bars and dining
room. By the 1980s, thousands of people worked in the building including politicians,
parliamentary staff, Hansard reporters, journalists, dining room and bar staff. The building proved
to be adaptable and always remained hospitable, even though the number of users soared well
past what had been predicted and the nature of their work changed in ways that were
unimaginable in the1920s. The complex interplay of space and function with consistent and
changing uses of spaces at Old Parliament House, mirrors the rich political and parliamentary
history of Australia between 1927 and1988. Largely intact and with a well-documented history,
Old Parliament House is a unique artefact of Australian twentieth century political heritage.
Today Old Parliament House is the home of the Museum of Australian Democracy (MoAD)
which explores the spirit of democracy and the power of individual voices with it. The museum
welcomes over 300, 000 users to historic parliamentary chambers, contemporary exhibitions,
award-winning learning programs, grand hospitality spaces and unique office accommodation and
cares for a nationally significant collection of over 40, 000 objects.
Image 1: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
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2. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act) is the
Australian Governments central piece of environmental legislation. It provides a legal framework
to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological
communities and heritage places defined in the EPBC Act as matters of national environmental
significance. Its objectives are to:
provide for the protection of the environment, especially matters of national

environmental significance, including Australias world and national heritage places
conserve Australian biodiversity
provide a streamlined national environmental assessment and approvals process
enhance the protection and management of important natural and cultural places
control the international movement of plants and animals (wildlife), wildlife specimens
and products made or derived from wildlife
promote ecologically sustainable development through the conservation and ecologically

sustainable use of natural resources
recognise the role of Indigenous people in the conservation and ecologically sustainable
use of Australia's biodiversity
promote the use of Indigenous peoples' knowledge of biodiversity with the involvement
of, and in cooperation with, the owners of the knowledge.
Amendments to the EPBC Act came into effect in 2003, introducing the Commonwealth and
National Heritage Lists. The assessment of the heritage values demonstrated that Old Parliament
House and Curtilage had met eight of the nine National Heritage List criteria. Old Parliament
House and Curtilage had previously been included in the Commonwealth Heritage List in 2004 and
is a significant feature in the Commonwealth Heritage Listed Parliament House Vista. The Prime
Minister stated that: Old Parliament House will always be an important part of our political history
with its rich collection of original furniture, art and memorabilia helping to illustrate the story of
Australias political customs and functions ...it is appropriate that this place of outstanding
significance to our nation receives Australias most prestigious heritage recognition.
As required under the EPBC Act, a Heritage Management Plan was written and became the
central decision making tool for the site. Heritage values were inscribed and a statement of
significance written that clearly articulated the places worth. The values are a powerful tool
based, as they are, in a legislative framework.
3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS

The Energy Efficiency in Government Operations (EEGO) Policy aims to reduce the energy
consumption of Australian Government operations with particular emphasis on building energy
efficiency and forms part of the Australian Governments climate change strategy. The EEGO
Policy aims to progressively improve overall Australian Government energy performance by
establishing energy efficiency targets for Government agency office buildings, including those
relating to tenant use. It also has a commitment to the development of similar targets for other
Government buildings.
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4. HISTORY OF HEATING AT OLD PARLIAMENT HOUSE

The heating system at Old Parliament House has seen many changes since the building opened
in 1927. Conceptually the type of system remains essentially unchanged, consisting of a lowpressure hot water system. The central heating plant, located in the South Wing boiler room,
heats and distributes 80C water throughout the building to a combination of wall-mounted
radiators and air handlers with heating coils, where this heat is emitted to the space. However the
type of heating plant that provides this hot water has varied significantly over time:
Coal-fired boilers (1927-1957)
Oil-fired boilers (1957-1978)
Electric boilers (1978-1994)
Natural-gas boilers (1994-2012)
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Image 2: Plan of original coal-fired boiler, c1926
Image 4: Electric boilers, c. 1985
Image 3: Oil-fired boilers, c.1975
Image 5: Gas-fired boilers, 2012
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Image 6: Original wall-mounted radiator
Prior to the recent upgrade, the heating plant consisted of three 500kW atmospheric-type gasfired boilers. Each boiler was flued into the common brick chimney, the same chimney once used
for the original coal-fired boilers, where the fumes were discharged to outside. The plant was
arranged in a primary-secondary configuration, whereby the three boilers and their circulating
pumps were on the primary circuit, and the secondary circuit consisted of variable-speed pumps
which supplied hot water to heat exchangers out in the building.
The South Wing of Old Parliament House is a historically important section of the building
featuring dining and recreational facilities. This wing also houses the essential ancillary services of
the building, including the boiler room. Building plans dating to 1926 identify the current location
of the boiler room as housing boilers, as well as providing access to chimneys and an area for coal
storage.
Image 7: South Wing Old Parliament House
5. HEATING SYSTEM UPGRADE

MoAD identified a need to upgrade the heating plant as part of its program of maintenance.
The existing system was approaching end-of-life and was becoming unreliable and inefficient.
There were also operational issues, and aspects were non-compliant with current Australian
standards.
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MoAD's key objectives from the upgrade were to:
Improve reliability and redundancy of plant, to minimise risk of failures resulting in loss
of conditions to the building.
Reduce energy consumption. MoAD had the strategic target to reduce the buildings
energy consumption by 5% per annum under the Australian Governments EEGO
program.
Rectify non-compliances with current standards and regulations.
Minimise impacts on heritage.
Maintain operation of heating system at all times during course of the changeover.
5.1. New system design

Several design options were developed and considered against the requirements outlined by
MoAD. Options included force-draught conventional boilers, high-efficiency condensing boilers,
cogeneration, and solar heating.
The most cost-effective and practical solution was deemed to be installing one condensing
boiler to operate in combination with two conventional boilers. Condensing-type boilers typically
operate at a gross efficiency between 85-95%, achieving their highest efficiencies when return
water temperature is below 55C and additional heat (latent heat) is extracted by condensing the
water vapour in the flue gases. On the other hand, conventional force-draught boilers have gross
efficiencies around 80-85%, but are typically 20-30% less expensive than condensing boilers.
Given how the building uses its heating, it was anticipated that one 500 kW condensing boiler was
capable of satisfying the buildings heating requirements for 70-80% of the year, whilst the other
two 500 kW conventional boilers would only be required to handle peak heating periods.
Therefore the chosen design was expected to achieve majority of the energy saving benefits of
condensing boilers, for less capital cost.
To achieve the outcomes and benefits of the design concept, it was essential that the Building
Management System (BMS) control strategies were reprogrammed to ensure proper sequencing
of the boilers. For the first stage of heating, when heating demand is low, only the condensing
boiler operates with a flow temperature setpoint of 60C (condensing mode). When heating
demand increases, the condensing boiler would increase its flow temperature setpoint to 80C
(non-condensing mode). If heating demand can still not be satisfied, then the conventional boilers
would start-up in stages.
Summary of new heating plant design:
Primary-secondary system configuration was retained
Three new boilers - one high efficiency condensing boiler and two conventional forceddraught boilers with modulating burners. Each boiler contains a 300mm stainless
steel flue routed across the boiler room and vertically up inside the existing brick
chimney
Three new primary pumps one for each boiler, and two new secondary pumps with
new variable speed drives
One air-dirt separator within the primary circuit
Modifications to heating control strategies, via the existing site BMS
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Gas and thermal energy meters, connected to the existing site BMS.
6. CHALLENGES
The design was simple in concept, but technically challenging to detail and implement. Whilst
the plant installed is reasonably conventional for a typical modern-day building, Old Parliament
House, with its additional heritage requirements, is not a typical building and there were
challenges working within these constraints:
6.1. Flues
The design and installation of the flues was one of the major difficulties of the project. It was
not an option to re-use the existing chimney as a common flue, as per the previous arrangement.
The use of force-draught burners rather than natural-draught meant the flues would be under
slight positive pressure. The existing 1927 brick chimney was not suitable for this arrangement as
their condition was unknown and there was potential for flue gases leaking back into the building.
The condensing boiler also produces acidic condensate in the flue, which could have deteriorated
the internal brick lining and mortar of the chimney. The design solution was to provide three
300mm 316 grade stainless steel flues to be installed inside the chimney, essentially converting
the use of the chimney into a services riser. There was little-to-no access to the inside of the
chimney during design as it was in continuous use, so there was risk to the project about what
might be discovered once access was gained during installation. Original 1927 drawings showed a
chimney cross-section of approximately 1530mm x 980mm, so at the very least the physical
dimensions were believed to be adequate to accommodate the flues. Obstacles were
encountered once the installers gained access to the chimney. For example, large steel plates
were discovered in the lower sections of the chimney which, after investigations, were identified
to be original, despite not being shown on the original 1927 drawings. It would have been
impossible for the plates to remain if the flues were to be installed as designed, therefore it was
necessary that sections of the plates had to be cut out.
Image 8: Large steel plates in chimney
Image 9: Plan of original chimney
The installation of the flues presented several workplace safety issues, as it required a worker
to physically climb down the chimney. The chimney contained a smoke shelf at half height, and
flues would need to offset to follow the shape of the chimney. MoAD engaged specialist safety
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consultants who reviewed the work and deemed the space was a restricted space. Safety
precautions were put in place, portable fans provide ventilation up into the chimney, and the
worker was connected to a gantry from the top of the chimney with workers ready to pull him out
in the event of an accident. Once installation commenced, a crane lowered prefabricated sections
of the stainless steel flues down into the chimney to the worker inside the chimney, who joined
the sections and secured the flues into place.
Image 10: Installing flues
6.2. Thermal expansion of flues
Image 11: Installing flues
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Consideration needed to be given to thermal expansion of the steel flues, ensuring no undue
loads were transmitted to the chimney via the support structure. The longest straight section of
the flues was approximately six metres in length, and given the temperatures of the flue gases
were expected to exceed 100C, an estimated expansion of approximately 10mm needed to be
accommodated. Thermal expansion was accommodated in the flue supports, with selected
brackets being fixed to the flues whilst others allowed for controlled slippage.
6.3. Chimney Capping

Sheet-metal capping was required to be installed on top of the chimney, with holes for the
flues to penetrate through. This capping was required to prevent rain water, birds and vermin
from falling into the chimney, however also needed to accommodate thermal expansion of the
flues. The solution was to fix the capping to the top of the chimney via spring washers, to achieve
this movement. Additionally, the design was able to meet the requirement that the flues did not
breach the top of the existing chimney to maintain the current vista from the current Parliament
House. Given that the Parliament House Vista is also on the National Heritage List, had this
innovation not occurred, approval from both Houses of Parliament would have necessary for this
impact on the heritage values of the Vista.
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Image 12: Chimney capping
Image 13: Chimney capping
6.4. System cleanliness

The extent of existing sludge and debris inside the heating system was unknown, and there
were concerns that any debris might build-up and block the narrow passages of the new
condensing boiler. This was overcome by installing an air-dirt separator, which is capable of
removing finely-dispersed debris down to five micron along with air bubbles entrained in the
water. This helped to ensure the existing system was compatible with the new equipment being
connected. Conventional strainers were also installed as per normal practice.
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6.5. Condensate removal

Significant condensation occurs in condensing boilers and their flues when operating at
condensing conditions. This condensate contains carbonic acid which has a pH of 3, and has the
potential over time to corrode boiler flues and drainage pipes. In this instance, the existing drains
serving the boiler room were copper, and therefore were at risk. For this project, an acid
neutraliser was installed to treat the boiler and flue condensate prior to discharging to sewer,
therefore protecting the existing copper drains. The new stainless steel flues were also capable of
tolerating this acidic condensate.
Image 14: New pumps, dirt separator and pipe works installed in sympathy with historic plant
6.6. Conservation of heritage values

An essential consideration was the retention of the use of the original boiler room to ensure
maintenance of the existing use and no decline in the heritage values and loss of fabric resulting
from the installation of plant equipment in another part of the building. As much extant fabric and
redundant plant equipment as possible was left in place in the boiler room. Where retention was
not possible extensive documentation, such as photographs and drawings, captured a record of
the original building configuration and equipment. New pumps dirt separator and pipe works
were installed in sympathy of the space which meant that parts went in areas so as not to disturb
decommissioned plant. Decisions on retention of heritage plant and building fabric and impact on
heritage values were guided by the Heritage Management Plan and the Australia ICOMOS Burra
Charter. Significance and respect for values were central to all decisions made.
Image 15: redundant plant and equipment retained
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7. PROJECT OUTCOMES
In the twelve months since the new heating plant was completed, the impact on buildings
energy consumption has been monitored. The savings that can be attributed to the impact of the
boiler upgrade are as follows:
Gas consumption savings of approximately 22%.
Total energy savings for the building of 12%, compared to MoAD's target of 5%.
Energy cost savings: $23,000 pa
Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions: 540 tonnes CO2-e pa
The savings are significant, considering that only the supply side of the heating systems was
modified, with no changes being made to the demand side or how the building calls for heating.
Further savings could be achievable with on-going fine-tuning of the new boiler plant controls
through the BMS.
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Image 16: Monthly Gas Consumption
8. CONCLUSION
The upgrade of the heating plant is an example of how modern, efficient technologies can be
applied to historic buildings in an intelligent and cost-effective manner to extend their life,
improve performance and achieve savings through reduced running costs.
As well as saving energy, the projects retention of evidence of previous technology has
contributed to Old Parliament Houses outstanding heritage values and MoADs ability to tell a
coherent story of the use of the building, the evolution of parliament and the sites role in the ongoing story of Australias democracy. Critically and essentially it ensures the sustainability of the
site and confirms that this iconic building is a rich and central part of Australian civic and
individual experience.
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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. Old Parliament House and Curtilege Heritage Management Plan, 2008.
[2]. The Burra Chater: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013, Australia
ICOMOS Inc
[3]. Australian Greenhouse Office, Energy Efficiency in Government Operations Policy 2006, Second Edition
2007, www.industry.gov.au.
[4]. HVAC&R Nation Old Building, New Boilers March 2014 www.hvacnation.com.au
[5]. Hackett, G and Lecamwasam, L Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House Report for
Heating System Upgrade Options Analysis and Concept Design, GHD, June 2012.
[6]. Hackett, G Old Parliament House Heating Plant Upgrade, paper for Australian Institute of
Refrigeration, Air-conditioning and Heating (AIRHA) Preloved Buildings conference, Brisbane, 2014
[7]. Gerry Hackett (GHD), Lasath Lecamwasam (GHD), Steve Kopievsky (MoAD), pers. comm.
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HISTORIC WINDOWS: CONSERVATION OR REPL ACEMENT.

WHAT'S THE MOST SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION?
LEGISLATIVE SITUATION, CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT
RESEARCHES
PRACCHI, V.; RAT, N.; VERZEROLI, A.
PRACCHI, V.: Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia. valeria.pracchi@polimi.it
RAT, N.: Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia
VERZEROLI, A.: Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia
ABSTRACT
There is a definite need to improve the thermal performance of existing buildings in order to reduce
carbon emissions and slow climate change. However, a sensible balance is needed when we are dealing with
historic architectures. For example, as opposed to the general belief prevailing now, the replacement of
windows is not necessarily an energy-saving solution, as a result of rash replacements irreplaceable values
are ruined for good.Thats why the aim of this article is to collect and order recent data, to offer the results of
the researches carried out in different countries to have the basis to discuss the question in a scientific and
clear way and, if possible, to try to express strategies and alternative solutions in comparison with the more
common type of interventions actually used. Fortunately the results of the researches in this topic confirm
that the preservation and upgrading of traditional windows could be advantageous from the aspect of
energy-saving and, of course, is respectful of the Built Heritage.
Key words: windows, energy efficiency, U values, conservation, maintenance
1. INTRODUCTION
The European Commission decided to cut drastically the CO2 emissions by 2020 (Directives
2002/91/CE and 2010/31/UE), to increase the share of renewable sources (Directive 2009/28/CE).
Particularly, the European building sector is characterized by a consistent part of historic
buildings, listed or not, (the 30% is considered as historical) that can significantly affect the urban
settlement. Nevertheless the problem of the improvement of energy performance in this sensitive
context has not been addressed yet, despite the latest recent European Directive that declare the
need to work on the existing architecture (Directive 2012/27/UE).
At present, the tendency is to apply the same rules without considering the value of the
historic part. The lack of detailed studies on these issues and the application of unsuitable
technologies involves interventions of excessive invasiveness in historical ones and inapplicable in
listed architectures. On the contrary the restoration of Built Heritage requires a widespread
knowledge of history, building techniques, structures, materials, and management procedures.
In this paper we want to focus our attention on a single part of the envelopment: the windows.
This is due to the fact that, in many countries, historic windows are disappearing at an alarming
rate because of the systematic replacement with new ones, with higher performances, but with
more impactful on the environment.
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Image 1, 2: Images presented in the document 'Framing Options, some consideration for our older
windows' by Jarrod Hill for English Heritage and North of England Civic Trust, downloaded from the website
www.nect.org.uk/_file/7gIwnpJ7Y0_84142.pdf
Due to the incentives linked to potential energy savings, coupled with the widespread lack of
knowledge among stakeholders, the situation is producing extensive and uncritical substitutions
of elements, especially in the historical centers, where a stringent control possible for
monumental buildings is difficult to pursue, or is just excluded from the policies. (Images 1, 2).
As always, a sensible balance its necessary between historic values and energy performance;
decisions must be based on proven researches rather than generic assumptions about the
inefficiency of old windows. Besides regulations, to make a reasoned decision, homeowners need
to be able to assess the performance of their existing windows, to be aware of the various retrofit
options available and to estimate how much the different various improvements are likely to
make.
Thats why, in order to obtain a significant result, we have to demonstrate why it is not
convenient, from any point of view, the replacement of the windows.
2. VALUES OF HISTORIC WINDOWS

The first and most important issue to be discussed for the conservation of existing buildings is
the great underestimation of the meaning, in terms of material culture history, of the ancient
windows, also for the our past society's comprehension.
"The windows make a vital contribution to both the exterior of the building, and the perception
of its interior spaces. For this reason, in all ages, sizes and subdivisions, profiles and ironware,
fittings and surface treatments were defined with the utmost care. To the categories of artisans
called upon to intervene and materials used by them for the construction of the windows were
advanced the highest expectations. The windows are important historical evidence. The windows
can be questioned about a variety of aspects, such as the evolution of the design intentions and
technical possibilities, regional traditions in the use and processing of materials, social structures
and habits of the inhabitants" [1].
Observing the historic windows it is possible to understand the wisdom of those who
manufactured them in the past: the necessary qualities of wood, their different seasoning, the
history of timber manufacturing and glass production, the craftsmanship of their producers. An
optimum "know-how", produced by centuries-old traditions, has allowed some ancient wooden
windows to be functional for more than 250-year, even if exposed to fierce weather conditions.
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Also constant care and maintenance are the result of an ancient knowledge. At present, the skills
of the ancients have been lost and we observe more and more often a loss of culture with the
prevarication of the energy aspects on those conservative.
The study of the ancient windows is a key element to understand the culture of the past,
although it is difficult to outline the evolution of this element in different eras due to the different
factors related to climate, the local culture, the materials available on-site, the few extant original
windows and the limited information in the manuals. One way to comprehend the window's
evolution is to review ancient manuals and paintings or frescoes, and secondly the inquiry of the
history of the single element, as for example the production of glass, because in every period
windows have been the result of the technical possibilities. Just as an example, in order to briefly
summarize the evolution, the first image, 'The dream of Sant'Orsola' (Vittore Carpaccio, 1495)
(image 3), shows a very ancient window made of round glass slabs (realized by glass's bow and
defined 'at bottom of a bottle'), very thick and linked together by lead, there were not opening.
Construction techniques not yet developed and the high cost of the material prevented the
realization and spread of plates of larger dimensions.
In the second painting 'Interior of a Dutch house' (Pieter Janssens Elinga, 1665) (image 4) it is
evident the evolution of window composed by small rectangular and thin glass's slabs realized
with the new technique of print run and always linked by laed. The upper part has a frame that
can't be opened unlike the bottom part that presents a mechanical system and blinds to open and
close the element.
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Image 3: The dream of Sant'Orsola
Image 4: Interior of a Dutch house
In the last one, Singing the ditty (Silvestro Lega, 1867) (image 5), the evolution of construction
techniques has enabled the production of thinner and larger slabs, and the spread of these into
the homes. Moving parts were closed with shutters, with heavy curtains inside. The evolution of
window permitted a different interior comfort increasing the natural lighting, the ventilation, the
exterior view, and a better control of temperature.
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Image 5: Singing the ditty
3. WHAT IS HAPPENING
At present, Italy is in conditions similar to those of other countries: replacements of windows
are almost half of the total replaced elements of the buildings that have obtained incentives for
energy efficiency (images 6,7). The aim of owners is to improve their properties from the
energetic point of view, to save money on utility bills and to have best comfort conditions.
However they have addressed only low budget interventions and only if properly incentivized.
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Image 6, 7: Distribution by type of intervention and Distribution of the interventions on the facade. (Source:
CRESME Report July 2010, "The tax deduction of 55% for upgrading the energy efficiency of existing
buildings")
The replacement of windows is the more common intervention, but deepening ENEA's
documents (Analysis of the socio - economic impact of 55% tax deductions for upgrading the
energy efficiency of existing buildings, an Italian report) [2] we can read that the massive usage
of windows replacements does not involve significant energy savings in the context of the various
interventions. The average annual savings archieve, by type of work, in fact shows that
replacement of windows have the lowest (2.6 MWh) saving (image 8). Translated into monetary
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terms this is about 164 (source ENEA) or between 80 and 125 (source CRESME) [3], with
payback achieved in 12-15 years.
Image 8: Average annual savings achieved by type of intervention. (Source: CRESME Report in July 2010,
"Impact of the tax deduction of 55% on the market of products and services promoted and macroeconomic
effects induced")
The same results are highlighted by some American studies that assess the cost of the
intervention for the entire life cycle and the payback period coincide with the above data [4], but
others conversely demonstrate very different results with not convenient payback [5].
The Italian Ministry of Economic Development and ENEA are proposing a revision of the
incentives mechanism as it is not appropriate to claim for above the line performance of the
transmittances at our latitudes with risk of fake or useless benefits, without paying attention to
walls, floors and roofs as well.
4. WHY IS IT HAPPENING
There are of course many different other reasons explaining why the replacement with new
elements is constantly increasing:
4.1. The pressure of the market and the economic incentives

Window replacement is now a major industry that is supported by utilities, lenders and
insurers. The strategy to sell the products is to underline that windows are one of the weakest
point of the buildings and with a reasonable investment (not certainly the highest in comparison
with the necessary amount for changing the boiler or the roof or working on the envelopment)
you can save money with a short payback. For example according to Enova [6], the agency
responsible for promoting energy saving measures in Norway, the 40% of the heat loss from
buildings is caused by windows.
But numbers can be very different: One enduring myth is that old windows account for 20 per
cent or more of the heat lost from a building. That presumption is also perpetuated by bodies like
the Energy Saving Trust, which claims that if you double-glaze your windows you will save 20 per
cent of your heat loss (and more if you live in an old building). But when the tests were completed
it was apparent that the amount of leakage from the windows was a lot lower than expected" [7].
In the overall energy performance of a building it is impossible to clearly define the percentage
due to the windows because too many variable are related such as dimensions, exposition,
climate, heating systems, state of decay etc.
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4.2. The lack of data

There is few data which allow the homeowners to make a comparison between various
upgrade options and full replacement. Due to the lack of information and the superficial
promotional campaign, an unjustified replacement of old windows with new ones has developed
in recent years.
4.3. Innumerable misunderstandings in the comprehension of sustainability

When we talk about sustainability we must not forget that this term implies other aspects in
addition to energy consumption such as, for example, the environmental impacts. This includes:
cost of raw material extraction, unit production, transport, use of new materials, and the disposal
of the old window. Then it would be necessary to analyse the entire life cycle of the product in
order to determine whether the replacement of the windows is more or less sustainable with
respect to its maintenance, considering not only the energy saved, but also the environmental
impacts.
In this regard, from the research made by Sverre Fossdal and carried out in Norway [8], comes
out that the adoption of new more efficient windows can reduce the energy consumption, but
their entire life cycle involves an emission in atmosphere of CO2 eight times higher. Another
research, made by Value to Wood [9] in collaboration with the University of British Columbia,
Canada, used the LCA methodology to compare different materials, showed that more than onethird of greenhouse gas generated during the life cycle of each window is related to the energy use
during the manufacturing stage. Therefore, window producers should find ways to reduce they
energy consumption.
Life Cycle Assessment studies indicate that, over a building's life cycle, the overall
environmental impact of retrofitting existing windows is of course smaller than those associated
with the manufacturing of new windows.
4.4. The ratio of legislation

There is another important reason to understand why replacement is growing and it is inside
the ratio of legislation.
In fact the European Union standards have described the requirements for new buildings, but
have given little information regarding the existing buildings. In view of this, it is worth exploring
first the legislative framework. In Italy a prescriptive law imposes, in case of refurbishment or
restoration of a surface smaller than 1000 square meters (that means for example houses in the
historical centres), to reach very restrictive parameters of U value (U-value expresses how much
the heat loss is within a unit of time through a unit of the surface of the window structure)
considered the most important thermal parameter for describing the overall energy performance
of a building [10]. So the Italian legislation, in accordance with the European Directives, asks to
improve the thermal performances of building envelope with rigid U-value limits for the single
part of it (windows, roofs, walls etc) without the possibility to evaluate the global improvement of
the performances by treating or adding the lacks and the excellence typical of ancient buildings.
Therefore, the final result can only be the substitution of parts with new ones with higher
performances and new materials. When this is not possible due to conservation needs, the
alternative offered is the introduction of deregulation: in most of the European laws the buildings
included in cultural heritage classification are eligible for exclusion due to their historical or
cultural relevance. In other words, all buildings (old, new, listed, unlisted) must guarantee the
same performance and when it is not possible to reach the highest levels, as in the case of listed
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buildings, (e.g. obtain the U value defined by the standards) the alternative is to do nothing. On
the contrary, deregulation should be seen more as an opportunity for a conscious approach
rather than a way as often happens to avoid problems.
The energy behaviour of historic buildings could be achieved in respect of conservation
practices, by applying the same approach currently used in the Italian earthquake regulations: not
requiring to an old building to achieve the same level of safety of a new one, but demonstrating
an improvement in its seismic capability. The same happens in the field of overcoming
architectural barriers and also in the regulations concerning the safety in case of fire, in which the
idea of an equivalent safety, compared with the one required by law, has been introduced.
The uncritical application of regulations has already proved to give disastrous results, as in the
case of Directive 93/76/EEC Energy Efficiency (SAVE), later repealed, whose purpose was the
economic incentives for the replacement of windows in buildings already energy efficient. This
has resulted in the loss of many traditional windows in Hungary, Finland, Norway, United
Kingdom, etc..
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REPLACING A WINDOW

In addition to the parameter of transmittance its worth considering advantages and
disadvantages of historical windows in comparison with the new ones (let us forget for a moment
their historical values!).
5.1 Advantages
- Traditional windows are made from individual parts
Each piece - the rails, stiles, muntins, stops, sill, stool, jamb - can be individually repaired or
replaced.
- High quality of the materials in the ancient window
The ancients really knew the characteristics and the property of materials and in the past
everything must be durable. For example wood windows are likely made from old-growth wood.
This wood is significantly denser, durable, rot resistant, and dimensionally stable. Modern
materials have very different level of quality.
- Sustainability: wood is sustainable, PVCu, Vinil etc. arent [11]
Glass and aluminium are two of the most energy-dense building materials requiring the
highest use of energy in their manufacture and recycling. Vinyl is a non-renewable petroleum
product and is not bio-degradable. The production and disposal of any type of PVCu creates toxic
chemicals.
A search [12] based on the LCA method was undertaken by Wood Window Italy that tries to
compare the entire life cycle of a wood window, in aluminium and in PVC. The results show
quantitatively that wood is the most sustainable.
- Quantity of light
In case of new windows usually the frames are larger than the size of the original, so the new
one shall have a smaller glazing, which limits the view and decreases the quantity of incoming
light.
- The lifetime
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Wood windows can be in service for 100 years before requiring a major retrofit to remain in
service for a second 100 years. (But we have examples of more longer life time). The modern ones
have a period of life that are variable: we can refer- according to different sources - an average of
20 30 years for windows without gas inside the two layers of glass, otherwise the duration is
reduced up to 12- 15 years.
5.2 Disadvantages
- The U value
Old windows have a high U value, while the modern ones can guarantee very high
performances depending on type to type.
- Old windows let the air come in but...
The most significant factor relating to heating costs and human comfort is the air infiltration,
that is, cold air leaking in and warm air leaking out. Fortunately, it is also the easiest and cheapest
problem to solve when retrofitting old windows. The use of sealants on fixed joints in
combination with weather stripping on operable joints results in significant improvements. We
have to take into consideration that perfect air insulation may result in more damage and harm
than the supposed loss of heat.
This happens because vapour gets into the air when rooms are simply being used and it
condenses and precipitates in lack of appropriate ventilation. This means we should not aim at
having perfectly closing windows in old buildings without mechanical airing.
- Old windows need to be maintained while new ones dont
The most important argument against the maintenance of traditional windows is that they
need continuous repainting, and against plastic ones that they are altered due to the exposure to
weather condition. Both arguments are false in such a simplified form. The damage to wood does
not only depend on surface treatment, whilst both plastic and aluminium windows need a kind of
surface treatment or cleaning. The damage to plastic caused by the weather depends on the kind
of plastic and their durability have not yet been proven by many years of usage, and we do not
even know its service life.
But we have to remember that there is no such thing as a maintenance-free building product!
Lets remember the case of Asbestos cement, in Italian Eternit because of its presumptuous
eternity, now we all know what happened and its dangerousness.
- Soundproofing
The quality of sound proofing depends on the thickness of the glass and the distance between
the two glass layers. Sound insulation is better if there is more distance between the two layers of
glass, thats why one of the solutions found in the past was the double glazing.
6. CONSERVATION (WITH UPGRADING) OR REPLACEMENT?

To paint a state of art, we studied and compared the results of many researches realized in
different countries in recent years, to define the guidelines for intervention with particular regard
to historic building's preservation. The researches analysed are:
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Table 1: Analyzed researches
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Table 2 shows the arguments analysed by each of them:

Table 2: Research analyzed and issues taken into consideration
5.1 U value
Due to the fact that, according to the legislative ratio, as we have above mentioned, it must be
respected the fixed parameter of U value (this is quite impossible for an ancient window), the
most important argument of windows manufacturers is to emphasize the excellent construction
physical qualities of the new ones as opposed to the old. At present newly made windows must
have U value <1,6 W/m2 K according to the regulations in effect now. A research offered by
English Heritage [12] (a similar has been developed by Historic Scotland), in collaboration with the
Glasgow Caledonian University, demonstrates that although the single-glazed window achieves a
U-value of 4.8 (W/m2K), significant improvements can be made by benign measures such as
closing internal shutters (image 9).
Image 9: Transmittance values calculated for different types of intervention on the window. (English
Heritage, 2008, Building Regulations and Historic Buildings. Balancing the Needs for Energy Conservation
with Those of Building Conservation: An Interim Guidance Note on the Application of Part L, London)
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Table 3 indicates in the singular case the transmittance values calculated for different types of
intervention.
Table 3: Trasmittance values
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As a conclusion, it is clear that all the interventions listed here can deliver significant
performance improvements, even with simple applications. Particularly interesting (also because
their implementation allows to obtain values below the fixed limit) are: insertion of secondary
glazing (preferably with shutters 1,27 W/m2K), insertion of storm couple with insulating glass (1,1
W/m2K), insertion of interior storm window with insulating glass (1,06 W/m2K), replacement of
existing glass with insulating glass (1,4 W/m2K) and insert of insulating shutters (1,7 W/m2K). All
operations described are always carried out after maintenance and recovery of the existing
window, with joint sealing and placement of seals.
5.2 Air Leakage
The most recent types of windows tend to also have perfect hermetic airtight capacity;
nevertheless this can cause the formation of condensation and mould if it isn't guaranteed the
mechanical ventilation.
Interestingly, the research made by P. Baker [14], which shows that air infiltration can be
significantly reduced in old windows also with simple routine maintenance interventions such as
the insertion of seals or the sealing of joins.
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Image 10: Air leakage characteristics of the test window before and after draught proofing and after fitting
of secondary glazing. (Graphic made by P. Baker)
In addition to Historic Scotland search, also English Heritage, Vermont and National Center for
Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) have carried out similar studies. A summary of the
values found is shown in the table below.
Table 4: Results of air leakage for different solutions found in the researches
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Paying attention to the fact that the historical buildings need a micro-ventilation to prevent
condensation and then mould, since there is no mechanical ventilation within, and then the
replacement of the existing window with a perfectly sealed is not effective, the best interventions
are: insert of secondary glazing and insertion of thermal insulation; but good results have been
obtained also with the insert of a storm couple.
5.3 Saved energy
Another important parameter considered is the percentage of saved energy, which varies
depending on the type of intervention. This allows to calculate the reduction of energy used for
heating. Through the calculation of the energy saved and knowing the cost of the intervention is
possible to calculate the payback, that is the return time of the initial investment through savings
on utility bills.
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Table 5: Percentage of energy saved for different solutions
The best results are obtained with the insertion of the secondary glazing with shutters or the
insertion of the exterior storm window. Even with heavy curtains you get an improvement of
around 30%, without any intervention on the window.
5.4 Costs
The last element that should be taken into account is the cost of different interventions and
the return time of the initial investment. It is difficult to determine these values because they are
subject to different variables: the condition of the existing window frame, the cost of craftsmen,
the source of energy used and its price variable from country to country. Therefore the price can
vary a lot.
6. Our starting point

There are so many ways that you can undertake, avoiding the replacement of the windows,
and still get acceptable performance. Foreign countries have already moved in this direction, with
the spread of many guidelines with practical advice that homeowners can follow, and can help
them make informed decisions. These guidelines contain different options and for each suggest:
benefits, drawback, additional considerations, summary of study assumptions, operations to be
done and those to avoid, visible defects, probable cause and suggested repair and, in conclusion,
possible incentive..
In fact, the policy with regard to historic windows in most local authorities (such as England,
Scotland, Ireland, USA, Canada) is that repairing the originals and then installing secondary
glazing, with little invasion on to the historic fabric, is preferable. One of the most widely used
intervention that meets both the needs for energy and conservation, is the inclusion of a second
window, usually put in interior in the European countries, and in the exterior in the U.S.A.
In Italy this solution isnt used much nowadays, although it was frequently used in the past
(image 11). For example in a very common manual the General Treaty on civil construction
Gustave Breymann [15], recommended the usage of the double window suggesting to let some
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room between the two elements so that it can form an air chamber, that being a poor conductor
of heat, serves to conserve the temperature inside.
Image 11: A house in Milan with a secondary glazing (From P.M. Farina, 'Dal restauro alla manutenzione.
Dimore Reali in Europa. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Monza Milano, 12-15 ottobre 2000',
edited by Il Prato, Padova, 2003)
We have already mentioned what is happening in Italy, and its really surprising the fact that it
is quite difficult to find studies and researches dedicated to this topic [16] because the Italian
culture of restoration considers as necessary the maintenance of the historical existing elements,
full of unique memory, cultural and social values. In this sense it is clear that the issue of
substitution of materials and elements of the historical matter collides with the concept of
preserving, if possible, all the parts of the historical buildings. Nevertheless also in important
restoration conference, despite the emergent attention dedicated to this issue, the replacement
of windows is presented without critics.
As a consequence, our state of art is at the beginning, also for what concern the diffusion of
information and data, useful not only for the private owners but also for the Ministry of Culture.
We have guidelines concerning other type of intervention such as structural interventions [17],
overcoming architectural barriers [18], and safety in case of fire, but it is still lacking a shared
reflection about energy efficiency in the particular contest of the Built Heritage.
Thats why we are trying in Politecnico of Milan to study and to implement our knowledge and
experience in repairing old windows. Nearly 10 years ago we restored the windows in two
important palazzos in Como (Palazzo Natta built in two phases at the end of XVI century with an
addition in the XVIII and set in the historical centre and Villa Olmo designed at the end of XVIII
century by Simone Cantoni, in front of the Lake).
The intervention upgrades their properties through the substitution of the single glass with a
double layer, with a low emissive film inside (3 mm+film+3 mm). There is no room between the
two glasses because of the insufficient dimensions of the window's frames. In both cases, new
plants were installed and the original shutters were repaired. Its difficult to establish how the
energy performances have been changed, because, in the first case, the palazzo was empty
before the intervention and without any type of heating system and, in the second, no data was
registered before and after. Now, ten years later, we have decided, along with the public
administration, to use these two cases for experimenting new solutions. We are trying to define
different type of intervention and to measure the effects: for example, in some rooms, we are
adding insulation to the shutters. Particularly we are trying to experiment a new type of
secondary window made by textile.
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Image 12, 13: The main facade of Palazzo Natta, Como, after restoration, and a window without glass,
during the intervention of upgrading
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Image 14, 15: View of Villa Olmo, Como, and survey of one window
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Our idea is that we can mix the function of a simple curtain with the one of the secondary
glazing. We are studying, with the help of a certain number of SME, some textile with particular
characteristics, such as changing of the trama with the changing of light, using material that can
be proper for improving energy efficiency. The model must be easy to use (to install, but also to
remove using magnetic stripes), and if possible, it can be easy to roll up as with the curtains. The
major problem is, of course, the production of the new type of material and the way to fix it to
the wall avoiding the passage of air.
We will calculate the performances with a dynamic simulation software but we don't have
enough data so far. If our data will follow the ones presented in the researches above mentioned,
we expect to improve the actual performance, at least, up to 20%. Our idea is to find a solution
that could be good also in historical centres, even if in non-listed buildings, that represent the part
without protection or control, in a certain sense more delicate. Of course we have to reach
objective such as easy use, low costs and effective upgrading of the performances from the
energetic point of view.
7. CONCLUSION
The problem in the application of effective strategies for improving energy efficiency in Built
Heritage is due to the difficulties of balancing different needs (conservation, comparison with the
performances of elements of efficient contemporary buildings, choice of the parameters for the
comparison, etc), the limits of the actual tools for efficiency diagnostics and our still insufficient
knowledge about historical buildings.
If we have to obtain the same parameters in new and ancient buildings there is no choice: we
have to substitute different elements of the old architectures.
This is the point to discuss taking into consideration at least three aspects:
sustainability. As we have seen we are not designing a sustainable policy.
efficiency and efficacy. It is not appropriate to claim for above the line performance of the
transmittance of some elements without paying attention to walls, floors and roofs as
well. Someone said that changing windows without other type of interventions, is like
putting in a wall of plasterboard a strongbox. We have to also remember that ancient
buildings have a different behaviour in comparison with new ones, and if we intervene in
the same way the risk is to increase decay (for instance the old walls need to breathe);
balancing different needs such as conservation and lower consumes. Many researches are
dealing with the problem of which part of the building is artistic and which it isnt, trying to
find where is better to intervene to minimize losses; many others are studying new
elements (e.g. windows) with high performances similar to the original. But this idea
means that the important thing is to maintain simply the aspect. In our opinion, protect
historical buildings doesnt mean only to respect their appearance.
These considerations open the discussion on a different level of the debate: the subject of
energy efficiency has to be discussed therefore trying to accept the challenge of energy saving
combined with the preservation of what we still have, particularly in those delicate contexts that
are not protected by law, such as the historical centres.
It seems that, so far, a comprehensive theoretical work that analyses in depth the close
relationship between sustainability and conservation is still lacking, as well as a vision that takes
into account the most recent approaches in conservation that put emphasis on the importance of
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management, control and preventive maintenance, with the aim to reach a higher energy
efficiency also in the Built Heritage.
8. REFERENCES
[1]. Furrer, B., (2003). The Windows of historic buildings, Federal Commission of Historical Monuments,
Berna.
[2]. Italian Ministry of Economic Development & Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and
Sustainable Economic Development, (ENEA) (2010), Impatto delle detrazioni fiscali del 55% sul mercato
dei prodotti e dei servizi incentivati ed effetti macroeconomici indotti. Available at
<http://efficienzaenergetica.acs.enea.it/doc/rapporto%20mercato%20v3p.pdf>.
[3]. Centre of Economic, Social Researches for Construction Industry and Environment (CRESME), (2010).
Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impact of 55% Tax Deductions for Upgrading the Energy Efficiency of
Existing Buildings. Available at:<http://www.cresme.it/default.aspx>.
[4]. 'Windows' (downloaded from the website http://www.iowahistory.org/historic-preservation/technicalassistance/assets/Windows.pdf).
[5]. Sedovic, W., Gotthelf, J., (2008). The Right Thing: What are the facts and the myths of the replace vs.
restore historic windows debate in 'Traditional Building', Special Report about Green Windows &
Window Restoration, 159-160.
'Old wool windows/replacement window energy analysis' (downloaded from the website
http://www.historichomeworks.com/hhw/education/WindowsHandouts/WindowEnergyAnalysis.pdf).
[6]. Enova is an enterprise established in 2001, based in Trondheim, financed by Energy Fund, in order to
drive forward the changeover to more environmentally friendly consumption and generation of energy
in Norway (more information on the website www.enova.no).
[7]. Wood, C., (2008, updated September 2012). Thermal Performance of Historic Windows in The Building
Conservation Directory'.
[8]. Fossdal, S., Windows in existing buildings - maintenance, upgrading or replacement? Windows in
existing buildings in a sustainable perspective, Project report [online] [accessed 10 March 2014].
Available at: <https://www.sintef.no/upload/Byggforsk/Publikasjoner/Prosjektrapport192.pdf >.
[9]. Value to Wood supports value-added wood products manufacturers across the country by developing
leading-edge technological solutions and providing information and advice through a network of
specialists. Funding is provided by Natural Resources Canada's Canadian Forest Service. (more
information on the website http://valuetowood.ca/imports/pdf/en/rd_summaries/2009/RDS%202009-08-E-LCA%20of%20windows.pdf).
[10].
Legislative Decree 192/2005 and 311/2006.
[11].
Razing historic buildings results in a triple hit on scarce resources. First, we throw away thousands
of dollars of embodied energy. Second, we are replacing it with materials vastly more consumptive of
energy. What are most historic structures built from? Brick, plaster, concrete, and timber. What are
among the least energy consumptive of materials? Brick, plaster, concrete, and timber. What are major
component of new buildings? Plastic, steel, vinyl, and aluminium. What is the most energy consumptive
of materials? Plastic, steel, vinyl, and aluminium. Third, recurring embodied energy savings increase
dramatically as a building life stretches over 50 years. Youre a fool or a fraud if you say you are an
environmentally conscious builder and yet are throwing away historic buildings, and their
components. D. Rypkema of PlaceEconomics.
(http://www.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek08/0208/0208p_pres.cfm).
[12].
'Relazione LCA comparativa. Infissi in Legno, Alluminio e PVC'
(http://www.legnofinestraitalia.it/documenti/LCA%20Comparativa%202012.pdf).
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[13].
'Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings' (documents downloaded from the website
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/).
[14].
Baker, P., (2008, revised 2010). Technical Conservation Group, Technical paper 1, Thermal
performance of traditional windows, prepared for Historic Scotland, Glasgow Caledonian University.
[15].
Breymann, G., (1884). Trattato generale di costruzioni civili con cenni speciali intorno alle
costruzioni grandiose, Vallardi.
[16].
Trov, F., (ed. by), (2013). I serramenti delledilizia storica di Venezia. Conoscenza e intervento,
Padova: Il Prato; Caniglia, S.; Illuzzi, S. R.; Spagnol, C., (2012) Il restauro dei serramenti storici.
L'esperienza di Palazzo Ducale a Venezia, Padova: Il Prato.
[17].
Aa.Vv., (2010), Linee Guida per la valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio
culturale. Allineamento alle Nuove Norme tecniche per le costruzioni, Roma: Gangemi.
[18].
Aa.Vv., (2008). Linee Guida per il superamento delle barriere architettoniche nei luoghi di interesse
culturale, Roma: Gangemi.
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ENERGY RETROFIT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING IN A UNESCO

WORLD HERITAGE SITE: AN INTEGRATED COST
OPTIMALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
TADEU, S.; RODRIGUES, C.; TADEU, A.; FREIRE, F.; SIMES, N.
TADEU, S.: Department of Civil Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal.
tadeu_sergio@itecons.uc.pt
RODRIGUES, C.: ADAI LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra
Portugal. carla.rodrigues nasimoes@itecons.uc.pt
TADEU, A.: Department of Civil Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal. tadeu@itecons.uc.pt
FREIRE, F.: ADAI LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal.
fausto.freire@dem.uc.pt
SIMES, N.: Department of Civil Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal.
nasimoes@itecons.uc.pt
ABSTRACT
Energy retrofitting of historical buildings may contribute to the environmental sustainability of the
building stock and also promote economic attractiveness to achieve optimal levels of profitability for retrofit
investments. This paper aims to develop an integrated cost optimality and environmental analysis by
combining alternative retrofit packages for a mixed-use building (residential and services) from the 1900s.
This building is representative of the building stock located in the old city center of Coimbra, recently
classified as World Heritage by UNESCO. A life-cycle (LC) model was implemented to assess different energy
efficiency measures: roof, exterior walls and floor thermal insulation, windows replacement and two
different heating systems. The operational energy was calculated using thermal dynamic simulation and
seasonal steady-state methods. The investment costs of the energy efficiency measures were calculated
assuming current market costs. The economic assessment complied with the European Directive 2010/31/EU,
which established a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum
energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements. A sensitivity analysis was performed
for different energy prices and discount rates. This study assumed a life span of 30 years. The results show
that optimal life-cycle environmental performance is obtained for insulation thicknesses lower than 80 mm,
which are also cost-optimal. It is also shown that extra insulation does not provide significant improvement
in energy efficiency or overall cost reduction. This paper demonstrates that, even though historical buildings
in Portugal do not have to comply with building energy codes, significant energy efficiency improvements
can be achieved without changing their historical character. It was also concluded that both economic and
environmental costs can be minimized by choosing the most appropriated retrofit energy efficiency
measures.
Keywords: Building Retrofit, Cost Optimality, Environmental Impacts, Historical Building, Life-Cycle
Assessment (LCA), Thermal Dynamic Simulation
1. INTRODUCTION
Building sector is an important source of carbon dioxide emissions not only during the
construction phase but mainly due to the long term impact of energy use during its life span. The
residential and services sector in Portugal accounted for 17.7% and 12%, respectively, for final
energy use in 2010 [1]. The use phase has been claimed as the most contributor phase for the
energy use and environmental impacts during buildings life-cycle [2][4]. However, users
preferences and life styles are usually not considered in most life-cycle and cost optimality
studies.
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Given the long life span of buildings, it is required that buildings fulfill energy performance
requirements according to local climate when there is a major retrofit. The European Directive
2010/31/EU (EPBD) [5] requires that all EU state-members define a comparative methodological
framework for the calculation of cost optimality levels for the energy performance requirements
of buildings. However, buildings located in world heritage sites are not obliged to fulfill these
requirements since the fulfillment of such requirements could change its architectural and historic
value.
About 25% of the existing building stock in Europe was built in the middle of the 20th century.
Most of those buildings have an architectural, cultural or even historical value and are
representative of the unique character and identity of the European cities, but they are one of the
highest contributors to the low energy performance of the building sector. Due to the high life
span of building, retrofit not only represents a high benefit in the short term but also a great
potential in energy savings in the long term.
As major building retrofits can be costly, different strategies can be used to promote the
fulfillment of sustainability criteria in order to achieve an optimum balance between the
profitability of the investments, energy cost savings and minimization of environmental impacts
during the buildings life-cycle. In 2012, the Delegate Regulation (EU) n 244 [6] (complementary
to EPDB) was published defining rules to compare energy efficiency measures using a cost
optimality approach. This methodological framework is based on the primary energy performance
and costs of each measure using both macroeconomic and financial perspectives. Life-Cycle
Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that addresses the potential environmental life-cycle (LC)
impacts of products and systems (ISO 14040:2006) [7]. It can be used to identify the most critical
components of the environmental performance of existing buildings evaluating the potential
benefit of different retrofit strategies.
The combination of environmental and economic assessments is known in the literature,
mainly applied to products/services (e.g. energy systems, materials, etc. [8][10]) and recently
also to buildings. Several studies have performed economic assessments of energy efficiency
retrofit measures but very few incorporate an environmental assessment, and fewer regarding
existing or historic buildings. Lollini et al. [11] studied the optimization of opaque components
regarding energy, environmental and economic impacts. Anastaselos et al. [12] created a tool to
perform an integrated energy, economic and environmental evaluation of thermal insulation
solutions. Kim et al. [13] assessed carbon emissions and costs of apartment buildings and Kneifel
[14] assessed energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings. In the Portuguese context,
Silvestre et al. [15] performed an environmental, energy and economic assessment of building
assemblies for new residential buildings.
Regarding the energy assessment, the integration of thermal dynamic simulation in LCA
studies have been addressed in the literature to assess the potential contribution of the
occupants preferences not only in the operational energy use of buildings, but also in the
assessment of trades-offs between embodied and operational energy [16]. The occupancy level of
a building influences the operational energy use and the contribution of the different phases to
the overall life-cycle of a building [16], [17]. De Meester et al. [18] and Azar & Menassa [19]
emphasized the need to properly account for occupancy during the design phase to provide more
reliable building energy performance estimates.
This paper aims to develop an integrated cost optimality and environmental analysis by
combining alternative retrofit packages of an historic building located in the city center of
Coimbra, Portugal, recently classified as an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Knowing that historic
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buildings does not have to fulfill energy performance requirements, this research intend to study
the potential improvements in energy efficiency and reduction of environmental impacts in a
cost-effective way without changing their historical and architectural value. A sensitivity analysis
was performed to compare the results from a thermal dynamic simulation and a steady-state
method based on the Portuguese thermal regulation [20]. This analysis allows applying a
coefficient of reduction to the seasonal method results when assuming a specific occupancy
pattern (calculated in the thermal simulation method).
2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology applied in this study starts from the selection of the main energy efficiency
retrofit packages, without meeting certain minimum energy performance requirements would
unacceptably change the character or appearance of the building. The retrofit packages combine
roof, exterior walls and floor thermal insulation, windows replacement and heating systems. Each
package was calculated for three different locations (HDD (Heating Degree Days) 1000, 1304 and
2000). The combination of these parameters resulted in 17576 retrofit packages calculated for
each location (52728 in total). A life cycle model was developed to 24 selected packages (within
the cost optimal band) to evaluate alternative insulation materials to identify optimum thickness
levels in terms of primary energy and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). An integrated energy,
environmental and cost optimality life-cycle assessment is performed
2.1. Cost Optimality Assessment

The economic assessment (heating systems, insulation and windows) follows the EN 15459
standard providing the comparison between heating and domestic hot water systems, in /kWh
and building envelope retrofit measures (thermal insulation and windows), in /R (R - thermal
resistance). A software was developed to assess the profitability of energy efficiency measures in
buildings in order to apply the equations defined by the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) n
244 [6]. This software assesses different combinations of energy efficiency measures that allows
to fix optimum levels of profitability both in a macroeconomic (including benefits for the society)
and financial (only accounting for the return of investment) perspectives. All costs (materials,
systems, operation and maintenance) used in this assessment were obtained from a market
search using price sampling in order to assess the viability of the current market costs.
2.2 Environmental Assessment

An integrated life-cycle approach combining LCA and thermal dynamic simulation was
implemented to assess energy and environmental performance of energy efficiency retrofit
measures. LCA addresses the potential environmental life-cycle (LC) impacts and was organized in
four interrelated phases: goal and scope definition, life-cycle inventory (LCI), life-cycle impact
assessment (LCIA) and interpretation (ISO 14040:2006) [7]. Thermal dynamic simulation was
implemented to calculate operational energy requirements. Two complementary LCIA methods
were applied: CED (Cumulative Energy Demand) measured the non-renewable life-cycle primary
energy requirement, in order to address energy resource depletion, while ReCiPe [21] assessed
climate change (CC). Environmental impacts are presented at midpoint level (problem-oriented)
in order to avoid the high uncertainty associated with impacts at endpoint level (damageoriented).
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2.3. Energy Assessment

The energy needs of the building during the use phase were calculated using both seasonal
and dynamic methods. The dynamic method was used to calculate the energy requirements
assuming a specific occupancy pattern (average occupancy pattern for Portuguese residential
buildings). This specific occupancy pattern generated a coefficient of reduction when comparing
to the seasonal method results. Since residential building do not have a permanent occupancy in
most cases, this coefficient was applied to the 17576 combinations (for each location) in order to
obtain energy requirements closer to the actual use of residential buildings. Energy Plus software
was used for the thermal dynamic simulation, which is a state-of-the-art open-source tool
promoted by the U.S. Department of Energy. During this first stage, collection and analysis of
relevant data was carried out. A detailed whole building performance simulation was done by
inserting the geometry, construction, internal loads, weather parameters and HVAC systems. The
seasonal and steady-state method used to calculate the energy requirements was translated from
the European standards [24] [25] to national regulations [16]. Due to the small variation in the
heating and domestic hot water systems costs, the research focused on the influence of the
variability of the insulation costs on the cost-optimal retrofit packages.
3. HISTORIC BUILDING: MODEL AND INVENTORY

This section presents the building characteristics (3.1.) as well as the economic (3.2.), energy
and environmental (3.3.) inventory.
3.1. Building Characteristics

The historic building assessed is located in the city center of Coimbra and is organized in five
floors (sub-basement, basement and ground floor for commercial use and first and second floor
for residential use with four independent apartments). This building is integrated in a UNESCO
World Heritage site. These sites present several constraints for the building stock, such as volume,
faade height, materials and design, etc. in order to preserve their historical and cultural value.
The main features of the building are single-glazed wood windows, non-insulated stone walls (60
cm of thickness on average) and a traditional wood frame roof with ceramic tiles.
2
-1
Table 1. Dimensions (m ) and air changes per hour (h ) of the apartment
Af
h
Ae
Aw
Ar
rph
70 m2
2.85 m2
70.5 m2
17.15 m2
57 m2
0.4 h-1
This article focuses on an apartment (with 119 m2 of living area) as to be representative of

dwellings located in historical city centers in Europe. Table 1 presents the dimensions of the
apartment, where A is the living area in square meters, h the ceiling height in meters and f, e, w
and r represents the floor, walls, windows and roof, respectively. The heating and domestic hot
water systems defined for the existing building have a coefficient of performance of 1.0 and 0.6,
respectively. The 17576 retrofit packages combine roof, exterior walls and floor thermal
insulation, windows replacement and two different heating systems. Table 2 presents the
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description of the building opaque envelope assemblies (roof, walls, floor and windows)
characterized by their thermal parameters, such as heat transfer coefficient U and heat solar gains
factor gw.
Table 2. Building opaque envelope assemblies (roof, walls, floor and windows) characterization (thickness in
mm and heat transfer coefficient U (W/m2.C)
2
Roof (m )
73.00
Walls (m )
158.70
Floor (m )
119.00
Thickness
(mm)
40
60
80
100
120
140
Ur
2
(W/m .C)
2.10
0.63
0.47
0.37
0.31
0.26
0.23
Thickness
(mm)
40
60
80
100
120
140
Ue
2
(W/m .C)
1.84
0.60
0.45
0.36
0.30
0.26
0.23
Thickness
(mm)
40
60
80
100
120
140
Uf
2
(W/m .C)
1.40
0.55
0.42
0.34
0.29
0.25
0.22
Windows
2
(m )
gw
0.85
0.66
17.15
Uw
2
(W/m .C)
5.10
1.53
3.2. Economic Inventory

The energy price trends are estimated by the EU until 2050 [25].The energy costs associated
with the electricity and natural gas prices were obtained from the Portuguese Regulator for
Energy Services (ERSE) [26] and also from current market prices analysis. The CO2 emissions factor
used was 0.144 kg CO2/kWh for electricity and 0.202 kg CO2/kWh for natural gas, according to
Portuguese regulations (Despacho (extrato) n. 15793-D/2013 in portuguese). Final and primary
energy conversion factors used were 2.5 kWhep/kWh for electricity and 1 kWhep/kWh for solid,
liquid and gaseous fuels [24].
The economic assessment was performed considering the most used solutions in the
Portuguese market, regarding insulation and heating systems. The current market costs were
obtained from [27] and manufacturers associations to estimate the initial costs of investment and
maintenance costs (after retrofit). A 6% discount rate was considered for the financial
perspective. A cost optimality assessment was performed to 17576 retrofit packages for each
location in order to identify which packages belong to the cost-optimal band.
3.3. Energy and Environmental Inventory

A range of 24 retrofit packages were selected from the cost-optimal band defined in a
preliminary economic assessment to be assessed in detail in terms of environmental impacts. The
packages defined for the environmental assessment combine roof and exterior walls insulation
and different locations. All 24 packages consider a double-glazed window and a heat pump
heating system. Given the world heritage protected character of the building, all exterior features
cannot be altered. Inventory data for the alternative scenarios regarding material production and
transportation was obtained from Kellenberger; Spielmann; and Althaus [28][30] and Spielmann
et al. and Hischier et al. [31]. The thermal insulation material used was expanded polystyrene
(EPS).
A life-cycle model was developed for the apartment including the following main processes:
removal of the original components, construction and use phase (heating, domestic hot water and
maintenance). The end-of-life phase of the new roof was not considered (dismantling scenarios
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and waste treatment after service life) because these are not accurately predictable and are
considered of minor importance for the residential sector. The functional unit selected for this
study was 1 square meter of living area over a period of 30 years. The model and life-cycle
inventory were implemented using SimaPro 8 software (www.pre.nl).
A thermal dynamic simulation model was implemented to calculate the energy needs of the
whole building. Each apartment and commercial areas were modeled as a thermal zone with
different thermal behavior and a specific occupation pattern (internal heat gains and occupancy
schedules). As this research focused on one single apartment, the operational energy considered
was the heating requirements of that apartment.
A heat pump, with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.3 was adopted for the heating
system. The heating season begins in November and ends in mid-May (6.3 months, representing
1304 [C.day] (heating degree days - HDD)). The heating set-points was fixed at 18C and 25C,
respectively, and a natural ventilation rate of 0.4 air changes per hour was considered, in keeping
with Portuguese building thermal regulations [20]. The cooling requirements were not considered
since the overheating period of this house is minimized (heat gains factor is higher than the
reference value according to the Portuguese Building Thermal Regulations [20]).
Table 3. Environmental retrofit packages heating requirements for the apartment (119 m2) per location and
energy efficiency measure with a low occupancy pattern obtained from the dynamic simulation
(kWh/(m2.year))
Location
Roof
(mm of insulation)
Exterior walls
(mm of insulation)
Heating
HDD 1304 (Coimbra, central region of Portugal)
Location
Roof
(mm of insulation)
Exterior walls
(mm of insulation)
Heating
Location
Roof
(mm of insulation)
Exterior walls
(mm of insulation)
Heating
HDD 1000 (south region of Portugal)
40
80
100
40
40
40
80
40
80
72.1
58.6
56.9
71.9
71.8
71.8
60.0
57.0
40
40
40
60
80
40
60
40
80
36.3
33.4
43.3
43.3
43.3
33.8
32.4
43.2
HDD 2000 (north region of Portugal)
0
40
40
40
60
80
60
80
40
80
100
127.4
106.1
104.5
112.9
102.8
101.5
125.9
125.7
The Portuguese climate is classified as a maritime temperate climate with a Mediterranean

influence under the Kppen-Geiger classification system (Csa; C: hot temperate climate; s:dry
summer; a: hot summer) [32]. The internal heat gains for the dynamic simulation were computed
taking into account the number of estimated persons in each thermal zone (occupancy density)
and their metabolic activity, as well as the schedules defined for lighting and appliances. A fourperson family with a low occupancy level (representative of a Portuguese household) was
considered, with loads mainly at night on weekdays and all day on weekends. The heating system
was only partially activated during occupied hours. The schedule defined for this apartment was
from 6 to 8 am and from 10 pm to 12 am within the defined set-point.
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The building was also simulated in two other locations besides Coimbra (HDD 1304), a city in
the north region of Portugal with HDD 2000 and a city in the south region with HDD 1000. Table 3
shows the results of the heating requirements for the three locations. The occupancy profile used
by the dynamic method represented a decrease of 54-68% (depending on the location) for the
heating needs in comparison with estimated needs by seasonal method. Thus, it was applied
multiplicative factor of 0.54 (HDD1000), 0.66 (HDD1304) and 0.68 (HDD2000) to each of the
17576 packages to consider the impact of the occupancy profile on the estimates of the steadystate method. This percentage represents the difference between a permanent and a low
occupancy pattern. This analysis allows understanding how overestimate is the energy needs
calculated in a steady-state method since the houses are not permanently occupied as assumed in
this method.
The main maintenance activities considered are associated with the conservation of the
interior and exterior finishes of the building during the 30-year lifespan.
4. RESULTS
The selected strategies analyzed in this paper resulted from a preliminary environmental and
economic analysis. The insulation material selected (EPS, 0.036 [W/m.C]), was defined as the
most profitable material for building retrofit [33].
The economic assessment analyzed the behavior of the cost-optimal curves of cost per
thermal resistance both in the lower bound (9.81 [/R]) and upper bound (26.96 [/R]). These
bounds represent all costs ranges in the Portuguese market. The heat pump was considered as
the most profitable heating system with a cost of 0.089 per kWh. Despite the ISO 15459 [13]
defines different percentages for maintenance costs, 1% index is predominant in relation to the
initial investment. This value was adopted in this research in all the analyses. The insulation costs
include 2.3 per thermal resistance [/R] and 17 per square meter that represents the
installation costs (labor and other materials). The floor insulation measure was not in the cost
optimal band because it is a non-profitable measure. The high installation cost of this solution (34
per square meter) is one of the reasons for its low economic performance. So, this measure was
not considered in the environmental assessment. A preliminary economic assessment defined a
range of thicknesses from 40 to 160 mm. It was concluded that thicknesses from 80 to 160 mm
were not viable economically since the marginal energy savings were very low.
4.1. Cost and environmental integrated assessment

The variation of the insulation cost led to several analyses regarding the behavior of the costoptimal curves. The results show that the behavior of the cost-optimal curves changes when a
lower bound (9.81 [/R]) or an upper bound (26.96 [/R]) is defined, for the location with HDD
1304 (Coimbra) and considering a heating system with high coefficient of performance. It can be
observed in Figure 1 that, for the same insulation thicknesses, the upper bound of costs led to
more vertical curves than the lower bound, discouraging the investment in larger thicknesses. The
insulation cost-optimal in the financial and macroeconomic perspectives (Fin = 6%, Mac = 3%)
present substantial changes.
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Global cost per square meter of living area [/m]
a)
700
600
500
400
Fin 6%
Mac 3%
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Primary energy needs [kWh/(m.y)]
b)
700
- 457 -
600
500
400
Fin 6%
Mac 3%
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250

2
Figure 1. Global costs (/m ) and primary energy (kWh/m .y) results of 17576 retrofit packages HDD 1304
(Coimbra) considering the a) lower bound insulation costs 9.81 [/R] and b) upper bound insulation costs
26.96 [/R]; per one square meter of living area over a period of 30 years
The interaction between cost and thickness [/R], operation cost of the heating system
[/kWh] and coefficient of performance [] is crucial for the cost-optimality calculations. Figure 2
shows that the behavior of the cost-optimal curve changes when considering a narrow bound of
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the operation cost of the heating system and varying the insulation cost and the coefficient of
performance of the system.
HEATING
UPPER BOUND = 26,96 [/R]
HIGH EFFICIENCY - COP = 4,3
LOW EFFICIENCY - COP = 1,0
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
LOWER BOUND = 9,81 [/R]
INSULATION
50
100
150
200
250
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
50
100
150
200
250
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0
0
50
100
150
200
250
50
100
150
200
Figure 2. Global insulation (/R) and heating energy (/kWh) costs HDD 1304 (Coimbra) considering the
lower and upper bound insulation costs for high (COP=4.2) and low efficiency (COP=1) heating systems; per
one square meter of living area over a period of 30 years
The range of thicknesses selected as the most profitable ones correlates with results from
previous studies [33], [34]. The environmental and economic optimal insulation thickness
depends on the component of the building envelope, roof or exterior wall, and on the location of
the building. The insulation of the floor was not considered in the environmental assessment,
since it was not defined as profitable measure in the economic assessment. Figure 3 shows, for
HDD 1304 (Coimbra), the optimal insulation thicknesses for the roof range from none to 80 mm
and from 40 to 80 mm for the exterior walls. For HDD 2000, the optimal insulation thicknesses for
the roof range from none to 80 mm and from 60 to 80 mm for the exterior walls. For HDD 1000,
the optimal insulation thicknesses for the roof range from none and 40 mm and from none to 60
mm for the exterior walls. In all locations, for thicknesses larger than 80 mm, both for roof and
exterior walls, the environmental and economic benefits are very low (less than 3%).
The embodied impacts account for 50% of total LC impacts in HDD 1304, 35-40% in HDD 2000
and 65-70% in HDD 1000. The low operational energy requirements in HDD 1000 led to a higher
relative impact of the embodied requirements. The embodied impacts are similar in all locations;
the main difference is due to transportation (40% and 55% higher in HDD 2000 and 1000,
respectively, than HDD 1304). Transportation accounts for about 10% of the total embodied
impacts.
250
kg CO2 eq
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Climate Change
1200
1000
800
600
400
HDD 1304 (Coimbra)
HDD 2000
80+0
60+0
40+80
40+40
0+60
0+40
0+0
80+0
60+0
40+100
40+80
40+40
0+80
0+60
0+0
40+80
40+40
100+0
80+0
40+0
0+80
0+0
0+40
200
HDD 1000
MJ
Primary Energy (N-Ren)
14000
12000
10000
Total Life-Cycle
Impacts
8000
6000
Operational
Energy Impacts
4000
2000
HDD 1304 (Coimbra)
HDD 2000
80+0
60+0
40+80
40+40
0+60
0+40
0+0
80+0
60+0
40+100
40+80
40+40
0+80
0+60
0+0
40+80
40+40
100+0
80+0
40+0
0+80
0+0
Embodied
Impacts
0+40
HDD 1000
Figure 3. Climate change (GHG emissions) and primary energy life-cycle assessment of the retrofit packages
(roof insulation thickness + exterior wall insulation thickness) in three locations (HDD 1304, 2000 and 1000);
per functional unit: one square meter of living area over a period of 30 years
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4.2. Sensitivity analysis

A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the variability of the energy prices and discount
rates for each retrofit package. This analysis allowed assessing which variable has more influence
in the cost-optimal performance. The retrofit packages should fulfill the minimum requirements
and be more profitable than the original scenario (existing building), which means present better
combinations between low primary energy needs and low life-cycle costs.
A 6% discount rate was used as reference for the financial perspective, which represents the
rate used in Portugal for mortgages for retrofit projects [35]. Figure 4 shows the results for the
cost-optimal retrofit packages using a 12% discount rate. Low energy needs estimates combined
with high discount rates led to a discouragement to invest in packages with lower primary energy
needs. A high energy cost is favorable to higher investments in retrofit due to a higher potential of
energy savings.
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a)
700
600
500
400
Fin 6%
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
b)
700
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600
500
400
Fin 12%
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250

2
Figure 4. Global costs (/m ) and primary energy (kWh/m .y) results of 17576 retrofit packages for HDD
1304 (Coimbra) considering a 6% (a) and 12% (b) discount rate; per one square meter of living area over a
period of 30 years
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5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper aims to develop an integrated cost optimality and environmental analysis by
combining alternative retrofit packages of an historic building located in the city center of
Coimbra, Portugal, recently classified as an UNESCO World Heritage Site. This building can be
representative of the Portuguese building stock from the beginning of the 20th century. The
retrofit packages were selected from a preliminary economic assessment to be assessed for
climate change and primary energy. The energy performance was assessed using an energy
dynamic model to study different energy efficiency measures that combined create different
retrofit packages. These packages combine roof insulation, exterior walls insulation, windows
replacement, heating and domestic hot water systems, in different locations. The variables
assessed in this research were the increase of thermal resistance in the building envelope
(insulation thicknesses), coefficient of performance of the heating system, location (heating
degree days HDD) and costs.
A low occupancy pattern was used in the energy dynamic model to calculate the energy
requirements. A software was used to perform the cost optimality analysis as defined by the
European Commission for the calculation of cost-optimal solutions to be compared to the building
energy performance requirements [6]. For this calculation method, a function is used to reduce
the global cost and primary energy use which leads to better return of investments and lower
environmental impacts. Finally a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the variability of the
energy price and discount rate.
The results show that, for HDD 1304 (Coimbra), in the central region of Portugal, optimum U
values range from 0.36 to 0.63. The retrofit packages selected from the cost-optimal band present
thicknesses ranging from 40 to 80 mm (when considering the lower bound of prices used in the
Portuguese market). The variability of prices (from low bound to upper bound) influences the cost
optimality of the retrofit packages which requires a constant reassessment to achieve expected
return of investment. However, in warmer climate locations, there is no advantage in the use of
greater thicknesses.
It was concluded that, firstly, there is a correlation between discount rate and the evolution of
the energy price which is very important for the viability of investments in energy efficiency
measures. Secondly, low energy needs estimates combined with high discount rates led to a
discouragement to invest in packages with lower primary energy needs. Thirdly, insulation cost
[/R], heating system operation cost [/kWh] and coefficient of performance influences directly
the retrofit package performance. Lastly, the energy costs, significantly higher in the financial
perspective due to taxes, promote higher investments in retrofit.
The optimal life-cycle environmental performance is obtained for insulation thicknesses lower
than 80 mm, which are also cost-optimal. It was also shown that extra insulation does not provide
significant improvement in energy efficiency or overall cost reduction. This paper demonstrates
that, even though historical buildings in Portugal do not have to comply with building energy
codes, significant energy efficiency improvements can be achieved without changing their
historical character. It was also concluded that both economic and environmental costs can be
minimized by choosing the most appropriated retrofit energy efficiency measures.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author (S. Tadeu) is thankful for the financial support provided by Cincia sem
Fronteiras Program (Brazil) and acknowledge the support of CNPq (Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico) in Brazil. The authors are also grateful for the support
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of Instituto de Investigao e Desenvolvimento Tecnolgico em Cincias da Construo (ITeCons),

ADENE and the municipality of Coimbra for data used in this research. C. Rodrigues is grateful for
the financial support provided by FCT (Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia), under the
program MIT Portugal Sustainable Energy Systems, through the doctoral degree grant
SFRH/BD/51951/2012. This work has also been framed under the Energy for Sustainability
Initiative of the University of Coimbra and is supported by the Energy and Mobility for Sustainable
Regions - EMSURE - Project (CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004).
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PARQUE EDIFICADO O PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO: LA

PROTECCIN FRENTE A LA INTERVENCIN ENERGTICA. EL
CASO DEL BARRIO DE GROS DE SAN SEBASTIN / Built
Park or Built Heritage: Protection against energy
intervention. The case of Gros district of San Sebastian
URANGA, E. J.; ETXEPARE, L.
URANGA, E. J.: Universidad del Pas Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Departamento de Arquitectura, Donostia
Espaa. enekojokin.uranga@ehu.es
ETXEPARE , L.: Universidad del Pas Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Departamento de Arquitectura, Donostia
Espaa. lauren.etxepare@ehu.es
RESUMEN
En este comienzo del siglo XXI nos encontramos ante uno de los retos ms interesantes que se han dado
en las ltimas dcadas dentro de la Unin Europea respecto a la ciudad construida y sus edificios histricos.
La necesidad de una intervencin energtica masiva en estos inmuebles se presenta como ineludible, debido
al problema energtico actual. Ms de 5 millones de edificios de viviendas sern intervenidos
energticamente en los prximos aos en Espaa. Pero cmo va a ser esta intervencin? Cul ser la
ciudad resultante despus de que se haya completado esta intervencin? Ante estas cuestiones se presenta
este estudio que pretende seguir profundizando en la cuestin de la necesidad de aplicar la normativa
energtica existente dentro de Europa, en las ciudades y en los edificios que configuran nuestro Patrimonio
Edificado.
En este anlisis la denominacin del conjunto de edificios que configuran la ciudad se plantea como una
forma de presentar el problema. As, la denominacin de Parque Edificado o Patrimonio Edificado puede
ayudar a dilucidar cul puede ser el tipo de intervencin energtica que se debe plantear para nuestras
ciudades. La primera denominacin lleva implcita la connotacin del total del conjunto de edificios, por lo
tanto ser ms sencillo intervenir energticamente en ellos. La segunda, especifica que se trata de un
conjunto de edificios todos ellos con algn tipo de valor a conservar, por lo tanto no es tan clara la
posibilidad de intervenir en ellos.
Para poder definir qu tipo de denominacin sera la ms adecuada, se ha analizado que normativa de
proteccin del patrimonio edificado existe y que normativa de eficiencia energtica es aplicable en la
actualidad. Se han analizado cuatro mbitos: Espaa; Comunidad Autnoma del Pas Vasco; San Sebastin;
y uno de los sectores de este municipio, el barrio de Gros. Por otro lado, se ha ido contabilizando en cada uno
de los mbitos analizados que cantidad de edificios componen este patrimonio del total de los edificios
existentes. Por ltimo, se concluye, qu tipo de ciudades nos podemos encontrar en Europa a la hora de
intervenir energticamente tomando como ejemplo los casos analizados.
Este estudio forma parte de la Tesis La intervencin energtica en el Patrimonio Edificado. La vivienda
del Siglo XX. El caso del barrio de Gros de Donostia/San Sebastin, y se presenta como un captulo de
anlisis previo al planteamiento de intervencin energtica que se desarrolla en posteriores captulos de esta
misma Tesis.
Palabras clave: Parque, Patrimonio, Edificacin, Energa, Intervencin, Proteccin, Espaa, Pas Vasco,
San Sebastin, Gros.
ABSTRACT
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, in the European Union, we face one of the most interesting
challenges in the last decades, regarding built city and the historic buildings that are part of it.
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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
The need to do a massive intervention on these buildings, due to the actual energy context, is
unavoidable. In Spain, more than 5 millions of dwellings will be refurbished in terms of energy in the coming
years, but, how will be the energy performance of these buildings improved?, what character will take the
cities as a result of these interventions? We present a study about these issues, in order to go in depth about
the necessity to implement existing European standards both in our cities and the buildings that shape our
built heritage.
The analysis and quantification of these residential ensembles is posed as the way to present the problem
of the energy rehabilitation. Thus, dissociation between built park and built heritage can help to elucidate
which type of energy intervention should be applied in those buildings. The first covers the entire ensemble,
and according to it, the intervention on buildings could be a universal strategy. The second one refers to a
group that has some value to protect and keep, and so, intervention on them becomes a complex question.
Regulations about protection of built heritage and about application of energy efficiency have been
analyzed in order to determine what type of intervention could be the most suitable. Four different areas
have been analyzed: Spain, Basque Country, San Sebastian and Gros district.
On the other hand it has been quantified, in these four areas, how much buildings could be considered as
built heritage, as well as the ratio between these buildings and the whole built park. Finally, we establish the
relationship between the case of Gros district and other European cities and districts.
This research is part of the PhD thesis called The energetic intervention on built heritage. The housing of
the 20th century. The case study of Gros district, in Donostia-San Sebastian, written by Eneko Uranga and
directed by Lauren Etxepare.
Key words: park, heritage, building, energy, intervention, protection, Spain, Basque Country, San
Sebastian, Gros
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1. INTRODUCCIN
Queda fuera de toda duda que en el siglo XXI la energa va a ser uno de los problemas
fundamentales de la humanidad. En previsin de ello, la Unin Europea ha decidido aplicar una
serie de estrategias de ahorro energtico como solucin parcial al incremento desmesurado del
consumo energtico. Para reducir este consumo se deber actuar en los tres grandes sectores de
produccin: la industria, el transporte y la edificacin. Es este ltimo por el que se ha comenzado,
y para ello se han venido aprobando una serie de medidas en forma de Directivas Europeas, para
posteriormente aplicarlas en los diferentes estados miembros. As, las Directivas 2002/91/CE [1] y
2010/31/UE [2] relativas a la eficiencia energtica en los edificios, y la 2012/27/UE [3] relativa a la
eficiencia en general pero que tambin menciona los edificios, recogen cual debe ser el consumo
mximo aceptable tanto para los edificios nuevos como para los edificios existentes. Estos ltimos
representan la mayor parte del parque edificado actual, por lo tanto habr que actuar en ellos si
se pretende lograr los objetivos establecidos por la UE.
Teniendo en cuenta este contexto y sabiendo que deberemos actuar en estos edificios
existentes que configuran nuestras ciudades, la pregunta que surge es cmo se va a actuar y cul
ser la resultante de esta intervencin masiva. Si actuamos desde un punto de vista nicamente
energtico, procurando lograr el mejor resultado posible en cuanto a eficiencia energtica de
cada uno de los edificios, puede que nos encontremos al cabo de este periodo de intervencin
con ciudades desfiguradas en cuanto a la arquitectura original de los edificios se refiere. Por otro
lado, si pretendemos no desfigurar estos edificios y los protegemos en exceso de manera que en
la mayor parte de ellos va a ser difcil realizar una intervencin energtica, no lograremos alcanzar
los objetivos energticos establecidos.
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La raz de este problema se puede plantear como un problema semntico. Cmo debemos
llamar a los edificios que configuran la ciudad? Parque Edificado o Patrimonio Edificado? El
primero parece enumerar la cantidad de edificios que existen en la actualidad. El segundo, parece
indicar que todo edificio existente forma parte de un legado y por lo tanto tiene unos valores
histrico-artsticos intrnsecos. Segn la normativa energtica vigente en Espaa, en el primer
caso parece no existir limitaciones en las medidas que se pueden adoptar para mejorar los
edificios energticamente. En el segundo caso por el contrario, pueden quedar fuera del mbito
de aplicacin los edificios protegidos.
Afrontar el problema de cmo intervenir en las ciudades parece indispensable y se intuye que
cuanto antes se acometa la bsqueda de la solucin de esta problemtica antes podremos actuar
energticamente en las ciudades logrando importantes mejoras energticas.
La comunicacin que se presenta a continuacin forma parte de una Tesis que se encuentra en
proceso de realizacin y que pretende clarificar por un lado, cmo debemos valorar al conjunto
de edificios que forman las ciudades, para posteriormente poder acometer la intervencin
energtica en estos edificios y as saber cul puede ser el resultado del ahorro energtico sin
tener que desfigurar nuestro entorno urbano.
2. LA EFICIENCIA ENERGETICA Y LA INTERVENCION ENERGETICA

Si analizamos los edificios que configuran la ciudad actual, cada uno en su poca, respondan a
unas necesidades del momento cuando fueron construidos. Como sucede siempre que la
arquitectura perdura ms tiempo que para el que ha sido diseado, los edificios deben responder
a las necesidades de su tiempo. Esta no es otra que la eficacia en el consumo energtico en cada
uno de ellos.
Estos edificios existentes son grandes sumideros de energa. El motivo es que cuando fueron
edificados no disponan de medidas de bajo consumo energtico, como aislamientos en la
envolvente o instalaciones energticas eficientes. Si tenemos en cuenta cuales son los usos del
total de edificios existentes [4], nos encontramos que la gran mayora son edificios de viviendas
(99%) frente a los de otros usos (1%). Por lo tanto tendremos que tener en cuenta que esta
intervencin se debe hacer sobre todo, en los edificios de viviendas.
Figura 1: Datos de edificios existentes segn el uso. Fuente: INE Instituto Nacional de Estadstica
Los edificios construidos hasta el siglo XX y que an perduran, no disponan de instalaciones de

calefaccin, refrigeracin y ACS en su origen, por lo tanto, se les ha ido implementando estas
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instalaciones segn las necesidades de cada entorno. An as, estos edificios no representan a
ms del 8,15% del total. Por otro lado, los edificios construidos en el siglo XX, desde 1900 a 1980,
configuran casi la mitad del total, 48,2%. Estos edificios ya disponan de unas instalaciones
energticas bsicas, pero los materiales de construccin no respondan a los requerimientos
energticos actuales (cerramientos y carpinteras), adems de no disponer de medidas de ahorro
energtico como el aislamiento de la envolvente. No es hasta el ao 1979, debido a la crisis
internacional del petrleo de los aos 70, que se aprueba la primera Norma Bsica de Edificacin,
la NBE CT-79 [5]. Esta norma, por primera vez, obliga a unos aislamientos bsicos en la envolvente
del edificio para la reduccin de las prdidas y ganancias de calor. Los inmuebles construidos
desde 1980 hasta la actualidad, suponen casi la otra mitad (43,65%) del total de edificios
existentes. Por lo tanto hay que intervenir en al menos la mitad de los edificios ya que no
disponen de ninguna medida de reduccin de consumo. Eso, siempre y cuando se considere que
las medidas tomadas a partir del ao 1980 son suficientes. Cosa que en la actualidad dista mucho
de los requerimientos establecidos por las normas vigentes.
Si analizamos la actual normativa europea, sta establece la necesidad de actuar en los
edificios existentes, ya que, como hemos visto, estos forman parte fundamental del problema del
consumo energtico. Para ello tal y como indica el artculo 7 de la Directiva 2010/31/UE que
siempre que se realicen reformas importantes en los edificios se mejorar su eficiencia
energtica, siempre que ello sea tcnica, funcional y econmicamente viable. Las indicaciones de
esta Directiva se han aplicado en el Estado Espaol a travs de la modificacin del Cdigo Tcnico
de la Edificacin en su Documento Bsico DB-HE [6] y la modificacin de la norma relativa a la
Certificacin de la Eficiencia Energtica de los Edificios [7].
En la ltima modificacin del DB-HE en su Seccin 1, Limitacin de la demanda energtica, dice
lo siguiente: Se considerarn intervenciones en edificios existentes las de: ampliacin, reforma, y
cambio de uso. Definiendo reforma como: cualquier trabajo u obra en un edificio existente
distinto del que se lleva a cabo para el exclusivo mantenimiento del edificio. De esta manera
queda meridianamente claro que cualquier intervencin en un edificio existente, exceptuando las
de mantenimiento, es considerada una reforma, y por lo tanto se considera intervencin, y
consecuentemente hay que realizar la intervencin energtica. En resumen, que en cualquier
intervencin que se realice en cualquier edificio existente se deber tener en consideracin la
mejora energtica y como consecuencia de ello la aplicacin de los requerimientos establecidos
en esta norma. Estos requerimientos son muy ambiciosos y en muchos casos prcticos difciles de
llevarlos a cabo.
Por otro lado, tal y como recoge el propio DB-HE existe una salvedad para no tener que
cumplir con estos requisitos y es en el caso de los denominados edificios histricos protegidos.
Dice lo siguiente: Se excluyen del mbito de aplicacin los edificios histricos protegidos cuando
as lo determine el rgano competente que debe dictaminar en materia de proteccin histrico
artstica. En este caso, si el rgano competente, en este caso las distintas administraciones del
Estado, considera que un edificio en concreto debe disponer de algn grado de proteccin, ste
quedar exento del cumplimiento de los requerimientos y por lo tanto de la intervencin
energtica.
Tal y como lo plantea la norma vigente existen dos casos netamente diferenciados. El primer
caso en el que todo edificio debe ser intervenido energticamente. El segundo, no deber
aplicarse esta intervencin energtica si el edificio tiene algn grado de proteccin. Es por este
motivo que resulta interesante hacer un anlisis de la cantidad de edificios catalogados en el
Estado por sus distintas administraciones y poder as definir si estos edificios forman parte del
Parque edificado o del Patrimonio Edificado.
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3. PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO O PARQUE EDIFICADO

A pesar de que tal vez pueda parecer un debate semntico la denominacin de Parque
Edificado o Patrimonio Edificado, esta diferencia adquiere inters si lo aplicamos a la intervencin
energtica.
Podramos denominar Parque Edificado al conjunto de edificios existentes en el Estado, es
decir, a los 9.814.785 de inmuebles, incluyendo todo tipo de edificios y usos. En este caso no
existe mayor problema para intervenir energticamente en estos edificios, ya que no
consideramos ninguna salvedad.
Si por otro lado denominamos Patrimonio Edificado a los edificios que dispongan de algn tipo
de proteccin otorgado por las distintas administraciones, obtendremos que estos edificios
pueden quedar exentos de aplicacin de la norma energtica, siguiendo lo indicado en el DB HE,
Limitacin de la Demanda Energtica.
Estas definiciones pueden quedar claras si consideramos como Patrimonio Edificado
nicamente los inmuebles protegidos ms emblemticos, es decir, sobre todo los monumentos.
En este caso podramos pasar a denominar al resto de inmuebles Parque Edificado.
Tal vez esta delimitacin tan neta no sea lo que la realidad refleja, porque si bien es cierto que
los monumentos estn recogidos como bienes inmuebles a proteger desde el siglo pasado,
existen muchos otros edificios, que tambin tienen algn tipo de proteccin, aunque sta sea
menor. Estos edificios son sobre todo los destinados a edificios de viviendas, es decir, el 99% de
los inmuebles existentes. En ellos se ha decidido la proteccin, muchas veces a nivel local, debido
a su valor histrico o de entorno, ms que al valor artstico.
La valoracin del patrimonio edificado ha variado mucho los ltimos aos y ya no son
nicamente los edificios con mayor valor histrico o artstico los que se consideran como
patrimonio. Cartas Internacionales como la de Cracovia [8] del ao 2000 o la ms reciente
Declaracin de Paris [9] del ao 2011 indican que la salvaguarda de Patrimonio Cultural no se
debe ceir a la proteccin de unos bienes inmuebles histricos concretos, sino que debe abarcar
un contexto mucho mayor, y que el patrimonio no debe ser definido de un modo unvoco y
estable, de manera que cada comunidad debe definir la consideracin del patrimonio en cada
momento. Aade, en cuanto a las ciudades y la intervencin en las mismas se refiere que la
intervencin consiste en considerar siempre a la ciudad en su conjunto morfolgico, funcional y
estructural, como parte del territorio, del medio ambiente y del paisaje circundante y a pesar de
que los edificios que constituyen las reas histricas pueden no tener ellos mismos un valor
arquitectnico especial, deben ser salvaguardados como elementos del conjunto por su unidad
orgnica, dimensiones particulares y caractersticas tcnicas, espaciales, decorativas y cromticas
insustituibles en la unidad orgnica de la ciudad. En cuanto a la intervencin que se debe realizar
en estos inmuebles aade que cualquier intervencin implica decisiones, selecciones y
responsabilidades relacionadas con el patrimonio entero, tambin aquellas partes que no tienen
un significado hoy, pero podran tenerlo en el futuro.
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Figura 2: Viviendas obreras de Benta Berri. Urcola, F., 1935. Ejemplo de edificio con poco valor histricoartstico pero de gran valor de memoria. Fuente: Ficha PEPPUC
De alguna manera ya no existe la idea hasta ahora utilizada de patrimonio histrico vinculado a
monumento, si no que el patrimonio lo configuran muchos ms elementos y conjuntos que unos
edificios singulares. Y que lo que actualmente nos parece que no tiene un valor para conservar, al
cabo de los aos se puede convertir en un elemento a proteger.
Esto tiene una incidencia en la intervencin energtica ms all de la obtencin de resultados.
Por esta razn es importante saber cmo est definido actualmente el patrimonio en el conjunto
del Estado, ya que son diversas las administraciones encargados de velar por el mantenimiento y
proteccin de este patrimonio. Por ello es fundamental definir si los edificios existentes forman
parte del Parque Edificado o del Patrimonio Edificado.
A continuacin se presenta los diferentes tipos de proteccin vinculados a la legislacin
vigente comenzando por el Estado, pasando por las Comunidad Autnoma del Pas Vasco como
ejemplo de un mbito territorial menor, para posteriormente analizar el caso concreto de una
localidad, San Sebastin, y ms en concreto un barrio de este municipio, el barrio de Gros, que es
donde se est desarrollando el estudio de investigacin.
4. EL PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO A NIVEL ESTATAL

A nivel estatal, se encuentra en vigor la Ley 16/1985 del Patrimonio Histrico Espaol [10], que
define cuales son los trminos para la consideracin del patrimonio nacional y su proteccin.
Entre otros, define cuales son los bienes inmuebles y la declaracin de estos como Bienes de
Inters Cultural en lo referido a los edificios protegidos. Es una ley que establece los criterios
legislativos para poder declarar estos Bienes y asegurar su proteccin. Pero nicamente afecta a
los edificios ms significativos o monumentos, dejando fuera definiciones ms contemporneas
como las recogidas en las Cartas de Varsovia o la Declaracin de Paris.
De esta manera si tenemos en cuenta los edificios que se han declarado como Bienes de
Inters Cultural, son pocos con respecto al total de edificios existentes [11]. En total los Bienes
Inmuebles recogidos son 16.146 en todo el Estado, lo que supone nicamente un 0,16% del
conjunto de edificios existentes (9.814.785). Si lo referimos a la Comunidad Autnoma del Pas
Vasco CAPV-, los porcentajes son similares. Del total del edificios existentes en esta Comunidad,
164.491, los Bienes de Inters Cultural recogidos por la Ley son 285, lo que supone un 0,17%.
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Como ltimo dato se ha considerado los Bienes a nivel local en la ciudad de San Sebastin, y de
10.005 inmuebles existentes 17 son los considerados de Inters Cultural, es decir, un 0,17 de
nuevo.
Figura 3: Contabilizacin de edificios y Bienes Inmuebles en Espaa segn la Ley Estatal. Fuente: Ministerio
de Educacin, Cultura y Deporte. Gobierno de Espaa
Si este fuese el caso, este pequeo porcentaje de edificios no tendra mayor influencia a la
hora de acometer una intervencin energtica debido a su nfimo nmero de inmuebles. Adems
dentro de esta lista muchos de los bienes recogidos no son edificios, sino que tambin estn
incluidos conjuntos histricos, yacimientos arqueolgicos, elementos de defensa, puentes,
jardines etc., con lo que el nmero de estos disminuira an ms si nos ceimos a la consideracin
de edificio.
Debemos tener en cuenta que normalmente los usos de estos edificios no suelen ser de
vivienda. Se trata de monumentos que si tienen algn uso, adems del turstico, suele ser de
equipamiento comunitario. Aunque el nmero de estos inmuebles es muy pequeo con
referencia al conjunto de edificios a intervenir, puede ser interesante el anlisis de la necesidad
de una intervencin energtica en ellos, aunque sea a menor escala, ya que un excesivo celo en la
proteccin de los edificios, nos puede llevar a querer proteger demasiado y no aceptar la
intervencin en este tipo de edificios, pudiendo quedar estos obsoletos en un futuro, debido a su
excesivo consumo energtico. El futuro de estos edificios puede ser la obsolescencia si se
convierten en sumideros energticos.
5. EL PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO A NIVEL AUTONMICO CASO DE LA CAPV

Tal y como recoge la Constitucin, parte de las competencias del estado deben ser transferidas
a las Comunidades Autnomas. Este es el caso de la CAPV, que a raz de estas transferencias
aprob el ao 1990 la Ley del Patrimonio Cultural Vasco [12].
Esta Ley, al igual que la de mbito nacional, recoge cuales son los bienes inmuebles que se
deben proteger. Se sigue manteniendo el criterio global de proteger los inmuebles ms
sobresalientes pero en este caso lo divide en dos grados, Bienes Culturales Protegidos y Bienes
Culturales Inventariados. El primero tiene un mayor grado de proteccin que el segundo.
Estos los Bienes, tanto los Protegidos como los Inventariados alcanzan la cifra de 4.400 [13], lo
que significa un 2,7% del total de inmuebles en esta Comunidad Autnoma (2,7%). Dentro de
estos Bienes se encuentran incluidos los monumentos, los conjuntos monumentales y los
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yacimientos. Si aplicamos el nmero de Bienes a la ciudad de San Sebastin observamos que este
porcentaje disminuye. De los 10.005 inmuebles existentes slo 28 estn recogidos como Bienes
declarados, es decir, un 0,28%, lo que nos acerca a las cifras de la aplicacin de la Ley Estatal.
Figura 4: Contabilizacin de edificios y Bienes Inmuebles en Euskadi segn la Ley de la CAPV. Fuente:
Departamento de Educacin, Poltica Lingstica y Cultura. Gobierno Vasco
En el caso de la CAPV, al igual que suceda en el mbito estatal, aunque se haya elevado el
porcentaje respecto a ste, sigue siendo un nmero reducido de inmuebles los que habra que
tener en cuenta para la intervencin energtica.
Lo ms significativo puede ser que en un gran porcentaje de estos inmuebles se encuentran
edificios que no son tanto monumentos, con un uso restringido al turstico o al equipamiento
comunitario, si no a un uso comn de viviendas. El ejemplo ms clarificador es el de los caseros,
inmuebles que en muchos casos se siguen utilizando como viviendas. An as, los casos de los
caseros ms sobresalientes en cuanto a nivel histrico-artstico, se pueden encontrar tanto como
Bien de Inters Cultural, como Bien Cultural Protegido o Inventariado.
Figura 5: Casero Aliri. Autor y fecha desconocidos. Edificio catalogado como Bien de Inters Cultural y Bien
Cultural Protegido. Fuente: Ficha PEPPUC
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6. EL PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO A NIVEL LOCAL PEPPUC DE SAN SEBASTIAN

Si descendemos a nivel local y tomamos de ejemplo la ciudad de San Sebastin nos
encontramos con un Plan Especial de Proteccin del Patrimonio Urbanstico Construido PEPPUC
[14], vinculado al Plan General de Ordenacin Urbana y en el cual se protegen los edificios ms
significativos de la ciudad.
Por un lado se introducen los edificios previamente catalogados por otras normas de rango
superior, es decir, la Ley del Patrimonio Histrico Espaol, y la Ley del Patrimonio Cultural Vasco.
Adems de la insercin de estos inmuebles previamente catalogados en el Plan Especial se
aaden un gran nmero de edificios nuevos, que de alguna manera se pretende queden
protegidos, en al menos algunos de los elementos arquitectnicos que los constituyen. Aumenta
de manera sustancial el nmero de edificios protegidos con respecto a otras normas.
Del total de edificios existentes en el municipio, 10.005, 1069 son los que se encuentran
protegidos por el PEPPUC, es decir, un 10,7%. Observamos como el incremento desde la Ley
Estatal, que eran nicamente 17 los edificios, a la Ley de la CAPV, que eran 28, a los 1069 del
PEPPUC, hay un aumento importante.
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Figura 6: Contabilizacin de edificios y Bienes Inmuebles en San Sebastin segn Ley Estatal, la Ley CAPV y
el PEPPUC. Fuente: Ministerio de Educacin, Cultura y Deporte; Departamento de Educacin, Poltica
Lingstica y Cultura; y Ayuntamiento de San Sebastin
Hay que resaltar que en este Plan Especial se establece un grado propio con un rgimen de
proteccin especfico en cuanto a la clasificacin de inmuebles. Por lo tanto no todos los edificios
protegidos tienen el mismo tipo de proteccin. Existen 6 tipos de Grados:
- Grado A. Comprende los elementos declarados Bienes Culturales Calificados o Inventariados
conforme a la Ley 7/1990 de Patrimonio Cultural Vasco, o Bienes de Inters Cultural conforme a la
Ley 16/1985 del Patrimonio Histrico Espaol, o que cuentan con expediente incoado al respecto.
- Grado B. Comprende elementos construidos a los que se reconoce su valor individual,
asociado bien a su proyeccin original bien a posteriores reajustes. Cuentan con partes que deben
ser protegidas tanto en su envolvente exterior como en su interior. La proteccin puede incidir
bien en la totalidad bien en determinadas partes de esos elementos.
- Grado C. Comprende elementos construidos a los que se reconoce su valor individual,
asociado bien a su proyeccin original, bien a posteriores reajustes. Cuentan con partes que
deben ser protegidas en su envolvente exterior. La proteccin puede incidir bien en la totalidad
bien en determinadas partes de esos elementos.
- Grado D. Comprende elementos construidos en cuya imagen arquitectnica exterior original
y/o actual se reconocen valores protegibles en relacin con el entorno urbano en el que estn
emplazados. Incluye edificaciones, complementadas, en su caso, con otro tipo de elementos
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asociados a las mismas, que se protegen en lo referente a su configuracin o imagen general

actual (correspondiente bien con su configuracin originaria, bien con la resultante de
intervenciones posteriores merecedoras de proteccin) y a su simbologa en el citado entorno, y
no a sus valores individuales y precisos. La proteccin puede incidir bien en la totalidad bien en
determinadas partes de esos elementos.
- Grado E. Comprende los conjuntos protegidos por este Plan Especial y no incluidos en el
anterior grado A, a los que se reconocen valores colectivos.
-Grado F. Comprende elementos o espacios construidos o urbanizados, o partes integradas en
los mismos, que cuentan con valores que justifican su proteccin, y no estn incluidos en el
anterior grado A. Se consideran como tales: Los jardines, los parques, las plazas, los espacios
urbanizados, los puentes, los frontones, el mobiliario urbano, etc. que cuenten con dichos valores.
Los cuatro primeros Grados de proteccin (A, B, C, y D) vienen referidos a la edificacin. El
quinto (E) a los conjuntos urbanos y el sexto (F) a los espacios urbanos y sus elementos.
Si contabilizamos los edificios protegidos segn el Grado, obtenemos que de los 1.069 edificios
protegidos; 44 inmuebles (4,12%) son los clasificados en el Grado A; 20 inmuebles (1,87%) son los
de Grado B; 286 inmuebles (26,75%) son los de Grado C; y 719 inmuebles (67,26%) son los de
Grado D.
De esta manera observamos, como es lgico, que a medida que baja el Grado de proteccin
aumenta el nmero de inmuebles protegidos.
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Figura 7: Contabilizacin de Grados de proteccin del PEPPUC en San Sebastin. Fuente: Ayuntamiento de
San Sebastin
Cuanto ms nos aproximamos al mbito de aplicacin de la proteccin de edificios ms

aumenta el nmero de estos. Es decir, que en las normas legales locales de proteccin es mayor el
nmero de edificios protegidos que el de las normas estatales o autonmicas. Implcito en este
aumento de edificios, claro est, que el grado de importancia del inmueble disminuye. Pero por
otro lado, esto se acerca ms a las ltimas consideraciones internacionales en cuanto a
patrimonio y conservacin de los edificios.
7. EL CASO DEL BARRIO DE GROS DE SAN SEBASTIAN

El barrio de Gros es uno de los barrios de ensanche decimonnico que se realizaron en San
Sebastin a finales del siglo XIX y a comienzos del XX. A pesar de haber sido proyectado a
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comienzos del siglo XX no es hasta finales de este mismo siglo cuando acaba de colmatarse. De
esta manera, este barrio tiene unas particularidades que lo diferencia de otros. La ms
significativa es que se ha ido construyendo a lo largo de casi 100 aos, dejando representado en la
arquitectura de sus edificios, los distintos estilos constructivos que se dieron en las distintas
pocas. Este es el principal motivo por el que se ha seleccionado este barrio para el anlisis de
intervencin energtica en la ciudad construida.
Figura 8: Imagen area del barrio de Gros. Fuente: Google earth

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Si analizamos este barrio desde un punto de vista de la cantidad de edificios protegidos,

siguiendo las determinaciones del mismo PEPPUC, nos encontramos que en este tipo de barrio,
que lo podemos denominar como histrico, aumenta el nmero de inmuebles segn los Grados
de proteccin establecidos en este Plan Especial.
As, tenemos que del total de inmuebles que hay en el barrio 449, los referidos a los Grados A,
B, C y D son 194, es decir, el 43,21%. Si dividimos estos inmuebles cada uno en su Grado
obtendremos que del Grado A slo hay un inmueble (0,52%); del Grado B 2 inmuebles (1,03%);
del Grado C 34 inmuebles (17,53%); y del Grado D 157 inmuebles (80,92%).
Figura 9: Contabilizacin edificios y Bienes Inmuebles y sus Grados de proteccin en el barrio de Gros segn
el PEPPUC. Fuente: Ayuntamiento de San Sebastin
Observamos, al igual que suceda para el mbito total del municipio, que aumenta el nmero
de inmuebles a medida que disminuye el Grado de proteccin. Pero hay que subrayar que en el
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caso de un barrio considerado histrico, como es el caso de Gros, casi la mitad de los inmuebles
tienen un Grado de proteccin.
Esto puede llegar a ser fundamental, si tal y como recoge la actual normativa de eficiencia
energtica en los edificios existentes, los edificios con algn grado de proteccin se pueden ver
exentos del cumplimiento de la norma.
Figura 10: Imagen de plano de distribucin de Grados en el barrio de Gros. Fuente: Autores
8. CONCLUSIONES
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Como conclusiones finales observamos en primer lugar, que tanto a nivel nacional como
autonmico, el concepto de patrimonio edificado sigue quedando establecido para un pequeo
nmero de edificios. En el primer caso con una nica denominacin y categora, los Bienes de
Inters Cultural, y en el segundo, en el caso de la CAPV, dividido en dos categoras denominadas,
Bienes Culturales Protegidos y Bienes Culturales Inventariados.
A medida que descendemos en el territorio, o dicho de otra manera, cuando la normativa de
proteccin de edificios es vinculante en un mbito ms reducido, aumenta el nmero de edificios
protegidos. Si tomamos como referencia el municipio de San Sebastin, y el caso de Gros ms en
concreto, es decir, la ciudad histrica, podemos considerar que casi la mitad de los edificios tienen
algn tipo de proteccin.
En el mbito ms general, Estado y CAPV, la mayora de los edificios protegidos son
monumentos o edificios de uso terciario, mientras que en los edificios protegidos en el mbito
local la mayora son de uso residencial. Tambin observamos, que a medida que baja el grado de
proteccin o valor del edificio, aumenta el nmero de inmuebles.
Es cierto que las ciudades son diversas entre si y que dentro de estas ciudades existen
diferentes barrios y zonas con mayor o menor carga histrica, por eso, tal vez sea difcil
universalizar la problemtica, y habra que estudiar cada caso en concreto.
Pero tambin es cierto, que muchas veces se tiene una perspectiva reducida de cmo debe ser
el tipo de inmueble a proteger, procurando que estos edificios dispongan de algn valor histrico
o de entorno, pero sobre todo tengan al menos 100 aos de historia. As se suele considerar slo
las zonas ms antiguas de nuestras ciudades como valores permanentes, y no se consideran zonas
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construidas ms prximas en el tiempo, que pueden tener otro tipo de valores. Esto es lo que
sucede tambin en el caso de Gros. En este sentido se ha observado cmo, tanto a nivel terico
internacional, como a nivel normativo local, cada vez existe una mayor sensibilidad para la
proteccin de la diversidad edificatoria de nuestras ciudades y que cada vez ms sern los
edificios a los que se les d algn nivel de proteccin.
As, si aplicamos la normativa energtica vigente y de obligado cumplimiento tendremos que la
mitad de estos edificios pueden quedar exentos del cumplimiento de la misma, y como
consecuencia, que casi la mitad de ellos podran no sufrir ninguna intervencin energtica.
Por otro lado, si hacemos caso omiso a la aplicacin de la normativa de proteccin de estos
edificios para el caso de la intervencin energtica, y acometemos esta actuacin sin tener otro
objetivo que el cumplimiento de la norma, los resultados pueden ser catastrficos para la ciudad
existente.
Esto no debera inducirnos a pensar que no se deba intervenir energticamente sobre esta
ciudad existente, que como se ha visto es una necesidad prioritaria, si no que se intervenga desde
el anlisis y el respeto a lo existente. Intervenir si, pero desde el anlisis y el rigor.
Como conclusin final, y respondiendo a la pregunta de cual debe ser la denominacin
correcta del conjunto de edificios para acometer la intervencin energtica en nuestras ciudades,
y teniendo en cuenta la teora de la proteccin y conservacin actual, se considera que denominar
Patrimonio Edificado al conjunto de nuestros edificios, barrios y ciudades puede ser ms
adecuado que el de Parque Edificado.
9. REFERENCIAS
[1]. Directiva 2002/91/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de diciembre de 2002, Relativa a la
Eficiencia Energtica de los Edificios. DOUE L1/65 del 4.1.2003.
http://www.boe.es/doue/2003/001/L00065-00071.pdf
[2]. Directiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 19 de mayo de 2010, Relativa a la
Eficiencia Energtica de los Edificios (Refundicin). DOUE L153/13 del 18.6.2010.
https://www.boe.es/doue/2010/153/L00013-00035.pdf
[3]. Directiva 2012/27/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de octubre de 2012, Relativa a la
Eficiencia Energtica por la que se modifican las Directivas 2009/125/CE y 2010/30/UE, y por la que se
derogan las Directivas 2004/8/CE y 2006/32/CE. DOUE L315/1 del 14.11.2012.
http://www.boe.es/doue/2012/315/L00001-00056.pdf
[4]. Instituto Nacional de estadstica INE. Censo de Poblacin y Viviendas 2011. http://www.ine.es/
[5]. Real Decreto 2419/1979, de 6 de julio, por el que se aprueba la norma bsica de edificacin NBE-CT-79,
sobre condiciones trmicas en los edificios. BOE nm 253, de 22 de octubre de 1979, pg 24524 a
24550. http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1979-24866
[6]. Orden FOM/1635/2013, de 10 de septiembre, por la que se actualiza el Documento Bsico DB-HE
Ahorro de Energa, del Cdigo Tcnico de la edificacin, aprobado por Real Decreto 314/2006, de 17
de marzo. BOE nm 219, pg. 67137 a 67209, de 12 septiembre de 2013.
http://www.codigotecnico.org/web/recursos/documentos/
[7]. Real Decreto 235/2013, de 5 de abril, por el que se aprueba el procedimiento bsico para la
Certificacin de la Eficiencia Energtica de los Edificios. BOE nm 89, de 13 de abril de 2013, Sec. I pg
27548. http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2013/04/13/pdfs/BOE-A-2013-3904.pdf
[8]. Carta de Cracovia 2000. Principios para la Conservacin y Restauracin del Patrimonio Construido.
Versin espaola del Instituto de Arquitectura (universidad de Valladolid). Rivera Blanco J., Prez
- 476 -
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Arroyo, S. Miembros del Comit Cientfico de la Conferencia Internacional Cracovia 2000.

http://ipce.mcu.es/pdfs/2000_Carta_Cracovia.pdf
[9]. The Paris Declaration, on Heritage as a driver of development. Adopted at Paris, UNESCO headquarters,
on Thursday 1st December 2011.
http://www.international.icomos.org/Paris2011/GA2011_Declaration_de_Paris_EN_20120109.pdf
[10].
Ley 16/1985de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histrico Espaol. BOE nm. 155, de 29 de junio de
1985, pg. 20342 a 20352. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1985/06/29/pdfs/A20342-20352.pdf
[11].
Datos recogidos del Registro de Bienes de Inters Cultural del Patrimonio Cultural del Ministerio de
Educacin, Cultura y Deporte. Gobierno de
Espaa.http://www.mecd.gob.es/bienes/cargarFiltroBienesInmuebles.do?layout=bienesInmuebles&ca
che=init&language=es
[12].
Ley 7/1990, de 3 de julio, de Patrimonio Cultural Vasco. BOPV nm 157, de 6 de agosto de 1990.
http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r48-bopv2/es/bopv2/datos/1990/08/s90_0157.pdf
[13].
Datos recogidos del inventario de Monumentos, Conjuntos Monumentales y Yacimientos de la
CAPV. Departamento de Educacin, Poltica Lingstica y Cultura del Gobierno Vasco.
http://www.kultura.ejgv.euskadi.net/r46-2962x/es/n52MonumentosWar/n52InicioServlet?idio=c
[14].
Plan Especial de proteccin del Patrimonio Urbanstico Construido de San Sebastin. PEPPUC.
Aprobacin definitiva, febrero 2014.http://www.donostia.org/info/ciudadano/urbanismo_planos.nsf/
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SIMULTANEOUS HERITAGE COMFORT INDEX (SHCI): QUICK

SCAN AIMED AT THE SIMULTANEOUS INDOOR
ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT EVALUATION FOR PEOPLE
AND ARTWORKS IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS
LITTI, G.; FABBRI, K.; AUDENAERT, A.; BRAET, J.
LITTI, G.: EMIB Lab, Applied Engineering Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Infrastructures and Buildings, Antwerp
University. Antwerp - Belgium
FABBRI, K.: Architecture Department, Boulogne University. Boulogne - Italy
AUDENAERT, A.: EMIB Lab, Applied Engineering Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Infrastructures and Buildings,
Antwerp University / Department Engineering Management, Antwerp University. Antwerp - Belgium
BRAET, J.: Department Engineering Management, Antwerp University. Antwerp - Belgium
ABSTRACT
The problem related to keep a given indoor climate quality in historic buildings, especially with museum
functions or with housed exhibitions, is still an open international scientific debate.
The double aim of ensuring optimal microclimate quality for artworks preservation, as well as
hygrothermal acceptability for visitors and officers, was often difficult to be achieved due to the tight and
steady limits proposed within standards and regulations. However, more recent evolution of people comfort
theory based on ranges of adaptation or percentage of satisfaction may allow ranges of simultaneous
comfort for people and artworks.
Within the proposed study, by considering the priority of preserving artworks and building material
integrity, it is investigated the leaning of people in lowering their own comfort expectations if - for
preservations needs - specific microclimate conditions have to be ensured.
Furthermore a simultaneous index of microclimate performance is proposed and experimented in the city
of Antwerp (Belgium), during a monitoring campaign in a historic monumental building. The SHCI is a
simplified index of performance based on the aggregation of the most driving thermo physical and
physiological parameters referred to the indoor quality evaluation.
The index might be considered during quick evaluation procedures aimed at assessing and certifying the
building microclimate quality in museum and historic buildings. The SHCI has been elaborated on the basis of
the current European standards with regards to indoor environmental quality evaluation and heritage
buildings preservation. Te index proposed aims at bridging the gap between people and building
microclimate comfort needs.
Key words: Heritage buildings, quick scan of indoor environmental quality, thermal comfort
questionnaires, comfort simultaneous index
1. INTRODUCTION
The proposed study is part of an ongoing research granted by IWT (Belgian Agency for
Innovation by Science and Technology) and made by Antwerp University, EMIB Lab[i] in
cooperation with Antwerp Municipality, City management - public real estate - restoration
projects Department[ii]. This contribution presents intermediate results out of a dual-aimed
ongoing study in Vleeshuis Museum[iii], a public municipal museum located in the historic centre
of Antwerp. Since the research is still ongoing, the results discussed in the contribution may be
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updated during further investigations. A complete overview of the research outcomes will be
hence delivered in successive contributions.
2. MICROCLIMATE IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS

In the following paragraphs an overview of the different approaches for the indoor
environmental quality evaluation, with regards to people and artworks microclimate comfort, will
be made.
2.1. MICROCLIMATE FOR PRESERVATION

Before the acknowledgment of the theories related to the historic climate [1][2], an extremely
stringent microclimate management approach was ensured in heritage buildings and museums
[3]. This approach, largely supported by Thomson [4], was based on a rigorous microclimatic
building control, and it was aimed at maintaining strict Temperature (T) and Relative Humidity
(RH) thresholds independently from the museum boundary conditions [4][5]. The high energy
running cost for maintaining such microclimate conditions on the one hand, and the influence of
these steady indoor climate conditions on the envelope building materials integrity on the other
hand, have raised the debate on the real feasibility and effectively of such museum microclimate
management control [6].
The international debate about the optimal compromise between safe Indoor Environmental
Quality (IEQ) and acceptable energy consumption in heritage buildings and museums, started in
the '80s when the first critiques to the totally controlled[iv] microclimate strategy emerged [6]. The
reaction to the mentioned unsustainable microclimatic management led to sporadic attempts in
diminishing the hygrothermal requirements stringency. Private institutes or public collections
adopted own protocols for managing the microclimate control, or developed new methodologies
for IEQ assessment and certification [7][8][9][10].
The consideration of acceptable ranges of variability instead of exclusive values is a de facto
condition which admits categories of hygrothermal comfort instead of unique theoretical comfort
threshold for artworks preservation. Nevertheless, there is still no agreement on the approach for
defining the aforementioned classes.
The substantial different approach with regards to the indoor environment categories
definition or allowable deviation ranges, across the European and north American Countries,
points out the lack of a common vision on the microclimate management in heritage buildings.
Beside the American ASHRAE guidelines, which propose thermo- hygrometric control classes
based on the HVAC systems typology and usage, the European EN 15757 proposes an approach
starting from the building microclimate itself, admitting the assumption for which the historic
climate[v] has to be preferred instead of theoretical levels of quality [11][12].
According to the reasonable assumption for which no single environment satisfies
requirements for all objects, it has no sense to maintain narrow environmental conditions already
knowing that not all the microclimate expectations can be achieved. Therefore if fragile artworks
have to be shown, it might be the case of guarding them in glass showcases. Although showcases
drawbacks have been widely documented by Camuffo et al. in [13], they may reveal a costeffective solution for tightly controlling small air volumes instead of the whole exhibition or
storage volume. The implementation of this solution ensures safer microclimate control and
reduction of museum installations operational costs [7].
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However, the energy improvements, as well as the maintenance of given microclimate

conditions for exhibits preservation have to be combined with the microclimate required for
ensuring building envelope integrity and people comfort in a multi criteria design approach [14].
Therefore a preparatory assessment aimed at simultaneously investigating the different levels of
the building performance may be supportive for a holistic design approach.
2.2. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FOR PEOPLE COMFORT

The Indoor Comfort Quality (ICQ) is generally defined as the combination of different
satisfaction levels: thermal comfort, lighting comfort, acoustic comfort and air quality. It is
considered as the psychological condition in which the person is satisfied about the surrounding
environment [15]. A total environmental comfort is reached only if the multiple levels of comfort
are simultaneously fulfilled. However it might happen that the comfort is only partially
accomplished. If a person experiences thermal neutrality but in the same while annoyance due to
a strong glare, it may be possible to evidence his/her good thermal comfort but certainly not
his/her good lighting comfort.
With the purpose of evaluating and certifying the thermal comfort, two Standards have been
delivered by the European Technical Committee: The EN 7730 and the EN 15251.
The EN 7730, was developed on the tracks of Fanger's studies [16][17]. It is based on a
predicted percentage of satisfaction of the thermal quality. This percentage calculated by using an
aggregate statistical indicator[vi] PMV (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied), can deliver a positive
or negative score according to the typology of thermal deviation from the neutral sensation[vii].
Critiques to the PMV when used for not HVAC equipped buildings, were highlighted due to the
tendency of the PMV of overestimating the warm discomfort in mild climates. The lack of
physiological adaptability parameters as well as the lack of direct relation between outdoor
temperature and indoor comfort were found as the biggest causes of this overestimation
[18][19][20].
A research carried out by de Dear et. al. [21] stressed the importance in considering different
expectation levels whether people are in fully HVAC equipped buildings or in free running
buildings. This research concluded that as the expectations level would change, also the thermal
comfort perception would change accordingly.
Indeed the comfort tolerance of people in non HVAC equipped buildings was found far higher
than the one of people in air conditioned environments, this clearly emphasized the unsuitability
of PMV model for free running buildings. Although the PMV model was revised and extended by
Fanger in [22], a new Standard for thermal evaluation of not mechanically controlled
environments, EN 15251, was introduced [23][20]. Beside the thermal comfort, the latter
Standard may be used for providing a complete indoor environmental building certification[viii]
[23]. Since the Standard background encompasses the studies made by Humphreys, Nicol, de
Dear, the relation between outdoor temperature and the indoor thermal comfort [18] as well as
the time considered driving factor for indoor comfort temperature evaluation are taken into
account. [20].
Less standards, with regards to lighting, acoustic and air quality comfort requirements, have
been published by the European technical committee. However insights on the recommended
luminance values to be maintained for satisfying people lighting comfort are provided by the EN
12464.2002 and recalled in Annex D, Table D.1 in the EN15251. Moreover criteria for measuring
the optimal light exposure for artworks are delivered by [24][25]. The EN 15251 also provides
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typical ranges of sound pressure for fulfilling the acoustic comfort in several building typologies,
Annex E, Table E.1 in [23].
The air quality can be evaluated by following the proposed methodology in the EN 13779. This
procedures allows to assess the air quality considering the ventilation rate given by the air mass
balance equation. The rate is straightforward calculated by comparing the current CO2
concentrations in the indoor space and the ones outdoor.
Another air quality certification methodology is suggested by the EN 15251. The CO2 indoor
concentrations plotted against the outdoor ones, allows the classification of the indoor air quality
based on maximum concentration above the outdoor one; Table B4, Annex B in [23].
2.3. BALANCING THE MICROCLIMATE QUALITIES

The balance between people comfort expectations and objects microclimate requirements, is
the unsolved aspect that has to be framed when delivering strategies for IEQ improvement and
energy running cost reduction in heritage buildings and museums [26].
The current dichotomy between Standards aimed at assessing and certifying the indoor
thermal comfort with regards to people [17][23], and those with regards to artworks [12], causes
the missing of clear hierarchy to be followed when evaluating the whole IEQ of heritage buildings
and, moreover, when HVAC systems have to be designed.
Within the EN 15757 draft, delivered in 2008, a specific paragraph aimed at overcoming this
unsolved conflict was introduced. Although in 2010 it was omitted, within the definitive version,
the need of taking into account people comfort elasticity[ix] when peculiar microclimate
requirements have to be ensured, was for the first time considered at a legislative level [12].
In the omitted paragraph[x] is stated: "(...) People may feel uncomfortable at lower temperature
levels compatible with the needs for conservation. In such case a compromise should be found
between the two needs. For example staff and visitors may tolerate relatively low temperature
during short visiting times, if they are suitably clothed"
The quoted paragraph would have based the environmental control management on the
heritage first approach[xi] as defined by K. Fabbri et al. in [27].
A more adaptive people thermal comfort, may allow not only a wider simultaneous overlap
between people and objects hygrothermal comfort requirements, but also a sensible reduction of
energy running costs during the whole life span of the building thanks to the reduction of the
installations set points [28].
3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The presented study wants to propose a quick scan methodology for microclimate evaluation
of heritage buildings, by introducing an aggregated index of performance (SHCI). People and
objects indoor comfort can be therefore simultaneously studied[xii].
As the proposed scan is based on a stepwise evaluation, it may be possible to break down the
index results, either if outliers are found, or if more detailed evaluations are required.
As already described, the people thermal adaptability plays a driving role in the future heritage
building environmental management, therefore the second aim of this contribution is to report
the results of a Test Questionnaire survey aimed at investigating the people adaptive behaviour in
heritage contexts.
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Although the results refer to a questionnaire verify (Test-Questionnaire), with a extremely

reduced amount of data[xiii], it is possible to start an investigation on the willingness of visitors in
adjusting their own thermal comfort expectations when peculiar microclimatic requirements
should be maintained.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to achieve the discussed aims, the research methodology is developed according to
the below discussed interrelated activities.
4.1. CONTINUOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL BUILDING MONITORING

The indoor energetic-environmental instrumental monitoring[xiv] in the Vleeshuis Museum is
still ongoing in each building storey; however in this paper, the solely results about the exhibition
spaces are discussed.
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Image 4.1.1. Indoor climate

station for the global
environmental control in the
main exhibition room
Image 4.1.2. Temperature,

Relative Humidity and Luminance
data loggers in the main
exhibition room
Image 4.1.3. Temperature,

Relative Humidity and Luminance
data loggers in the basement
exhibition room
The aims of this long term monitoring campaign are: to obtain an image of the building
hygrothermal behaviour, to evaluate the installations performance throughout the storeys, to
control the microclimate quality for artworks preservation and people comfort, to evaluate the
passive building behaviour under controlled weather conditions and to figure out eventual
building envelope failures affecting the indoor climate and energy consumption.
In order to give a punctual response to the aforementioned research questions, the
continuous monitoring of selected environmental variables, has been accompanied by: technical
surveys to the heating and lighting systems, geometrical inspection and infrared assessment of
the building envelope (EN 13187), and blower door tests (EN 13829). No destructive techniques
were performed during the monitoring campaign.
The physical parameters constantly monitored in each building floor are: Dry Bulb
Temperature (Tdb); Relative Humidity (RH), Dew Point Temperature (Tdew); Humidity Mixing
Ratio (Mr). The loggers have been hanged on supports, specifically designed for avoiding direct
heat exchange with surrounding surfaces (see Image 4.1.1-3).
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Nevertheless extra parameters are monitored in the main exhibition hall where concerts and
events are regularly housed. In this space a global indoor environmental control station has been
positioned (see image 4.1.1) and the following parameters have been continuously registered:
Incident Power Asymmetry (Tax, Ipwax), Operative Temperature (Top), CO2 concentration (CO2),
Illuminance (E), Air velocity (Avel) and Radiant Temperature (Trad).
4.2. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SUBJECTIVE INDOOR COMFORT EVALUATION IN HERITAGE

BUILDINGS
Despite a general consciousness in considering the people thermal perception strongly
influenced by adaptive conditions (See 2.2), studies on the incidence of different adaptive
approaches in diverse social contexts, are not yet amply published.
A research made by M. Indraganti on occupants in Indian dwellings, reported the high
correlation between the level of thermal adaptation and the people socio- economical status,
namely different thermal empathy[xv] [29]. From the face to face surveys was argued that the
respondents, in average, may tolerate a thermal comfort band far different from the one
proposed by the Indian legislation.
Such a study evidences the urgency in investigating more in depth the adaptive people
capabilities in the built environment; especially in heritage buildings and museums where, by
implementing the adaptive approach, it may be possible widening the simultaneous comfort zone
for people and artworks. Furthermore, a variation of the installations set points can enable a
significant energy use reduction.
The questionnaire for the spontaneous evaluation of the indoor comfort [xvi] is distributed to
the museum visitors in the tickets office, then it is returned to the same office once the visit is
ended. The questionnaire, available in English and Dutch, is systematized in 24 questions
according to the following order and topics:
4.2.1. Heritage comfort

The first questionnaire section is aimed at evaluating the adaptation visitor capability.
Theoretical microclimatic variations, justified by preservation needs, are hence proposed for
testing the respondent tolerance level. This section starts by asking if there are any conditions
affecting her/is experiencing of the artworks. Whether yes, it is required to tick which discomfort
is causing annoyance, among: lighting, acoustic and thermal discomfort.
Further, the respondent is questioned on her/his comfort tolerance level. More in details,
she/he is asked which kind of discomfort she/he is more willing to tolerate among: temperature
decreasing and increasing and humidity increasing and decreasing. The answers range between
tolerance to: no variation, slight and consistent variation.
4.2.2. Informative questions

The second section is aimed at gathering personal information. The respondent is asked to fill
in, above all: age (five thresholds), educational level (four thresholds) and dress code (ticking a
graph code according to the ISO 9920[xvii]). To verify whether the subject is able to detect the
running hygrothermal conditions, it is asked to guess temperature and humidity levels.
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4.2.3. Thermal, Acoustic and Lighting comfort

The third sections is focussed on the subjective thermal comfort evaluation. The answerers
tare ordered according to Annex H, Methodologies for subjective evaluations, in [23]. The thermal
quality is firstly assessed on the basis of the current thermal perception and possible thermal
discomforts; further the thermal expectations are investigated, and finally, a general thermal
comfort evaluation is asked in a simplified evaluation scale (three thresholds).
The fourth and fifth sections are referred to acoustic and lighting comfort. The methodology
for the comfort evaluation throughout these two last sections is the same as the methodology
above referred.
4.2.4. Global comfort

The last section is meant as a summary of all the previous questions; statistically it provides a
proof for measuring the consistency of the previous independently evaluated sections. The global
comfort includes the concept of simultaneous evaluation, indeed, it imposes a focus not anymore
on specific comfort but on a wider wellbeing condition.
4.3. DEFINITION OF A SYNTHETIC INDICATOR (SHCI) FOR FACILITATING THE INDOOR

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY QUICK ASSESSMENT IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS
The Simultaneous Heritage Conservation Index (SHCI) is calculated as aggregation of scores for
each environmental performance indicator
, with regards to different indoor environmental
parameters , such as: Temperature (T), Relative Humidity (RH), Luminance (E) with regards to
artworks comfort evaluation and CO2 and PMV with regards to people environmental comfort
evaluation.
Additional or less parameters, hence performance indicators, may be considered according to
the assessment aims and data availability. The SHCI is a supportive tool for quick scan of
microclimate quality in existing and heritage buildings[xviii]. If abnormal SHCI values are found, the
aggregated index may be broken down in order to find the discomfort causes (see 4.3.2). In this
contribution an brief application of the methodology is proposed.
4.3.1. SHCI, THEORETICAL FORMULATION

Before describing the methodology for calculating each single indicator score, and the whole
SHCI score, few considerations on the rating scale have to be evaluated. Both the European
standards related to the indoor environmental people comfort evaluation (see 2.2) and the
majority of standards and guidelines related to the microclimatic quality evaluation for artworks
preservation, suggest categories of quality with upper and lower thresholds[xix] [23][17][25][12].
Generally these categories are concentric around the optimal value. Although they are not based
on the same physical parameters, the categories from the EN 7730 and EN 15251 can be
straightforward compared according to the Table 4.3, Annex A-A1 in [23].The Standard EN 7730,
enables the certification of the indoor thermal quality with regards to intervals of satisfied
percentage of people (PMV), the EN 15251 instead considers the same categories with regards to
intervals of Indoor Operative Temperature[xx]. The category definition and the relative numerical
intervals are reported in Fig. 4.3.1 and 4.3.2.
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Image 4.3.1.1. Table 4.3 ;Annex

A-A1 EN 15251
Image 4.3.1.2. Indoor climate classification, Categories EN 15251
The categories are three, according to a threefold performance level; while a fourth category
classifies values out of range. The third category (see Image 4.3.1.1) defines the indoor thermal
quality as acceptable for existing buildings and its lower and upper threshold is {PMV>-0.7; PMV<
0.7}, as defined by EN 7730. As already discussed in 2.2, the PMV doesn't take into account the
people adaptive behaviors. To overcome this lack, an extension to the model was already
proposed by Fanger in [22]. However not transposed in the EN 7730. With the reasonable
assumption for which in heritage buildings the heritage first approach should be implemented
[27], and by evidencing high respondents willingness in lowering their thermal comfort
expectation (if specific microclimate condition are required), it might be possible to propose an
extension of the third PMV interval for heritage buildings.
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Image 4.3.1.1. Hypothesized PMV increment including people adaptation in heritage buildings
Since the EN 7730, except the first category, admits a stepwise PMV increase of 0.2 for
category, a proposition of 2 steps of thermal variation would mean a interval extension as
reported in Image 4.3.1.1. However this increment has to be confirmed from the first
Questionnaires results. With this purpose, the questions 4 and 5, Section 3.a (thermal comfort)
from the Pre-Questionnaire (see 4.2.3) are below reported with their relative results.
- Question 4. If, in order to preserve the artworks, the indoor environment should be cooler,
what would be your tolerance level?
- Question 5. If, in order to preserve the artworks, the indoor environment should be warmer,
what would be your tolerance level?
Table 4.3.1.1. Extension of PMV third category lower limit according to Question 4, Section 3.a
Questionnaire; Breakdown per age
Question 4
Hypothesized PMV
< 18 years
18-35 years
36 50 years
I do not have tolerance

(perfect comfort condition
should be ensured)
PMV - 0 (PMV -0.7)
13%
0%
I can tolerate a cooler

thermal environment
I can tolerate a cold

environment
PMV - 0.2 (PMV -0.9)

38%
60%
PMV - 0.2 (PMV -1.1)

50%
40%
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> 65 years
Total
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13%
10%
10%
63%
40%
46%
25%
50%
44%
Table 4.3.1.2. Extension of PMV third category upper limit according to Question 4, Section 3.a
Questionnaire; Breakdown per age
Question 5
Hypothesized PMV
< 18 years
18-35 years
36 50 years
51 65 years
> 65 years
Total
I do not have tolerance

(perfect comfort condition
should be ensured)
PMV + 0 (PMV -0.7)
19%
20%
38%
20%
23%
I can tolerate a warmer

thermal environment
I can tolerate a hot

environment
PMV + 0.2 (PMV +0.9)

56%
80%
63%
70%
64%
PMV + 0.2 (PMV +1.1)

25%
0%
0%
10%
13%
From the Tables 4.3.1.1 and 4.3.1.2, it is clear that respondents are more willing to accept
cooler than warmer variations. Indeed by summing the contribution: cooler + cold and warmer +
hot a cumulative percentage 90% against 77% is achieved.
Although a slight temperature increase is more tolerated than a slight temperature decrease
(64% vs 46%), a high temperature increase is accepted by an extremely low percentage of
respondents (10%) while still stays high the percentage of people willing to accept strong
temperature reduction (44%)[xxi]. The hypothesized max PMV increase would have extended the
third PMV threshold maximum to 1.1, however according to these intermediate results, it is not
possible to extend the PMV thresholds further than the first variation (0.9) as a strong warm
variation is accepted by less than 15% of respondents (see Table 4.3.1.2).
Further as the first PMV range in EN 7730 provides values for high expectation level,
reasonably gettable in newly constructed buildings, the first and second categories have been
merged. The new PMV thresholds, inclusive of willingness of people in diminishing their own
comfort level, are reported in Table 4.3.1.3.
Table 4.3.1.3. New PMV categories including people comfort adaptation in heritage buildings
1 category
PMV>-0.5; PMV< 0.5
High level of expectation (Heritage Buildings)
2 category
PMV>-0.7; PMV< 0.7
Normal level of expectation (Heritage Buildings)
3 category
PMV>-0.9; PMV< 0.9
Acceptable level expectation (Heritage Buildings)
To calculate the SHCI, each indicator rating scale has to be defined. The definition of each
environmental indicator scale might be inferred by a technical standard or guideline or suggested
by the exhibition curator. The definition of the rating scale for the reduced amount of indicators
considered in this contribution is reported below.
- PMV rating scale
The score rating for the PMV performance indicator
, is obtained by the above
discussed considerations of people comfort adaptation in buildings if specific microclimatic
conditions should be maintained.
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Table 4.3.1.4. Score rating for the PMV

PMV
SCORE
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
PMV > 0.9

0.7 < PMV 0.9
0.5 < PMV 0.7
-0.5 PMV 0.5
-0.7 PMV < - 0.5
-0.9 PMV < - 0.7
PMV < - 0.9
- Temperature rating scale

The Dry Bulb Temperature is considered, in this section, as parameter aimed at evaluating the
microclimate quality for artworks preservation. The specific range of acceptability to define the
indicator rating scale can be obtained by different Standard [12][25][11]. Moreover it can be
acquire from direct suggestion of the collection curators. Three categories are considered with
their upper (
) and lower
limit.
, Temperature upper limit Category 1;
, Temperature lower limit category 1;
, Temperature upper limit category 2;
, Temperature upper limit category 3;
Although the thresholds can be changed according to the needs, it is suggested to consider
categories concentrically ranged around the optimal value. The latter is valid for each indicator
rating scale definition.
Table 4.3.1.5. Score rating for the T
T
SCORE
3
T>
<T
<T
-1
T<
-2
T<
-3
T<
- Relative Humidity rating scale

The Relative Humidity follows the same consideration as
. Below the Table for Relative
Humidity score rating. Similarly to the Temperature, three Relative Humidity categories are
considered with their upper
and lower
limit.
Table 4.3.1.6. Score rating for the RH
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RH
SCORE
3
RH >
<T
<T
-1
T<
-2
T<
-3
T<
- Light Intensity rating scale

Light intensity E (Luminance), in this section, is considered as parameter aimed at evaluating
the microclimate quality for artworks preservation. Suggested E maximum levels are reported in
[25][24]. However specific uniformity criteria are reported in Paragraph 2.2, Conservation
parameters for exposure to light sources; pag.23 in [24]. The mentioned criteria are below
reported and considered within the calculation.
The score scale for this indicators corresponds to deterministic values {0 in compliance, 1 not
in compliance}. Beside light intensity levels, also E fluctuation plays an important role for avoiding
damage by light exposure.
and
define acceptable light intensity fluctuations.
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Table 4.3.1.7. Score rating for the

E1
SCORE
1
0
Emin/Eave < 0.5

Emin/Eave > 0.5
Table 4.3.1.8. Score rating for the
E2
SCORE
1
0
Emax/Emin > 5
Emax/Emin < 5
4.3.2 SHCI, MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

Each single indicator performance, with regards to each environmental parameter, is
calculated as below:
(1)
with:
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where:
Equation (1) calculates the performance for each indicator. It is obtained by the module of the
summation of each partial contributions: parameter score by its duration score.
, is the score obtained with regard to the specific indicator rating scale. It is within a
minimum and maximum interval ranging from the lower to the higher scale score.
, is the amount of time (expressed in hours) in which the relative score is obtained. It is
within a minimum and maximum interval ranging from 0 to the entire assessed time period;
By knowing the indoor environmental parameters (therefore the indicators) to be included in
the calculation of the SHCI and their score, it can be easily calculated the SHCI as a global score
average, by considering the equation (1).
(2)
where
= amount of considered performance indicators
The SHCI is therefore calculated as the average of the indicators scores. It has to be pointed
out that, since the SHCI of an optimal environment should result zero, the lower (in absolute
value) the index scores, the more performing the environment is.
As the score for each indicator is given by the product between a rating and a time interval
({
), and since within the rating interval negative figures may be included, the absolute
value of the product is considered to avoid flattening phenomena.
The evaluation of the incidence of each single index on the whole SHCI score, allows the
assessment of the specific deviation. The mentioned incidence, for each indicator xi, may be
calculated as below:
=
(3)
5. CASE STUDY
For giving a SHCI example of application, a short period of five days (from 15 to 20 July 2014)
will be considered in this contribution. It is out from the aims of this paper to provide an indoor
climate quality assessment for the Vleeshuis Museum since 5 days are not significant for a
microclimatic analysis. However later results will be published with more extended applications of
the proposed methodology.
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5.1. MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT IN VLEESHUIS MUSEUM

Since the Vleeshuis Museum has an open exposition configuration, the variety of the different
exposed objects imposes the use of showcases for protecting the most sensitive artworks or
musical instruments. Less prestigious or oversized objects are exposed, in the same exhibition
rooms under uncontrolled microclimate.
A centralized heating system with radiators is the solely existing installation; the lack of a
regulation subsystem do not allow any climate adjustment: It is only possible to bypass the single
radiator if the indoor temperature has to be lowered.
Further, as the building has punctual and movable de/humidifiers, it is possible to move them
from a room to another when required. Obviously this humidity control strategy does not allow a
homogeneous control, and the detected humidity problems, may even be increased [2]. No
cooling system or mechanical ventilation are installed; indeed, since the building works
completely in free running throughout a long period of the year, the thermal comfort, a part form
the heated period, falls in the adaptive regime [29][23].
The musical instrument permanent collection is housed in two of the five storeys of the
building. The rest of the building is mainly used as office and artworks storage, but neither in the
exhibition spaces nor in the storages, an automatized indoor environmental monitoring system[xxii]
is installed. There is only an outdated system for controlling Temperature and Relative Humidity.
Currently the microclimate quality and unforeseen abrupt microclimate variations cannot be
immediately checked out and fixed by the museum keepers. This implies that the potential
discomfort to the artworks, due to improper indoor microclimate condition or sharp thermo
hygrometric variations, might be discovered after a long time period.
The Temperature (T) and Relative Humidity (RH) data, registered by the data loggers
positioned in the museum, are withdrawn and read out by the exhibition curator on a regularly
basis. But, although this operation is iterative, it does not occur each month since the data
processing, without a clear and straightforward methodology, is extremely long and timeconsuming. Often this snapshot procedure of microclimate control increases the short TempRelative humidity fluctuations, namely the damage risk for the artworks and building materials
[2]. This aforementioned situation is not rare in case of historic buildings and small museums
without an automated building management system.
5.2. RESULTS DISCUSSION

The indicators considered in this paper are:
- PMV for assessing the people thermal comfort;
- Temperature, Relative Humidity, Light Intensity for assessing the artworks comfort.
Before calculating the index scores, the Temperature and Relative Humidity thresholds have
been defined in accordance with the suggestions of the exhibit curator. PMV and E intervals are
already reported in 4.3.2.
Temperature: Category 1 {20-21C}; Category 2 {19-24C}; Category 3 {18-24C }
Relative Humidity: Category 1 {50-60%}; Category 2 {45-65%}; Category 3 {40-70%}
The procedure for the single index score calculation follows equation (1). Once all the indicator
scores are calculated, considering the score intervals
and the time
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frequency
, the SHCI as pondered summation of all the indicators can be
calculated from equations (2) and (3). In the reported example, SHCI= 1.09 is obtained. Since as
reported in 4.3.2, the optimal microclimate value is 0, the obtained value shows an evident
deviation from the optimal indoor climate conditions.
By following the equation (4) it is possible to breakdown the value in order to evaluate each
Indicator incidence on the general result.
Table 5.2.1. Indicators incidence
SHCI
1.09
Incidence
2.16
49%
1.47
34%
0.23
5%
0.517
12%
From table 5.2.1 is possible to see how the Temperature - when considered for the artworks
preservation - plays almost the 50% of index failure. The rest of indicators are less impacting on
the entire result. But to get more details on the score deviation, it is necessary to breakdown the
SHCI.
In Table 5.2.2, an overview of the score frequency for each Indicator is plotted. It is possible to
observe the large compliance of PMV and Light Intensity with the optimal values of performance
(score 0) and Relative Humidity within safe value of performance (score 1, 2). However the
Temperature considered as separate indicator for artworks thermal comfort, is sensibly shifted in
the positive scores. This shows a warm discomfort, out from the safety range (score 3).
Table 5.2.2. Score frequency for single Indicator
-3
-2
0.0%
0.0%
0.00%
0.00%
5.17%
10.34%
-1
0
TEMPERATURE
0.0%
0.0%
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
0.00%
0.85%
PMV
15.52%
68.97%
LIGHT INTENSITY
0
80.50%
96.60%
E1
E2
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+1
+2
+3
30.5%
22.9%
46.6%
51.69%
47.46%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1
19.50%
3.40%
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES

A simultaneous index of performance for quick scan indoor climate evaluations is delivered.
The SHCI can be implemented as stepwise methodology for certifying the indoor climate in
heritage buildings, where it is necessary to simultaneously evaluate the people and collections
microclimate quality. Possible deviations from the given microclimate optimal conditions can be
easily detected for a prompt intervention.
The research is being revised with the aim of introducing weighting criteria for each indicator,
in order to respond to specific conservation needs.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Hans Goossens, Karel Moens, Theo Denijs and Elio Litti for their kind
support during the research.
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8. REFERENCES
[1]
B. D. Camuffo, Church Heating: A Balance between Conservation and Thermal Comfort Problems
with Central Heating, no. April, pp. 123, 2007.
[2]
D. Camuffo, Microclimate for Cultural Heritage. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp.
298314, 1998.
[3]
A. Luciani, Historical climates and conservation environments. Historical perspectives on climate

control strategies within museums and heritage buildings, Politecnico di Milano, 2013.
[4]
G. Thomson, The Museum Environment, 2nd Edition, Butterwort. Butterworths series in conservation
and museology, 1986, p. 293.
[5]
N. S. Bromelle, G. Thomson, and P. Smith, Conservation within historic buildings: preprints of the
contributions to the Vienna congress, in Conservation within historic buildings, International
Congress, 1980, pp. 713.
[6]
A. Grimoldi, Protection of movable property, protection of immovables indoor climate; some

conflicts to overcome, in Indoor environment and preservation, climate control in museums and
historic buildings, Nardini, Ed. Milan, 2011, pp. 1926.
[7]
M. F. Mecklenburg, C. S. Tumosa, and A. Pride, Preserving legacy buildings, ASHRAE J., pp. S18 S23.
[8]
S. Weintraub, The museum environment: trasforming the solution into a problem, J. museum Arch.
Prof., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 195218, 2006.
[9]
N. Blades, H. Jessep, and K. Lithgow, The role of historic house heating systems in collections climate
control at the National Trust, in Climate fo r collections | standards and uncertainTies | Munich 2012,
2013.
[10] J. Frick, M. Reichert, G. Baumbach, S. Song, A. Neuwirth, M. Kruger, M. Schmitt, J. Huber, M.

Ebermann, L. Pockele, A. Khanlou, A. Ekonomakou, J. Balau, G. M. Revel, M. Arnesano, and F. Pietroni,
Monitoring and Improvement of Indoor Environments in Cultural Heritage, in 3 rd European
Workshop on Cultural Heritage Preservation, EWCHP 2013, 2013, pp. 243249.
[11] S. Michlski, The ideal climate, risk management, the ASHRAE Chapter, proofed fluctuation, and
toward a full risk analysis model, in Roundtable on Sustainable Climate Management Strategies,
2007, pp. 119.
[12] European Commitee for Standardization, EN 15757 Conservation of Cultural Property-Specifications
for temperature and relative humidity to limit climate- induces mechanical damage in organic
hygroscopic materilas, no. January, 2010.
[13] D. Camuffo, G. Sturaro, and A. Valentino, Showcases: a really effective mean for protecting
artworks?, vol. 365, pp. 6577, 2000.
[14] G. Building and C. Italia, Gbc historic building, 2013.
[15] C. S. P., M. Gamerio da Silva, A. R., A. E., C. J.J., M. Filippi, K. J., M. A. K., O. B. W., P. Z., and W. P.,
Indoor Climate Quality Assessment: Evaluation of indoor thermal and indoor air quality, REHVA Guid.
Federation of European Heating and Air-Conditioning Associations, REHVA, 2011.
[16] P. O. Fanger, Analysis and application in environmental engineering. New York, 1970.
[17] CEN European Commitee for Standardization, EN 7730 Ergonomics of the thermal environment
Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD
indices and local thermal comfort criteria, vol. 2005. 2005.
[18] H. M. A., Outdoor temperature and comfort indoor, Build. Res. Pract., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 92105,
1978.
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[19] F. Sicurella, G. Evola, and E. Wurtz, A statistical approach for the evaluation of thermal and visual
comfort in free-running buildings, Energy Build., vol. 47, pp. 402410, Apr. 2012.
[20] J. F. Nicol and M. A. Humphreys, Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for
buildings, vol. 34, pp. 563572, 2002.
[21] R. de Dear, B. G., and C. D., Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference, USA,
1997.
[22] P. O. Fanger and J. Toftum, Extension of the PMV model to non-air-conditioned buildings in warm
climates, vol. 34, pp. 533536, 2002.
[23] CEN, EN 15251:2007. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy
performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality , thermal environment , lighting and acoustics
Contents. 2007, pp. 152.
[24] L. De Santoli, M. Filippi, and M. Mariotti, IEE Indoor Environment Engineering in Cultural Heritage.
Saarbrucken, Germany, 2010.
[25] C. T. I. CTI, UNI 10829.1999, Works of art of historical importance, Ambient conditions for conservation,
Measurement and Analysis. Italy, 1999.
[26] M. La Gennusa, G. Lascari, G. Rizzo, and G. Scaccianoce, Conflicting needs of the thermal indoor
environment of museums: In search of a practical compromise, J. Cult. Herit., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 125
134, Apr. 2008.
[27] K. Fabbri and M. Pretelli, Heritage buildings and historic microclimate without HVAC technology:
Malatestiana Library in Cesena, Italy, UNESCO Memory of the World, Energy Build., vol. 76, pp. 15
31, Jun. 2014.
[28] E. L. Krger and W. Diniz, Relationship between indoor thermal comfort conditions and the Time
Weighted Preservation Index (TWPI) in three Brazilian archives, Appl. Energy, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 712
723, Mar. 2011.
[29] M. Indraganti, B. Arch, M. T. Iitd, and D. Ph, Thermal Adaption and impediments: Findings from a
field study in, 2010, no. April, pp. 911.
[30] E. Lucchi, Diagnosi energetica strumentale degli edifici. Termografia e analisi non distruttive.
Normativa e procedure operative. Palermo (Italy), 2012, p. 368.
[31] I. Standard, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Estimation of thermal insulation and water
vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble. International, 2009.
9. NOTES
i. EMIB Lab Energy and Materials in Infrastructure and buildings.
ii. Research coordinator in the Restoration Project Department: Arch. Hans Goossens.
iii. Museum Vleeshuis: Klank van de stad: 600 jaar muziek en dans in de Stad (Melody of the city: 600 years
of music and dance in the city).
iv. With totally controlled microclimate the authors mean, the microclimate control strategies based on a
strict control of hygrothermal parameters as proposed by Thomson; cit. A. Grimoldi in [6]
v. Historic climate defined as Climatic condition in a microenvironment where a cultural heritage object has
always been kept, or has been kept for a long period of time (at least one year) and to which it has
become acclimatized; in EN 15757:2010; Terms and definitions, pp 5.
vi. The indicator takes into account physical parameters with regards to the environment (internal
temperature, air velocity, humidity, mean radiant temperature) and parameters related to the
occupants (activity level and thermal clothing resistance).
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vii. A negative value expresses deviation towards colder temperatures, while a positive one expresses a
deviation toward hotter temperatures calculated on the basis of the thermal neutrality (comfort
condition) assumed as zero.
viii. The Standards is meant for the Indoor Environmental Quality complete certification; therefore not only
the thermal comfort.
ix. People comfort elasticity: slight variation of comfort expectations thresholds.
x. Paragraph 5.5.2 Heating for thermal comfort versus conservation needs; pp 8; Draft 15757, version 2008;
deliverable online at
http://www.aq.upm.es/Departamentos/Construccion/recopar/v2/es2/docs/prEN_15757.pdf
xi. Heritage first approach: the comfort priority is given to the preservation of buildings, artefacts, etc.
instead of comfort for people; in [27].
xii. This study doesn't want to replace any standard-based procedure.
xiii. For the questionnaire Pre-Test 40 questionnaires have been collected throughout different periods of
the year.
xiv. Instrumental energetic- environmental building diagnosis as defined by E. Lucchi in Tools and
Techniques for Energy Diagnosis (Strumenti e tecniche di diagnosi energetica), pp 37 in [30].
xv. Thermal empathy as defined by M. Indraganti: the attitude of people in exploiting all the possible
adaptive opportunities before using high energy intensive environmental controls, pp 1 in [29].
xvi. In the Questionnaire not only the thermal comfort has been taken into account.
xvii. ISO 9920.2007 Ergonomics of the thermal environment Estimation of thermal insulation and water
vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble; [31].
xviii. If the SHCI is used for non heritage buildings, the amount of performance indicators only includes
those with regards to people environmental comfort.
xix. For instance: the EN 15251 suggests Operative Temperature values taking into account a superior and
inferior limit with regards to four categories of quality. The same approach is followed by the EN 7730
for the PMV evaluation. Similarities with this category- rating order, are in the majority of guidelines
and standard related to artworks preservation, such as the Italian UNI 10829.1999 or the EN 15757.
xx. The Indoor Operative Temperature is calculated based on the Outdoor Mean Running Temperature.
xxi. The test-questionnaire results might differ from the definitive questionnaires results.
xxii. This is a common situation in historic buildings with mixed functions or not completely converted and
used as museums.
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PROBLEMTICA DE LA POSIBLE CERTIFICACIN

ENERGTICA CON CE3X DEL PATRIMONIO
ARQUITECTNICO: EL CASO DEL ALMUDN DE VALENCIA /
Difficulties found in the possible energy certification of
heritage by using the CE3X software: the case of El Almudn
of Valencia
CUARTERO-CASAS, E.; TORT-AUSINA, I.; MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.; OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I.
CUARTERO-CASAS, E.: E.T.S. Ingeniera de Edificacin. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia - Espaa.
escuaca@edificacion.upv.es
MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.: Dep. Construcciones Arquitectnicas. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia - Espaa.
jaumemonfort@csa.upv.es
OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I.: Dep. Construcciones Arquitectnicas. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia - Espaa.
inolfau@csa.upv.es
RESUMEN
Para fomentar los objetivos del Protocolo de Kioto, la Unin Europea adopt en 2007 el Compromiso
20/20/20 para reducir las emisiones de CO2. Se persigue, con meta el ao 2020, reducir un 20% los gases de
efecto invernadero, aumentar un 20% el consumo de energas renovables y mejorar en un 20% la eficiencia
energtica. En este contexto, transponiendo una directiva europea, el estado espaol aprueba el Real
Decreto 235/2013 de 5 de abril que establece el procedimiento para la certificacin energtica de edificios.
Este RD supone la incorporacin de los edificios existentes al proceso de certificacin energtica y la
necesidad de establecer recomendaciones para la mejora de los niveles ptimos de su eficiencia. Asimismo,
establece que los nuevos edificios, o reformas importantes de los mismos segn define el Cdigo Tcnico de
la Edificacin, construidos a partir del ao 2020, o 2018 si son de titularidad pblica, debern ser de
consumo de energa casi nulo.
A pesar de que dicho RD excluye de la obligatoriedad de certificarse a edificios o monumentos
protegidos oficialmente por ser parte de un entorno declarado o en razn de su particular valor
arquitectnico o histrico, no podemos dejar de lado el compromiso de ejemplaridad que las instituciones
pblicas, por lo general titulares de este patrimonio, deben adoptar frente a la ciudadana. Por ello, el
presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de la eficiencia energtica de edificios del patrimonio
arquitectnico que, en funcin de sus caractersticas, presentan soluciones distintas a los casos que pueden
emerger con normalidad y particularmente en el caso de edificios histricos que actualmente albergan otros
usos, generalmente socio-culturales. El estudio se ha particularizado en el edificio del Almudn de Valencia.
Esta construccin del ao 1270, utilizada originalmente para el almacenamiento y venta de trigo, fue
declarado monumento histrico-artstico en 1969 y conforma actualmente una sala municipal de
exposiciones temporales.
En esta contribucin quedan definidos los principales inconvenientes que el mtodo simplificado de
3
certificacin energtica, utilizando la aplicacin informtica CE X -documento reconocido por el Ministerio
de Industria, Energa y Turismo como procedimiento bsico de certificacin-, plantea en un edificio del
patrimonio arquitectnico. Del mismo modo se proponen soluciones para realizar o fomentar sistemas de
mejora que podrn utilizarse en otros edificios de similares caractersticas. Se trata de establecer
herramientas para facilitar que los edificios del patrimonio arquitectnico, a priori excluidos de la supervisin
energtica, colaboren en la reduccin de las emisiones de CO2.
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Palabras clave: certificacin energtica, transmitancia, patrimonio, CE3X

ABSTRACT
To promote the aims of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union adopted in 2007 the Commitment
20/20/20 to reduce the CO2 emissions which goes after the reduction of 20 % of the greenhouse gases, the
increase of 20 % in the consumption of renewable energies and the improvement of 20 % in the energy
efficiency. In this context, transposing a European Directive, the Spanish government approved the
regulation (Real Decreto 235/2013) of April 5 that establishes the procedure for the energetic certification of
buildings. This regulation implies the incorporation of the existing buildings to the process of energy
certification and the need of recommendations to improve the optimum levels of efficiency. Moreover, it lays
down that the new buidings, or their important refurbishments as defined in the Spanish regulation (Cdigo
Tcnico de la Edificacin), built after 2020, or 2018 if they are public proprieties, should be near zero energy
buildings.
Despite the fact that this Spanish regulation excludes of the obligatory to be certified the buildings or
monuments protected officially for being a part of a declared environment or due to their particular
architectural or historical value, we cannot forget the commitment of exemplarity that the public
institutions, in general owners of this heritage, must adopt facing the citizenship. This is why the present
work has the aim to study the building energy efficiency of the architectural heritage that, depending on its
characteristics, presents different solutions from the cases that can emerge commonly, and particularly in
the case of historical buildings that nowadays have other uses, generally sociocultural ones.
The study has been developed in the building called El Almudn of Valencia. This construction of the year
1270, used originally for the storage and sale of wheat, was declared historical - artistic monument in 1969
and nowadays it is a municipal room of temporary exhibitions.
In this contribution the main disadvantages that the method simplified of energetic certification, using
3
the software CE X - document recognized by the Minister of Industry, Energy and Tourism as the basic
procedure of certification-, raises in a building of the architectural heritage are defined. Moreover, solutions
to realize or to promote systems of improvement that will be able to be in used in other buildings of similar
characteristics are proposed. The question is to establish tools to facilitate that the buildings of the
architectural heritage, a priori excluded from the energetic supervision, collaborate in the reduction of the
CO2 emissions.
Key words: energy certification, U-value, heritage, CE3X software
1. INTRODUCCIN
Con el fin de fomentar los objetivos establecidos en el Protocolo de Kioto y los compromisos
derivados del mismo, la Unin Europea adopt en marzo de 2007 el Compromiso 20/20/20 con el
propsito de reducir las emisiones de CO2. Se persigue, con meta el ao 2020, reducir un 20% los
gases de efecto invernadero, aumentar en un 20% el consumo de las energas renovables y
mejorar en un 20% la eficiencia energtica. En este contexto, como transposicin de una directiva
europea, el estado espaol aprueba el Real Decreto 235/2013 de 5 de abril que establece el
procedimiento bsico para la certificacin energtica de los edificios [1]. Este Real Decreto supone
la incorporacin de los edificios existentes al proceso de certificacin energtica y la necesidad de
establecer recomendaciones para la mejora de los niveles ptimos o rentables de la eficiencia de
estos edificios. As mismo en su articulado se establece que los nuevos edificios, o reformas
importantes de los mismos segn define el Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin (CTE) [2], construidos
a partir del ao 2020, o 2018 si son de titularidad pblica, debern ser de consumo de energa
casi nulo.
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A pesar de que el Real Decreto 235/2013 excluye de la obligatoriedad de certificarse a aquellos

edificios o monumentos protegidos oficialmente por ser parte de un entorno declarado o en
razn de su particular valor arquitectnico o histrico, no podemos dejar de lado el compromiso
de ejemplaridad que las instituciones pblicas, por lo general titulares de este patrimonio, deben
adoptar frente a la ciudadana. Por este motivo, el presente trabajo ha tenido como objetivo el
estudio de la eficiencia energtica enfocado a aquellos edificios del patrimonio arquitectnico
que, en funcin de sus caractersticas o propiedades, presentan soluciones previas distintas a los
casos que pueden emerger con normalidad y particularmente en el caso de edificios histricos
que actualmente albergan otros usos, generalmente socio-culturales.
2. EL EDIFICIO
El estudio se ha particularizado en el edificio del Almudn de la ciudad de Valencia. Esta
construccin data del ao 1270, utilizada originalmente para el almacenamiento y venta de trigo,
y fue declarado monumento histrico-artstico en 1969 [3] y conforma actualmente una sala
municipal de exposiciones temporales.
2.1. Breve resea histrica

El Almudn es un edificio que presenta una gran complejidad interpretativa. Las dificultades
surgen porque bajo una aparente unidad formal se esconde un edificio que ha contado con una
larga historia de ampliaciones, reformas y reparaciones.
En cuanto a su historia, cabe destacar que el edificio se ubica actualmente en un
emplazamiento diferente al de su construccin original, puesto que es trasladado entre 1261 y
1270 desde la zona de las carniceras mayores, actual plaza redonda, hasta el lugar que lo
encontramos hoy, en la calle Almudn. Para su construccin se utiliz parte de la muralla del
alczar islmico.
A principios del S. XIV el esquema arquitectnico que presentaba el edificio era un patio
central descubierto rodeado de prticos con arqueras. Su superficie sera bastante reducida, y
durante este siglo y en el siguiente se compraron casas colindantes con objeto de ampliar el
edificio. Es durante el S. XV cuando se le da un carcter unitario a la planta del edificio.
En la primera mitad del S. XVI se construye el prtico que recae a la plaza de S. Lus Bertrn y la
gran portada de la calle Almudn. Es en ese momento cuando el edificio adquiere el permetro con
que lo conocemos actualmente. En los aos 1571 y 1577 se pavimenta con losas el edificio, y a
finales de este siglo principios del S. XVII el Almudn es cubierto en su totalidad. A partir de esta
fecha se abrirn ventanales en sus muros con objeto de dotar al edificio de iluminacin y
ventilacin.
En el Almudn se realizaban las siguientes funciones: venta de trigo, regulacin de los precios
de los cereales, prstamo de semillas a los agricultores, crdito a los campesinos necesitados o a
los hombres de negocios, fondo de operaciones para finanzas municipales, adelanto para el pago
de impuestos reales, reserva eventual para el aprovisionamiento de los ejrcitos etc.
El edificio fue objeto de una rehabilitacin integral en el periodo comprendido entre 1992-96
[4], priorizando los campos de actuacin en la envolvente del edificio y renovacin de la cubierta.
Dado el mal estado en el que se encontraba la cubierta (con riesgo de desplome), se opt por la
sustitucin de esta, ejecutada con la misma tipologa constructiva a la anterior. En cuanto a la
envolvente se reforz las zonas ms deterioradas, empleando materiales adecuados a modo de
conservar las caractersticas propias de la misma.
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2.2. Fbricas y tipos de muros

Son cuatro los tipos de fbricas que se utilizaron para levantar los muros del Almudn. El
primero de ellos se encuentra en los lugares de absorcin de empujes -en esquinas y portadas- y
se trata de cantera, formada por sillares de piedra caliza de distinto tamao y en algunos casos
reutilizados de otros edificios.
Los otros tres tipos desempean un papel de materializacin masiva de los muros. El ms
abundante es el conocido como tapia valenciana o tapia real. Esta tapia se compone por tierra
con gravas y cal apisonada a partir de un moldeado entre tablas provistas de pasadores para su
entibacin, ejecutado por tongadas y trabado con hiladas de ladrillos a tizn, con una gruesa junta
entre ellos, que en los lmites de comienzo y final del pao quedan trabados con las esquinas de
cantera por medio de los mismos ladrillos colocados a soga. Tras el apisonado y fraguado, el
desmolde produce un efecto textural al rebosar la argamasa sobre los ladrillos. Se trata de un tipo
de fbrica empleado desde la antigedad y habitual en la ciudad de Valencia desde la poca
islmica. La tapia de tierra y la fbrica de ladrillo componen los restantes tipos de fbricas
utilizados en los muros del Almudn.
3. PROPIEDADES TRMICAS DE LA ENVOLVENTE DEL EDIFICIO

La envolvente trmica del edificio est constituida por cuatro fachadas con sus respectivos
huecos, el suelo en contacto con el terreno, la cubierta y los puentes trmicos que se producen en
los encuentros de los diferentes elementos constructivos. Debido a los distintos tipos de tcnicas
constructivas utilizadas en la envolvente trmica, se ha optado por dividir la superficie de la
envolvente del edificio en funcin del material empleado, conforme a la tabla 1. A los cuatro tipos
de fbricas identificados en el apartado anterior se le suma el acceso actual al edificio compuesto
por perfilera metlica y vidrio (fachada ligera).
Tabla 1: Superficies de tipologa de fbricas en funcin de la orientacin de la fachada
Fachada NORTE
Fachada SUR
Fachada ESTE
Fachada OESTE
TAPIA
VALENCIANA
O REAL
391,97 m 2
298,17 m 2
85,83 m 2
211,67 m 2
TAPIA DE
TIERRA
24,55 m 2
54,72 m 2
-
FABRICA
LADRILLO
MACIZO
24,71 m 2
-
CANTERIA
SILLARES DE
CALIZA
25,41 m 2
68,42 m 2
25,67 m 2
5,63 m 2
FACHADA
LIGERA
75,90 m 2
-
A la hora de introducir los valores de transmitancia de los elementos que componen la

envolvente trmica, la aplicacin informtica CE3X, habilitada por el Ministerio de Industria,
Energa y turismo (MINETUR), nos permite tres opciones (por defecto, estimadas o conocidas) [5].
Las opciones por defecto o estimadas aproximan unos valores de transmitancia a partir de
caractersticas de ubicacin y antigedad de los distintos cerramientos (por comparacin con
edificaciones similares que contiene su base de datos). En el caso de edificios histricos la base de
datos del programa se presenta insuficiente, aportando datos de trasmitancia poco ajustados a la
realidad de los paramentos de la construccin, por lo que resulta necesario calcular estas
transmitancias trmicas de los cerramientos en contacto con el aire exterior, tales como: muros
de fachada, cubiertas y suelos en contacto con el terreno.
El objetivo de este clculo ser evitar descompensaciones entre la calidad trmica de los
diferentes espacios. Una vez obtenido este valor de transmitancia ser introducido en el
programa como dato conocido. El resultado ser obtener valores de transmitancia mas certeros y
por tanto ajustados a la realidad. De la misma forma se calcularn los puentes trmicos
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integrados en los citados cerramientos cuya superficie sea superior a 0,5 m2, desprecindose en
este caso los efectos multidimensionales del flujo de calor. Para todos estos espacios el sentido de
flujo de calor viene reflejado en la tabla 1 del DB-HE-1 [6]. y el valor de la transmitancia U viene
dado por la expresin de la ecuacin 1.
Ecuacin 1: Transmitancia trmica
Donde:
2
U = transmitancia trmica (W/m K)

2
Rt = Resistencia Trmica total del componente constructivo (m K/W)

Siendo:
Rt = Rsi+R1+R2++Rn+Rse
La solucin estructural de la cubierta se resuelve de dos formas diferentes. Mediante cubierta

a un agua con parecillos en las naves laterales. Mientras que en la nave central ser cubierta a dos
aguas mediante par e hilera. En cuanto a los materiales utilizados para ambas cubiertas, se
emplean cerchas y correas de madera laminada encolada con uniones dentadas, tirantes y
mecanismos de apoyo y conexin de acero inoxidable, apoyadas sobre un perfil metlico que
acta como durmiente, sobre las que se apoyan los tableros de bardos cermicos
machihembrados, una capa de hormign con arlita y malla electrosoldada, placa impermeable y
aislante tipo Onduline y como material de cobertura teja cermica rabe.
En cuanto a los cerramientos en contacto con el terreno, el programa nos permite definir
varios elementos como cubiertas, muros y suelos donde la normativa diferencia una serie de
casusticas y parmetros para su clculo. En nuestro caso, el edificio no dispone de cubiertas
enterradas, ni muros enterrados o semienterrados, excepto el suelo en contacto con el terreno.
La solera se encuentra apoyada sobre el nivel del terreno a una altura menor a 0,50 m, por lo que
el valor de la transmitancia trmica U (W/m2K) se obtiene de la interpolacin en la tabla 3 del DBHE-1.
Por ltimo, calculamos la transmitancia trmica de los diferentes elementos que forman parte
del edificio, referidos a los huecos o lucernarios existentes en la envolvente trmica, teniendo en
cuenta el factor solar. En nuestro caso, la carpinteras son metlicas de pletina calibrada de 60x12
mm, sin rotura de puente trmico, de color oscuro y con un acristalamiento de vidrio tipo Stadip
4+4 mm. Para el clculo de la puerta de madera de la fachada Sur, lo realizamos como si fuese un
cerramiento en contacto con el aire exterior segn la tabla 1 del DB-HE-1.
En el clculo de la opcin simplificada, debe verificarse el cumplimiento del factor solar de
huecos, entendiendo como tal la cantidad de energa que atraviesa un cerramiento al recibir este
la radiacin solar sobre la superficie del hueco.
A continuacin se muestran los valores de transmitancia obtenidos para los cerramientos
exteriores (tabla 2.1), cubiertas (tabla 2.2), solera (tabla 2.3) y huecos (tablas 2.4 y 2.5). Para
obtener estos valores se han utilizado (o aproximado por asimilacin) los datos de conductividad
trmica marcados por el Catalogo de Elementos Constructivos del CTE [7].
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Tabla 2.1: Clculo de las transmitancias (W/m K) de los cerramientos exteriores
FACHADAS
TAPIA DE TIERRA CON ARGAMASA DE GRAVAS Y MAMPOSTERIA

COMPONENTES
ESPESOR (m) (W/mK) R (m2K/W)
Resistencia aire exterior
0,04
Tapia de Tierra
0,70
0,56
1,25
Resistencia aire interior
0,13
d=1470Kg/m2
R = 1,42
U = 0,71
FACHADAS
FABRICA DE LADRILLO MACIZO

COMPONENTES
0,04
Tapia Ladrillo macizo
0,50
0,658
0,76
0,13
d=850 Kg/m2
R = 0,93
U = 1,07
FACHADAS
COMPONENTES
0,04
Tapia Valenciana
0,70
0,61
1,15
0,13
d=1411,9Kg/m2
R = 1,32
U = 0,76
SILLARES DE PIEDRA CALIZA

COMPONENTES
0,04
Tapia Sillares de Caliza
0,70
1,50
0,46
0,13
d=1345 Kg/m2
R = 0,64
U = 1,57
FACHADAS
FACHADAS
TAPIA VALENCIANA O REAL
FACHADA LIGERA
COMPONENTES
0,04
Fachada Ligera
0,01
1,05
1,15
0,13
d=75 Kg/m2
R = 0,187
U = 5,6
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CUBIERTA
CUBIERTA NAVE CENTRAL

COMPONENTES
0,04
Teja rabe
0,03
0,42
0,071
Placa Tipo Onduline BT-235
0,0025
0,04
0,0625
Hormign con arlita
0,008
0,32
0,25
Tablero cermico de bardo
0,035
0,29
0,12
Correa de madera
0,68(1)
0,10
d=180,75Kg/m2
R = 1,32
U = 0,76
CUBIERTA
Tabla 2.2: Clculo de la transmitancia (W/m K) de las cubiertas
CUBIERTA NAVE LATERAL

COMPONENTES
0,04
Teja rabe
0,03
0,42
0,071
Placa Tipo Onduline BT-235
0,0025
0,04
0,0625
Hormign con arlita
0,008
0,32
0,25
Tablero cermico de bardo
0,035
0,29
0,12
Correa de madera
0,45(1)
0,10
d=163,75Kg/m2
R = 1,09
U = 0,91
(1) Dato obtenido en funcin del espesor de la madera y porcentaje del volumen ocupado.
2
SOLERA
Tabla 2.3: Clculo de la transmitancia (W/m K) de la solera
SUELO
COMPONENTES
Baldosa de piedra 80x60x4cm
0,04
1,40
0,028
Mortero de agarre
0,03
0,04
0,75
Solera de hormign
0,20
1,40
0,14
Hormign de limpieza
0,10
1,72
0,058
Lmina impermeabilizante
0,001
0,03
0,33
Zahorra atificial compactada
0,25
1,30
0,19
Tabla 3 (interpolacin)
Ra = 0,00
B= 12
Us = 0,44
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Tabla 2.4: Clculo de la transmitancia (W/m K) de los huecos de ventanas
VENTANAS
REF m Hueco m Vidrio m Marco FM
PARTE SEMITRANSPARENTE
V1
3,67
2,86
0,81 0,22 Vidrio incoloro 4+4 mm
V2
0,84
0,66
0,18 0,21 PARTE OPACA
V3
4,80
3,97
0,83 0,17 Carpintera metlica sin RPT
V4
84,61
73,62
11,0 0,13 FM (mayor)
U = (1-FM)UH,v + FMUH,m
U = 5,62
FACTOR SOLAR
F = Fs [(1- FM) + g+FM0.04UH,m]
F = 0,65
UH,V = 5,60
UH,m = 5,70
0,22
PUERTAS
Tabla 2.5: Clculo de la transmitancia de los huecos de puertas
PUERTA DE MADERA MACIZA

COMPONENTES
ESPESOR (m) (W/mK)
Puerta de madera maciza
0,10
0,15
R = 0,84
R (m2K/W)
0,04
0,66
0,13
U = 1,19
3. RESULTADOS
Para obtener los resultados, una vez definida la envolvente del edificio, es necesario introducir
previamente en la aplicacin informtica las caractersticas y rendimientos de las instalaciones
trmicas, en nuestro caso el equipo de climatizacin. Actualmente la edificacin cuenta con un
sistema de calefaccin y refrigeracin que sustituye al original (instalado en la reforma finalizada
el ao 1996), este equipo data del ao 2007 y se compone de dos mdulos de aire acondicionado
dinmico con free-cooling directo e indirecto de refrigeracin lquida con una carga de calor de
ms de 20 kW, hasta un 60% ms eficientes que los sistemas de refrigeracin con compresor
convencional (segn casa comercial del equipo [8]).
Por diversos motivos, no se ha podido verificar con exactitud los valores de los rendimientos
medios estacionales de los equipos instalados, tanto de calefaccin como de refrigeracin, por lo
que se ha optado por realizar la certificacin energtica aplicando un mtodo estadstico. Para
ellos se obtienen distintas calificaciones que resultan de introducir valores de rendimientos de los
equipos en funcin de su antigedad. Se establecen tres periodos de referencia y posteriormente
se obtienen resultados para cada uno de ellos que nos permitirn poseer informacin para
nuestro anlisis:
Equipos anteriores al ao 2000; los rendimientos de los equipos comprendidos en este

periodo se encuentran en torno a 150-200% (segn estudio de distintas fichas tcnicas),
por lo que se estipula un valor medio de 180%.
Equipos comprendidos entre 2000-2007; segn datos obtenidos de la ficha tcnica de los
equipos utilizados en nuestro edificio, podemos deducir que el rendimiento de los equipos
son del 250%.
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Equipos posteriores a 2007; con el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologas para la fabricacin de

equipos ms eficientes, se obtienen rendimientos muy elevados. As podemos disponer en
el mercado rendimientos superiores a 4 e incluso a alcanzado valores prximos a 5, por lo
que consideraremos un valor del 400%.
Establecidos los tres periodos de referencia obtenemos los resultados utilizando el

procedimiento de clculo de la aplicacin informtica CE3X. De este modo la calificacin obtenida
con equipos de rendimiento del 180% (equipos anteriores al ao 2000), sera D, con unas
emisiones de 50,5 Kg de CO2 por metro cuadrado de superficie y ao. Como se observa en los
resultados de la calificacin de la Figura 1, podemos deducir que al disponer de equipos de bajo
rendimiento, las emisiones de las instalaciones tanto de calefaccin como de refrigeracin son
elevadas, con una demanda de calefaccin de 73,02 kWh/m2 y de 12,0 kWh/m2 constante en
todos los supuestos puesto que los condicionantes de la envolvente no vara.
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Figura 1: Captura de pantalla de la aplicacin informtica CE X con resultados de la calificacin energtica

con equipos de rendimiento del 180%

La calificacin obtenida con equipos de rendimientos del 250% sera C, con unas emisiones de
37,6 Kg de CO2 por metro cuadrado y ao (figura 2). La relacin de los rendimientos de los
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equipos es inversamente proporcional con las emisiones de stos, luego a mayor rendimiento de
las instalaciones, menores emisiones, como era de esperar.
Finalmente la calificacin obtenida con equipos de rendimiento del 400% sera B, con unas
emisiones de 27,6 Kg de CO2 por cada metro cuadrado y ao (figura 3). Con equipos de alto
rendimiento como los que nos ofrece el mercado en la actualidad, podemos afirmar que nos
acercamos a las exigencias de las Directivas Europeas, destinadas a aumentar el nmero de
edificios de consumo de energa casi nulo, con un descenso notable de las emisiones de gases de
efecto invernadero.

4. CONCLUSIONES
Respecto del procedimiento empleado para obtener la certificacin, cabra destacar, en primer
lugar, que las principales dificultades encontradas radican en la caracterizacin de la envolvente,
dadas las particularidades de los sistemas constructivos del patrimonio, que han hecho que no se
pudieran seleccionar directamente cerramientos (o materiales) de las bases de datos que
incorpora el software, sino que se han tenido que definir ad hoc.
En cuanto a la calificacin obtenida, sta ha sido buena, mostrando el buen comportamiento
energtico del edificio, y por lo tanto las buenas propiedades desde el punto de vista de
aislamiento e inercia trmica del tapial.
Una vez realizada la certificacin, el estudio de las posibilidades desde el punto de vista de las
mejoras se encuentra muy limitado por el hecho de tratarse de un edificio patrimonial, en el que
no resulta factible alterar ninguno de los elementos de fachada y cubierta. Por ello, se ha optado
por probar mejoras en las instalaciones de climatizacin, observndose, por un lado, la gran
influencia que las instalaciones tienen en la calificacin energtica y, por otro lado, que
renovando las instalaciones de estos edificios por sistemas ms actuales (de elevado rendimiento)
se pueden llegar a conseguir edificios de bajas emisiones de CO2, acercndonos al consumo casi
cero.
Cabe destacar tambin los beneficios del empleo de software que permite estudiar, proponer
y ensayar estrategias energticas para as llegar a optimizar las actuaciones y poder ofrecer las
mejores soluciones.
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Por ltimo, este estudio es un inicio de una lnea de trabajo, en la que se pretende ampliar el
nmero de casos de estudio, para poder comparar tanto los comportamientos energticos como
las posibles vas de intervencin para la mejora de la eficiencia energtica en edificios
patrimoniales.
5. REFERENCIAS
[1]. ESPAA. Real Decreto 235/2013, de 5 de abril, por el que se aprueba el procedimiento bsico para la
certificacin de la eficiencia energtica de los edificios. BOE nm. 89 de 13 de abril de 2013, pg.
27.548
[2]. ESPAA. Real Decreto 314/2006, de 17 de marzo, por el que se aprueba el Cdigo Tcnico de la
Edificacin. BOE nm. 74 de 28 de Marzo de 2006, pg. 11.816
[3]. ESPAA. Decreto 520/1969, de 13 de marzo, por el que se declara Monumento Histrico Artstico el
edificio del Antiguo Almudn de Valencia. BOE nm. 78 de 1 de abril de 1969, pg. 4.760
[4]. Llopis, A. (1996). El Almudn de Valencia: memoria de una restauracin [1992-1996]. FCC Medio
Ambiente S.A. Valencia
3
[5]. AAVV (2012). Manual de usuario de calificacin energtica de edificios existentes CE X. Ministerio de
Industria, Turismo y Comercio. GUIA IDAE. Madrid
[6]. ESPAA. Orden FOM/1635/2013, de 10 de septiembre, por la que se actualiza el Documento Bsico
DB-HE Ahorro de Energa, del Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin, aprobado por Real Decreto 314/2006,
de 17 de marzo. BOE nm. 219 de 12 de septiembre de 2013, pg. 67.137
[7]. AAVV. (2010). Catalogo de Elementos Constructivos del CTE. Instituto Eduardo Torroja. Madrid
[8]. STULZ. Ficha Tcnica Equipos de Instalaciones de Calefaccin y Refrigeracin. Disponible en la web
www.stulz.com/worldwide/es/ [Consulta junio 2014].
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PROTOCOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CASE
STUDY OF POZUELO DE ALARCN MUNICIPALITY
RUBIO, A.; MACAS, M.; LUMBRERAS, J.
RUBIO, A.: PhD student of Environmental Engineering- Universidad Politcnica de Madrid. Madrid Espaa. c12846@coiim.es
MACAS, M.: Departamento de Ing. Civil, Ordenacin del Territorio y Medio Ambiente. Escuela Tcnica Superior de
Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Universidad Politcnica de Madrid. Madrid Espaa.
manuel.macias@upm.es
LUMBRERAS, J.: Departamento de Ing. Qumica Industrial y Medio Ambiente; Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingenieros
Industriales, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid. Madrid Espaa. jlumbreras@industriales.upm.es
ABSTRACT
The European EPBD [6] regulations and its adequacy to the local norms draw a design guideline based
on the improving energy efficiency on designing new buildings and checking existing buildings.
The first objective of this work is how characterizing and optimizing energy efficiency in public existing
buildings with an order (a protocol), through a process with the following characteristics: easy, economic and
reliable. Besides it is looking for the same protocol useful in a European EPBD frame.
The present work is applicable to the buildings of the public heritage in the case they are in some kind of
heritage official protection, although they are not obligated by the EPDB.
The two main aims of the EPBD are energy saving and lower carbon dioxide emissions. Perhaps both will
be compromised if we do not correct the present tendency, firstly in the public buildings as the best and
necessary example for the rest of the existing buildings stock.
Key words: public existing buildings, real energy consumption, theoretical energy consumption,
optimization, characterization.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the main challenges to accomplish the 20% of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
in Europe is increasing buildings energy efficiency, which is the other the challenges to reach 20%
of increasing, is to improve buildings energy performance. All the actors involved agree that
buildings across the European Union represent approximately 40% of the gross energy
consumption in Europe and emit approximately 35% of carbon dioxide emissions [1]. Although
the focus of carbon dioxide emissions and energy consuming is on residential housing stock
(representing around a media 22% of the total building sector in primary energy consumed terms)
[2], the public buildings sector is very important and represents around a media 18% of the total
building sector in primary energy consume terms:
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Fig.1 Share of buildings consumption in total final consumption (2009)
There are several studies in Europe around how to consider energy certificates to reduce
energy consumption in European public buildings [3], energy performance assessment in public
school buildings [4], and enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings [5] but nevertheless,
there is something pending to consider: How can we study in an ordered protocol the way to
calculate the full amount of primary energy consumed, characterize an optimize any public
building?
Having the commitment of obtaining the energy performance certificates for the public
buildings of the Pozuelo de Alarcon municipality, there is a good occasion for this research. At the
same time we obtain the corresponding energy performance certificate for each public building,
we can develop the primary energy consuming, characterizing and optimizing each public
building.
As an additional background information, according to the new Directive 2010/31/EU [6]
(EPBD Directive), the certification procedure for energy efficiency means that an "independent
expert" has to conduct an audit to verify the mark and be able to perform or optimize the
"record" of the building, with the added value, energy saving and lower carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions that this implies. This obligation is imposed by the implementation of the Directive for
all the existing buildings and particularly to the public buildings in the article 12 [6]. There are a
Setting of minimum energy performance requirements as is followed in article 4 here the norm
is that member states can make an exclusion for officially protected as part of a designated
environment or because of their special architectural or historical merit, in so far as compliance
with certain minimum energy performance requirements would unacceptably alter their
character or appearance. This normative rule implies we cannot modify the envelope of the
building but the proposed optimization can be developed by improving the building facilities.
In the base of the EPBD we propose to make a more detailed study about the proceeding to
follow the commitment established by the European norm. Let us develop a protocol in order to
make it more reliable. The proposal to consider in this work is based in developing a methodology
based on a complete analysis of the invoices available from the companies contracted by the
Public Administration for the energy supply and, at the same time, the theoretical calculation of
the energy demand and consume with the official computer based models implemented.
Proceeding to follow:
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a) Obtain the real present consume of the building using the provider invoices;
b) Make calculations in the present situation with the official models approved for energy
efficiency certification (local computer based programs);
c) Characterization of the public building with the method proposed;
d) Optimization proposal based on the real consumes and the theoretical calculations;
e) Reiterate calculations using the computer based national standard approved method
(national computer programs);
f) New characterization of the public building in the optimized conditions (new method
proposed).
2. DEVELOPING A PROTOCOL
A. Actual situation of energy consumption.
How do we have to proceed to obtain the actual consumption of the building? In order to
proceed with the development of the protocol, the actual consumption of the building must be
kwon. How is it obtained?
The proposal to consider in this paper is based on a methodological system to check the actual
consumption in existing buildings at the same time we are calculating it with by the demand with
models implemented in computer programs. I propose the implementation of a method based on
obtaining energy values by the given invoices from the different companies.
Stages of the first point of the process:
Collect all the invoices from the different energy supply companies;
Sum the different consumes:
Heating consumption (EH);
Cooling consumption (EC);
PHW (Public Hot Water) consumption (EPWH);
Electrical power for lighting and miscellaneous uses consumption, all appliances (EEP);
Total actual energy consumption: EA= EH+EC+ EPWH+ EEP
Calculations in the actual situation with the approved and standardized national methods
(computer programs).
Calculations of energy demand of the building with contrasted international methods

(tested computer programs).
Optimization proposal attending to the results obtained in the calculations.
Supposed recalculation in the future situation with the approved and standardized
national methods (computer programs).
B. Commissioning and model calculation of the public building

Consist of the verification "in situ" (on site) with applying an appropriate methodology to
obtain the theoretical consumption for heating, cooling, lighting, DHW (Domestic Hot Water) and
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miscellaneous uses of the building according to the same standard and based on demand from
the public building.
Visual inspection of the building
This inspection consists of a visual verification of each of the equipment that will contain the
inventory used in the study.
It has to be identify each of the equipment analysed (photo essay may be annexed), the
reference of the installed equipment and PCs for offices.
An indication of the main technical characteristics of each of the equipment contained in the
inventory: brand, model, power consumption, etc.
Make detailed inventory of consumer equipment
Guidance for the elaboration of the detailed inventory of all the consumer equipment
within the building:
Heating and cooling systems have to be related in the inventory. Cooling consumption
can be zero if it is not installed;
Lightening;
Other electric appliances usually connected have to be taken into account.
Equipment associated with renewable energy sources has to be included if installed
(electric pumps and so on);
Analysis of building construction characteristics;
Analysis of the seasonal conditions in energy consumption;
Evaluation of the causes of the different energy consumption between established periods
(e.g., consumption changes from summer to winter months due to the variability of the demand
for air conditioning and heating systems).
Calculation of theoretical consumption. Establishment of baseline consumption by a
consolidated reference model (EM).
The theoretical calculation is made takes into account the weather conditions, building
position and public building use. In case there is some other factor that may modify the
consumption it will also be taken into account for the calculation of the total building
consumption.
Final energy consumption value:

EF= (0.5) x EA + (0.5) x EM
We propose, as an hypothesis, the same weigh for the real consume values- what it real
consumes in a fixed recent year- and the supposed energy consume value- what should consume
in its characteristic conditions (should be the same than in the year when the real consumes are
taken).
This hypothesis has been tested with six (6) public buildings in the Pozuelo de Alarcn
municipality, with a total surface of 28650 m2. The behaviour of the hypothesis in those public
buildings (different uses selected: theatre, sports, multi-cultural and administrative) is adequate
because we correct the higher value of the real consume (EA) with the theoretical consume (EM),
the real value (EA) is between 10 and 30% higher the theoretical one (EM). This result is coherent
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because in the real consume (EA) of the building we keep in count all the facilities installed in the
building (elevators, mobile machines, provisional machinery, cafeteria, etc.), which are not kept in
count in the theoretical model, and the result is usually higher as the results shown in the case
study. The model could throw a higher result when the use of the building is not corresponding to
the usual ones of the model and is really used less than the theoretical model is calculating, then
this value should be correct. The conclusion is we consider a value with approximate the value to
the optimal, because we are considering a value in-between both, which eliminates part of bad
using in the public building (especially lighting without control and insufficient monitoring) or
different real use, in time terms, than the model is considering.
There are good works about energy performance assessment of existing residential buildings
[7] [8], especially the EPA-ED method [7] witch are following the ISO 13790 [9] but, all of them are
calculating the building energy theoretical demand, and not the building energy consume, and
from it, doing the savings calculations. In our case, we are working out a protocol calculating the
present building consume, as easy and reliable as possible, for the public buildings, but more
accurate than considering only the theoretical model value (as is done usually in most of the cases
for the labelling).
C. Characterizing the building

The next step has to be what kind of building we are as a consequence of the different results
obtained with the following scale:
a) High consume public building (HCPB)
EF 400 [KWh/m2.year]
Identification colour: red
b) Medium consume public building (MCPB)
250 [KWh/m2.year] EF < 400 [KWh/m2.year]
Identification colour: orange
c) Low consume public building (LCPB)
100 [KWh/m2.year] EF < 250 [KWh/m2.year]
Identification colour: yellow
d) Energy optimized public building (EOPB)
EF < 100 [KWh/m2.year]
Identification colour: green
D. Method for optimizing

The next steps will be followed:
i.
Energy performance proposals for the optimization based in the consume value obtained,
ordered to achieve an improvement of at least a level, except the optimize building of the
characterization obtained.
ii.
Recalculating the proposed energy performance certification with the national standards
and approved models.
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iii.
Optimization proposals: Three different proposals and an additional one improving the
monitoring system for the public building.
iv.
Final results that we will obtain with each different proposal. Certification value with the
local standard models and real energy savings- not valuable in monetary units but in
energy ones- in Kwh.
v.
New characterization of the public building with the standard and simplified method
proposed in C.
3. CONCLUSIONS
The building certification process has to be a thorough work to offer all guarantees of its
accuracy.
The exposed method could be valid for the public building performance certification
technician and the administration obliged to the necessary control. The building performance
certification and labelling accreditation could be audited in commissioning with a private or
official control without any fear to be failed in the result if the method is adequate.
The labelling process in public buildings will have an image effect when exposing it is
compulsory. The public display of the label can be supported with the optimization; a better
label will be an advantage. For local municipalities there is a need to appreciate the benefits
that a whole management has [3].
The public building energy efficiency certification demands a good protocol valid for all
European countries so the method will guarantee its usefulness.
The administration could bill bad practices if the building energy certification control has
failed in comparison with the certification results. This is a guaranty for the technician
independence.
What are the key ideas?
Quality work, user friendly but reliable
Economically competitive around the optimization
Energy saving must be a condition
Control of the certification assures its accuracy
Another conclusion is that we cant sacrifice a quality work in the buildings energy
performance to be economically competitive, the aim we should never forget is that it is
necessary to save energy and lower carbon dioxide emissions. We have a useful tool to achieve
this aim: EPBD control.
The absence of a good protocol for the public buildings may drive the European countries to
lose part of the efficiency in all the EPBD implementation process. If we intend to save energy and
lower the carbon dioxide emissions, we have to be very straight with the proceedings.
The first steps of the implementation of the new RD 235/2013 [10] and related norms (CTE
[11] and RITE [12]) in Spain are being a little confusing because of the insufficient care when
gathering data from existing buildings. There is a bad practise effect when applying the new norm
mixed with a great conflict of interests in a crisis sector at this moment. The several agents
involved are really wrong about the meaning of the building energy certification because most of
the people think it is a question of bureaucracy. This is an unsolved question in Spain as well as in
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other European countries. The main consequence for the public sector is that it is obliged to out
of that commercial war to be the best example of the EPDB [6] implementation.
4. REFERENCES
[1]. E. Dascalaki, K. Droutsa, A. Gaglia, S. Kontoyiannidis y C. Balaras, Data collection and analysis of the
building stock and energy performance - an example of Hellenic Buildings, Energy and Buildings, n
42, pp. 1231-1237, 2010.
[2]. B. Poel, G. Van Cruchten y G. Balaras, Energy performance assesment of existing buildings, Energy
and Buildings, n 39, pp. 393-403, 2007.
[3]. R. Bull, N. Chang y P. Fleming, The use of building certificates to reduce energy consumption in
European public buildings, Energy and Buildings, n 50, pp. 1103-110, 2012.
[4]. L. Santolli, F. Fraticelli, F. Fornari y C. Calice, Energy performance assessment and retrofit strategies in
public school buildings in Rome, Energy and Buildings, n 68, pp. 196 - 202, 2013.
[5]. A. Eleonora, F. Rizzi y M. Frey, Enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings:The role of local energy
audit programmes, Energy and Buildings, n 69, pp. 364-473, 2014.
[6]. European Union, Energy Performance of Buildings of 19 May 2010, Offitial Journal of the European
Union, pp. L153/13-L153/35, 16 June 2010.
[7]. B. Poel, G. van Crutchten y C. A. Balaras, Energy performance assessment of existing dwellings,
Energy and Buildings, n 39, pp. 393-403, 2007.
[8]. C. Balaras, A. Gaglia, E. Georgopoulou, S. Mirasgedis, Y. Sarafidis y D. Lalas, European Residential
buildingsand empirical assessment of the hellenic building stock, energy consumption, emissions &
potential energy savings, Building and Environment , n 42, pp. 1298-1314, 2007.
[9]. EN ISO 13790, Energy performance of buildings Calculaon of energy use for space heang and
cooling, 2008.
[10]. Estado Espaol, Procedimiento bsico oara la certificacin energtica de los edificios de 5 de abril de
2013, Boletn Oficial del Estado n 89, pp. 27548-27562, 13 Abril 2013.
[11]. Estado Espaol, Cdigo Tcnico de la Edificacin de 17 de marzo de 2006, Boletn Oficial del Estado
n 74, pp. 11816-11831, 28 Marzo 2006.
[12]. Estado Espaol, Reglamento de Instalaciones Trmicas en los Edificios de 20 de julio de 2007,
Boletn Oficial del Estado n 207, pp. 35931-35984, 29 Agosto 2007.
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Promotion, training, education
Products, tools and good practices to spread and transfer the results of scientific and
technical research. Social and economical impacts.
Projects, actions and instruments aimed at a non-specialized audience.
Difusin, formacin, educacin
Productos, instrumentos y buenas prcticas de difusin y transferencia de los resultados

de la investigacin cientfico-tcnica. Impacto econmico y social.
Proyectos, acciones e instrumentos dirigidos al pblico no especializado.
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THE WORK OF THE SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS

ALLIANCE AND AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDANCE
WHEEL FOR RETROFIT
MAY, N.; RYE, C.; GRIFFITHS, N.
MAY, N.: STBA. UK. neil@natural-building.co.uk
RYE, C.: STBA. UK. caroline@archimetrics.co.uk
GRIFFITHS, N.: STBA. UK. nigel@stbauk.org
ABSTRACT
The Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (STBA) was formed in 2011 to act as a forum for sustaining
and improving traditional buildings in the UK. The Alliance comprises not-for-profit bodies drawn from the
three fields of heritage, sustainability and industry. The STBA aims to promote and deliver a more
sustainable traditional built environment in the UK through high quality research, education, training and
policy.
The STBA commenced by carrying out a Gap Analysis, which revealed serious shortcomings in knowledge
about the performance of traditional buildings and of the effects of retrofit measures designed to improve
their energy efficiency. The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) then commissioned the
Responsible Retrofit Report, which was published in 2012. This report identified policy issues and errors in
the existing conventions for assessing thermal performance and carrying out moisture risk assessment in
traditional buildings. The report also identified research needs and addressed questions of delivery for
retrofit such as a lack of training at all levels of the retrofit process.
One of the key recommendations of the Responsible Retrofit report was that better tools needed to be
developed to help with the specification of retrofit. As a result, DECC commissioned the STBA Guidance
Wheel, which was released in 2014. This free-to-access online tool allows users to set the context for a
specific building, and then to select measures for its retrofit. The linkages to other related measures are then
revealed, together with the reason for the connection. For example, wall insulation is linked to window
refurbishment for reasons of air tightness and indoor air quality. The Wheel also provides an assessment of
the level of technical risk for any particular measure, flags up its potential impact on heritage and identifies
any reasons why the savings predicted may not be realised in full. The Wheel is underpinned by up-to-date
published reference material, which can be accessed with a single click; the output from the wheel can be
saved as a comprehensive report.
The STBA has also developed a Knowledge Centre. This contains peer-reviewed reports relevant to the
retrofit of traditional buildings; case studies in the retrofit of traditional buildings will be added in due
course. Position papers on Internal Wall Insulation and on Thermal Conventions are available on the STBA
website and the Alliance is currently engaged in developing a new approach to moisture risk assessment in
traditional buildings.
Key words: retrofit, sustainable, traditional, green, building, renovation, energy, efficiency, responsible
1. INTRODUCTION
The Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (STBA) was formed in 2011 to act as a forum for
sustaining and improving traditional buildings in the UK. The Alliance comprises not-for-profit
bodies drawn from the three fields of heritage, sustainability and industry. The STBA aims to
promote and deliver a more sustainable traditional built environment in the UK through high
quality research, education, training and policy.
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The STBA commenced by carrying out a Gap Analysis, which revealed serious shortcomings in
knowledge about the performance of traditional buildings and of the effects of retrofit measures
designed to improve their energy efficiency. The Department of Energy and Climate Change
(DECC) then commissioned the Responsible Retrofit Report, which was published in 2012.
This paper summarises the conclusions of the Responsible Retrofit Report and then describes
the work of the STBA to address the policy, research and delivery issues identified within that
report.
2. CONCLUSIONS OF THE RESPONSIBLE RETROFIT REPORT

The report found that there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the performance of
traditional buildings as well in our understanding of the effects of energy-efficiency refurbishment
on these buildings. There are gaps in our understanding in almost all areas of significance to the
performance of traditional buildings and the well-being of their occupants, including issues of
heat loss, moisture, ventilation, indoor air quality, overheating and the effects of user behaviour.
These gaps in comprehension lead to uncertainty and this uncertainty leads to an increase in risk,
particularly when traditional buildings are subject to retrofitting interventions.
2.1. Heat Loss

Heat loss through building fabric is a key issue because of the large amount of energy used in
space heating in existing buildings in the UK (estimated as 56% of delivered energy use, the other
energy use being in appliances, hot water, lighting and cooking). Energy use relates both to
carbon and cost, both key drivers for retrofit policy. However, the majority of UK space heating is
by gas, which has a lower cost and carbon content than electricity.
It would appear that the current standard methods and material data used to assess fabric
heat losses in traditional buildings do not represent certain types of solid wall constructions
well. When in situ U-value measurements have been made of solid walls these elements often
perform significantly better than conventional U-value calculations predict. Furthermore, current
mainstream measures of retrofit to walls, floors and windows may not be the optimal solutions in
reality. Key recommendations may be summarised as follows:
BR 443 and RdSAP 2009 v.9.91 (Appendix S, issued 2012) should not be used in their
current form as the basis for estimating the U-values of traditional buildings, either for
policy decisions or for energy and cost payback calculations in the Green Deal.
BR443 and RdSAP should be amended to provide more representative U-values for solidwall constructions so that suitable treatments and accurate energy-saving predictions can
be made. There is a growing body of measured in situ U-value data for traditional solid
walls; this provides an opportunity to alter the current modelling conventions to better
reflect the heat loss of these walls. (Rye, 2010, Baker 2011, Baker & Rhee-Duverne, 2012).
Measured U-values should be adopted as a standard procedure in the short term for
buildings consisting of complex or indefinable wall build-ups, or of particular significance.
(This is an approach currently encouraged by English Heritage).
These measured U-values should be collated to form a database to aid the accurate
estimation of fabric heat losses for traditional building types.
A measured in situ U-values resource could provide a range of U-values for common
forms of vernacular construction based on small number of variables, e.g. different
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building types, levels of exposure, and types, thicknesses and conditions of construction
materials. This would allow for more confidence in the estimation of U-values for older
walls.
Approved Documents such as L1B and/ L2B, along with the Scottish Technical Handbooks
and Northern Irelands Technical Booklets, should differentiate between internal and
external wall insulation approaches in retrofit and set realistic and safe U-value targets for
the internal insulation of solid walls.
Development of well-defined (thermal) material properties for a range of UK traditional

building materials, e.g. stone and brick types, historic mortars etc., is required for more
accurate calculation of U-values.
The use of secondary glazing, shutters and other proven measures should be supported
by policy and mainstream guidance for traditional building retrofit where appropriate.
The correct repair and maintenance of traditional building fabric (including walls, floors,
roofs, windows and doors) should be researched with regard to its cost and energy- and
carbon- effectiveness. If it is shown to have a significant effect it should be promoted as
part of retrofit policy and guidance.
A systemic approach should be taken to improving the thermal performance of traditional

buildings through interactions between building elements, technologies and users.
2.2. Moisture
Moisture issues are important because they can affect both the health of building occupants
and also the health, durability and value of the building fabric. Sufficient evidence is available to
show that the occupants of damp or mouldy buildings are at increased risk of respiratory
symptoms, respiratory infections and the exacerbation of asthma. Occupant health has the
potential to improve with increased energy- efficiency if interventions are implemented
appropriately. However, increasing airtightness in buildings, without proper attention to changing
other moisture control mechanisms (such as ventilation) can lead to increased levels of indoor
relative humidity with associated potential threats to health. For example, such actions can
considerably increase the risk of dust mite infestations. With regard to fabric decay, studies
clearly show the link between high moisture levels and timber decay. There are also links with
fabric damage to plaster, masonry and other materials.
Traditional buildings deal with moisture in a very different way to modern buildings. On the
whole traditional buildings allow the absorption, movement and evaporation of moisturewithin
the building fabric rather than attempting to exclude it, as is the case with most modern buildings.
Consequently retrofit interventions of traditional buildings based upon modern building methods
and concepts can radically change their moisture performance and bring considerable risks. On
the other hand good understanding and practice in retrofit can benefit old building fabric
performance as well as occupant health and general well-being. However this situation is
complicated by a lack of understanding of moisture physics, lack of data concerning material
properties and the use of inappropriate models. The interaction of a number of factors (including
environment, fabric, technologies, and occupant behaviour) leads to a requirement for a systemic
rather than an elemental or product based approach. Key recommendations may be summarised
as follows:
BS 5250:2011 (and the calculations given in BS EN ISO 13788:2002) should not be used as
the sole form of moisture calculation risk for traditional buildings.
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Those responsible for the specification and fitting of insulation to solid wall buildings must
be urgently made aware of all the factors that present moisture risks to these buildings;
namely local climate, orientation, construction type, materials (both existing and new
insulation) the condition of fabric and finishes and building use.
Where sufficient weather and material properties data exist the use of BS EN 15026 as a
method of calculating moisture risks should be encouraged.
Further urgent research is required to identify the correct range of moisture qualities for
traditional materials and elements, as well as driven rain data for all models and
calculations of moisture effects in traditional buildings.
Standards, modelling and all guidance should incorporate safety margins as a precaution
against incorrect design and application.
A non-optimised robust approach should be encouraged rather than an optimised

approach. An optimised approach relies on a known and correct understanding of
performance; at the present time this is not possible given the multiplicity of interacting
elements and the large number of unknowns.
A systemic design approach is necessary, which involves not only whole house design
(including heating, ventilation and insulation of all elements) but also user and contractor
interactions.
Policy and guidance in this area should bear in mind the possible long gestation period of
moisture-related problems, as well as the difficulty of tracing direct cause and liability
(due to the often systemic nature of the problem).
Training and education of all parts of the supply chain and users is and will be necessary.
A new approach, including a rule of thumb for moisture behaviour in traditional

buildings, should be developed quickly to enable the retrofit of traditional buildings to
proceed safely and effectively in the near future. Such an approach will not necessarily
rely on expensive research and complex modelling if good case studies, fully systemic
thinking, and ongoing learning through monitoring and feedback are utilised. Government
policy and funding should be actively directed towards this work.
2.3. Modelling and Monitoring

Modelling is relied upon to predict both technical and financial outcomes from interventions in
buildings. If it is inaccurate then outcomes may vary hugely, with either adverse effects or missed
opportunities. Monitoring is a way of checking whether the models are accurate and whether
design intentions are met. Monitoring is essential both to provide confidence in models and to
help policy makers and building professionals know real outcomes.
There is cause for concern about both the theories and practices of modelling and monitoring
for all types and ages of building, and many of the assertions given below are pertinent for all
parts of the national building stock. The gaps in this area relate to the other key issues but are
wortha section on their own, particularly because of the reliance on modelling in the assessment
of traditional buildings. There is a clear gap between current monitored research evidence and
most modelling of traditional building performance. It is also clear that both modelling and
monitoring in traditional buildings still need further development to be used as standardised tools
for assessment. Furthermore, in certain areas operator errors can be considerable and this
indicates a need for caution in the use of outputs from both monitoring and modelling, and the
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requirement for stricter protocols, training and oversight. Key recommendations may be
summarised as follows:
Current standard thermal and moisture modelling of building stock (based upon BR 443,
BS EN ISO 6946:2007 and BS 5250:2011) should NOT be used as main evidence for policy
decisions about traditional building retrofit. Any modelling must take into account the
issues outlined above.
The development of specific models, data sets and tools for traditional buildings is
urgently required.
Further urgent research into modelling and monitoring methods particularly for moisture,
IAQ, and overheating is needed.
Protocols for modelling and monitoring should be tested and then established for
industry.
In-depth training and proper oversight of people undertaking modelling and monitoring is
essential.
2.4. Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality

Air permeability and ventilation play a vital role in ensuring a good-quality building
environment both in terms of fabric and human health. This is linked to high moisture levels and
to levels of microbiological and chemical pollutants (e.g. VOCs, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde,
nitrogen oxides, particulates and radon). CO2 levels and over-dry conditions are other major
concerns (CIBSE, 2006). It is essential in the retrofit of traditional buildings that these issues are
taken into account so that we do not create building-related health problem.
The challenge of ensuring good air quality in traditional buildings as opposed to new buildings
has not been met and there is little conclusive research or guidance on the subject. This is a major
cause for concern. Key issues and recommendations may be summarised as follows:
There is a lack of comprehensive or accurate data concerning air permeability and

ventilation rates of traditional buildings. This is the subject of frequent comment in the
literature on this subject. Consequently, there is uncertainty as to the contribution of
ventilation to heat losses from traditional buildings.
The orthodox view that traditional buildings are the most leaky of all UK stock is
disproven by measured evidence
There is a lack of understanding of what constitutes acceptable IAQ with regard to

chemical loads and air changes in traditional buildings.
In particular there are almost no studies on the effect on human health of retrofitting
traditional buildings for energy efficiency. Consequently there is uncertainty about
appropriate levels or methods of air exchange for traditional buildings that have been
retrofitted to improve airtightness.
There are examples where the air permeability of buildings has increased after retrofitting
has taken place.
There is concern about the suitability and applicability of mechanical ventilation systems
for traditional buildings.
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There are concerns about user behaviour and understanding in relation to ventilation
systems, energy use and indoor air quality.
Issues of ventilation and air quality are not linked in the Green Deal to measures such as
insulation, draught-proofing, energy-efficient windows and others that may change
ventilation within a property. Furthermore, they are not linked to user behaviour and
understanding. This is another example of the need for a systemic approach rather than a
product- or element-based approach.
Further research is necessary into the actual performance of traditional buildings with
regard to ventilation and indoor air quality, and to establish acceptable air change rates
for buildings constructed of moisture-permeable materials.
All measures that directly or indirectly affect planned or unplanned ventilation of

buildings should require an assessment of the ventilation requirements of each building
(both in terms of occupant and fabric requirements) and appropriate measures should be
taken to ensure that a suitable ventilation strategy operates in the retrofitted building.
2.5. Overheating
Overheating is an increasingly important consideration, owing to emerging evidence of high
and sometimes dangerous temperatures being found in many buildings both new and old.
Overheating can lead to discomfort, ill health and even death in certain instances. It can also lead
to energy-inefficient use of buildings, or the installation of high-energy cooling devices such as air
conditioning, thereby increasing carbon emissions and fuel bills and potentially undermining any
energy savings from reduced heat loss.
There is relatively little specific research about overheating in traditional buildings either as
existing or retrofitted. It is suspected that unrenovated traditional buildings of high thermal mass
may be less prone to overheating that those retrofitted with insulation, draught proofing, energyefficient glazing and other fabric measures. However there is no work at present to prove this.
The limited case studies of traditional buildings indicate that issues of design, application,
orientation, and user behaviour are all vital to ensuring that overheating does not occur. At one
level, these issues are no different for traditional and modern buildings. However, traditional
buildings are often more robust in terms of environmental design, for example with higher
ceilings, good natural ventilation, and more thermal mass, some of which may be adversely
affected by retrofits aimed at reducing energy use for heating. Key recommendations may be
summarised as follows:
Research should be undertaken into the performance of traditional buildings with a view
to understanding how traditional building elements (such as heavy masonry walls, floors
or roofs) may be best used as part of a retrofit strategy to prevent overheating.
Thermal and whole-building modelling must take more account of overheating outcomes
from interventions. This modelling must be based on solid evidence from research into
building performance in use, and in the hands of occupiers.
A systemic approach must be taken which includes an understanding of building

performance and the effects of exposure, orientation, design, application and user
behaviour, as well as the potential embodied within a traditional building for avoiding of
overheating.
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2.6. Building Users

It is widely acknowledged that the behaviour of occupants is a very significant determinant of a
buildings energy use, any health issues arising from interactions with buildings and technologies,
and building fabric health and durability. The complexity of interactions between occupants,
fabric, and services makes it essential that users are considered in the retrofit of any building.
There is no major work on user behaviour focused specifically on traditional buildings neither
on whether the behaviour of users of traditional buildings might be any different to that of
occupants of any other types of building stock, nor, indeed, whether a retrofitted traditional
building determines or requires particular behavioural responses. Where case studies have been
carried out the relationship between building type and thermal performance or other aspects of
building performance is not well-defined, either in unimproved or retrofitted buildings. Key
recommendations may be summarised as follows:
Users must be included and where possible involved in the assessment, planning, delivery
and use of retrofit measures.
Further research is required to understand user behaviour and the potential for improving
delivery of successful retrofit through user engagement.
Policies must allow for increased user engagement and positive behaviour change and not
rely solely on technological solutions.
Economic considerations under the Green Deal need to take some account of existing
user behaviour to avoid disappointment and to maximise opportunities in payback of
energy and finance.
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2.7. Guidance
Guidance documents form the basis for much of the decision making with regard to
operations, retrofitting or otherwise, in the building sphere. For this reason it is vital that all
guidance should be based upon the best available research, should clearly identify risks and
unknowns, and if necessary point to its own limitations.
The rationale for much of the advice provided in various guidance documents is somewhat
obscure and frequently points to a narrow knowledge base rooted in modern building techniques
and understanding. Some of the guidance for traditional buildings is dated or focused only on very
narrow issues, and there seems to be only one example where thorough empirical research work
had resulted in practical guidance. So long as the level of knowledge about traditional building
performance and the effect of retrofit measures remains weak, it is essential that guidance is
based on the best available high-quality research, and remains cautious and open to learning and
change. Key points and recommendations may be summarised as follows:
Some key (explicit) guidance documents are urgently in need of updating due to their
reliance on incorrect standards and out of date research.
All the guidance judged to be Tier 1 documents within this study were produced by
English Heritage, Historic Scotland or the Scottish environmental charity Changeworks
(apart from one document on solar thermal by the Energy Savings Trust). This shows that
there is either a lack of work or a lack of knowledge regarding traditional buildings,
outside of the historic building sector.
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Guidance on the thermal performance of timber windows by English Heritage and Historic
Scotland was based on experimental research practices and should be seen as an
exemplar.
However, where specific activities or technologies inevitably affect other parts of building
performance (such as moisture, health or thermal performance), a different kind of
guidance is required. For example, guidance for improving a building element such as
windows may need to acknowledge or be incorporated into a broader or more systemic
guidance document that integrates window upgrades with thermal bridging of window
reveals, ventilation strategies and usability issues, all of which could be affected by certain
window alterations.
There is a strong need to develop an open and iterative guidance tool which lays out risks
and opportunities at all stages of the retrofit process and which encourages a systemic
and learning- based approach (including monitoring and feedback) at all levels including
policy.
Poor and incorrect guidance (whether general or specific to traditional buildings) should
be withdrawn from the public domain or clearly limited with regard to its application to
traditional buildings.
2.8. Implicit Guidance

Implicit Guidance is the product of standards, regulations, certifications, warranties and
technical manuals designed to guide decisions of designers, contractors and clients in terms of the
choice of solutions available on the market. In reality, this tends to be the guidance most
commonly used. In theory these documents should be based on the best research and formal
guidance. In practice, the relationship is often less clear or non-existent.
The work on Implicit Guidance focused on solid-wall insulation and the findings and
recommendations are consequently mainly to do with this application area. This does not mean
that there are not gaps between best research and Implicit Guidance in other areas; in fact it is
likely that similar gaps exist, particularly in areas where traditional building performance or use
differs significantly from modern or new buildings.
In some important areas there is a disconnection between the standards that are used as the
basis of regulation, certification and technical commercial advice and the performance and
requirements of actual buildings. In some cases, particularly in relation to traditional buildings,
this leads to construction practices that are counter to current research findings. Consequently,
following Implicit Guidance could incur considerable risks to building fabric, human health, energy
performance and financial payback. This issue must be addressed as a matter of urgency.
Recommendations may be summarised as follows:
All Implicit Guidance should be based upon the correct principles, together with
appropriate standards, where available
The best research and guidance should be clearly and rapidly integrated into commonly
used standards, protocols, regulations as well as certification processes. A mechanism
needs to be developed by Government, research institutes and industry to ensure that
evidence, methodologies and tools from best research are quickly incorporated into
relevant regulatory standards, certification methods and other forms of Implicit Guidance.
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Where Implicit Guidance uses inappropriate principles or standards there should be some
way to identify this, and to discourage applications that incur risk.
Moisture risk assessment needs to extend beyond the scope currently promoted in BS
5250 to include all aspects of moisture behaviour in buildings.
BR 443 and RdSAP 2009 v.9.91 (Appendix S, issued 2012) should not be used in their
current form as the basis for estimating U-values of traditional buildings, either for policy
decisions or for energy and cost payback calculations in the Green Deal or other
retrofitting exercise.
Approved documents and technical handbooks should set realistic and safe U-value
targets for Internal Wall Insulation.
Certification processes or warranties based upon incorrect principles or inadequate

standards should not be allowed in legislative or grant-funded programmes, unless
corrected to take account of more appropriate standards and best research.
The examination of the shortcomings of Implicit Guidance needs to extend beyond the
scope of solid-wall insulation to other areas of retrofit activity.
2.9. Design and Installation Issues

Correct design and installation of retrofit measures is a key issue for traditional buildings
because of the complexity and interaction of elements and factors that determine the
performance of these buildings. The consequent possible failure if design and installation is
incorrect could have serious financial, energy, health, durability and cultural consequences.
Design and installation issues have been discovered in many situations in new buildings, where
it should be much easier to avoid such problems. There have been fewer case studies of design
and installation issues in existing buildings, and particularly in traditional buildings. In those
limited case studies of traditional buildings which do cover such issues it is apparent that
problems have arisen for a number of reasons, the primary ones being a lack of understanding of
traditional buildings, a lack of joined-up (systemic) thinking, and a lack understanding of user
needs and behaviour. There was also a reliance on Implicit Guidance including insufficient
technical instructions from manufacturers (including certifications). However the evidence in this
area is very limited due to the lack of studies. Key recommendations may be summarised as
follows:
All forms of guidance with regard to traditional buildings should be relevant to traditional
buildings and should be clear about limitations and the need for considered or expert
advice.
Education and training in traditional building issues should be made an essential part of
mainstream design and skills educational programmes. This should include both
theoretical and practical issues.
Soft Landings, as developed by the Usable Buildings Trust or a similar joined-up approach
should be used in retrofit work on traditional buildings wherever possible, so that all parts
of the supply chain, as well as the user, learn about risks and opportunities through the
process.
The learning from the practice of retrofitting buildings should be fed back into research,
guidance and policy.
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2.10. Cultural Significance

Traditional buildings make up almost a quarter of the UK building stock and as such are partof
our heritage and culture. By their very survival, they have already demonstrated their
sustainability in some respects. Culture is not just an issue of aesthetics, but of community
character and cohesion, as well as deeper relationships to the natural environment, history, work,
language and imagination. These can all affect human behaviour in many ways, including our
energy use and resource consumption, and so need to be handled with appropriate sensitivity.
While the methods for expressing the value or cultural significance of an older building or
groups of buildings are well established, the degree to which heritage assets are at risk due to
refurbishment practices are less defined and tend to focus solely on aesthetic harm. There is
some work looking at wider issues which shows a disconnect between energy/environmental
assessments and cultural/community values, and Powter and Ross (2005) make
recommendations for addressing this. There is no work that covers long-term cultural or
community issues, or the opportunity that the Green Deal and similar schemes offer for
community transformation. Key recommendations may be summarised as follows:
Current policy on retrofit should take into account the cultural significance of buildings in
its broadest possible sense.
Further research should be undertaken to understand the value of traditional buildings to

communities, and the potential benefit of accounting for and using this value in retrofit
programmes to enhance long-term continuity and hence sustainability.
3. THE STBA GUIDANCE WHEEL

One of the key recommendations of the Responsible Retrofit Report was to develop an open
and iterative guidance tool which lays out risks and opportunities at all stages of the retrofit
process and which encourages a systemic and learning- based approach (including monitoring and
feedback) at all levels including policy.
As a result, the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) commissioned the STBA
Guidance Wheel, which was released in 2014. The Wheel is both an aid to decision-making and a
way of learning about traditional building retrofit.
The Wheel is designed for use by stakeholders at all levels of the retrofit process, from
homeowners through to architects and contractors. This free-to-access online tool can be
accessed at: http://responsible-retrofit.org/wheel/
Under the Building Context tab, users can set the context for a specific building. This covers the
following important aspects of context:
Heritage significance
Condition
Exposure
Energy user type
User interest and involvement
Number of exposed sides
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Image 1. The STBA Guidance Wheel for Retrofit
Once a major building measure (eg Retrofit of Walls) has been selected, users can then select
from a sub-list of measures for its retrofit. Using a modified traffic light system (red, brown,
yellow, green), the Wheel provides a three subject assessment of the level of risk in regard to
the technical risks for any particular measure (including health risks to occupants, fabric
damage, overheating)
its potential impact on heritage and character
energy, where the savings predicted may not be realised, or may even increase as a result
of the measure
The linkages to other related measures are then revealed, together with the reason for the
connection. For example, wall insulation is linked to window refurbishment for reasons of air
tightness and indoor air quality. The colours of the arrows relate to the reason for the connection.
Advantages and concerns for each measure are set out in full and these can be seen by
expanding the tabs towards the bottom right of the screen. In each case, the concern is explained
in detail and published references are listed below the explanation. The Wheel is underpinned by
up-to-date published reference material, which can be accessed with a single click.
The output from the wheel can be saved as a comprehensive report in the form of a PDF file,
which will record the context for a particular building, the measures selected, their advantages
and any concerns raised. The relevant research material is also included so that it can be easily
accessed at a later date.
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4. MOISTURE GUIDANCE
The understanding of moisture movement and moisture risk in buildings has developed
considerably in the past few years. Not only have the mechanisms of moisture movement been
explored more fully but the types of buildings and applications being studied have widened (in
particular the retrofit of existing buildings). Furthermore the conditions under which buildings are
constructed, retrofitted and occupied are changing (in particular the air permeability of buildings
is being reduced). At the same time there is a growing acknowledgement of the key role of
moisture in the health of occupants as well as in the health of building fabric.
With this new understanding and focus it is now apparent that a wider kind of assessment and
guidance for moisture risk is required, which takes these factors into account. This needs to
incorporate the latest understanding, standards and modelling and to resolve conflicts between
old and new approaches wherever possible. However there are still many gaps in our knowledge,
which means that a new approach to assessment of moisture risk is necessary.
The STBA has developed a draft Moisture Risk Assessment and Guidance document which is
currently under revision following consultation. This document sets out the concerns which have
arisen and explains three types of assessment and guidance:
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Image 2. Types of Moisture Risk Assessment and Guidance
The guidance by Principles is the new and innovative approach contained within the draft
Guidance. Five key principles are proposed, together with sub-principles:
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Image 3. Guidance by Principles
The draft document explains these principles in much greater detail and the STBA will provide
an update on the Moisture Guidance as soon as this has been agreed with DECC and other
stakeholders.
5. TRAINING
The Responsible Retrofit Report identifies training as an area where there are significant gaps
at present in the retrofit process. Training is limited or absent at all levels from architects and
surveyors through to contractors. The retrofit market is characterised by small building firms who
in some cases do not have the resources to carry out regular training activities and thus present a
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particular challenge. As many small retrofit projects do not engage an architect, the contractor
tends to make the design and specification decisions in consultation with the client. There is a
thus an urgent need to improve levels of awareness about retrofit and the associated issues
among the whole construction industry.
The STBA is working with the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) to put in place a level
3 NVQ training programme for site managers in the retrofit of traditional buildings. We are also
working with the Centre for Refurbishment Excellence (CoRE) which is running a series of courses
including training on the use of the Guidance Wheel.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The retrofit process is moving ahead at some speed, driven in part by targets for energy from
buildings in use set at European level and also by National policy initiatives.
The STBA remains concerned that major gaps in understanding and capacity have not yet been
addressed and we are actively working with policymakers, research organisations and training
providers in the UK. We are also working to ensure that retrofit is assessed in its correct context
and that all relevant aspects of sustainability are taken into account when setting policy in this
area.
The STBA also works with international partners in developing and sharing best practice in
Responsible Retrofit. We have been approached by countries interested in adapting the Guidance
Wheel for use elsewhere in Europe and we will continue to build our knowledge base to develop a
series of case studies. We therefore welcome further engagement from Government, Heritage,
Research and Commercial organisations in other countries
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TRAINING OF EXPERTS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT AT THE

FRAUNHOFER CENTRE FOR THE ENERGY-SAVING
RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDINGS AND THE PRESERVATION
OF MONUMENTS AT BENEDIKTBEUERN
KILIAN, R.; KRUS, M.
KILIAN, R.: Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Stuttgart - Germany. ralf.kilian@ibp.fraunhofer.de
KRUS, M.: Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Stuttgart - Germany
ABSTRACT
In times of rising energy prices, growing ecological consciousness and climate change the saving of
energy is becoming more and more important. But how can we save energy in historical buildings without
detriment to their historical value? What possibilities are there for applying environmentally friendly
measures under these special conditions?
The Fraunhofer Centre for the Energy-saving Renovation of Old Buildings and the Preservation of
Monuments at Benediktbeuern was founded with the idea of providing answers to these important
questions. As an information centre providing expert advice it will deal with topics related to the renovation
and preservation of historic buildings and monuments. In particular, the problems of energy efficiency and
related structural damage as well as the application of sustainable materials and technology with regard to
cost-efficiency will be addressed in research-cooperation with renowned European partners.
The various problems, their possible solutions and applications will thus be demonstrated directly on the
historic building Alte Schfflerei itself; different heating systems and internal wall insulation will be
realized and compared; regular exhibitions and guided tours are taking place on site. The scope of activities
of the Fraunhofer Centre includes not only the model renovation of a significant historical building, but also
micro-climate measurements, research on building services and materials as well as independent counselling
on preservation and energy-efficient retrofitting.
The most important aspect of the Fraunhofer Centre is the close interaction of craftsmanship, science and
monument preservation as well as the use of new, innovative materials and technologies for historical
buildings. For the first time, knowledge in building physics and experience in the fields of building
maintenance and monument preservation are combined in a public information and counselling centre
accommodated itself in a historical building.
Architects, monument conservators, craftsmen, builders and stakeholders have a chance to obtain
information and advice on energy-efficient renovation and monument preservation. Also a course on energy
retrofit of historic buildings is offered in cooperation with the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of
Historical Monuments (BLfD). Furthermore the Fraunhofer Centre Benediktbeuern was involved in the
development of a curriculum for training of energy consultants in the field of monument preservation. Our
scientists are also teaching in courses offered by German Architects Associations and other training
institutions.
Key words: Training, Energy Consultants, Historic Buildings, Energy Retrofit, Energy Efficiency,
Restoration, Conservation, Monumental Buildings, Guidelines, Fraunhofer Centre Benediktbeuern
1. The Fraunhofer Centre in Benediktbeuern

The Fraunhofer Centre in Benediktbeuern has been established in 2010 by the Fraunhofer
Institute for Building Physics in close cooperation with the Fraunhofer Information Centre for
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Planning and Building (IRB), the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical
Monuments (BLfD) and the International Association for Science and Technology of Building
Maintenance and Monument Preservation (WTA). In times of rising energy prices, growing
ecological consciousness and climate change the saving of energy is becoming more and more
important. How can we save energy in historical buildings without detriment to their historical
value? What possibilities are there for applying environmentally friendly measures under these
conditions?
The Fraunhofer Centre Benediktbeuern was founded with the idea of providing answers to
these important questions. As an information centre providing expert advice it will deal with
topics related to the renovation and preservation of historical buildings and monuments. In
particular, the problems of energy efficiency and related structural damage as well as the
application of sustainable materials and of procedures with regard to cost-efficiency will be
addressed. In response to the current demands of the European construction industry new
research is needed, underlining the importance of such a demonstration centre on a European
level.
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Image 1: Front view of the Alte Schfflerei before renovation, showing the main building in the middle,
the northern building on the left.
Benediktbeuern is one of the oldest monasteries in upper Bavaria, its roots going back to 8th
century AD. After the 1803 secularisation, the researcher, inventor and entrepreneur Joseph von
Fraunhofer (*1787, 1826) was working here in a glass workshop, where he also did his most
important research on the so called Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum. Fraunhofer gave his
name to the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, which was only founded in 1949. Since 1930 the cloister is
run by the Salesians of Don Bosco. The building Schfflerei dates in the second half of the 18th
century and belongs to the former craftsmen court of the monastery. At the Alte Schfflerei or
old cooperage barrels were made in the former times for the nearby brewery, which has
become a youth hostel today. Many of the typical problems of an old building and all the related
questions of restoration and refurbishment can be found here. It is therefore the ideal place for
such a centre.
The various questions and applications will be demonstrated directly at a real historic building.
All works are done in close collaboration with the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of
Historical Monuments (BLfD). Currently different heating systems and interior insulation are
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installed and compared. The scope of activities of the Competence Centre includes not only the
model renovation of a significant historical building, but also micro-climate measurements,
research on building services and materials as well as independent counselling on preservation
and energy-efficient retrofitting.
The most important aspect of the new Competence Centre is the close interaction of
craftsmanship, science and monument preservation as well as the use of new, innovative
materials and technologies for historical buildings. For the first time, knowledge in building
physics and experience in the fields of building maintenance and monument preservation will be
combined in a public centre for information and counselling accommodated itself in a historical
building.
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Image 2: View of the attic of the Alte Schfflerei during roof renovation with a historic lift that is still in
place. At the main building all historic tiles were recovered and reused. View of the upper floor where
research on internal wall insulation is carried out.
Architects, monument conservators, craftsmen, builders and stakeholders have a chance to

obtain information and advice on energy-efficient renovation and monument preservation. The
Fraunhofer Centre in Benediktbeuern will be facing the world wide challenge of energy efficiency
in historic buildings by offering innovative solutions suitable in cooperation with renowned
European partners.
2. Research and demonstration for Monument Preservation

The Fraunhofer Centre in Benediktbeuern is aiming to answer amongst others the following
questions concerning renovation and restoration measures:
- Which historical and modern materials can be used?
- How can historic walls be renovated?
- Which aspects of monument preservation must be considered for energy retrofit?
- What factors cause mould growth?
- How can damage be avoided by adequate heating and ventilation?
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- What kind of heating has a positive effect on the existing indoor climate?
- When is thermal insulation reasonable and possible?
- Which costs occur due to renovation measures?
- What kind of financial support is available?
2.1. Areas of research and demonstration

The interested public cannot only visit the demonstration and exhibition areas but will also get
counselling and receive information material. Also training and further education in the fields of
the above-mentioned topics (see also Table 1) are organized by the centre.
Table 1: Topics of research and demonstration at the Fraunhofer Centre Benediktbeuern:
Topics
Thermal Building Envelope
Temperature control / heating /

HVAC Systems
Ventilation
Building constructions
Structural moisture barriers /

drainage
Plasters
Coats / Coatings
Windows
Specific Solutions
- Internal / external wall insulation
- Innovative materials (Vacuum insulation, Aerogel, etc.)
- Renewable materials (Typha, etc.)
- Reversible solutions
- Heat storage capacity
- Calculation methods (Glaser / WUFI / DIN 18599)
- Life Cycle Assessment
- Wall heating
- Temperierung wall heating
- Radiators
- Radiant panel heating
- Air heating
- Humidification / dehumidification
- Control strategies
- Energy production (Solar, geothermal, wood, etc.)
- Air quality measurements
- Controlled ventilation
- Attic construction
- Historic floor structures
- Horizontal barrier / drainage
- Vertical shoring
- Injection methods
- Clay sealing
- Exotic solutions: ventilation capillary tubes,
Electro-osmosis
- Preservation of historical plasters
- Cement and lime plasters
- Restoration plaster
- Thermal insulation plaster
- Historical ones and their properties
- Modern ones and their properties
- Water uptake vs. diffusion
- Preservation of historical windows
- Improvement of thermal insulation
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Constructive protection
Noise control / room acoustics
- Canopies
- Constructive details (Window sills, drain pipes,etc.)
- modular absorbers (separated or integrated)
- Noise control of HVAC systems
2.2. Current research and demonstration projects at Benediktbeuern

The various questions and applications will thus be demonstrated directly on a real historic
building. All works are done in close collaboration with the Bavarian State Office for the
Preservation of Historical Monuments (BLfD).
Current demonstration projects include the thermal insulation of the attic floor, with a
monitoring of temperature, relative humidity and heat fluxes inside the construction with sensor
technology, funded by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU). Also two large national
research project funded by the German Ministry of Economy and Technology are situated at the
Fraunhofer Centre Benediktbeuern looking at Innovative Wall Heating Systems and at
Reversible solutions for Internal Wall Insulation. In the northern building four different heating
systems are monitored and compared in questions of indoor comfort, prevention of moisture
related damages and energy use.
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Image 3: Application of an aerogel insulation plaster by machine. The upper plaster layers are separated
from the original building surface by a protective, reversible layer
On the first floor of the main building different internal wall insulations are applied. For this
project, a reversible solution for energy retrofit is being developed (see image 3), transferring and
using technologies from mural paintings conservation for the first time for the application of
internal wall insulation. The focus of the project lies on thin, innovative systems, on mineral,
capillary active insulations and on materials made from renewables like cattail (Typha). This area
of the building will also have heating and an innovative climate control system, to obtain a certain
moisture load during winter time that will allow us to assess risk from moisture in the historic
building construction by monitoring. It will be possible to reach an indoor climate close to a
museum climate in the Alte Schfflerei and at the same time to assess the consequences this
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has for a historic building in a climatic zone with harsh winters. At Benediktbeuern temperatures
can drop as low as -20 C in winter time. High relative humidity indoors can lead to condensation
on cold building elements. Especially wooden beams are susceptible to damages from high
moisture caused by use of the buildings. At the main building almost all historic wooden beams
had to be restored during the last major refurbishment in 2010 and 2011. Different, innovative
and standard solutions were applied here that are now monitored closely.
It is planned to open the building to the public in 2015 after 5 years of construction works that
were accompanied by research projects. From 2015 on further research and demonstration
activities are planned. This includes the restoration and preservation of historic windows,
establishing a warm roof in the northern building by different options of attic insulation,
innovative external wall insulation with aerogel plasters and other thin materials on one faade of
the northern building, and more. Regular exhibitions and guided tours will take place on site.
3. Training of energy consultants for HISTORIC buildings

In heritage buildings it is not easy to find the best fitting solutions for energy retrofit, because
often measures for improving energy efficiency will change the appearance of the building and
can have quite a severe impact on the historical building fabric, building surfaces or even on its
construction. Especially questions of durability, reversibility and prevention of damages related to
energy retrofit measures have to be addressed. All historic buildings have certain individual
characteristics and specific heritage values, which have to be taken into account when planning
restoration measures of any kind. Also general energy retrofit target as they are defined for nonlisted buildings cannot be applied here. Therefore the aim of the heritage authorities and other
relevant institutions in Germany was to establish a specialized training course for Energy
Consultants for Historic Buildings. This new training for experts should help to establish a high
quality of monument preservation in the area of energy retrofit.
The guidelines for the training of energy consultants for historic buildings [1] were developed
and published by a large consortium of German institutions. Involved were the Bayerische
Ingenieurekammer-Bau, Arbeitskreis Denkmalpflege und Bauen im Bestand, the Deutsche
Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU), the Deutsches Nationalkomitee fr Denkmalschutz (DNK), the
Fraunhofer-Institut fr Bauphysik IBP, Zentrum fr energetische Altbausanierung und
Denkmalpflege, Benediktbeuern, the Vereinigung der Landesdenkmalpfleger in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland (VdL), the Wissenschaftlich-Technische Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr
Bauwerkserhaltung und Denkmalpflege e. V., Regionalgruppe Deutschland (WTA-D), the
Architektenkammer Hessen and the Zentralverband des Handwerks. This way all the relevant
professions, trades and institutions architects, engineers, craftsmen, heritage authorities and
building researchers that are involved in the restoration of an historic building as well as in
energy retrofit measures were brought together to develop the guidelines.
The course gives an overview of all the relevant topics that have to be addressed when
restoring a historic building. It consists of 72 teaching units 45 minutes (see Table 2). One major
part of the course is the introduction to special issues related to the preservation of listed and
other valuable traditional buildings, like basics of monument preservation laws, basics of practical
monument preservation, special ways and methods of refurbishment, building analysis from
monument preservation point of view, historic building techniques and historic building styles as
well as the characterization of especially valuable historic structures. Also possibilities for funding
and laws and regulations are addressed. Another important focus lies on the correct assessment
of historic structures from a building physics point of view. Here materials, building construction
and technical systems of historic buildings are discussed, moisture management and moisture
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prevention, air exchange and infiltration, building damages and their causes as well as
implications of user needs and user behavior. The course is concluded by four large blocks on
development of concepts that are in accordance with heritage preservation, the consideration of
holistic approaches, specific planning and the application of refurbishment measures on site.
Table 2: Contents of the course Energy Consultants for Historic Buildings after [1]
Topics
Topic 1: Listed buildings and other valuable traditional buildings
Topic 2: Possibilities for public funding of measure
Topic 3: Laws and regulations
Topic 4: Assessment of historic structures Building physics anamnesis
Topic 5: Concepts for compatible solutions for improving energy efficiency of
historic buildings
Topic 6: Holistic approaches to refurbishment
Topic 7: Building specific planning and refurbishment concepts
Topic 8: Refurbishment implementation on site
Units
16
2
4
12
16
2
4
16
The general criteria for the Energy Consultants for Historic Buildings have already been
established by VdL and WTA between 2010 and 2011. The first curriculum for a training course
was available in 2011. At the moment there are 14 professional training institutions that are
offering courses for energy consultants for historic and traditional buildings. Today more than 850
Energy Consultants for Historic Buildings are listed in Germany in an online list
(http://www.energieberater-denkmal.de). The integration of these specialists for all relevant
restoration works in historic buildings is strongly recommended by the State Heritage Authorities.
This way, specialized counselling is now available for communities and heritage building owners.
4. REFERENCES
Koordinierungsstelle Energieberater fr Baudenkmale. (2014). Leitfaden zur Fortbildung Energieberater fr
Baudenkmale und sonstige besonders erhaltenswerte Bausubstanz im Sinne des 24 EnEV (2nd
revised ed.). Bonn: Druckerei, Statistisches Bundesamt. Free download:
http://www.dnk.de/Publikationen/n2359
Fraunhofer Centre for the Energy-saving Renovation of Old Buildings and the Preservation of Monuments at
Benediktbeuern, www.denkmalpflege.fraunhofer.de
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SPECIALIZED ENERGY CONSULTANTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL

HERITAGE
DE BOUW, M.; DUBOIS, S.; HERINCKX, S.; VANHELLEMONT, Y.
DE BOUW, M.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and Renovation, Lab of
Renovation, Limelette Belgium / University of Antwerp, Dpt. of Design Sciences, Master of Monument and
Landscape Conservation, Antwerp Belgium
DUBOIS, S.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and Renovation, Lab of
Renovation, Limelette Belgium
HERINCKX, S.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and Renovation, Lab of
Renovation, Limelette - Belgium
VANHELLEMONT, Y.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and Renovation, Lab of
Renovation, Limelette - Belgium
ABSTRACT
Making heritage buildings energy efficient is very little established in Belgium. Several reasons can
explain this as, for example, the fact these buildings are exempt from the Belgian Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive, the fact that the application of energy-saving measures is often difficult to reconcile with
the heritage values of the building, etc. Nevertheless, the energetic optimization of heritage buildings,
combined with renewable energy, offers many opportunities (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of this
substantial collection of buildings, making use and occupation of the buildings more attractive by reducing
bills and improving comfort, etc.). But achieving this without harming the heritage values and
minimizing/eliminating all risks for the building itself, implies a well thought-out approach.
These concerns are at the basis of the current seven-year project, which aims to concretize the measure
"Specialized energy consultants for architectural heritage", that was incorporated in the new Climate Plan of
the Flemish Government. The training project is targeted at (experienced) restoration architects, aiming to
scale up their skills with regard to energy efficiency for heritage buildings in particular.
The proposed paper wants to show exactly how this specialized training will be elaborated and how it will
be implemented in Flanders. To do so, the paper will present the conception of the project as well as the five
major steps of its execution:
The organization of an accessible energy support service focused on restoration architects,
The development and implementation of a specialized energy consultant training course for restoration
architects,
The development of an accreditation system or procedure, based on the above mentioned training
course,
The setup of a monitoring campaign on several cases of the restoration architects, who attended the
elaborated training course, in order to monitor the results and impact of the retrofitting in real
circumstances,
The implementation of a feasibility study regarding the embedding of the abovementioned training
course in the existing Belgian educations for restoration architects (universities, specialized trainings,
university colleges,).
Key words: building heritage, energy efficiency, heat air and moisture, architectural value, heritage value,
holistic approach
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1. INTRODUCTION
Today, the impact of human activities on the environment is well-established. It caused a deep
questioning of industrial traditions and citizen behavior. The construction sector is slowly
mutating into a more green, social, creative and innovative industry and the governments tend to
encourage this transformation process. Buildings are still responsible for about 40% of the total
final energy requirements in Europe, more than the transportation sector [1], [2]. As a direct
consequence, the legal framework for the construction industry is evolving very quickly. At the
European level, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) has established a large set
of measures to cope with the Unions 2020 main objective to reduce greenhouse gases by 20%
compared to 1990 levels [3]. The nearly zero-energy buildings principle is included within EPBD
requirements and states that by 31 December 2018, all new building owned by public authorities
must have a very high energy efficiency [4]. The same goal applies for every new building after 31
December 2020.
In Belgium, the three Regions (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels) are responsible for the local
transposition of the EPBD. It includes measures for construction, re-construction and retrofitting
activities. In 2011, the Flemish government determined standards for energy performance of new
buildings, which are limits imposed to the primary energy consumption (or E-levels). The Energy
Renovation Program (ERP) by 2020 was also implemented for existing buildings [5]. Until now,
however, there has been large exceptions to these regulations when dealing with architectural
heritage. Yet, in the 2013-2020 timeframe, this sector could save some 8,5 million tons of CO2
equivalent [6] if the involved actors (restoration architects, owners, contractors, etc.) spend more
attention to the energy performance of the protected architectural heritage. However, the ability
to carry out energy saving measures in such buildings, without affecting the heritage values or
causing collateral damage, is an important factor related to the operating costs as well as the
comfort of these buildings. Indirectly, this could also result in a better preservation of the
heritage, because occupied buildings are generally much better preserved than the non-occupied
ones.
The current project aims to capitalize on the potentials of energetic improvement to create a
permanent structure where specialized energy consultants are trained for the architectural
heritage sector. It will allow the owners/users of a heritage building to call upon such specialized
professionals who should be able to formulate an evaluation of its energy (d)e(f)ficiency, but also
to propose realistic and feasible measures to optimize this energetic characteristics in line with
the buildings heritage values.
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Position in the Regional action plan
The third Flemish Climate Policy Plan (FCPP) covers the period 2013-2020. It consists of an
action framework that can be divided into two closely bound sections. The first part is the Flemish
Mitigation Plan (FMP), the purpose of which is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas
emissions in Flanders. The second one is the Flemish Adaptation Plan (FAP), which aims to
characterize the vulnerability of that Belgian Region regarding climate change as well as to offer
ways of improving its ability to face it [7].
The measure 2.2.2 of the FMP [6], which concerns energy consultants, was at the root of the
project presented here. In the FMP framework, the energy consultants are supported by the
public aid that is made available to various sector federations and non-commercial organizations
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to sensitize, inform and guide their target audiences (construction professionals, families, small
and medium enterprises) in the field of energy savings and renewable energy. In October 2010,
the Flemish administration chose to implement a new subsidy framework oriented towards a
better streamlining of projects, a longer term funding and a better interaction between individual
energy consultants. In addition, the measure stipulates that the Flemish Climate Fund associated
to the FCPP supports the improvement of energy guidance in various sectors, which includes
energy consultants specialized in architectural heritage. Concerning this last point, the FCPP
mentions the following actions: organization of an energy desk for heritage buildings, elaboration
of a training and certification procedure, and monitoring of the results.
2.2. Target audience and driving committee

Dit kader zorgt voor een betere stroomlijning van de projecten, laat langere
financieringstermijnen toe en maakt een betere samenwerking en uitwisseling tussen de
energieconsulenten mogelijk.
In a first stepIn eerste instantie richt dit project zich prioritair op restauratie-architecten.In a
first sdt, this project will focus on restoration architects as a priority. Zij zullen immers de kennis
op vlak van erfgoedwaarden moeten combineren met ervaring op het vlak van het reduceren van
de energetische behoefte. They will have to combine the knowledge in the field of heritage values
with experience in the area of reducing the energy requirements.Via deze kleine groep ( 50-tal
restauratie-architecten in Vlaanderen) wil men onrechtstreeks n in vervolgtrajecten de andere
spelers, zoals de eigenaars en/of uitvoerders bereiken. Through this small group ( 50 restoration
architects in Flanders), other actors such as the owners and/or contractors will be reached
eventually.
De stuurgroep wordt samengesteld uit vertegenwoordigers van de verschillende
belanghebbenden in dit project.The steering committee of the project is composed by
representatives of the various stakeholders in this project. Dat is in de eerste plaats de doelgroep
(architecten), de Vlaamse opleidingen met betrekking tot restauraties, en administraties met
betrekking tot milieu- en energiebeheer. That is the target audience, the Flemish educational
institutions related to building restoration, and administrations related to environmental and
energy management. The involvement of educational actors is essential in order to efficiently
implement the training procedure once this is elaborated.
2.3. Holistic approach for the energy optimization of heritage building

A building can be divided into three physical domains, viz. the heat, air and moisture fields,
and three geometrical regions, viz. the building envelope, the interior air region and the exterior
air region [8], [9]. Existing constructions exhibit whether or not healthy a complex interaction
between these domains that results in a locally-specific equilibrium. Interventions that aim to
increase energy efficiency could seriously distort this balance if they are not executed in a
thoughtful way. In heritage buildings the arising consequences can have an important impact on
preserving the architectural values. A holistic approach is thus essential in energy optimization of
buildings with high historical significance and acompromise must always be carried on between
energy optimization and conservation of heritage values.
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Figure 1: The building geometrical (left) and physical (right) domains
In the Belgian regional transpositions of the European EPBD, the improvement of energy
efficiency is typically considered through the E-level defined as:
is the primary energy consumed by the building and

is the reference value
Where
for a representative consumption, both on an annual basis. In the holistic approach with
considerations of heritage value, only aiming to reach a predefined E-level is not a pertinent
method. Instead, the accumulation of interventions on several fronts is preferred, aiming to
achieve the greatest possible improvement in terms of energetic performance, within the limits
set by the necessary preservation of heritage values. Each intervention is considered with respect
to its potential impact on the equilibrium mentioned above and is complemented with specific
adjustments where necessary.
Globally, individual energy interventions can be related to various elements of the building:
insulation, radiation, thermal inertia, ventilation, glazing, shading and HVAC systems. In the
proposed project, the energy issue will addressed on several action fronts. First with the more
classical approach in energy optimization which is to minimize the direct energy losses. This can
be achieved by various means such as improving the airtightness, applying additional thermal
insulation, replacing the existing glazing, etc. In addition, indirect savings can be obtained through
modifications of the comfort conditions in the building. The major goal of this second action pole
is the reduction of energy need for cooling or heating. Examples of such interventions are the
dampening of indoor humidity fluctuations or the application of heat reflective coating which are
expected to modify the operational temperature of the rooms. A third way of improving the
energy efficiency is to look for energy production systems that induce less CO2 emissions. Finally,
the modification of the occupants behavior is essential: rationalizing the use of lighting, heating
and any other energy-consuming installation and optimizing the use of natural resources (e.g.
sun).
It seems clear that the set of energy-related interventions cannot be separated from the classic
restoration interventions, in order to meet the principle of the holistic approach. A good
restoration of the building, with suitable materials and technologies, is a necessary condition for
achieving a comfortable and energetically-performant building. As stated above, energetic
interventions have an impact on the existing balance in the building, and they can cause side
effects that affect their conservation. They can strengthen existing pathologies or sometimes
eliminate them. For example, increased heating and ventilation in a basement can lead to
increased damage to masonry or finishes by salt crystallization. The installation of insulating
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glazing can lead to an increased risk of condensation on walls, with mold growth and
deterioration of materials as a result.
The energy optimization process should therefore include the typical investigations which
always precede a restoration procedure as well as the restoration interventions. The (iterative)
process is conducted as follow:
a) Determination of the patrimonial value of the building: establishing the reasons that
explain its protection status, and as a consequence, the extent to which interventions are
possible.
This analysis is performed for each room or element, in order to determine which
intervention can be applied in which location.
b) Diagnostic of the current state of the building: picture the envelope and the mechanical
systems as well as the structural and energetic conditions.
Every change that is planned regarding the function of a room should be studied during
this step.
c) Elaboration of an intervention plan: analysis of the current state of the building and
elaboration of an interventions list, both on restoration and energetic points of view.
Again, it should be reminded that restoration and energetic interventions may interact
with each other (and an iterative approach is necessary).
d) Restoration interventions: suppression of all damage causes where possible.
e) Energetic interventions: in parallel with previous step.
The energetic interventions can provide a way to solve, reduce or at least make
manageable some of the pathologies of the building, and strongly improve the usability
(e.g. costs, comfort,) of the building.
f)
Monitoring of the building state and behavior after the restoration: determining if the
building is behaving completely the way it was foreseen, and keep an eye on the evolution
of the buildings state in order to predict and adapt correctly maintenance activities.
3. PROJECT EXECUTION
In order to meet the objectives of the project, the following five-stage plan for the period
2014-2020 was developed:
1. First, an Energy Desk will be organized. This interactive guidance platform in the form of a
website should provide assistance to the restoration architects of the target group who are
facing the need to improve the energy efficiency of heritage buildings. Each guidance or
advice emanating from the energy desk should be coupled to a concrete project (the focus
will be put on inhabited or permanently used listed buildings).
The systematic tracking of the provided advices will result in a database comprising the topics
of the requests, the administrative data concerning the questioner and the building, the
particular problems and the (innovative) solutions that were proposed. This database will
enrich the knowledge concerning the technical solutions that can be applied in energy
optimization of heritage buildings, or the combination of solutions that proved to be efficient.
In order to complete this database, also data and case studies from the literature and from
abroad will be screened.
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2. Parallel to the development of the above-mentioned Energy Desk, a training program

towards specialized energy consultants (viz. restoration architects) for heritage buildings will
be created. In a first step, the necessary documentation and practical knowledge will be
gathered in order to elaborate a comprehensive lessons package. This first step is closely
related to the experience gained from the Energy Desk. Then, a concrete training will be
offered to the target group of architects on the basis of this package.
3. In the third phase, an implementation of an accreditation system will be investigated. The
feasibility and entire methodology for such an accreditation system has to be examined, with
all the associated criteria. By offering a clear recognition system, the governmental
organization responsible for the preservation of Architectural Heritage will eventually possess
if desired a way to monitor the quality of the interventions on heritage buildings carried
out by the specialized consultants.
4. Once the target group has successfully complemented the training program of Phase 2 (and
following positive evaluation the accreditation procedure of Phase 3), a long-term
monitoring phase will take place in the period 2017-2021. This monitoring campaign will
generate precious information on the effects of this training campaign and the solutions
within the database, which in its turn will be used to optimise the training and database.
5. Parallel to the above-mentioned phases, a feasibility study will be carried out which will check
whether and how the elaborated lesson packages can be embedded into the regular course
programs of the Flemish restoration educations. This phase will result in a key note that
summarizes the problems and proposed solutions for embedding the lessons package. In
additions, there will also be reports of all the consultations with the decision makers involved
in formation and education.
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Figure 2: Project stages
A general diagram illustrating the stages of the project is given in figure 2. Once the project
reaches its end, some possible after-project steps have to be considered. First, there is the
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elaboration of a permanent Energy Desk, i.e. the structuralization of the solicitation-portal

(Phase 1 above), where recognized restoration architects can address their questions concerning
energetic aspects of heritage. In addition, those architects who have followed the formation
process could be monitored concerning the quality of their intervention as the new decree of the
Flemish Region concerning protected buildings will open the possibility to develop a quality label
system for building heritage entrepreneurs.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper describes a project taking place in the period 2014-2021 that is intended to answer
the need for energy consultants specialized in architectural heritage. Beside clear benefits in
terms of greenhouse gases emissions, the objective is to provide practical answers for
restorations architects to the solicitations of owners/users who show the will to improve the
energy efficiency of their heritage buildings. The solutions are not straightforward as the risk to
affect the underlying architectural or cultural values is real. In order to reach this goal, the
creation of a specific training process for restoration architects is central within the presented
project.
First the normative context of the project was presented. Indeed, the latter answers a specific
measure included in the Flemish Climate Plan related to the formation of specialized energy
consultants. Then, some principles for the energetic renovation of heritage buildings were
proposed and described. These form a holistic approach to energy efficiency optimization where
the balance between heat, air and moisture transfers are carefully taken into account. Finally, the
detailed overview of the project execution was depicted. The five main stages were explained
along with the relationships that exist between them. The key measure is the elaboration of a
training program in order to train specialized energy consultant for architectural heritage. This
teaching material is going to be constructed on the basis of proper experience of the experts
involved in and around the project, the experience acquired through the implementation of an
Energy Desk, and improved later with a monitoring program carried out on protected buildings
which were energetically improved. The development of an accreditation system will also be
evaluated. At last, the integration of the lessons package in the regular course programs of the
Flemish educational institutions for restoration architects will also be studied.
5. REFERENCES
[1]
Buildings Performance Institute Europe. (2011). Europe's Buildings under the microscope. BPIE.
Retrieved from http://www.bpie.eu/uploads/lib/document/attachment/21/LR_EU_B_under_microscope_study.pdf
[2]
Prez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J. & Pout, C. (2008). A review on buildings energy consumption information.
Energy Build, 40(3), 394-398.
[3]
European Union. (2010). Directive 2010/31/EU of the European parliament and the council of 19 may
2010 on energy performance of buildings. EU. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010L0031
[4] Hermelink, A. et al. (2013). Towards nearly zero-energy buildings: Definition of common principles
under the EPBD. Ecofys by order of the European Commission. Retrieved from
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/doc/nzeb_full_report.pdf
[5]
Flemish Government. (2012). Flemish reform programme: Europe 2012-2020. Retrieved from
http://www.vlaandereninactie.be/sites/default/files/flemish-reform-programme2012_lr_0.pdf
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[6]
Departement Leefmilieu, Natuur en Energie. (2013). Vlaams mitigatieplan 2013-2020. Retrieved from
http://www.lne.be/themas/klimaatverandering/klimaattips/klimaattips/wat-doet-de-vlaamseoverheid/vlaams-klimaatbeleidsplan/2013-06-28_VMP2013-2020.pdf
[7]
Flemish Government. (2013). The Flemish Climate Policy Plan: 2013-2020, a summary. Retrieved from
http://www.flanders.be/en/publications/detail/the-flemish-climate-policy-plan-2013-2020-1
[8]
Costola, D. (2011). External coupling of building energy simulation and building element heat, air and
moisture simulation. PhD Thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
[9]
Janssens, A. et al. (2008). From EMPD to CFDoverview of different approaches for Heat Air and
Moisture modeling in IEA Annex 41. Proceedings of the IEA ECBCS Annex 41 Closing Seminar,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
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RENERPATH: METODOLOGA DE REHABILITACIN

ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS PATRIMONIALES / RENERPATH:
Methodology for Energy Rehabilitation of Heritage
Buildings
PERN, J. R. ; MARTN LERONES, P.; BUJEDO, L. A.; OLMEDO, D.; SAMANIEGO, J.; GAUBO, F.;
FRECHOSO, F.; ZALAMA, E.; GMEZ-GARCA BERMEJO, J.; MARTN, D.; FRANCISCO, V.; CUNHA,
F.; BAIO, A.; XAVIER, G.; DOMNGUEZ, P.; GETINO, R.; SNCHEZ, J. C.; PASTOR, E.
PERN, J. R.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
MARTN LERONES, P.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa. pedler@cartif.es (contacto)
BUJEDO, L. A.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
OLMEDO, D.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
SAMANIEGO, J.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
GAYUBO, F.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
FRECHOSO, F.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
ZALAMA, E.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
GMEZ-GARCA BERMEJO, J.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
MARTN, D.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa
FRANCISCO, V.: CTCV, Coimbra Portugal. victor.francisco@ctcv.pt
CUNHA, F.: CTCV, Coimbra Portugal
BAIO, A.: CTCV, Coimbra Portugal
XAVIER, G.: RECET, Guarda Portugal. gonloxa@yahoo.com
DOMNGUEZ, P.: EREN, Len Espaa. dompermi@jcyl.es
GETINO, R.: EREN, Len Espaa
SNCHEZ, J. C.: Fundacin Ciudad Rodrigo, Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca) Espaa. info@turismociudadrodrigo.com
PASTOR, E.: Fundacin Ciudad Rodrigo, Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca) Espaa. info@turismociudadrodrigo.com
RESUMEN
El proyecto de I+D+i RENERPATH, desarrollado entre los aos 2010-2012 bajo el programa POCTEP
(Programa Operativo de Cooperacin Transfronteriza Espaa Portugal), ha trado consigo como resultado
tangible una gua metodolgica que, con un enfoque prctico, ayuda a la rehabilitacin energtica de
edificios patrimoniales.
Se ofrecen medidas del efecto que sobre este tipo de edificios van a tener las posibles acciones de mejora
energtica aplicables, orientando a los propietarios y gestores de estos edificios en la eleccin del sistema
ms adecuado en funcin de sus caractersticas, definidas a travs de parmetros convenientes.
Dos edificios tipo han servido de casos de aplicacin de la metodologa: la Catedral de Ciudad Rodrigo
(Salamanca-Espaa) como ejemplo de edificio con uso principalmente litrgico; y el Palacio Episcopal de
Pinhel (Portugal) como ejemplo de edificio con uso civil. Ambos han servido de pilotos a escala real sobre los
que se han establecido una serie de variables de entrada que permiten su caracterizacin y clasificacin,
cuantificndose el efecto que sobre la explotacin energtica tienen posibles acciones de intervencin
mediante modelos y simulaciones dinmicas. As se han llegado a establecer ratios y valores numricos que
marcan criterios de actuacin.
De manera complementaria, y de forma totalmente innovadora, se han integrado y adaptado tcnicas de
visin por computador (2D / 3D) para la caracterizacin energtica de la envolvente, permitindose su
rpida aplicacin con mnimo impacto sobre los edificios de inters histrico y artstico a estudio.
Palabras clave: rehabilitacin energtica, simulacin dinmica, edificios patrimoniales, eficiencia
energtica en edificacin histrica, anlisis de envolventes.
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ABSTRACT
The RENERPATH RTD project, developed between the years 2010-2012 and supported by the operational
programme for Spain and Portugal cross-border cooperation (POCTEP), has brought as tangible result a
methodological guide to assist in the energy rehabilitation of heritage buildings in a practical mode.
The RENERPATH guide proposes measuring the effects that applicable energy improvement actions
should have on this type of buildings, orienting the owners and managers on the selection of the most
suitable system according to their characteristics, defined through suitable parameters.
Two types of buildings have been selected as cases of application of the proposed methodology: the
Cathedral of Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca-Spain) as an example of building with mainly liturgical use; and the
Episcopal Palace of Pinhel (Portugal) as an example of building with civilian use. Both have served as real
scale pilots about which a series of input variables have been established to allow their characterization and
classification. The effect that possible intervention actions could have on energy exploitation has been
quantified using dynamic simulations and models. Consequently the ratios and numerical values to make
performance criteria have been set up.
Complementarily, and in a totally innovative way, 2D and 3D computer vision techniques are integrated
and adapted for the characterization of the envelope, providing useful information with minimal impact on
the heritage buildings to be studied from the energy perspective.
Key words: energy rehabilitation, dynamic simulation, heritage buildings, energy efficiency in historic
buildings, envelope analysis.
1. INTRODUCCIN
La metodologa RENERPATH establece un procedimiento que gua en la rehabilitacin
energtica de edificios patrimoniales (edificios de inters histrico y artstico), ofreciendo una
medida del efecto que van a tener sobre este tipo de inmuebles las posibles acciones de mejora
energtica aplicables, definidas a travs de parmetros objetivos, y orientando a sus propietarios
o administradores en la eleccin del sistema ms adecuado en funcin de la singularidad de cada
edificio.
Los edificios patrimoniales presentan una serie de restricciones que no tienen los edificios
convencionales. En general, no se dispone de informacin (o no es fidedigna) ni desde el punto de
vista arquitectnico, ni del dimensional, ni del constructivo, salvo que se hayan realizado
actuaciones recientes. Respecto a sus instalaciones, hay que diferenciar entre edificios de culto,
dotados casi exclusivamente de sistemas de iluminacin, frente a edificios de uso civil, en los que
es posible encontrar tambin sistemas de generacin/distribucin de climatizacin. En cualquier
caso, al tratarse de edificios de inters cultural, las actuaciones a realizar son complejas, deben
aunar compatibilidad esttica y funcional, y deben contar con la aprobacin de la autoridad
competente en Patrimonio para poder ser ejecutadas.
En su mayora disponen de cerramientos de grandes espesores, y los materiales constructivos
presentan alta conductividad trmica, lo que hace que su comportamiento dinmico en el tiempo
frente a cambios en la temperatura exterior presente elevadas inercias y atenuaciones
moderadas. Son edificios comnmente de elevadas alturas, en las que el efecto de estratificacin
trmica puede tener un gran impacto, tanto a nivel de calefaccin, como de refrigeracin. Debido
a estos aspectos, la aplicacin de tcnicas de dimensionado estticas, en las que se tengan en
cuenta valores medios mensuales, puede llevar a errores importantes.
En el presente trabajo, se presenta la metodologa RENERPATH [1], establecindose los
trminos de su aplicacin y las posibles acciones de mejora disponibles. Se ilustrar con dos
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ejemplos prcticos, correspondientes a dos sitios piloto representativos, una vez obtenidos datos
cuantitativos de mejora asociados a diferentes variables de definicin. Los demostradores de la
metodologa han sido dos edificios: la Catedral de Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca (Espaa), como
edificio patrimonial tipo destinado al culto, y el Palacio Episcopal de Pinhel (Portugal) como
edificio patrimonial tipo de uso civil. En ellos se ha llevado a cabo un diseo de experimentos,
estableciendo una serie de variables de entrada que permiten su caracterizacin y clasificacin,
cuantificndose el efecto que sobre la explotacin energtica tienen posibles acciones de
intervencin mediante modelos y simulaciones dinmicas. De esta forma se han llegado a
establecer ratios y valores numricos con los que ofrecer criterios de actuacin [2].
Los programas de simulacin dinmica necesitan un modelo digital de la envolvente del
edificio a estudiar. Debido a la falta de informacin grfica constructiva (planos, croquis, etc.), el
modelo digital se lleva a cabo mediante representaciones geomtricas sencillas (prismas, cubos,
etc.) utilizando una amplia gama de programas informticos para este fin (TRNSYS [3] es un
ejemplo). La excesiva esquematizacin y simplicidad de estas representaciones digitales de los
edificios da lugar en ocasiones a resultados alejados de la realidad cuando se simula y analiza su
comportamiento energtico [4]. La complejidad morfolgica y sucesin de etapas constructivas
en una misma zona requieren de modelos digitales 3D que reflejen lo ms fielmente posible el
emplazamiento original [5].
Existen diferentes tcnicas pticas que permiten documentar grficamente el estado del
edificio en el momento de que se trate, aunndose aspectos de documentacin para la
rehabilitacin arquitectnica con los de la rehabilitacin energtica [6, 7]. As, desde el punto de
vista de la visin por computador y el anlisis de imagen (2D), es la termografa la tcnica ms
habitual [8]. Desde el punto de vista de la visin 3D, pueden construirse modelos digitales de
precisin centimtrica mediante fotografas (photobased scanning), o de precisin milimtrica
mediante escneres lser. Las informaciones 2D y 3D pueden combinarse en un mismo modelo
digital [9, 10], que convenientemente exportado a programas de simulacin dinmica, ser til
para los fines previstos.
Por ltimo destacar que la metodologa RENERPATH se diferencia y a la vez complementa los
resultados obtenidos por otros proyectos importantes en la UE sobre eficiencia energtica y
Patrimonio Cultural, como: EFFESUS (enfocado a distritos urbanos, no a edificios) y 3ENCULT
(centrado en la reduccin de la demanda energtica y la mejora de la habitabilidad en edificios
histricos).
2. METODOLOGA
RENERPATH se basa en tres aspectos fundamentales: (1) la caracterizacin energtica del
edificio; (2) la identificacin de mejoras para la reduccin de consumo; y (3) cuantificacin
mediante modelado y simulacin dinmica.
Para la caracterizacin de la envolvente se han utilizado tcnicas de visin por computador (2D
y 3D). El ajuste de las instalaciones se realiza con dos tipos de datos: por un lado caractersticas
del fabricante y por otro, con datos de facturacin.
La identificacin de mejoras afecta tanto a la envolvente como a las instalaciones, siendo
evaluados ambos aspectos mediante simulacin, de forma que se tenga una medida del impacto
que tienen sobre la demanda final, obtenindose una estimacin del retorno energtico.
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2.1. Caracterizacin energtica del edificio de inters en patrimonio cultural

Esta etapa pretende determinar el comportamiento energtico del edificio mediante la
aplicacin de tcnicas y procedimientos que no afecten a su estado actual. Con este fin se siguen
cuatro pasos:
Primer paso: se procede a la caracterizacin de cerramientos mediante tcnicas no intrusivas.
Para solventar la falta de informacin en este tipo de edificios se combinan tcnicas de
digitalizado 3D, tcnicas de medicin infrarroja (reflectividad y emisividad), y termoflujometra,
para obtener un modelo digital fidedigno de los cerramientos, analizndose diferentes
posibilidades:
Modelado en SketchUp: permite disear desde cero las unidades constructivas
fundamentales (habitaciones, salas y cubiertas) cuya composicin dar lugar a la rplica digital del
edificio. Soporta la georreferenciacin en Google-Maps. Las unidades fundamentales diseadas
son exportables a programas de simulacin energtica dinmica mediante plug-ins especficos
adaptados para SketchUp. Una vez importadas en uno de esos programas de simulacin
energtica, se les dota de propiedades fsicas y de materiales para hacer posible esa simulacin.
Modelado por escaneado lser: se obtiene una nube de puntos con las coordenadas
geomtricas (X, Y, Z), de color (R, G, B) y el ndice de reflectividad (L) del edificio digitalizado. Esa
nube de puntos puede convertirse a malla de tringulos, lo que supone disponer de superficies de
exactitud milimtrica, tratables directamente en entornos CAD/BIM fundamentalmente a travs
de los formatos OBJ e IFC a los que se convierte la malla en cuestin.
Fotomodelado 3D (photobased scanning): permite obtener un modelo de complejidad
semejante al escaneado lser, pero de una exactitud centimtrica en este caso. El trabajo de
campo y el postprocesamiento en oficina se reduce aproximadamente a la quinta parte. Los
modelos obtenidos tambin son exportables a entornos CAD/BIM con una textura hiperrealista.
Una vez obtenido el modelo digital de la envolvente, se caracteriza segn sus propiedades
trmicas para poder realizar simulaciones dinmicas que nos indiquen posibles mejoras. Para ello,
se han utilizado conjuntamente tres tcnicas:
Medida del ndice de reflectividad: Tratando convenientemente este parmetro
proporcionado por el escner se permite la deteccin de humedades, incluso donde todava no
son perceptibles a simple vista.
Termografa: El anlisis de imgenes termogrficas permite obtener los parmetros
trmicos asociados a la envolvente. Es posible combinar esta tcnica con el digitalizado 3D para
obtener modelos termogrficos 3D, lo que permite determinar de forma sencilla e intuitiva dnde
se producen las mayores prdidas / ganancias de calor, zonas no aisladas, puentes trmicos,
ataques de hongos, etc.
Termoflujometra: permite determinar la transmitancia trmica de los cerramientos que
constituyen los edificios, aplicndose en la caracterizacin de los elementos de construccin. Este
parmetro, junto con la capacidad trmica y la densidad, forman la trada numrica esencial para
las simulaciones dinmicas.
Segundo paso: Se determina la demanda energtica actual del edificio. Satisfacer las
necesidades de confort interiores (trmicas y de iluminacin), lleva asociados consumos de
electricidad, gas, etc. Partiendo de la informacin sobre el tipo de uso del edificio y su horario de
utilizacin, junto con el anlisis de la facturacin energtica del mismo, se obtienen las curvas de
demanda con las que poder ajustar sus necesidades.
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Tercer paso: se identifican los diferentes sistemas energticos disponibles en el edificio

(equipos de climatizacin, equipos de iluminacin, equipos con grandes consumos, etc.). Esto
requiere combinar informacin de modelos genricos de comportamiento de equipos con los
datos proporcionados por los fabricantes, y con la informacin relativa a datos de facturacin,
horarios, etc. (aportados por los propietarios o equivalentes). El anlisis de las instalaciones debe
ponderar cada una de ellas respecto al total del consumo. As por ejemplo, en los edificios de
culto, la iluminacin y la climatizacin son los elementos ms importantes; sin embargo, en
edificios de uso continuado pueden existir otras cargas (cocinas, equipos de oficina, servicios de
lavandera, restaurantes, etc.)
Cuarto paso: partiendo de la informacin recopilada en los puntos anteriores se puede
establecer el modelo energtico completo del edificio, haciendo una simulacin dinmica en un
programa contrastado (TRNSYS, EnergyPlus u otros), lo que permite disponer de su
comportamiento previsible en el tiempo y bajo cualquier condicin. De esta forma, se dispone de
un banco de ensayo virtual sobre el que aplicar cualquier intervencin sin afectar al edificio en s,
lo que permite valorar resultados de posibles intervenciones reales con un elevado grado de
fiabilidad al realimentarse los datos del modelo con los obtenidos.
2.2. Identificacin de mejoras de eficiencia energtica

La caracterizacin energtica de un edificio permite identificar sus puntos crticos de consumo
y prdidas de energa, as como las posibles actuaciones de mejora a llevar a cabo. La
determinacin de las ms adecuadas obliga a realizar un anlisis de las soluciones comerciales
existentes, e identificar casos de xito de aplicacin de las mismas en edificios.
Es til disponer de una base de datos con los diferentes sistemas, sus requerimientos de
instalacin y el grado de aplicabilidad en funcin de las caractersticas de uso. Tambin es
importante emplear las nuevas tcnicas de gestin (local y remota), control y monitorizacin de
que se disponga para estos sistemas.
RENERPATH ha abordado algunas de las mejoras que pueden ser aplicadas en edificios
patrimoniales, como son: (i) el cBloco para la rehabilitacin de cerramientos, o (ii) el Solar Tiles
para la rehabilitacin de cubiertas.
2.3. Cuantificacin mediante modelado y simulacin dinmica

Tomando como punto de partida el modelo obtenido en las etapas de caracterizacin
energtica del edificio y sus instalaciones, se procede a plantear nuevas actuaciones para la
optimizacin energtica y del confort. Esto se realizar a travs del modelo creado, simulando en
unos casos ajustes de las consignas de operacin de los sistemas existentes, y, en otros,
simulando su sustitucin en favor de otros ms eficientes. Se permite as obtener informacin
sobre el comportamiento del edifico en nuevas situaciones, observndose el efecto que dichas
medidas podran tener sobre el consumo energtico.
Cada accin de mejora lleva asociado un coste fijo (a realizar en el momento de la instalacin),
y un coste de explotacin (debido a su normal actividad y el mantenimiento a lo largo del tiempo).
Partiendo de los mismos, se obtiene el beneficio econmico y las tasas de retorno asociados a la
implementacin de cada medida aplicable.
La simulacin dinmica presenta varias ventajas frente a los mtodos de clculo basados en
balances puntuales con valores medios:
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Permite caracterizar la interaccin entre variables de manera semejante a lo que ocurre en

la realidad. En instalaciones en las que haya un gran acoplamiento entre ellas, arrojar
resultados ms precisos.
Puede determinar los lmites mximos y mnimos de demanda energtica, hecho necesario
para el adecuado dimensionamiento de equipos. Esos lmites permiten estimar la
frecuencia con la que se dan los diferentes rangos de demanda, lo que ayuda a realizar
dimensionados mucho ms eficientes.
Tiene en cuenta la inercia energtica de los sistemas. Por ejemplo, las paredes de gran
espesor habituales en los edificios patrimoniales provocan un retraso relativamente
importante entre el momento en que la radiacin solar incide sobre los muros y el tiempo
que tarda en transmitirse el calentamiento originado a la zona interior. Tambin tiene en
cuenta el efecto contrario, es decir, el calor cedido por los muros durante la noche, de
forma que la temperatura en el interior es mayor que en el exterior.
La metodologa de rehabilitacin energtica RENERPATH permite identificar las mejoras

energticas aplicables en un edifico de inters histrico-artstico y su grado de viabilidad antes de
que se ejecute la intervencin correspondiente, con las ventajas que ello supone en los edificios a
los que va dirigida.
3. RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS
La metodologa RENERPATH es fruto de la aplicacin de las tecnologas y tcnicas descritas,
junto a la adquisicin, tratamiento y anlisis de los datos obtenidos en dos edificios tipo cuya
representatividad permite sin duda pautar criterios de actuacin de forma generalizada. Los
edificios considerados son:
La catedral de Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca Espaa): edificio de culto en el que se requiere
reducir los rigores trmicos del invierno, permitiendo temperaturas interiores suficientemente
agradables como para poder disfrutar de los oficios litrgicos.
El Palacio Episcopal de Pinhel (Portugal): edificio de uso pblico civil (residencia/albergue y
actividades ciudadanas), caracterizado por un horario y unas condiciones de operacin ms
exigentes en lo que a consumo energtico y confort se refieren.
3.1. Edificios de culto (uso discontnuo)

Como se muestra en la Figura 1, se procedi a la digitalizacin 3D de la zona de la Catedral de
Ciudad Rodrigo donde se produca el mayor gradiente trmico (puerta de acceso entre la iglesia y
el claustro), hacindose termografas de la misma zona. stas termografas se solaparon sobre la
malla de tringulos resultante del modelado geomtrico, mostrndose que puede darse lugar a
un modelo 3D termogrfico. Tambin se analiz el ndice de reflectividad en el claustro para
verificar humedades incipientes, y as se detectaron las que todava no resultaban evidentes
mediante inspeccin ocular. Igualmente se midi la conductividad trmica en el muro que separa
ste de la nave del Evangelio: 1,490 W/mC (extensible a toda la Catedral por la uniformidad de la
piedra arenisca empleada en su construccin).
Se verific que el modelo digital 3D obtenido debe reducir drsticamente el volumen de sus
datos para poder ser exportado a softwares de simulacin dinmica. Por este motivo, y para
facilitar su estudio, la simulacin se realiz asimilando la Catedral como un edificio de planta
rectangular cuyas medidas fueron proporcionadas por el escaneado lser: longitud total de la
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nave central 60 m y anchura de 40 m, establecindose un diseo de experimentos en el que el

resto de parmetros dimensionales fueron varindose.
Figura 1: Tcnicas de visin por computador empleadas en la catedral de Ciudad Rodrigo (Espaa) como
soporte al estudio de acciones de eficiencia energtica: escaneado lser 3D, termografa (2D y 3D) y
medicin del ndice de reflectividad
Para la clasificacin y anlisis de los edificios de culto (representados por la catedral de Ciudad
Rodrigo), se establecieron las siguientes variables de estudio:
Sistema de climatizacin (2 casos): Sistemas todo aire y sistemas radiantes.
Altura (4 casos): con la misma planta, y para evaluar el efecto de la estratificacin y el

volumen de aire, se consideraron 5, 10, 15 y 20 m de altura.
Climatologa (3 casos): zonas climticas D1, D2 y E1, del Cdigo Tcnico en la Edificacin.
Volumen acondicionado (3 casos): Se dividi la planta en 3 zonas de 20 x 20 m2, de forma

que se simulara el acondicionamiento de 1, 2 y 3 zonas, con una separacin mediante
paredes virtuales.
Horario (2 casos): uno semejante al culto (de Lunes a Sbado de 12:00h a 13:00h y los
Domingos de 10:00h a 11:00h y de 12:00h a 14:00h); y otro continuo (de 10:00h a
20:00h).
Todas estas variables han dado un total de 144 posibles casos de estudio, en los que se evalu
la energa demandada por el edificio. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados:
Influencia del sistema de climatizacin: la demanda oscila desde valores de 10 kWh/m2
(correspondiente a casos de horario de culto acondicionando la parte de bancos y mediante
aire), hasta valores de 60 kWh/m2 (en el caso del acondicionamiento en uso continuo,
elevadas alturas y pequeas superficies acondicionadas mediante aire).
Influencia de la altura: para edificios con poca superficie relativa de acondicionamiento y
horario reducido, la calefaccin por el aire ser ms sensible a los cambios de altura, mientras
que en los casos en los que la superficie sea completa y se haga un uso intensivo en el tiempo,
el sistema que menores diferencias presenta con la altura es el suelo radiante.
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Influencia de la climatologa: la demanda de dos edificios idnticos, sometidos a las mismas

cargas y al mismo sistema de acondicionamiento, hace esperar un diferencial mximo del 10%
de acuerdo a las bases climticas anuales.
Influencia del horario: con horarios reducidos la demanda mediante aire es mucho ms
pequea que para un horario continuo. Mientras, la calefaccin con suelo radiante va a
presentar una demanda ms uniforme con independencia del horario. Esto es as debido a la
gran cantidad de calor que necesitan aportar los sistemas de suelo radiante, que de manera
previa a la emisin de calor al ambiente, necesita que los tubos/resistencias alcancen una
determinada temperatura.
Influencia del volumen acondicionado: Una climatizacin parcial va a consumir del orden del
doble que una completa (como mnimo).
3.2. Edificios de uso continuado

De acuerdo a la Figura 2, en este caso tambin se realizaron termografas, pero
particularmente para detectar la estructura de madera que se oculta tras los techos de escayola
del palacio, generando una cmara de aire entre stos y el tejado. Adems se midi la
conductividad trmica en un muro representativo: 0,3208 W/mC. El modelado 3D del edificio se
llev a cabo mediante Google Sketch-Up (que permite georreferenciacin pero se verific que son
necesarios plug-in especficos para el programa de simulacin dinmica donde se exporten los
modelos), y mediante fotomodelado 3D. Esta tcnica result sencilla, rpida y con un posprocesamiento admisible para generar modelos que pueden exportarse como OBJ a entornos de
simulacin dinmica.
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Figura 2: Tcnicas de visin por computador y de simulacin dinmica realizadas en el Palacio Episcopal de
Pinhel (Portugal)
Dadas las diferencias de uso y posibilidades de actuacin con respecto a los edificios de uso
espordico, se han establecido otras variables de estudio:
Espesor de los muros exteriores: se ha realizado un barrido con diferentes valores.
Aislamiento: para un muro de 40 cm, se ha superpuesto aislamiento de diferentes

espesores.
Infiltraciones relacionadas con la carpintera: se han establecido diferentes ratios de

renovacin de aire.
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Zonas de acondicionamiento: se han contemplado tres posibilidades: el climatizacin de

todo el edificio, climatizacin de una nica llanta y climatizacin de dos salas/habitaciones
anexas y aisladas.
Sistema de climatizacin: se han considerado dos casos: por aire y sistemas radiantes.
La evaluacin de todas estas variables ha supuesto 88 simulaciones. El anlisis y clasificacin

de los resultados energticos obtenidos, muestra los siguientes resultados:
Influencia del espesor de los muros exteriores: tomando como referencia un espesor mnimo
de 40 cm, a medida que aumenta el grosor de la pared, aumentan los ahorros en
climatizacin de forma cuasi-lineal, observndose un pequeo efecto de saturacin por
encima de los 90 cm.
Influencia del aislamiento: para una pared de 40 cm, conforme se aade aislamiento se
produce una mejora muy importante hasta 4 cm, con un efecto de saturacin a partir de 8
cm.
Efecto de las infiltraciones: existe una relacin lineal entre el consumo energtico y las
infiltraciones.
Influencia del acondicionamiento por zonas: se ha comprobado que la energa consumida en
climatizar una zona concreta vara de forma importante en funcin de si se dispone de zonas
anexas climatizadas (o no), llegando a ser la diferencia de un 30 % en el caso de que la zona
estudiada sea la nica climatizada del edificio. Adems, climatizar con aire supone un
aumento del consumo en torno a un 8-9 % frente a climatizar con suelo radiante para lograr
las mismas condiciones de confort.
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4. CONCLUSIONES
La excesiva esquematizacin y simplicidad de las representaciones digitales de los edificios de
los que se simula y analiza su comportamiento energtico dan lugar en ocasiones a resultados
alejados de la realidad, y, por tanto, de utilidad discutible en la planificacin de acciones reales de
eficiencia energtica. Este hecho es an ms acusado en los edificios de inters cultural, por su
complejidad morfolgica y sucesin de etapas constructivas en una misma zona.
Se requiere por tanto de modelos digitales 3D que reflejen lo ms fielmente posible el
emplazamiento original. Existen diferentes tcnicas que permiten registrar grficamente el estado
del edificio en el momento de que se trate, aunndose aspectos de documentacin para
rehabilitacin arquitectnica con los de rehabilitacin energtica. Esto permite abaratar costes al
compendiarse en un mismo modelo 3D diferentes aspectos y convierte a las tcnicas de visin por
computador (fotomodelado y escaneado como tcnicas 3D-, y la termografa como tcnica 2D-)
en un buen aliado para la caracterizacin de envolventes y la simulacin dinmica de edificios.
La simulacin se muestra como una potente herramienta de clculo que permite la resolucin
transitoria de cualquier tipo de sistema. La evaluacin del comportamiento trmico y de
instalaciones, en consonancia con un modelo digital 3D afn al original, convierten a la simulacin
dinmica en un aspecto fundamental para la evaluacin de las mejoras energticas a introducir en
la rehabilitacin de edificios patrimoniales, de forma equivalente a como se viene procediendo en
edificios de nueva factura.
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5. REFERENCIAS
[1]. RENERPATH (2012). Gua de aplicacin para la rehabilitacin energtica de edificios patrimoniales.
Len: Junta de Castilla y Len Consejera de Economa y Empleo.
[2]. IDAE (2008). Gua Tcnica: Procedimientos y aspectos de la simulacin de instalaciones trmica en
edificios. Madrid: Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. Retrieved from
http://www.minetur.gob.es/energia/desarrollo/EficienciaEnergetica/CertificacionEnergetica/Documen
tosReconocidos/OtrosDocumentos/Calificaci%C3%B3n%20energ%C3%A9tica.%20Viviendas/Guia_Proc
edimientos_Simulacion.pdf
[3]. TRNSYS (1990). Transient System Simulation Tool. Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin,
Madison (USA). Retrieved from http://www.trnsys.com
[4]. Baker, P. (2011). Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10: U-values and traditional buildings in situ
measurements and their comparisons to calculated values. Retrieved from http://www.historicscotland.gov.uk/hstp102011-u-values-and-traditional-buildings.pdf
[5]. Bryan, P., Blake, B., Bedford, J., Barber, D., Mills, J. & Andrews, D. (2009). Metric Survey Specifications
for Cultural Heritage. English Heritage. Retrieved from http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/publications/metric-survey-specification/
[6]. Buckley, S. J. (2010). Laser Scanning for the Environmental Sciences. The Photogrammetric Record,
25(129) (pp. 8485).
[7]. Gmez-Garca-Bermejo, J., Zalama Casanova, E. & Feliz Alonso, R. (2013). Automated Registration of 3D
Scans Using Geometric Features and Normalized Color Data. Journal of Computer-Aided Civil and
Infrastructure Engineering, 28(2) (pp. 98-111).
[8]. Lehmann, B., Ghazi Wakili, K., Franka, Th., Vera Collado, B. & Tanner, Ch. (2013). Effects of individual
climatic parameters on the infrared thermography of buildings. Applied Energy, 110 (pp. 29-43).
[9]. Lagela, S., Martnez, J., Armesto, J. & Arias, P. (2011). Energy efficiency studies through 3D laser
scanning and thermographic technologies. Energy and Buildings, 43(6) (pp. 1216-1221).
[10].
Lerma, J. L., Navarro, S., Cabrelles, M., Segu, A.E., Haddad, N., Akasheh, T. (2011). Integration of
laser scanning and imagery for photorealistic 3D architectural documentation. In: Chau-Chang Wang,
(Ed.), Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications (p. 414-430). Rijeka (Croatia): InTech.
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LEVANTAMIENTOS ARQUITECTNICOS EN EL MEDIO

RURAL / Architectural surveys in rural areas
HIDALGO, J.M.; MILLN, J. A.; MARTN, A.; IRIBAR, E.; FLORES, I.; ZUBILLAGA, I.
HIDALGO, J.M.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin,
Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco, juanmaria.hidalgo@ehu.es
MILLN, J. A.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin,
Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco, j.millan@ehu.es
MARTN, A.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin,
Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco, alexmartingarin@gmail.com
IRIBAR, E.: Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco. Vitoria-Gasteiz, eider.iribar@ehu.es
FLORES, I.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera de Bilbao, ivan.flores@ehu.es
ZUBILLAGA, I.: Universidad de Deusto, Facultad de Humanidades de Donostia-San Sebastin, inko.zubillaga@gmail.com
RESUMEN
Se presenta una metodologa de documentacin del patrimonio arquitectnico presente en zonas rurales.
Se ha basado en unos estudios de campo realizados entre 2011 y 2012 para el proyecto de documentacin
histrica de los principales monumentos romnicos de la provincia de Huesca, financiado por el Ministerio de
Cultura de Espaa y la Fundacin Santa Mara la Real.
El objetivo del presente estudio es optimizar el proceso de documentacin que fue desarrollado en 13
casos prcticos por medio de levantamientos arquitectnicos, teniendo en cuenta el alcance acotado de
dicho estudio arquitectnico, los medios y plazos disponibles. Se han establecido unas etapas generales:
bsqueda de informacin, estudios previos, definicin de objetivos, visitas de campo, digitalizacin de la
informacin, correcciones y entrega de la documentacin. Se profundiza en los aspectos especficos de cada
etapa, mostrando las principales dificultades a lo largo de 13 edificios documentados de Huesca, con
diferentes objetivos y caractersticas segn el caso.
El resultado es una herramienta de documentacin bsica, como punto de partida para favorecer las
actividades de revalorizacin del patrimonio construido: conservacin, intervencin, rehabilitacin,
promocin, divulgacin, etc. Se traduce en unas fichas de control para las tareas de cada etapa, que facilitan
la labor al equipo tcnico para documentar el monumento; estableciendo unos criterios comunes y aclarando
la programacin de las tareas destinadas a conseguir un ptimo resultado. Se discute el grado de
cumplimiento de las etapas de la metodologa en los 13 casos, con un anlisis de pros y contras. Se recogen
unas conclusiones sobre la metodologa, aplicabilidad, ventajas e inconvenientes a la hora de mejorar la
situacin actual del patrimonio construido en el medio rural.
Palabras clave: Documentacin, levantamiento, romnico, patrimonio arquitectnico, Huesca, Aragn.
ABSTRACT
A methodology for cataloguing architectural heritage in rural areas is presented. It is based in several
field surveys carried out between 2011 and 2012 for the Romanesque Heritage Cataloguing Project of
Huesca, developed by Santa Mara la Real Foundation and financed by Spanish Ministry of Culture.
The aim of this study is to optimize the documentation process based on the experience obtained in 13
surveys about architectural heritage in rural areas, having in mind the limitations in both resources and time.
Some general steps have been established in this methodology: information search, previous studies,
objectives adjustment, field visits, digitization, corrections and delivery of documentation. Each stage is
discussed in depth, showing the main difficulties faced in 13 buildings with different properties and goals in
each one.
The result is a basic documentation tool, as a starting point to enhance built heritage-related activities
such as conservation, intervention, refurbishment, advocacy, outreach, etc. It is structured in control charts
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for the tasks of each stage. These tasks help to the technical teamwork in the way to the documentation of
the built heritage; establishing a common criteria and an optimized schedule. It is discussed the degree of
compliance with the steps of this methodology in the 13 case studies combined with a balance of detected
pros and cons. Finally, some conclusions, advantages and disadvantages about the improvements achieved
by this methodology compared with the current situation of built heritage in rural areas are collected.
Key words: Cataloguing, Geometric Documentation of Heritage, Romanesque architecture, heritage,
Huesca, Aragon.
1. INTRODUCCIN
La conservacin y mejora del patrimonio arquitectnico corresponde a toda la sociedad. Para
tal fin existen diferentes especialistas que son las herramientas que emplea la sociedad. Para
conocer el valor del legado, se estudian todos los aspectos del patrimonio y se analiza informacin
histrica, grfica y cartogrfica para poder comprender su pasado, su estado actual, y sobre todo,
su futuro [1].
En este artculo se muestra la experiencia obtenida durante unos levantamientos
arquitectnicos [2] de edificios histricos realizados para la Enciclopedia del Romnico en la
provincia de Huesca [3] [4] y se propone una metodologa de trabajo que resume los principales
aprendizajes. Se han empleado herramientas topogrfico-cartogrficas a nivel bsico, ya que su
objetivo principal es catalogar la gran cantidad de monumentos del medio rural y abrir el camino
a futuras investigaciones. No son objeto de este estudio las patologas o la definicin planimtrica
detallada destinada a estudios ms profundos.
2. OBJETIVOS
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Establecer una metodologa de documentacin de levantamientos arquitectnicos que ofrezca

resultados de calidad, a partir de la experiencia obtenida en 13 casos prcticos de levantamientos
arquitectnicos. Para analizar el potencial de dicha herramienta se comparar la experiencia de
los casos frente a las ventajas e inconvenientes que conllevara la aplicacin de la metodologa
propuesta.
3. METODOLOGA
Dentro de los posibles mtodos de documentacin [5] se ha escogido una metodologa
adaptada a los medios disponibles y los objetivos establecidos. Para realizar levantamientos se ha
definido una metodologa de trabajo que se ha plasmado en una herramienta o fichas de control,
recogidas en la Figura 1, Figura 2 y Figura 3 del Anexo. La herramienta es sencilla y es adaptable a
cada caso. La secuencia de las etapas no es necesariamente lineal y a menudo se completan en
paralelo.
3.1. Objetivos generales

Cada elemento del patrimonio arquitectnico tiene unas necesidades especficas y su
documentacin est impulsada por unas motivaciones ms o menos concretas. Esta etapa recoge
de forma breve e integradora unos objetivos. En la Figura 1 del Anexo se muestran los ms
habituales.
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3.2. Informacin recopilada

Se trata de controlar en un solo ndice la informacin disponible sobre el monumento. En la
Figura 1 del Anexo pueden verse los datos obtenidos y las fuentes de informacin empleadas en
los casos documentados, a lo largo del proyecto del Ministerio de Cultura y la Fundacin Santa
Mara la Real.
3.3. Definicin de objetivos especficos

Consiste en definir los lmites de la documentacin en base a los objetivos generales. Se realiza
junto al anlisis de la informacin del edificio, teniendo en cuenta los medios disponibles, el plazo
de ejecucin y otros condicionantes. Aqu se definen los planos necesarios, su escala, los
elementos singulares, etc.
3.4. Estudios iniciales

Esta etapa resume los contactos mantenidos para acceder al edificio. Se organizan las visitas
de campo segn su complejidad y duracin. Se analiza la informacin existente y se elaboran los
croquis, parciales o totales, ajustando el grado de detalle y las mediciones necesarias segn su
escala de dibujo prevista. En la Figura 1 se muestra el croquis de seccin transversal que fue
realizado para la visita analizando unos planos ya existentes de planta y alzados.
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Figura 1: Croquis de seccin transversal de Santa Mara la Mayor, Berbegal
3.5. Visitas de campo

Las visitas de campo en el medio rural conllevan una dificultad aadida a la propia
documentacin: el desplazamiento hasta el lugar. Por ello, la preparacin previa es muy
importante. Se realiza una lista del equipo y el material necesario para la visita. Tambin se
incluye la ruta de acceso con informacin suficiente en caso de no disponer de conexin de mvil
o GPS. Del mismo modo se guardan unas precauciones bsicas, como confirmar la visita, llevar
ropa de repuesto, comida, agua y evitar las pistas de tierra si ha llovido recientemente. Una vez
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desplazados al edificio, conviene descargar el equipo desde el vehculo y situarlo en una zona
controlada y preferentemente a cubierto.
El proceso de inspeccin del edificio, la comprobacin de los croquis y las mediciones vara en
funcin de las dimensiones y la complejidad del edificio. En cualquier caso, para minimizar los
errores habituales como la falta de fotografas, croquis incompletos o medidas insuficientes; se
propone sistematizar las labores de manera ordenada. La estrategia de medicin puede ser
exterior-interior, por espacios o por croquis. Y se reajustar in situ conforme a la climatologa, la
complejidad del edificio y otras condiciones de la visita. En otras publicaciones se profundiza en
herramientas y pasos para realizar las mediciones [1] [2] y reportajes fotogrficos estructurados y
asociados a distintos elementos construidos [6].
La inspeccin inicial consiste en comparar croquis y estado actual, sealando diferencias y
singularidades. Se toman fotografas de todas las fachadas o elementos posibles de manera
ordenada y a lo largo de un recorrido continuo; esto facilita el reconocimiento futuro y puede
resolver futuras dudas o imprevistos. Al tomar fotografas de detalle, se toma primero una
fotografa de contexto para ubicar la situacin exacta del detalle, minimizando de esta manera las
confusiones. Del mismo modo se procede en el interior, con orden secuencial por espacios,
tomando fotografas y detectando variaciones en los croquis iniciales. Las mediciones se realizan
acorde a la estrategia y de la forma ms precisa y contrastada posible. Esto vara segn las
herramientas disponibles y requiere la triangulacin de los elementos principales y la
comprobacin de mediciones acumuladas con otras paralelas totales. En la Figura 2 se observa la
cantidad de mediciones realizadas en una planta cuya nave central no pudo ser triangulada y se
emplearon medidas adicionales hasta poder encajar el conjunto. Se aprecia la triangulacin del
bside en un detalle aparte.
Antes de finalizar la visita, es importante repasar una vez ms los datos obtenidos: la
orientacin, los croquis y sus correcciones, las mediciones comprobadas y trianguladas,
observaciones de inters... La cantidad de medidas y su calidad son la base para un buen
levantamiento [2]. Por ltimo, para recoger el equipo se comprueba la lista de viaje.
3.6. Digitalizacin
Se establecen unos criterios de dibujo comunes que recojan los siguientes aspectos: formato
de archivos de dibujo e impresin, dimensiones de los planos, escalas de trabajo, criterios de
representacin, tipos de capas, lneas, sombreados, rotulacin, simbologa... El dibujo asistido por
ordenador tiene una precisin mayor que la mayora de las mediciones de campo. La validez o
calidad de las medidas se emplea para definir las dimensiones y minimizar errores acumulativos
[2]. La triangulacin reduce los mrgenes de error. Del mismo modo que son tiles el contorno o
permetro exterior de los muros curvos (bsides).
Se comienza con el encaje de los espacios principales del edificio, delimitando la volumetra
segn las medidas ms fiables; se recomienda triangular y contrastar los croquis con mediciones.
Normalmente las medidas con menor incertidumbre de medida son las tomadas a nivel de planta.
Como desarrollo, se introducen los elementos secundarios o detalles de cada plano tales como
huecos, resaltos, escalones, columnas, pilastras, molduras, etc. Se comprueba el grado de detalle
deseado. Los planos de mayor detalle incluyen los despieces de muros y elementos ornamentales.
Para representar con precisin el despiece murario se emplean fotografas que hayan sido
restituidas por medios informticos, como explican en [2]. Por ltimo, se completa la
presentacin de los planos con pruebas de impresin y reajustes.
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Figura 2: Croquis de planta de San Salvador y San Gines, Jaca
3.7. Correcciones
Durante el proceso de digitalizacin es habitual trabajar con supervisin o en equipo con otros
especialistas. Para mejorar el control de los cambios y gestionar las distintas versiones de cada
plano se anota en la ficha de control una identificacin con fecha, autor y modificaciones
realizadas o anotaciones.
4. RESULTADOS
En la Tabla 1 se muestran los casos prcticos base de este artculo. Dado que la metodologa se
ha definido en base a la experiencia obtenida una vez terminados los trabajos, la valoracin es
retrospectiva. Primero se miden los grados de aplicacin global y por etapas de la metodologa.
Ms adelante se recogen los efectos que hubiera tenido su aplicacin, indicando las principales
dificultades, ventajas e inconvenientes.
Durante los 13 casos se habra seguido la metodologa en conjunto en un 66% del total, forma
desigual por etapas. Los casos que contaban con croquis previos y estrategia de mediciones
fueron completados con menos errores y ms sencillez que los dems. Por otro lado, las
inspecciones que fueron ms ordenadas permitieron encajar con ms precisin y calidad los
espacios de los edificios.
Los objetivos generales estaban marcados desde el principio del proyecto y se pudieron
estudiar otras publicaciones anteriores de la Enciclopedia del romnico [3]. De forma parecida, los
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objetivos especficos estaban ajustados de inicio, aunque en 4 de los 13 casos se decidi ampliar
el nmero de planos durante los trabajos de levantamientos, para poder explicar mejor el edificio.
Sobre la informacin recopilada, el seguimiento medio hubiera sido del 72%, pero de forma
desigual, habiendo casos con mucha informacin y otros poco estudiados, por la falta de tiempo,
referencias, etc.
Los estudios iniciales, con una media de 2,2 contactos previos a la visita, cumplieron un 60% de
la metodologa en cuanto a permisos y preparacin. Durante las visitas de campo se realizaron un
total de 47 croquis diferentes, 3,6 de media y un 66% de cumplimiento en inspeccin, croquis y
repaso. En 4 casos hizo falta una segunda visita (31%), en su mayora por mediciones incompletas
y se repasaron 7 croquis.
La digitalizacin no se valora, por no ser posible su repaso posterior para obtener resultados
fiables. Se estudian las correcciones, con un promedio de 2 sesiones por caso, la mayora de
cambios estuvieron relacionados con el trazado de muros, huecos, proyecciones cenitales,
cimentaciones, y tramas de sillera. Y en menor medida, hubo correcciones de los grados de
detalle por exceso o defecto, ajustes de la escala y una mejora de la contextualizacin de los
planos en su entorno.
Tabla 1: Levantamientos analizados con la metodologa
Nombre de edificio o iglesia.

Nuestra Seora de la Rosa
Ermita de Los Agudos
San Nicols de Bari
Santa Sofa
San Sebastian
Santa Mara la Mayor
San Salvador y San Gins, Convento
San Miguel, convento.
Castillo de Loarre.
San Miguel, convento.
San Miguel
Santa Cruz
El Salvador
Municipio (Comarca oscense)

Albero Bajo (Monegros)
Alcala de Gurrea (Hoya de Huesca)
Alberuela de la Liena (Alquezar)
Caserras del Castillo (Benabarre)
Santa Maria de la Pea (Hoya de Huesca)
Berbegal (Somontano de Barbastro)
Jaca (Jacetania)
Huesca (Hoya de Huesca)
Loarre (Hoya de Huesca)
Jaca (Jacetania)
Sercu (Sobrarbe)
Riglos (Hoya de Huesca)
Yeste (Hoya de Huesca)
4.1. Principales dificultades, ventajas e inconvenientes: lecciones aprendidas

En un caso, las personas al cuidado del edificio no estaban localizables, pese a estar
confirmada la visita con el prroco. Esto provoc una prdida de tiempo importante hasta
localizar otro modo de acceder. Durante las visitas a menudo se recoga informacin adicional
sobre los monumentos, como obras, uso o eventos. Estos datos podan ser ms o menos fiables,
pero en cualquier caso el haber estudiado la informacin inicial permita definir mejor los croquis
y las mediciones adecuadas de su espacio. Los croquis previos o la estrategia de medicin no
fueron posibles en muchos casos; provocando visitas notablemente ms largas. En el caso de la
Ermita de Los Agudos, haba planos recientes de unas obras de restauracin, y sin embargo stos
estaban ms enfocados a la correccin de las patologas y la rehabilitacin funcional del espacio
que a los detalles dimensionales. Su grado de detalle en la representacin no coincida con los
objetivos del proyecto y fue necesario croquizar y realizar una medicin completa de contraste,
como se observa en los croquis de la Figura 3.
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Sobre las visitas de campo, hubo errores debidos a no realizar la inspeccin exterior de forma
ordenada. Como ejemplo, una ventana de la que se tomaron dimensiones pero no fotografa, no
se conoca su despiece y hubo que buscar en otras publicaciones. El reportaje fotogrfico es una
herramienta de gran valor, pero requiere planificacin y su posterior asociacin en contexto,
radiometra y geometra.
Figura 3: Croquis de secciones transversales de la Ermita de Los Agudos, Alcal de Gurrea
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Figura 4: Croquis de alzado de El Salvador, Yeste
Los medios tcnicos disponibles condicionan los trabajos de medicin y levantamiento. El

encaje general es complicado y se emplearon diferentes soluciones con las herramientas de
medicin. En el interior de naves con bvedas de grandes dimensiones como en la Figura 3, se
triangul la arista desde los muros laterales para ajustar su posicin y comprobar asimetras y
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asentamientos con nivel de burbuja. Las zonas exteriores inaccesibles pueden medirse con
herramientas sencillas y triangulacin, siempre y cuando se realicen otras comprobaciones para
asegurar la calidad de las anteriores. En varios casos hubo que tomar medidas respecto a cornisas,
impostas o hiladas singulares, como referencia que permitieran restituciones fotogramtricas
posteriores, como puede verse en la Figura 4.
Respecto a la lista de control, su importancia radica en el problema que supone la gran
cantidad de material, instrumentacin y documentos que se emplean durante las visitas. En caso
de edificios complejos esto supone tener que improvisar lugares para repartir el equipo. En un
caso fue necesario regresar al lugar para recuperar parte del equipo, que haba sido olvidado por
error.
5. CONCLUSIONES
Se ha mostrado la utilidad de las fichas de control como herramienta metodolgica para
alcanzar los objetivos establecidos, de forma ordenada y sencilla. Esas fichas pretenden ser el
punto de apoyo para otros equipos tcnicos desarrollen procesos ms eficientes para documentar
el patrimonio arquitectnico. La elaboracin de una lista de control de los elementos minimiza los
contratiempos y descuidos propios de las tareas complejas. La complejidad que aaden las fichas
es reducida, pudiendo incorporarse al reverso del bloc, en la carpeta de croquis, o en formato
digital... es decir, que podran adaptarse y perfeccionarse segn el modo de trabajar de los
equipos de trabajo.
A la hora de planificar las visitas, es recomendable la confirmacin de las personas encargadas
del cuidado diario del edificio. Como informacin adicional, las fuentes de informacin modernas
han sido de gran utilidad en el medio rural al disponer de datos decisivos como imgenes areas,
Google Street-view y otros. En el medio rural se recomienda tomar precauciones adicionales en
medios e informacin. La preparacin de croquis, siempre que sea posible, favorece inspecciones
ms completas y mediciones ms exhaustivas. Confiar en planos documentados anteriormente
puede llevar a errores, conviene recordar que el objetivo original de los documentos condiciona
su grado detalle y su modelo de representacin de la realidad. Es necesario comprobar las
dimensiones y estudiar los detalles ms relevantes.
Es muy importante completar las inspecciones por unidades, zonas o espacios segn el caso y
controlando con fotografas, mediciones y anotaciones, tanto las completadas como las
pendientes. En caso de no poder triangular una nave por sus grandes dimensiones, debe hacerse
por partes, tomando medidas parciales adicionales. En edificios compuestos o con zonas no
accesibles, es importante buscar relaciones lo ms fiables posibles con otras partes medibles y
hacer fotografas para poder restituir sus dimensiones. La experiencia ha mostrado que durante la
inspeccin es necesario realizar el reportaje fotogrfico de manera similar a las mediciones.
La documentacin desarrollada en los casos prcticos ha sido a bajo coste econmico y ha
cumplido sus objetivos como base documental previa para obras de rehabilitacin, intervenciones
arqueolgicas, trabajos paisajsticos, planes ordenatorios urbansticos e, incluso, proyectos de
dinamizacin cultural. Se recomienda ampliar los estudios con objetivos ms ambiciosos, con
anlisis planimtrico, patologas y su integracin en SIG (Sistemas de Informacin Geogrfica) con
amplio desarrollo en la actualidad. Las fichas de trabajo podran trasladarse a bases de datos
autoejecutables como Filemaker, un sistema implementado en La Rioja en estudios
arqueolgicos.
En cuanto a la metodologa, se ha comprobado que los trabajos desarrollados
sistemticamente segn los pasos descritos dieron resultados de ms calidad, tuvieron menor
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nmero de correcciones y digitalizaciones ms sencillas. Por lo tanto, se puede afirmar que las
fichas de control han demostrado su potencial como herramienta sencilla y flexible para realizar
levantamientos arquitectnicos.
6. RECONOCIMIENTOS
Al Programa de Formacin de Investigadores del DEUI del Gobierno Vasco, por su soporte
econmico como becario. Al rea Trmica del Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin
del Gobierno Vasco por su apoyo. Al equipo de profesionales de La Enciclopedia del Romnico en
la provincia de Huesca, dirigidos por Roberto Benedicto y Domingo Buesa, por su consejo y apoyo
durante los trabajos aqu descritos. A los departamentos de Cultura de Huesca y Aragn. A
Antonio Garca Omedes, por su gua digital. A Marta Ferraz y Jos miguel Sanz como
restauradores de la Ermita de los Agudos. A Pedro, como gua del Castillo de Loarre. Y a todos los
habitantes de Huesca por su ayuda, atencin y cercana.
7. BIBLIOGRAFA
[1]
Fernndez Alba A. Teora e historia de la restauracin. Munilla-Lera, 1997.
[2]
Jimnez Martn A, Pinto Puerto F. Levantamiento y anlisis de edificios: tradicin y futuro. Sevilla,
Universidad de Sevilla, 2003.
[3]
Garca Guinea MA, Prez Gonzlez JM, Martnez de Aguirre J. Enciclopedia del romnico en Aragn.
Fundacin Santa Mara la Real-Centro de Estudios del Romnico, 2010.
[4]
Len Lpez A, Fundacin del Patrimonio Histrico de Castilla y Len. La ermita de San Pantalen de
Losa, Burgos. Fundacin del Patrimonio Histrico de Castilla y Len, 2009.
[5]
lvarez Gonzlez I., et al. Diferentes propuestas para la representacin geomtrica de edificios
histricos. Arqueologa de la arquitectura. Vol. 2, pg. 9-12 (2003).
[6]
Rodrguez Miranda A., Valle Meln J.M. Claves metodolgicas para la adquisicin y uso de colecciones
fotogrficas de elementos patrimoniales. Cuadernos de prehistoria y arqueologa de la Universidad de
Granada. Nm. 20, pg. 11-23 (2010).
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8. ANEXO
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Figura 1: Ficha de control, apartados 1, 2 y 3.
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Figura 2: Ficha de control, apartados 4 y 5.
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Figura 3: Ficha de control, apartados 6 y 7
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AUTHORS INDEX
AIRHA, M.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia ................ - 420 ALBERICI, A.: Servizi Territorio srl. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano Italia ....................................................... - 145 ARMESTO GONZLEZ, J.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente,
Universidad de Vigo. Vigo, Pontevedra - Espaa .................................................................................... - 169 AUDENAERT, A.: EMIB Lab, Applied Engineering Laboratory for Sustainable Materials,
Infrastructures and Buildings, Antwerp University / Department Engineering Management,
Antwerp University. Antwerp - Belgium ................................................................................................. - 478 BAIANI, S.: Sapienza University of Rome PDTA Dept. Planning Design Technology of Architecture,
Rome - Italy ............................................................................................................................................. - 318 BAIO, A.: CTCV, Coimbra Portugal .......................................................................................................... - 543 BARBERO BARRERA, M.: Dra. Arquitecta, GIAU+S, UPM. Madrid - Espaa .............................................. - 186 BARLUENGA, G.: Dpto. Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcal, Alcal de Henares Espaa....................... - 303 BRAET, J.: Department Engineering Management, Antwerp University. Antwerp - Belgium ................... - 478 BUJEDO, L. A.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ............................................................. - 543 CARTESEGNA, M.: Engineer. Genoa - Italy .................................................................................................. - 45 CERN, I.: Indit ecoinnovacin e investigacin ambiental S de RL de CV. Mrida, Yucatn - Mxico ...... - 82 COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.: Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena. Cartagena Espaa .............................. - 344 CUARTERO-CASAS, E.: E.T.S. Ingeniera de Edificacin. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia Espaa ..................................................................................................................................................... - 495 CUNHA, F.: CTCV, Coimbra Portugal ....................................................................................................... - 543 DE BOUW, M.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and
Renovation, Lab of Renovation, Limelette Belgium / University of Antwerp, Dpt. of Design
Sciences, Master of Monument and Landscape Conservation, Antwerp Belgium .............................. - 535 DE LUXN GARCA DE DIEGO, M.: Dra. Arquitecta, GIAU+S, UPM. Madrid - Espaa................................ - 186 DEL CURTO, D.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano.
Milano Italia.......................................................................................................................................... - 366 DAZ ANGULO, J. A.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid Spain .......................... - 407 DAZ VILARIO, L.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad de
Vigo. Vigo, Pontevedra - Espaa ............................................................................................................. - 169 DOMNGUEZ, P.: EREN, Len Espaa ..................................................................................................... - 543 DOTOR, A.: Efficient Heritage, Barcelona - Spain ...................................................................................... - 201 DUBOIS, S.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and
Renovation, Lab of Renovation, Limelette Belgium ............................................................................. - 535 EGUA, P.: Universidad de Vigo; Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales, Vigo - Espaa ................................. - 226 -
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ENDRES, E.: Ingenieurbro Hausladen GmbH/Technische Universitt Mnchen. Mnchen

Deutschland ............................................................................................................................................ - 160 ENRIQUEZ, R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain ........................ - 135 -, - 388 ETXEPARE , L.: Universidad del Pas Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Departamento de
Arquitectura, Donostia Espaa............................................................................................................. - 464 FABBRI, K.: Adjunct Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Bologna. Bologna - Italy ....... - 275 FABBRI, K.: Architecture Department, Boulogne University. Boulogne - Italy .......................................... - 478 FATTA, G.: University of Palermo, Department of Architecture, Palermo Italy ..................................... - 397 FERRER, J. A.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain ......................... - 135 -, - 407 FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad
de Vigo. Vigo, Pontevedra - Espaa ........................................................................................................ - 169 FLORES, I.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera de Bilbao ...... - 553 FORT, R.: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM) / CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM and CSIC.
Madrid - Spain ......................................................................................................................................... - 238 FRANCISCO, V.: CTCV, Coimbra Portugal ................................................................................................ - 543 FRANCO, G.: University of Genoa, Polytechnic School, Department DSA. . Genoa Italy .......................... - 45 FRATERNALI, D.: Servizi Territorio srl. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano Italia ................................................. - 145 FRECHOSO, F.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ............................................................ - 543 FREIRE, F.: ADAI LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra.
Coimbra Portugal ................................................................................................................................. - 450 GAREGNANI, G.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen - Italy ......................................................................... - 118 GAYUBO, F.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ................................................................ - 543 GENOVA, E.: University of Palermo, Department of Architecture, Palermo Italy .................................. - 397 GETINO, R.: EREN, Len Espaa .............................................................................................................. - 543 GIANCOLA, E.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain ...................................... - 75 GMEZ MUOZ, G.: Dra. Arquitecta. cc60 Estudio de Arquitectura. Madrid - Espaa ............................ - 186 GMEZ-GARCA BERMEJO, J.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa .................................... - 543 GOMEZ-HERAS, M.: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM) / CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM
and CSIC / ETS Arquitectura, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Dpto. Construccin y Tecnologa
Arquitectnica. Madrid - Spain ............................................................................................................... - 238 GONZLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona
(ETSAB UPC). Barcelona - Espaa ............................................................................................. - 110 -, - 201 GRANADA, E.: Universidad de Vigo; Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales, Vigo - Espaa ........................... - 226 GUERRINI, M.: University of Genoa, Polytechnic School, Department DSA. Genoa - Italy ......................... - 45 HEATH, N.: NDM Heath Ltd: Sustainable Energy Solutions. UK ................................................................ - 100 HERAS, M. R.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain ... - 75 -, - 135 -, - 388 -, - 407 HERINCKX, S.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and
Renovation, Lab of Renovation, Limelette - Belgium .............................................................................. - 535 -
- 568 -
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
HIDALGO, J. M.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de

Mquinas y Motores Trmicos. Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin.
Donostia-San Sebastin Espaa ........................................................................................................... - 357 HIDALGO, J.M.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de DonostiaSan Sebastin, Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco ....................... - 553 ICOMOS, M.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia ............. - 420 IRIBAR, E.: Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco. Vitoria-Gasteiz ..... - 553 IRIBAR, E.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas y
Motores Trmicos. Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San
Sebastin Espaa .................................................................................................................................. - 357 JANS, E.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia .................... - 420 JIMNEZ, M. J.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain .................................. - 388 KILIAN, R.: Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Stuttgart - Germany ........................................ - 528 KOPIEVSKY, S.: Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia........... - 420 KRUS, M.: Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Stuttgart - Germany ......................................... - 528 LAGELA LPEZ, S.: CLECE, S.A. Pontevedra - Espaa .............................................................................. - 169 LEN, A.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Sevilla, Sevilla - Spain ......................................... - 210 LITTI, G.: EMIB Lab, Applied Engineering Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Infrastructures and
Buildings, Antwerp University. Antwerp - Belgium ................................................................................. - 478 LUCCHI, E.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen Italy................................................................................. - 118 LUCIANI, A.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano. Milano
Italia ...................................................................................................................................................... - 366 LUMBRERAS, J.: Departamento de Ing. Qumica Industrial y Medio Ambiente; Escuela Tcnica
Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid. Madrid Espaa .................. - 506 MACAS, M.: Departamento de Ing. Civil, Ordenacin del Territorio y Medio Ambiente. Escuela
Tcnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Universidad Politcnica de Madrid.
Madrid Espaa...................................................................................................................................... - 506 MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C.: Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena. Cartagena Espaa ......... - 344 MANFREDI, C.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano.
Milano Italia.......................................................................................................................................... - 366 MANFREDI, C.: Politecnico di Milano, Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito. Milano
Italia......................................................................................................................................................... - 145 MARTN LERONES, P.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ................................................. - 543 MARTN, A.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de DonostiaSan Sebastin, Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco ....................... - 553 MARTN, A.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas
y Motores Trmicos. Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San
Sebastin Espaa .................................................................................................................................. - 357 MARTN, D.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ................................................................ - 543 MARTNEZ GMEZ, R.: PROYESTEGAL S. LLugo - Espaa .......................................................................... - 169 MARTNEZ, R.: Proyestegal S.L.; Lugo - Espaa ......................................................................................... - 226 -
- 569 -
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
MARTNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM) / Escuela Tcnica Superior

de Ingeniera y Sistemas de Telecomunicacin, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Departamento
de Ingeniera Telemtica y Electrnica / CEI Campus Moncloa, UCM-UPM and CSIC. Madrid - Spain ... - 238 MARTNEZ-MOLINA, A.: Doctorando, Dpto. Fsica Aplicada, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia.
Valncia Espaa ............................................................................................................ - 249 -, - 281 -, - 292 MATURI, L.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen - Italy ................................................................................ - 118 MEDINA, K.: Cerocomacero Arquitectos, Mrida, Yucatn - Mxico .......................................................... - 82 MELGOSA, S.: Ebuilding, Edificios Eficientes, S.L. Madrid - Spain ............................................................. - 380 MENDOZA, C. M.: Estudiante de Arquitectura, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia. Valncia
Espaa ......................................................................................................................................... - 249 -, - 281 MILLN, J. A.: Universidad del Pas Vasco UPV/EHU, Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de DonostiaSan Sebastin, Laboratorio de Control de Calidad en la Edificacin del Gobierno Vasco ....................... - 553 MILLN, J. A.: Universidad del Pas Vaso/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Mquinas
y Motores Trmicos. Escuela Universitaria Politcnica de Donostia-San Sebastin. Donostia-San
Sebastin Espaa .................................................................................................................................. - 357 MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.: Dep. Construcciones Arquitectnicas. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia.
Valncia - Espaa .................................................................................................................................... - 495 MOSER, D.: EURAC Research, Bolzano/Bozen - Italy ................................................................................. - 118 MUOZ, C.: TEP-130 Research Group. Architecture, Heritage and sustainability: acoustic, lighting
and energy. Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla - Spain ................................................................................. - 210 NAVARRO, J.: Escuela Tcnica Superior de Arquitectura de Sevilla, Sevilla - Spain .................................. - 210 NEZ SUREZ, J.: Dielectro Industrial S.A. Arteixo, A Corua - Espaa .................................................. - 169 NEZ, J.: Dielectro industrial S.A.; Arteixo - Espaa ............................................................................... - 226 OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I.: Dep. Construcciones Arquitectnicas. Universitat Politcnica de Valncia.
Valncia - Espaa .................................................................................................................................... - 495 OLMEDO, D.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ............................................................... - 543 ONECHA, B.: Efficient Heritage, Barcelona - Spain .................................................................................... - 201 PALOMAR, I.: Dpto. Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcal, Alcal de Henares Espaa ............................ - 303 PASTOR, E.: Fundacin Ciudad Rodrigo, Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca) Espaa ...................................... - 543 PERN, J. R.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ............................................................... - 543 POLETTO, D.: UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in Europe. Venice - Italy ........................ - 22 PRACCHI, V.: Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia ................................................................................... - 432 PRETELLI, M.: Associate Professor Department of Architecture, University of Bologna. Bologna Italy.......................................................................................................................................................... - 275 PUENTES, J.: Dpto. Arquitectura, Universidad de Alcal, Alcal de Henares Espaa ............................. - 303 PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A.: Universidad de la Prefectura de Shiga. Shiga - Japn ............................................. - 257 RAT, N.: Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia .......................................................................................... - 432 RICHARDS, A.: Cornwall Council, Camborne, Cornwall, England - UK ......................................................... - 61 ROCA BERNRDEZ, D.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, Universidad
de Vigo. Vigo, Pontevedra - Espaa ........................................................................................................ - 169 -
- 570 -
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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RODRIGUES, C.: ADAI LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, FCTUC, University of

Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal .................................................................................................................. - 450 RODRGUEZ VIJANDA, M.: CLECE, S.A. Pontevedra - Espaa .................................................................... - 169 RODRGUEZ, A.: Universidad Anhuac Mayab, Mrida, Yucatn - Mxico ................................................. - 82 RODRGUEZ, M.: Clece S.A.; Madrid - Espaa ........................................................................................... - 226 ROMN LPEZ, E.: Arquitecta, cc60 Estudio de Arquitectura. Madrid - Espaa ...................................... - 186 RONCHINI, C.: Edinburgh World Heritage. Edinburgh - UK ......................................................................... - 22 RUBIO, A.: PhD student of Environmental Engineering- Universidad Politcnica de Madrid. Madrid
Espaa ..................................................................................................................................................... - 506 RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.: Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla - Espaa ..................................................................... - 257 SACRISTN DE MIGUEL, M. J.: Arquitecto. Mster en Edificacin Eficiente y Rehabilitacin
Energtica y Medio ambiental. Espaa ................................................................................................... - 329 SAMANIEGO, J.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa .......................................................... - 543 SNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.: Dto. de Ingeniera de los Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente,
Universidad de Vigo. Vigo, Pontevedra - Espaa .................................................................................... - 169 SNCHEZ, J. C.: Fundacin Ciudad Rodrigo, Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca) Espaa ................................. - 543 SNCHEZ-MONTAS, B.: Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla - Espaa .......................................................... - 257 SANTOS, .: Porto Vivo, SRU Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense S.A., Porto
Portugal ..................................................................................................................................................... - 38 SANTUCCI, D.: Ingenieurbro Hausladen GmbH/Technische Universitt Mnchen. Mnchen
Deutschland ............................................................................................................................................ - 160 SEQUEIRA, J.: Porto Vivo, SRU Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense S.A., Porto
Portugal ..................................................................................................................................................... - 38 SIMES, N.: Department of Civil Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal ......... - 450 SOUTULLO, S.: Energy Efficiency of Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT. Madrid - Spain .................................... - 135 TADEU, A.: Department of Civil Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal ........... - 450 TADEU, S.: Department of Civil Engineering, FCTUC, University of Coimbra. Coimbra Portugal ........... - 450 TORT-AUSINA, I.: Dpto. Fsica Aplicada, ETS Ingeniera de Edificacin, Universitat Politcnica de
Valncia. Valncia Espaa ................................................................................ - 249 -, - 281 -, - 292 -, - 495 URANGA, E. J.: Universidad del Pas Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Departamento de
Arquitectura, Donostia Espaa............................................................................................................. - 464 VALENA, P.: Porto Vivo, SRU Sociedade de Reabilitao Urbana da Baixa Portuense S.A., Porto
Portugal ..................................................................................................................................................... - 38 VALISI, L.: Laboratorio di Analisi e Diagnostica del Costruito, DAStU, Politecnico di Milano. Milano
Italia......................................................................................................................................................... - 366 VANHELLEMONT, Y.: Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI), Dpt. Sustainable Development and
Renovation, Lab of Renovation, Limelette - Belgium .............................................................................. - 535 VARAS-MURIEL, M. J.: Departamento de Petrologa y Geoqumica, Facultad Ciencias Geolgicas,
Universidad Complutense de Madrid / Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO, (CSIC-UCM). Madrid - Spain ... - 238 VERZEROLI, A.: Politecnico di Milano. Milano Italia ............................................................................... - 432 -
- 571 -
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014
VIVANCOS, J.L.: Dpto. Proyectos Ingeniera, ETS Ingenieros Industriales. Universitat Politcnica de
Valncia. Valncia Espaa ............................................................................................ - 249 -, - 281 -, - 292 XAVIER, G.: RECET, Guarda Portugal ...................................................................................................... - 543 ZALAMA, E.: Fundacin CARTIF, Boecillo (Valladolid) Espaa ................................................................ - 543 ZUBILLAGA, I.: Universidad de Deusto, Facultad de Humanidades de Donostia-San Sebastin ............... - 553 -
- 572 -
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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- 573 -

Actas Proceedings Energy Efficiency and Historic Buldings1

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LPEZ, M.; YEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELL, L., (Coord.).

Actas del Congreso Internacional

MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

Committees .................................................................................................................... - 15 Programme..................................................................................................................... - 16 -

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND URBAN RENEWAL OF A UNESCO-LISTED HISTORICAL

HISTORICAL HERITAGE: FROM ENERGY CONSUMER TO ENERGY PRODUCER. THE CASE

IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC CORNISH BUILDINGS GRANT

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDINGS WITH HERITAGE VALUES: REFLECTION,

PROPUESTA METODOLGICA PARA LA REHABILITACIN SOSTENIBLE DEL

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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts, techniques, practices, uses,

EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA Y VALORES PATRIMONIALES. LECCIONES DE UNA

ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS.

DESIGN OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A WALL-HEATED

EXEMPLARY ENERGETICAL REFURBISHMENT OF THE GERMAN ACADEMY IN ROME

SISTEMA MVIL INTEGRADO PARA LA REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS:

CONSECUENCIAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y ENERGTICAS DE UNA MALA PRCTICA.

EL BIENESTAR TRMICO MS ALL DE LAS EXIGENCIAS NORMATIVAS. DOS CASOS.

LA MONITORIZACIN Y SIMULACIN HIGROTRMICA COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA

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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

TERESE3: HERRAMIENTA INFORMTICA PARA LA EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA MEDIANTE

EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA Y ANLISIS TRMICO PARA SISTEMAS DE AIRE

ANALISIS ENERGETICO DEL MUSEO DE HISTORIA DE VALENCIA MEDIANTE DISTINTAS

APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR PASIVO EN LA RETCULA URBANA DE LA CIUDAD

TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER

ANALISIS ENERGTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE UNA CASA EN REQUENA

UNA REVISIN DE PUBLICACIONES EN EDIFICIOS DESDE EL ASPECTO ENERGTICO / A

MORTEROS MIXTOS DE CAL Y CEMENTO CON CARACTERSTICAS TRMICAS Y

INTEGRANDO RENOVABLES EN LA CIUDAD HEREDADA: GEOTERMIA URBANA /

ANLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA ENERGTICA DE UN EDIFICIO

REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS DE VIVIENDAS BAJO EL PLAN ESPECIAL DE

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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

MARTN, A.; MILLN, J. A.; HIDALGO, J. M.; IRIBAR, E.

IS TEMPERIERUNG ENERGY EFFICIENT? THE APPLICATION OF AN OLD-NEW HEATING

TERMOGRAFA INFRARROJA Y EDIFICIOS HISTRICOS.................................................... - 380 MELGOSA, S.

SIMULATION MODEL CALIBRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL USE HISTORIC

THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE

ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY AND

HISTORIC WINDOWS: CONSERVATION OR REPLACEMENT. WHAT'S THE MOST

ENERGY RETROFIT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING IN A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE: AN

PARQUE EDIFICADO O PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO: LA PROTECCIN FRENTE A LA

SIMULTANEOUS HERITAGE COMFORT INDEX (SHCI): QUICK SCAN AIMED AT THE

PROBLEMTICA DE LA POSIBLE CERTIFICACIN ENERGTICA CON CE3X DEL

PROTOCOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN

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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

RENERPATH: METODOLOGA DE REHABILITACIN ENERGTICA DE EDIFICIOS

LEVANTAMIENTOS ARQUITECTNICOS EN EL MEDIO RURAL / Architectural surveys in

AUTHORS INDEX .................................................................................................... - 567 -

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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

En primer lugar y con carcter previo a abordar las diferentes cuestiones

1) En el campo de la investigacin, establecer puntos de inters comn

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MADRID 29-30 | 09 | 2014

Este Congreso se ha estructurado en cinco lneas temticas,

Teresa Gonzlez-Camino Meade

Juan ngel Espaa Taln

Presidenta Fundacin Casas

Presidente Fundacin Ars Civilis

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