Module 2 : Planning Standards

Formulation of Planning Standards for Land Use, Density, Roads and Various Facilities
at Town and Local Levels
-

Guidelines in plan preparation: determination of the requirements for space, facilities ,

infrastructure and environmental quality in towns and cities

Set both quantitative and qualitative requirements:

# Areas/Space # Numbers/Amounts # Types # Locations/ Distribution # Environmental
Performance
-

OBJECTIVE: enhance the quality of life in cities

Criteria/Determinants in formulation of planning standards:
# Population: Number and Type/ Characteristics: most prevalent - influencing needs
and demands for space and infrastructure - determining chracteristics like income,
affordability, preferences, etc.
# Functional and Environmental Requirements: Example: location of school in
relation to playground / No. of vehicular lanes in a road in relation to volume of pcu/
location of sewage treatment plant in relation to river flow direction/Open space around
heritage buildings
# Public Health and Safety: Example: Domestic water supply standard/air quality
standards/ distances or types of intersections in relation to road speeds/ land use along
fault-line zone
# Physiographic Constraints/opportunities: Example: Density/Space between
buildings in hot-humid vs hot dry climates
# Socio-cultural and Techno-economic Contexts: Example: oriental vs western values
for land use mix/density / available building technology and building typology/density
standard

Flexible/Contextual vs Fixed/Rigid Standards : Determinants vary with place, time

revision/modification of standards - universal standards: viz emission standards / water
quality standards for drinking

Broad Classes of Planning Standards:

Spatial standards: Guide provision of space and locations of various activities

and facilities on the basis of various criteria: Examples: area under parks and
playgrounds in a neighbourhood / classes of educational facilities required for a
residential district / r.o.w of arterial road

Utility standards: Guide the provisions of various utilities and services in terms
of their rates and qualities of supply, management, etc. : Water Supply, Power,
Sewage Disposal, Solid Waste Management, etc. in respect of :
supply, service frequency, coverage, municipal expenditure, man-power
deployment, etc.

Environmental performance / quality standards: Originally developed for

industrial performances - standards for air, water or noise, thermal pollution - (a)
permissible ambient environmental quality standards and (b) permissible limits of
emissions at source, viz a factory or a sewage outfall - based on measurable
levels of individual pollution parameters viz micro-grams of sulfur di-oxide per
cu.m of air / gms of dissolved oxygen per litre of river water/B.O.D. per litre of
sewage / ambient noise level in decibels in residential vis--vis commercial zones
standards are for human and animal health usually, universal and rigid

Focus: Spatial Standards

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING NORMS

Significance of Land Use Planning

-

Provision of adequate space at appropriate locations for different types of human

activities : living, work, recreation
Land use distribution : spatial relationships/interdependencies of different uses
proximity connectivity segregation - mix - Factors/considerations of health,
environmental quality, efficient functioning, convenience, social equity, resolution of
conflicts and competing demands, economy in resource use, protection of
environmental resources,
Land use circulation relationship

present and changing needs and demands for space and locations : trends/forecasts
regulation and implementation of land use plan : zoning and development
regulations

Land Use Classification

-

Conventionally, Location- specific distinction of uses of land and built spaces

Broad distinctions at large area level : viz residential vs industrial zones of a city detailed distinctions : plot-wise/building floor-wise variation in uses
Purpose: broad vs detailed planning macro vs micro-level planning
Detailed classification: useful for development regulation
Land use distinctions should be observable / measurable/well defined and have
clear boundaries or jurisdictions
Broad land use classification is universal detailed classification/sub-classification
of broad classes may be contextual: cultural variation
single and mixed /multiple use/zones/ premises
Developed vs undeveloped in urban land use classification
Intensive and extensive land use classes
Informal and transient activities
Land Use Coding - alphabetical/alpha-numeric/numeric coding : convenient in
detailed land use mapping and development regulations
Example:

SIMPLIFIED URBAN LAND USE CLASSIFICATION

Numeric AlphaCode
Numeric
1.
R

Broad Land
Use Class
Residential

Numeric
11

Alphanumeric
R-1
R-2
R-3

Commercial

21
22

C-1
C-2

23

C-3

31
32
33

M-1
M-2
M-3

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Recreational
51
52
53
54
Transportation 61
&
62
Communication 63
64
65

PS-1
PS-2
PS-3
PS-4
PS-5
PS-6
PS-7
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5

Manufacturing

PS

Public & SemiPublic

Agriculture &
water bodies

66

T-6

71
72
73
74
75
76

A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6

Detailed Land Use

Primary Residential Zone
Mixed Residential Zone
Unplanned/Informal
Residential Zone
Retail Shopping Zone
General Business &
Commercial District
Wholesale,
Godowns,Warehousing
Service & Light Industry
Extensive & Heavy Industry
Special Industrial Zone
obnoxious
Govt/Public Offices
Undetermined govt. land
Educational & Research
Medical/Health
Social/Cultural/Religious
UTILITIES & SERVICES
Cremation/Burial Ground
Playground/Stadia/Sports Cm
Parks/Gardens
Special Recreational Zone
Multi-purpose(viz maidan)
Roads
Railways
Airport
Seaport/Dockyards
Bus Depot/Truck
Terminals/Freight Complexes
Transmission &
Communication
Agriculture
Forest
Poultry/Dairy
Rural Settlements
Brick Kiln/Extractions
Water Bodies

Special Area

81
82
83
84
85

S-1
S-2
S-3
S-4
S-5

Old Built-up area

Heritage & Consv. Area
Scenic Value area
Village Settlement
Other

Master Plan of Delhi:

Broad Land Use Class

Residential

Use Zone
RD: Residential Area

Use Premise
Plotted Housing
Group Housing
Residence-cum work plot
Hostel/Old Age Home
Guest house, BoardLodging Dharmshala or
equivalent
Night Shelter

RF: Foreign Mission

Land Use Colour Code:

Residential : YELLOW; Commercial: RED/BLUE; Industrial: PURPLE; Public & Semipublic: BLUE/RED; Utities/Transport: GREY; Recreation/Open Space/Agricultural: GREEN
Variation in Shades/Tones: Sub-classes

Land Use Distribution Area Norms

No fixed standard: Relationship with the functional class or economic base, viz
industrial town port town institutional town capital city.......

Relationship with City size: the proportions of non-residential uses tend to increase with
size - with growth, cities attract more economic activities, viz commerce, industries,
etc. as well as public facilities and amenities and physical infrastructure - many are
extensive in nature, such as industries, transport terminals, large parks and institutions,
etc., - residential densities tend to increase as residential land competes with nonresidential uses

Universally, the residential land use : single largest proportion forecasted population x
density adopted

Source: UDPFI Guidelines

DENSITY NORMS

Measures:

No. of Persons per unit Areas for very large-scale planning, viz regional plans: persons
per square kilometers (ppsq.km.) for urban areas: persons per hectare (ppha)

Density Measure at Different Spatial Levels:

# Town Level Density/Overall Density:
computed for a delineated planning area / municipal area/planning area # Area
Level/Ward-wise Density
# Gross Residential Density: living population per unit area of predominantly
residential zones of the town excludes areas of other predominant land use zones of the
town viz. industrial areas, city level commercial, institutional areas, etc

# Net Residential Density: living population per unit area of aggregate residential land
within a residential zone which excludes the non-residential premises within the zone, but
may include the area under access road to the residential premises.
# Plot Level/Spot Density: Living population per unit area of a residential plot
# Occupancy Rate in Households: No. of person per habitable room in a dwelling unit
# Dwelling Unit Density: Surrogate of population more realistic for measure,
especially for residential areas in the absence of population count average
family/household size
Example: Net Residential Density Norm based on DU size: MPD 2021: upto 30 sq.m
(slum/EWS): 600 DU/Ha; 30-40 Sq.M: 500 DU/Ha; 40 80 Sq.M: 250 DU/Ha; >80
Sq.M; 175 DU/Ha
# Density of Non-Residential Zones (work areas), viz C.B.D., industrial zone workers
density & visitors - Day time density

Factors affecting Densities:

# Land Area constraint: limitation of available developable land high densities of
development high land costs viz heavily populated islands like Hongkong
# Physiographic Constraints: slope : density difference between towns across plains vis-avis hilly regions: .(see, for instance, UDPFI Guidelines)
Settlement Size

Plains

Hill Area

(ppha)_

(ppha)

Small Town

75 - 125

45 - 75

Medium Town

100 150

60 90

Large Cities

100 150

60 -90

Metro Cities

125 - 175

UDPFI Guidelines, 1996

Climate: viz tradionally compact settlements in hot-dry regions compared to hot-humid
regions Figure (see for instance, Victor Olgay)
# Social/Cultural factors: privacy vis--vis community values: viz difference between
western and oriental - nuclear vis-a-vis joint family structure- housing preferences viz
single vs. multi-family housing
# City Size

# Economic or Affordability Factor: viz high vs low income dwelling sizes - land values,
etc
# Technology: vis construction technology/ communication

Density Regulation: through F.A.R., Plot Size, ground Coverage, etc., regulations

Density Zoning: Town Plans classify residential zones in terms of planned densities:
High, medium, low

Social Infrastructure & Commercial Facilities

- Need for a wide variety of facilities and services of different types of adequate sizes and
numbers and in suitable locations - Quality of Life
- Standards are used to Assess the deficiencies/adequacies of facilities in a town or parts thereof
- Common Facility Types associated with residential areas: * Educational * Health *
Recreational * Socio-cultural * Shopping * Religious *Cremation Burial Grounds * Security/
Police * Postal and Communication Services, etc.
- Facilities develop in the market with their demands economy of scale: threshold
population both Size and Type:

- Private Sector investment and Government intervention for non-commercial facility

development
- Typical Nested Hierarchical Distribution Norm based on Population Distribution
Example MPD 2001

HOUSING CLUSTER; 250 Persons

Tot Lot (1)

480 Sq.M.

HOUSING AREA: 5000 Persons N.S. (2) P.S. Comm.R., Relig.Bldg,

1.63 Ha.

DISTRICT : 5,00.000 Persons: Ge n.Hosptl (2),

Tel Xcng, Head P.O., Fire Stn(2), 220 KV SbStn,
Petrol Pump, Dist C., Bus Trmnl, Bus De po (2),

20 Ha

DIVISION : 10,00,000 Pe rsons : Tech Edu C.(2),

Police Battalion, Dist. Jail, Home Guard D.Q., Sociocultural, Local Wholesale Mkt., Div. Sports C., Bus
De pot

60.8 Ha

Milk B.,
C.S., Park, Playground
NEIGHBOURHOOD: 15000 Persons S.S. (2), Dspnsory (2), Comm.
Hall & Library, 11 KVA Sbstn (2), L.S. Taxi-Auto Stand, Park,
Playground

7.2 Ha
COMMUNITY : 1,00,000 Persons : Int Hospital (2),
Poly Clinic, Nurs. Hm (2), Intgr. Schl (2), Handicapped,
College, Police Stn, police Post (2), Club, Music/Drama
C., Yoga C., LPG, 66 KVA SbStn (2), Comm & Srv C.,
Inf. Sct Dhaba, Sports C., Petrol Pump (2), Bus Trmnl,
Park

39.73 Ha

- Planning Norms tend to cover: * Hierarchical Types * Number * Physical Size/ Area *
Location/ Distribution : Catchment based on Travel Time or Distance
- Factors
* Population Size: viz 1 Senior Secondary School per 7500 Population
* Population Density: viz low-density settlement may require more than necessary for the
population size/ high density settlement may require may require smaller catchments area
* Population Characteristics: viz age-sex structure: school going age children
in determining school facilities/ income group for recreational or commercial facilities

Special Contextual Norms: viz MPD 2021: reduced space standards for social facilities
for redevelopment of unauthorized colonies in for Economy and Space Constraints:
# 800 sq.m for a primary school per 5000 persons and 2000 sq.m for a Sr. Sc. School per
10000 persons, as against the general norm of 0.2- 0.4 Ha and 0.6-0.8 Ha per 10000
respectively
# Composite Facility Centre: 500-1000 sq.m.: multi-purpose hall, religious site, health
centre, chld.park, milk booth, fair price shop, etc.

Regional Demand: viz a major town in rural region may be used for higher order
health/educational facilities for the entire regional population

* Accessibility/Location/Physiographic: viz frequency of health clinics across hilly terrain

/a nhood park in relation to a main road
* Functional Norms: viz room size per bed/ built-up area based on No. of Beds & OPD
patients in general hospital/ Play Area requirement for high schools
* Government/Authority Norms viz MOHFW,GOI: health centres/CBSE: affiliated
Schools/AICTE: technical education institutions

Examples:

UDPFI:

MPD 20201: Planning Norms and Standards for Health Facilities

Category

Appx Population/Unit Plot Area

Hospital A (501 + Beds)

5.0 lakhs

2.5 4.5 Ha

Hospital B (201 + Beds)

2.5 lakhs

1.5 2.5 Ha

Hospital C (101 + Beds)

1.0 lakhs

0.5 1.0 Ha

Hospital D (upto 100 Beds)

1.0 lakhs

0.25 0.5 Ha

Maternity Home

50000

1 K 2 Ksqm

Nursing Home/Polyclinic

50000

1 K 2 Ksqm

Dispensary

10000

800-1200 sqm

Family Welfare Centre

50000

500-800 sqm

Veterinary Hospital

5.0 lakhs

2000 sqm

Dispensary for Pets

1.0 lakh

300 sqm

Medical College

10 lakhs

MCI Norms

Nursing & Paramedic Inst.

10 lakhs

MOH/NCI Norms

Veterinary Institute

As per requirement

VCI/MOH Norms

Similarly, MPD Norms for Educational Facilities, Sports Facilities, Communication

Facilities, Security/Police Facilities, Fire Fighting Fcailities and various Soci-cultural
Facilities (Chapter 13)

- Informal Sector is a growing planning issue in large Indian cities. Traditionally, master plans
of cities have ignored provision for this sector. While the informal sector constitutes a variety of
urban activities, informal sector trade (viz hawkers, vendors, etc) is ubiquitous and significant in
terms of supporting the livelihood of many and convenience and economy of consumers. But
their unorganized spatial growth and lank of planned space and infrastructure create a variety of
conflicts with the planned space and activities of the city. MPD 2021, for instance has
considered this sector and have developed norms for their provision across planned commercial
areas of the city.
MPD 2021:
Use Zones/Use Premises

No. of Informal Shops/Units

Retail Trade:
Metropolitan City Centre
District Centre
Community Centre
Convenience Shopping Centre
Government and Commercial Offices

3 -4 units per 10 formal shops (informal bazaar)

Wholesale & Freight Complexes

3-4 units per 10 formal shops

Hospital

3-4 units per 100 beds

Bus Terminal

1 unit for two bus bays

5-6 units per 1000 employees

Schools
Primary & Secondary
Senior Secondary/Integrated
Parks

3-4 units
5-6 units

District Parks
Neighbourhood Parks

8-10 units at each major entry

2-3 units

Residential

1 unit per 1000 persons

Industrial

5-6 units per 1000 employees

Railway/MRTS Stations

Based on surveys

Physical Infrastructure Basic Services

-

Water Supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management

General Plan/Master Plan of cities should incorporate the delivery norms and standards
and locations of major physical elements of the services

Special Plans/Functional Plans of individual utilities are also made for large cities

Equality in supply/delivery of minimum basic services

Norms and Standards for Urban Services may cover aspects of:

Coverage of Population and/or Area usually 100%

Level of Supply, viz 150-200 lpcd for domestic water supply Variation with
city size and type: viz 135-150 lpcd for smaller urban centres/ higher standards
for industrial cities (CPHEEO, 1999)

Per capita solid waste generation (viz MPD 2021: 0.68 kg/day) : supply of distributive
facilities/installations dhalaos/bins/disposal ground

No. of public stand posts/community taps or community toilets per unit population; viz
UDPFI: one toilet for every 4 5 squatter settlement families

Quality Management in Service Delivery, viz water treatment level, type of

sewage treatment (underground sewer/septic tank/low cost sanitation), man-power
deployment in street cleaning, frequency of garbage collection, etc.

ULB Financial Norm, viz water supply cost per capita

Location /Land Use Norms (Spatial Plans) viz locations of Water treatment
Plant, Sewage Treatment Plant, Solid Waste Disposal Ground

Innovative Technologies for Recycling/ Conservation/Non-Conventional

Energy: Spatial Norms yet to develop: viz water harvesting structure, local level
waste water treatment, solar/wind energy installations, etc.

- Various Sources of Norms and Standards of Urban Services in India:

Master Plans of Cities viz Master Plan of Delhi

Manuals viz UDPFI Guidelines

Dedicated Government departments viz Directorate of Education or Health

Dedicated Organisations viz National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), Town &
Country Planning Organisation (TCPO), Central Public Health and Environmental
Organisation (CPHEEO), Central pollution Control Board (CPCB)

Special Committees, Consultants, etc., viz Zakaria Committee, 1963, Operation

Research Group (ORG), 1989, Committee on Plan Projects for Industrial Townships
(COPP), 1973; Supreme Court Guidelines for Solid Waste Management

Transportation

Urban Road Classification or Hierarchy

-

Traffic flow: hierarchical in terms of traffic volumes as traffic is collected from many
small catchments by local roads which disposes traffic to higher and higher levels of
roads interconnecting many small catchments across a large city increasing functional
order of roads with correspondingly increasing space as well as increasing design
speeds for increasing capacities to accommodate increasing traffic volumes. Also, other
design factors like spacing between roads of the same level and the frequency and type
of intersections will change with the functional hierarchy.
An example of hierarchical classification of roads with corresponding functions, space
standards and other design norms is shown. (Table)

- Indian Road Congress (IRC) classification of urban roads with specifications of space
standards, design speeds and cross-sectional elements ( Ref: IRC 86-1983)

Arterial: provides principal network for through- continuous long distance intra-urban
traffic flows between the CBD and outlying residential areas and suburbs coordinate
with expressways for distribution and collection of through traffic helps to delineate
major residential/commercial/industrial districts spacing may range from < 1.5 km in
dense central areas to >8 kms in sparse fringe areas divided full/partial access
restricted and regulated parking, loading/unloading pedestrian crossings at
intersections (!!) Recommended Design Speed: 80 kms/Hr Recommended Land
Width: 50-60 metres
Sub-arterials: lower level than arterials spacing: 0.5 km to 3-5 kms Recommended
Design Speed: 60 Kms/Hr Recommended Land Width: 30-40 meters
Collector Streets: collect traffic from local streets to feed sub-arterial/arterial and vice
versa in residential neighbourhoods/commercial/industrial areas full access no
parking restriction except peak hours Recommended Design Speed: 50 Kms/Hr
Recommended Land Width: 20-30 meters
Local Streets: access to abutting properties low traffic in all land uses
Recommended Design Speed: 30 Kms/Hr Recommended Land Width: 10-20 meters
-

Typical Road Elements (between intersections):

Vehicular Lane
Carriageway : single/multiple lane divided/undivided
Median verge
Shoulder
Pedestrian Sidewalk

Cycle Track
Services: Landscaping, Utilities, Signage, Furniture

Passenger Car Unit (PCU): Urban roads are characterized by mixed modes or types
of vehicles- not only that they have differential road space occupation, but the
coexistence of their differential speeds and movement characteristics affect the
overall speed and capacities of the roads. Transportation engineers determine road
capacity by standardizing different mode or vehicle types by specifying their
equivalence with the passenger car
For example:
IRC :
Vehicle Type
Equivalency Factor
1. Passenger car, tempo, auto, jeep, van,
agricultural tractor
1.0
2. Truck, bus, agricultural tracto-trailer
3.0
3. Motor-cycle, scooter and cycle
0.5
4. Cycle rickshaw
1.5
5. Horse drawn vehicle
4.0
6. Bullock cart (large/small)
8.0/6.0
7. Hand cart
6.0
- General Guideline PCU may not be constant vary with traffic conditions and mode
proportions
Parking Norms:
-

Typology: * On-street Parking : Parking lane R.O.W. accordingly

- Determine according to Land Use/ Building Use of an area :Short term
requirement in shopping streets/ collector roads with public use
Premises
- Long term requirement in residential streets
- Restriction on Arterials carriageways use of service roads
* Off-street Public Parking: Open lot/Basement/Multi-level

Equivalent Car Space (ECS): viz car/taxi= 1/two wheeler= 0.25/ auto
rickshaw=0.50/bicycle=0.10 (UDPFI Guideline, 1996)

Parking Space Requirement: Parking demands will vary with land uses across the city;
for example, parking requirements of commercial areas are generally much higher than
middle income residential areas of the city. Furthermore, multi-level parking requirement
requiring more space is greater for commercial offices, malls, etc than for industries or
residential land uses. Thus the Master Plan of Delhi has differential parking regulation,
as shown:
Permissible ECS per 100 sq.m of floor area & Area per ECS (MPD-2021)
Residential Premise : 2.0 Open Parking : 23 sq.m
Commercial Premise: 3.0 Gr.Flr Covered: 28 sq.m.

Manufacturing:
Government
Public-semipublic

Basement
: 32 sq.m.
Multi-level : 30 sq.m
Automated
Multi-level : 16 sq.m.
No relationship with Vehicle Ownership Pattern/Income Groups!!

2.0
1.8
2.0

Passenger Terminals

Functions: * Long distance/ Inter-city journey, viz ISBT

* Local/ Intra-city route transfer & journey
* Inter-city modal split, viz bus- rail
* Bus service management Passenger Amenities - Parking Vehicle
maintenance Depot use

- Location: * Peripheral vs Central location of Inter-city terminals

* Proximity and Integration for modal split, viz IPTs in MPD
* Major intra-city route transfer nodes
* CBDs and major work centres, viz Secretariat in Delhi
* Off arterials/ Freeways
- Size and Development: * Passenger volume & Trip assignment * Bus fleet
No. of Bus bays in relation to loading and unloading passenger
volume per day (viz 5000 10000 per bay UDPFI)
* Waiting, Infrastructure and Parking requirements
* Shopping, entertainment, etc. especially for long-distance
-

Example: Transportation Plan, MPD 2021

Truck Terminal & Freight Complex

Functions: * Provide Facilities for regional and intra-urban goods movement

* Integration of modes for modal split in goods movement
* Integration with wholesale trading of goods

- Size and Development: * Loading & unloading * Weighing area*

Godown/warehousing*
* Parking * Refueling and maintenance (Transport Nagar) *
Rest &
Facility Areas * Office areas for trading and Administration
* Wholesale market
* Space Requirement based on Vehicles per day as per Trip
Assignment Norms of dedicated agencies (viz Central
Warehousing
Corporation norms)
-

Location: * Peripheral locations off Highways/Bye-passes * Proximity to peripheral

Rail

Yards for freight handling * Integration with Transport Nagar * Integration

with
Mandis/Wholesale markets
-

Example: Transportation Plan, MPD 2021

Transportation and Urban Form

Transportation System in a city constitutes not only the movement channels (road
network), but also all infrastructure and services to support movement of passengers and
freight- public transit: bus, truck, rail, para-transit, etc., terminals and other facilities

Transport systems and urban forms are historically interdependent in terms of city size,
growth and pattern of distribution of land uses and population can be expressed in
terms of NODES: (economic, transport) and LINKS

Growth and Form of Cities with Development of Tranport Systems

Nodes Links and City Size

Need for Peripheral Links with Growth of Central Node

Land Use Transport Relationship :

The relative attraction among different zones/nodes generate trips for various purposes
(work/business, recreation, shopping, etc) undertaken by different travel modes (
walking, cycling, bus, rail, car, rickshaw, etc) that demand for movement space and
transport services across networks of the city

Transport Network as Resultant of Interactions among City Zones

Conversely, land use planning of cities may be altered to fit a given transportation
network for efficient, safe and pleasant movement.

Home-Work trips are most prominent living and work zones/nodes become the most
important origins/destinations of trips

Urban trips are also multi-purpose and some trips are transit

The following major factors are considered in sequence in Transportation

Planning:

TRIP GENERATION

Different zones of the city generate different

levels/amounts
Of Trips of different Purposes. Travel Demand of zones
will
Depend on their Land Use, Population Size and Population
Characteristics (income, age, sex, occupation, etc)

TRIP DISTRIBUTION

How trips are distributed among zones amount of trips

between one zone and another relative attraction

among
zones individual zones may be origins or
destinations of
trips usually residential zones become origins for trips
of
various purposes (work, shopping, recreation, etc) and in
turn
become destination of home trips. Trip distribution
across
zones will depend on the land use pattern and population

MODAL SPLIT

Proportions of trips in different private (individual) and

public
(collective) modes walk, cycle, car, bus, metro,
paratransit, etc
This will depend on the existing and planned
transportation
system, trip distances, population characteristics, etc

TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT

How trips of different modes are distributed across the

transport
Network and its various links roads of different levels,
rail
line/metro lines, etc, - based on existing and planned
networks

Here, the focus, however, will be on spatial norms and standards for urban roads and
transport terminals (links/paths and nodes)