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HB14$$$101E0.DOC
CONTENTS
Page
1. SAFETY RULES
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THEORY
3.1 Free vortex
3.2 Spiral vortex
3.3 Forced vortex
3
3
5
7
4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
5. INSTALLATION
6. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
10
7. EXERCISES
7.1 Free vortex
7.2 Forced vortex
10
11
12
12
14
1. SAFETY RULES
2. INTRODUCTION
The apparatus allows the study of the shape of "free and forced
vortices" and consists of a transparent cylindrical vessel (D1) having
two pairs of diametrically opposed inlet tubes of 3.0 mm and
12.5mm diameter.
The 12.5 diameter inlet tubes form an angle of 15 with the diameter,
so that a swirling motion is imparted to the liquid entering the vessel;
they are used as entry tubes for the free vortex experiment.
An outlet with interchangeable orifices (8, 12, 16, 24) is centrally
positioned in the base of the vessel.
The profile of the free vortex formed at the top of the vessel is
determined by a gauge mounted diametrically which measures the
diameter of the vortex at various depths. This gives the co-ordinate
points required to plot the vortex profile.
The velocity at 3 different radii may be measured using the pitot
tubes supplied.
Measure the total head at different radii with the Pitot tubes and
calculate the correspondent linear velocity:
The forced vortex is created in the vessel by using as the inlet the 3.0
mm bore tubes which are angled at 60 to the diameter. The inlet
water hits against a four blades paddle which acts as a stirrer.
The water leaves the vessel via the 12.5 mm diameter angled tubes
which are used as inlet tubes for the free vortex experiment.
The four blades paddle rotates on a vertical shaft supported by a plug
in the hole used as the outlet for the free vortex experiment.
A bridge piece with needles probes allows to determine the coordinates of the vortex profile to be measured.
3. THEORY
rph
v
xd
mm
mm/s
mm
radians/s
When water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base,
a free vortex is formed; the sense of rotation being dependent on
initial disturbance.
The water moves spirally towards the centre with stream line motion,
so that, neglecting losses caused by viscosity, the energy per unit
mass remains constant.
If, while the mass of water is rotating, the central exit hole is
plugged, the flow of water in the vertical plane ceases and the
motion becomes one of simple rotation in the horizontal plane, and is
known as a Free Cylindrical Vortex.
Since stream line motion applies, Bernoullis theorem holds, and
P
W
v2
2 g
cost.
P
W
v2
2 g
cost.
v dv
g dr
(Eq. 3.1.1)
v2
g r
W da dr
v2
g r
dP
da dr
dr
dP
dr
(Eq. 3.1.2)
v 2 v dv
g r g dr
dv v
0
dr r
and
dr
r
dv
v
Integrating,
ln r + ln r = const
that is
v r = const = k
k
r
4
v2
2 g
v
const. c
k
r
k2
2 g r2
k2
2 g r2
c z
k2
2 g r2
v2
2g
P
W
const.
A v
const. A 1 v1
where A1 and v1 are the area and velocity at some point distant r,
from the centre of the circular plane.
Putting A = k r
Then:
r1 v1
r
and if z is constant:
P
W
r1 v1
2g r2
P
W
r1 v1
2g r2
and
P1
W
P - P1
W
v1
2g
c
2
v1
2g
r1 v1
2g r2
v1
r
1 12
2g
r
W v2
g r
dP
dr
P2
W 2
r
g
r
W 22
rdr
g
r1
dP
P1
P2
P1
W 2 2
r2
g
r1
r = 0 when P = P
2
P - P0
W
1 2
r
2g
or since
P
W
h h0
1 2
r
2g
1 2
r
2g
h
2
h0
4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
5. INSTALLATION
6. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Select the orifice and place this into the central outlet located in
the base of the apparatus
Screw the quick connection onto the discharge available on the
bottom of the flow channel of the bench mod. HB/EV
Close the apparatus outlet valve V3
Close valve V1 and open partially valve V2 of mod. HB14/EV
so that water flows into the cylindrical vessel via the two inlet
ports set at 15 to the diameter
Close the pump outlet valve V1 of hydraulic bench and start the
bench pump G1
Slowly open valve V1 of hydraulic bench and adjust the valve
V2 of mod. HB14/EV until water just begins to flow out of the
cylindrical vessels overflow cut outs; maintain the water at this
level by regulating the water flow by means of the valve V2 of
mod. HB14/EV
When stable conditions are attained, the profile of the vortex is
obtained by measuring the vortex diameter at a number of planes,
the distance of the planes from the fixed datum being also
measured
Pitot tubes can be used to obtain measurements of the velocity of
the fluid at a number of difference radii: 15, 25, 30 mm. Replace
the profile measuring gauge with the 15mm radius arm pitot
tube. Immerse the tube until the "nose" is approximately 5mm
from the vortex core profile surface. Note these scale readings.
Repeat the test using the 25mm and 30mm pitot tube.
Switch off pump G1
10
Position the blanking plug with shaft in the central hole located
in the base of the vessel
Open the apparatus outlet valve V3
Close valve V2 and open partially valve V1 of the apparatus so
that water flows into the cylindrical vessel via the two inlet ports
set at 60 to the diameter
Close the pump outlet valve V1 and start the bench pump G1
Slowly open valve V1 of hydraulic bench and adjust the valve
V1 and V3 of mod. HB14/EV until water just begins to flow out
of the cylindrical vessels overflow cut outs; maintain the water
at this level by regulating the water flow by means of the valve
V3 of mod. HB14/EV. Water will now flow through the ports at
60 and impinge on the paddle wheel before flowing out of the
apparatus via the two ports set at 15 and not in use
Ensure that the flexible outlet pipe is completely filled with
water for maintaining a syphonic action and hence increasing the
discharge capacity through the outlet valve
The speed of rotation of the paddle wheel is determined by the
rate of flow of water into the apparatus that is proportional to the
degree of opening of valve V1 of mod. HB14/EV. For each value
of flow rate the outlet valve of the apparatus should be adjusted
until water just flows out of the overflow cut outs
The profile of the water surface is determined by the surface
measuring probes (needles) which are adjusted until each probe
just breaks the water surface.
After speed of rotation of the paddle wheel has been measured by
timing a number of red paddle rotations, the measuring probe
bridge piece is removed from the apparatus and the length of
each probe is measured using the metallic ruler supplied
11
7. EXERCISES
Radius, r
(mm)
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
Measured Depth,
x (mm)
14
19
22
31
43
75
1/r2
(mm)
0,000625
0,000816
0,0011
0,0016
0,0025
0,0044
k2
2 g
12
k2
2 g
17432
2 g h
2 g h
2 9810 h
140 h
Compare this velocity with the velocity calculated with the formula
v = k/r.
Radius of Pitot
Pitot head
v = k/r
mm
mm
mm/s
15
76
1232
1220
25
42
740
907
30
33
616
804
13
v Pitot
140 h
mm/s
Number
Time
rps
revolution (sec.)
50
35
1.43
110
90
r (mm)
70
50
190
203
218
231
236
238
xmeas.
49.7
33.3
20.1
10.3
3.7
hcalc.
188.3
204.7
217.9
227.3
234.3
238
xcalc. = (238-hcalc)
30
h0
h calc.
1 2
r
2g
h h0
2 2
r
2g
Example of calculation
2
h calc.
2 1.43 2
r
2 9810
4.1 10
r2
14
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