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ASME PTC 19.

2-2010
[Revision of ASME/ANSI PTC 19.2-1987 (R2004)]

Pressure
Measurement
Instruments and Apparatus
Supplement
Performance Test Codes

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Three Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USA

CONTENTS
Notice ....................................................................................................................................................................................
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................................................
Committee Roster ................................................................................................................................................................
Correspondence With the PTC 19.2 Committee .............................................................................................................

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vii
vii
viii
ix

Section 1
1-1
1-2
1-3

Object and Scope ....................................................................................................................................


Object ...............................................................................................................................................................
Scope ................................................................................................................................................................
Uncertainty .....................................................................................................................................................

1
1
1
1

Section 2
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6

Definitions and Terms .............................................................................................................................


Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................
Units ................................................................................................................................................................
Dynamic Measurements ...............................................................................................................................
Use of Control and Operating Instrumentation ........................................................................................
Two-Phase Fluid Systems .............................................................................................................................

2
2
2
3
3
4
5

Section 3
3-1
3-2
3-3

Measurement Devices .............................................................................................................................


Types of Devices ............................................................................................................................................
Pressure Transmitters and Their Applications ..........................................................................................
Elastic Gauges and Their Applications ......................................................................................................

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6
12
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Section 4

Calibration and Standards ......................................................................................................................

36

Section 5
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5

Measurement Installations .....................................................................................................................


Pressure Taps ..................................................................................................................................................
Pressure Probes ..............................................................................................................................................
Connecting Piping .........................................................................................................................................
Diaphragm Seals ............................................................................................................................................
Installation Effects .........................................................................................................................................

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Section 6
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7

Uncertainties in Pressure Measurement ................................................................................................


Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
Combined Standard Uncertainty and Expanded Uncertainty ...............................................................
Random Standard Uncertainty ....................................................................................................................
Using Elemental Random Error Sources ....................................................................................................
Systematic Standard Uncertainty ................................................................................................................
Propagation of Measurement Uncertainties Into a Result .......................................................................
Uncertainty of Measurements (Example) ..................................................................................................

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58

Pressure Terminology ...................................................................................................................................


Typical Pressure Devices ..............................................................................................................................
Wheatstone Bridge ........................................................................................................................................
Bonded Strain Gauge ....................................................................................................................................
Typical Deposited-Thin-Film Strain Gauge ...............................................................................................
Typical Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor .......................................................................................................
Typical Variable Capacitive Pressure Sensor .............................................................................................
Photoelectric Pressure Sensor ......................................................................................................................
Inductive Pressure Sensor ............................................................................................................................
Preferred Schematic Representation of the Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT) ..................................................................................................................................

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7
7
8
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10
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11

Figures
2-2-1
3-1.1-1
3-1.2.1-1
3-1.2.1-2
3-1.2.2-1
3-1.2.3-1
3-1.2.4-1
3-1.2.5-1
3-1.2.6-1
3-1.2.7-1

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11

3-1.2.8-1
3-1.2.9-1
3-2.1.1-1
3-2.1.1-2
3-2.1.2.1-1
3-2.1.2.1-2
3-2.1.2.1-3
3-2.1.2.2-1
3-2.1.2.2-2
3-2.1.2.2-3
3-2.1.2.2-4
3-2.1.2.2-5
3-2.1.2.2-6
3-2.1.2.2-7
3-2.1.2.2-8
3-2.1.2.3-1
3-2.1.3.1-1
3-2.1.3.1-2
3-2.1.3.2-1
3-2.2.1-1
3-3.1.1-1
3-3.1.1-2
3-3.1.2-1
3-3.1.3-1
4-1
5-1-1
5-1-2
5-1.1-1
5-1.2-1
5-2.1.1-1
5-2.1.1-2
5-2.1.2-1
5-2.1.2-2
5-2.2.1-1
5-2.2.1-2
5-2.2.2-1
5-2.2.2-2
5-2.2.2-3
5-2.2.3-1
5-2.2.3-2
5-2.2.4-1
5-2.2.4-2
5-4.3-1
5-4.3-2
5-4.3-3
5-4.3-4
5-4.3-5
5-4.3-6
5-4.3-7
5-4.3-8
5-4.3-9
5-4.3-10
5-4.3-11
5-4.7-1
5-4.9-1
5-4.10-1

Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor .......................................................................................................................


Pressure Transducer With Vibrating Element ...........................................................................................
Typical Flow Installations .............................................................................................................................
Exploded View of Differential-Pressure Transmitter ...............................................................................
Flange-Mounted Transmitters .....................................................................................................................
Flange Transmitter Mounted Directly to Tank Nozzle ............................................................................
Open-Tank Installation With Remote-Seal Type of Transmitter .............................................................
Schematic Diagram of Closed-Tank Transmitter Primary .......................................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg ..............................................................................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Above Datum Line ......................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Below Datum Line .......................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg ..............................................................................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg Transmitter Above Datum Line ......................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg Transmitter Below Datum Line .......................................................
Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Above Upper Process Tap ..........................................
Repeater-Type Level-Measurement Device ...............................................................................................
Hydrostatic Head Provides One Method of Density Measurement ......................................................
Differential Hydrostatic Head Increases Sensitivity of Density Measurement ....................................
Common Method of Measuring Density of a Process Liquid .................................................................
Typical Drum Water Level ............................................................................................................................
Bourdon Gauge ..............................................................................................................................................
Bourdon Tubes ...............................................................................................................................................
Bellows Gauge ................................................................................................................................................
Slack Diaphragm Gauge ...............................................................................................................................
Pressure-Measurement Calibration Hierarchy ..........................................................................................
Tap Geometry .................................................................................................................................................
Pressure-Tap Flow Field ...............................................................................................................................
Errors for Different Size Taps in Fully Developed Pipe Flow .................................................................
Relative Tap Errors as Percent of Dynamic Pressure ................................................................................
Impact Tube ....................................................................................................................................................
Variation of Total Pressure Indication With Angle of Attack and Geometry
for Pitot Tubes ............................................................................................................................................
Keil Probe ........................................................................................................................................................
Total Pressure Location on a Cylinder in a Flow Field ............................................................................
Static Tube .......................................................................................................................................................
Pitot-Static Tube .............................................................................................................................................
Cylindrical Probe, Principle of Operation ..................................................................................................
Wedge-Type Probe .........................................................................................................................................
Spherical- and Cone-Type Probes ...............................................................................................................
Basket Probe ...................................................................................................................................................
Alternate Basket Probe ..................................................................................................................................
Magnitude of Probe-Blockage Effects, Pressure Error .............................................................................
Magnitude of Probe-Blockage Effects, Mach Number .............................................................................
Seal Assembled With Capillary ...................................................................................................................
Diaphragm Seals and In-Line Diaphragm Seals Installed .......................................................................
Diaphragm Seals and Probe Seal Installed ................................................................................................
Threaded Diaphragm Seal ............................................................................................................................
Flanged Diaphragm Seals .............................................................................................................................
Integral Flange and Diaphragm Seal ..........................................................................................................
Separate Flange and Diaphragm Seal .........................................................................................................
Pancake Diaphragm Seal With Capillary Connection .............................................................................
Pancake Diaphragm Seal Installed ..............................................................................................................
Flange Extension ............................................................................................................................................
Pancake Extension .........................................................................................................................................
Vapor Pressure Curve of a Fill-Fluid ..........................................................................................................
Response Time ...............................................................................................................................................
Installation Consideration of Pressure Instrument and Diaphragm Seals ............................................
iv

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15
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18
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19
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25
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27
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31
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Tables
2-3-1
3-1.3-1
3-2.1.2.2-1
3-2.1.2.2-2
3-2.1.3.2-1
6-7-1
6-7-2
6-7-3
6-7-4

Pressure Conversion Factors ........................................................................................................................


Pressure Instrument Summary ....................................................................................................................
Seal-Fluid Selection Chart ............................................................................................................................
Type of Calibration Required for Various Transmitter Applications ....................................................
Variations in Density for Different Fluids ..................................................................................................
Uncertainty Due to Random Error ..............................................................................................................
Throttle-Pressure Uncertainties ...................................................................................................................
Exhaust-Pressure Uncertainties ...................................................................................................................
Condensate-Flow Uncertainties ..................................................................................................................

4
13
19
24
25
59
59
59
59

Form
3-3.6-1

Recording of Gauge-Test Data Sample .........................................................................................................

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Nonmandatory Appendices
A
Piston Gauges ...................................................................................................................................................
B
Manometers ......................................................................................................................................................
C
Low-Absolute-Pressure (Vacuum) Instruments .........................................................................................
D
References and Bibliography .........................................................................................................................

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