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Culture Documents
it all
starts
with
matter!
Matter
anything with mass; occupies space
states of matter:
gas, liquid, solid
elements:
chemical constituents of matter
Periodic Table
O
Na Mg
K Ca
Al Si P
Ti
Mn Fe
... what
features
distinguish
different
elements?
The Atom
Ions
Bonding
Mineral
naturally occurring,
inorganic, crystalline
solid, with a fixed
range of chemical
composition and
physical properties
how do we know
that atoms form
regular and
distinctive patterns
in different
minerals?
Crystals
Stenos Law
Symmetry
Mirror Symmetry
Rotational Symmetry
about 5000
different minerals
have been
recognized, how
do we categorize
them?
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Mineral Groups
native elements - sulfur, gold, diamond, graphite
sulfides
S-2 pyrite, galena
oxides
O-2 hematite, magnetite
halides Cl-1, F-1 halite, flourite
sulfates (SO4)-2 anhydrite, gypsum
carbonates (CO3)-2 calcite, dolomite
phosphates (PO4)-3 apatite
silicates (SiO4)-2 quartz, feldspar
Silica Tetrahedron
Si4+
linked together
through bonds
between O
and other
atoms (e.g., Al,
Mg and Fe)
Nesosilicates
Ring Silicates
Sheet Silicates
Framework Silicates
appearance of
light reflected
from fresh
mineral surface:
metallic
non-metallic
vitreous
(glassy),
waxy,
pearly,
earthy,
resinous, etc.
6. Orthoclase
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10. Diamond
powdered mineral
equals weight of
mineral per unit volume
density - weight of
mineral divided by
weight of equal volume
of water
magnetism
Quartz
Feldspar
Feldspar
Pyroxene
Hornblende
Olivine
Olivine
Biotite
Muscovite
whats so
important
about these
different
minerals?
Mineral Resource
Mineral Reserves
economically
extractable
resource:
metals
non-metals
(industrial
minerals)
energy
Use of Resources
annual U.S.A. per capita
use highest in world
Commodity
sand and gravel
iron and steel
crushed rock
aluminum
copper
... so how
are minerals
organized in
Earth
materials?