Systematic Design Process

Chiradeep Sen
PhD Student
136 Fluor Daniel EIB
csen@clemson.edu
http://aid.ces.clemson.edu/Chiradeep_Sen
http://www.ces.clemson.edu/~gmocko/people/csen.html
Advisors:
Dr. Joshua D. Summers
Dr. Gregory M. Mocko
Dr. Georges M. Fadel

What is Design

Design is:

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the systematic and creative application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical
ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures,
machines, processes, and systems
(www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/scitech/2001/resources/glossary.html )
is the creative, iterative and often open-ended process of conceiving and developing
components, systems and processes. Design requires the integration of engineering, basic and
mathematical sciences. A designer works under constraints, taking into account economic,
health and safety, social and environmental factors, codes of practice and applicable laws.
www.ee.wits.ac.za/~ecsa/gen/g-04.htm

Design is an activity:

Affects all areas of life

Uses laws and insights
Builds on experience
Is a prereq for the realization of ideas into reality
Is a SOCIAL activity

csen@clemson.edu

Engineering Design

To design is to imagine things that dont exist and bring them into the world
These things are tangible
Design is regarded as an art rather than science

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Science: proceeds by laws (sometimes mathematical)

Art: proceeds by rules of thumb, intuition, feeling; but adheres to constraints and
laws of nature

Engineering design is a systematic intelligent generation and evaluation of

specifications for artifacts whose form and function achieve stated objectives
and satisfy specified constraints (Dym and Little)

csen@clemson.edu

Engineering Design

Bigger part of the product realization process

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Includes sales, marketing, industrial design, manufacturing, etc

Must work together with other disciplines

Engineering design is the set of decision-making processes and activities used
to determine the form of an object given the functions desired by the customer
(Eggert)

csen@clemson.edu

Engineering Analysis

Predict the behavior or function of an object using analytical equations or

experimental methods
Formulating

Solving

Determine unknowns of the equations

Solve and label with units

Checking

Understand and plan solution

Gathering information
Rough plan on how to solve

Does it make sense

Essential, but not only component to design

csen@clemson.edu

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Problems with Understanding Design

Some common and dangerous thoughts

Design Cannot be taught

In order to design you must build stuff!

Design is easy to demonstrate and not easy to articulate

Mathematics provides a formal language to articulate behavior

Such mathematical models do not exist to describe design

csen@clemson.edu

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What we know about design

Open ended problems

Ill structured

There are several acceptable solutions

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Design solutions cannot be simply found by using mathematical formulae and

algorithms

csen@clemson.edu

Motivation to Understand Design

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Decisions made during a products design phase generally establish the majority
of manufacturing costs
The National Research Council has determined that nearly 70% of a products
cost is determined in the first 5% of the design process

csen@clemson.edu

Systematic Design: Some Requirements

Requirements for a systematic design methodology:

be applicable to every type of design activity

foster inventiveness and understanding
be compatible with other disciplines
not rely on chance
facilitate the application of known solutions
be compatible with electronic data processing
be easily taught and learned
reflect the findings of psychology and ergonomics
emphasize the objective evaluation of results

P&B: 10-11.
csen@clemson.edu

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My View of Design

A controlled broadening and narrowing of scope to generate information about

the product

gmocko@clemson.edu

csen@clemson.edu

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ASME Design Theory and Methodology

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

Advances in Design Theory, Representations, Methods, and Formalisms

Creativity and Innovation in Design
Design Behavior Study and Cognitive Modeling
Validating and Verifying Design Theories and Methods
Making Better Decisions in Engineering Design
Risk Based Design
Designing in Collaborative and Distributed Environments
Product Architecture Design Methods
Theory and Methods for Sustainable Product Development
Widely Applicable Techniques for Improving Design Practice in Industry
Advanced Design Education and Design Curricula
Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Design
The impact of design theory and methodology research in the last 20 years

csen@clemson.edu

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The P&B Systematic Approach

Product Planning
& Clarification of
Task

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Customer

Phase 0 - Start

Task

Clarify the task

Elaborate the specification

Specification

Conceptual
Design

Concept

Embodiment
Design

Preliminary Layout

Definitive Layout

Upgrade and Improve

Specification

Identify essential problems

Establish function structures
Search for solution principles
Combine and firm up into concept variants
Evaluate against technical and economic criteria

Concept

Develop preliminary layouts and form designs

Select best preliminary layouts
Refine and evaluate against techincal and economic
criteria

Preliminary Layout

Optimize and complete form designs

Check for errors and cost effectiveness
Prepare the preliminary parts list and production
documents

Definitive Layout

Finalize details
Complete detail drawings and production documents
Check all documents

Documentation

Detail Design

Solution

Documentation
csen@clemson.edu

Solution

Figure 3.3.
P&B: 66.

Phase 1 Product Planning

PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

Developing and formulating a promising

product idea
Task

Product Planning

Analyze market / company

Find and select product ideas
Formulate a product proposal

Clarifying the Task

Clarify the task

Elaborate a requirements list

Specification

csen@clemson.edu

Phase 1

Product Proposal

Overview of Product Planning

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

Successful product planning takes into account market, company, and economy

Market

Other sources

technical and economic position of product

changes in market requirements
suggestions and complaints of customers
technical and economic superiority of other products
economic and political changes oil prices regulations limitations culture
new technologies
environmental and recycling issues

Within the company

company R&D
product evolution new functions to satisfy new market needs
process evolution new ways of doing / making things
rationalization of product line

csen@clemson.edu

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Activities in Product Planning

PP/CT

Take into account the goals, strengths and weaknesses of the company, market niches and
needs
Search fields
Search for new functions, working principles or geometries based on existing or extended
energy, material signal flows
Products Ideas

Select product ideas

Analyze the situation of the company and products using knowledge of market and other
sources
Situation Analysis

Find product ideas

DD

Formulate search strategies

ED

Analyze the situation

CD

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Using selection procedure that takes into account goals, strengths, and market
A Product
Idea

Define products

Elaborate and evaluate product ideas. Results in a Product Proposal

Technology push vs. customer pull:

Do you think that customers wanted to watch videos on
their IPODS?

csen@clemson.edu

Case Study
PP/CT

CD

ED

Kittyhawk drive

HP introduced in 1992
1.3" Kittyhawk microdrive
20 and 40 megabytes of storage
Tiny motion sensor that would
park the heads if it detected the
device being dropped.
How not to bring a technology to
market

csen@clemson.edu

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DD

Phase 1 - Clarification of Task

PP/CT

Product Proposal
Clarify the task
Elaborate a requirements list

CD

ED

DD

Define the goals

Clarify boundary conditions
Dispel prejudice
Make decisions

Specification

Fixed solution ideas or concrete indications implicit in the task

formulation often have an adverse effect on the final outcome. PB:
p130.

What objectives must the intended solution satisfy?

What properties must it have?
What properties must it not have?
P&B: Chapter 5.

csen@clemson.edu

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Clarifying the Task

PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

What is the essence or crux of the problem?

What implicit wishes and expectations are involved?
Do the specified constraints actually exist?
What paths are open for development?
What are the objectives?
What are essential properties?
Avoid:

fixed solution ideas / solution-specific considerations

fictional constraints and concrete implications

csen@clemson.edu

Requirements List
PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

The requirements list is a document that contains:

Problem Statement

Project ID / Issue Date ...

the name of the group(s) / individual(s) responsible for specific requirements

Modifications / Date ...

an indication of requirements that must be satisfied versus those that are less critical

Group or Individual Responsible

the project identifier (e.g., project number and name) and the date the requirements list
was generated

Demands / Wishes ...

Summary of the the crux of the problem

the date and type of modification made to requirements

Requirements ...

particular characteristics of the intended solution, quantified (if possible) and clearly
arranged

csen@clemson.edu

Requirements List Document

PP/CT
ME
6170
ME870

Problem Statement

CD

ED

DD

Requirements List for Yoke Design

Issued on:

Problem Statement:

October 16, 1998

Redesign a yoke component to fit in the existing switch

assembly, attach to and hold the necessary
components, provide required structural support, and
dissipate a known amount of heat to ensure safe
operation. Further, as much as possible, the design
must facilitate standardization with respect to design
reusability and manufacturing process for the four
existing products addressed.

h
Interfaces

Changes

Demands / Wishes

D
W
D
D
D
W
D
D

Requirements
1. Devices on the yoke: (If necessary suggestions for changes possible)
clearance for machanical signals (switches: main,dimmer,cut-off; led's; contacts)
hold button and faceplate
allow for ground (according to UL 1472, 4.5 & 5.8 / UL 486B)
possibility to adjust dimmer in misaligned box
screw holes and possibilities to assemble parts of the dimmer
interface with back housing

2. Geometric constraints:
D interface with standard wall box (according to UL 1472, 4.4 / UL 514)
D installation directly next to other dimmers must be possible
3. Heat transfer:
D temperature must be less then 90 dgr. C at the contact areas with the fiberboard
wall according to UL 1472, 5.5 & table 10)
W determine best material properties (trade-off with temperature)

Modifications / Date
Fri, Oct-23

Fri, Oct-23
Fri, Oct-23

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4. Manufacturing
determine most cost effective design
easy to manufacture
use same manufacturing line
must be stamped
single piece
easy to assemble
maximum press force: P = 0.7(UTS)(t)(L) ; Pmax = 1.5 tons
UTS = ultimate tensile strength (Al or Cu)
t = thickness
L = perimeter (including interior holes
2
D maximum bending force: P = (1/W)*K(UTS)LT ; Pmax = 1.5 tons
K = 1.25; L,T,W see page 392,404 Manufacturing processes for ME
W determine best material properties (trade-off with stamping force)

Project ID /
Issue Date

Resp.
Marc,
Tord &
Christ.
for all
points

Group or
Individual
Responsible

W
W
D
D
W
W
D

5. Electrical safety
D yoke cannot extend past face plate (prevent contact with user)
6. Quality/Cost Goal
W consolidate as many yokes as possible

csen@clemson.edu

Requirements

Categories of Requirements
PP/CT

Geometry

direction and magnitude of force, frequency, weight,

load, deformation, stiffness, elasticity, stability,
resonance

physical and chemical properties of the initial and

final product, auxiliary materials, prescribed materials
(food regulations, etc.)

Ergonomics ...

service, inspection, repair, painting, cleaning

Recycling ...
reuse, reprocessing, waste disposal, storage

Costs ...

direct safety principles, protective systems, operator

and environmental safety

quietness, wear, destination/environment, special

uses, market

Maintenance ...

inputs and outputs, form, display, control equipment

lifting, clearance, transportation

Operation ...

special regulations, installation, siting, foundations

Transport ...

possibilities of testing and measuring, application of

special regulations and standards

Assembly

output, efficiency, loss, friction, ventilation, state,

pressure, temperature, heating, cooling, supply,
storage, capacity, conversion

factory limitations, maximum possible dimensions,

preferred production methods, means of production,
achievable quality and tolerances

Quality Control ...

Safety ...

Production ...

Signals

DD

type of motion, direction of motion, velocity,

acceleration

Material

size, height, breadth, length, diameter, space

requirement, number, arrangement, connection

Energy

Forces

ED

Kinematics

CD

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maximum permissible manufacturing costs,

investment, depreciation

Schedules ...

man-machine relationship, type of operation,

clearness of layout, lighting, aesthetics

csen@clemson.edu

end date of development, project planning and

control, delivery date

Outcome of Phase 1

Deliverables:

PP/CT

CD

Make a decision to proceed to Phase 2

Answer the following questions:

DD

Detailed Product Proposal

Requirements List

ED

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Has the task been clarified sufficiently to allow for development of a solution in the
form of a design?
Must further information be acquired?

csen@clemson.edu

Phase 2 - Conceptual Design

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

Specification
Abstract to identify essential problems

Remove false functions

Eliminate functions that do not have
bearing on the product

Establish function structures

Search for working principles
Combine working principles into working
structures
Select suitable combinations
Firm up into principle solution variants
Evaluate against technical and economic
criteria

Start in the function domain

-What must the product do?
NOT
- What must the product look like

Concept

P&B: Chapter 6.

csen@clemson.edu

Define the goals

Clarify boundary conditions
Dispel prejudice
Search for variants
Evaluate
Make decisions

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Overview of Conceptual Design

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

The main goals in conceptual design:

by the identification of the essential problems through abstraction,

by the establishment of function structures, and
by the search for appropriate working principles and their combination,

The basic solution path is laid down through the elaboration of a solution
principle
Concepts are developed from the solution principle

The difference between

What and how

Principle and principal

csen@clemson.edu

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Abstracting to Identify Essential Problems

PP/CT

What is Abstraction?

CD

ED

DD

Ignoring what is particular or incidental and emphasizing what is general

Identifying fictitious constraints and eliminating all but genuine restrictions

Why is Abstraction Necessary?

To establish the crux or essence of the design task

Essential constraints become clear without prejudicing the choice of a particular
solution.
To overcome prejudices, or conventions which, coupled with risk aversion, may
lead to solution fixation

csen@clemson.edu

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Abstracting Essential Requirements

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

Abstracting the requirements list

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Eliminate personal preferences from the requirements list

Consider only requirements that affect function and essential constraints
Transform quantitative into qualitative data, reducing them to essential ideas
Broaden essential ideas systematically (generalize)
Formulate the design problem in solution-neutral terms

*** Identification of essential requirements ***

csen@clemson.edu

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Establishing Function Structures

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

What is a function?
A function specifies the relationship between inputs and outputs.

P&B: Fig. 2.3

Why function structures?

Express relationships between inputs and outputs independently of the
solution. Facilitate the subsequent search for solutions.
Where do I start?
Use abstraction to identify the crux or essence of the problem. This
becomes the overall function.
csen@clemson.edu

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Hair Dryer Function Structure

PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

???

Heat signal
Input signal

Flow signal

Interface energy

Provide
Interface

Human

Interface
energy

Human

Provide Airflow

Electrical
energy

Air @ v1, T1

Wasted flow
energy

csen@clemson.edu

Air @ v2, T1

Heat Air

Wasted heat
energy

Air @ v2, T2

Hair Dryer Function Structure (cont.)

PP/CT

Electrical
energy

CD

ED

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DD

Electrical
energy

Supply
Electricity

Heat
energy

Electrical
energy

Heat signal

Control
Temperature

Convert
electric to Heat

Air @ v2, T2

Air @ v2, T2
Transfer Heat
to Air

Convey Flow

Air @ v1, T1
Supply Air

Air @ v1, T 1

Support flow
generation

Air @ v1, T 1

Electrical
energy
Provide
Electricity

Convert
rotational to
flow

Electrical energy
Control flow

Electrical
energy

Convert
electricity to
rotational

Flow signal

Air @ v2, T1

Mechanical
Energy

Interface signal energy

Interface
energy

Provide
Controls

Human signal
Interface
holding
energy

Human

Wasted
heat
energy

Interface signal energy

Wasted
noise
energy

Provide handle

Unharmed
Human
Protect User
Wasted
heat energy

Interface holding energy +

Interface signal energy
Harmful {material, signal, energy}

csen@clemson.edu

Wasted
Air @ v, T2

Search for Solution Principles

PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

Search for solution (working) principles to fulfill all leaf-functions.

Working principles represent a physical effect and preliminary embodiment (e.g.,

cartoon sketch).
Use ideation techniques, searches, and analysis of known or existing systems to
determine as many working (solution) principles as possible
Catalog the solution principles for all of the sub-functions

P&B: Fig. 6.13.

csen@clemson.edu

Working Structures
PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

Combine solution (working) principles into working structures.

Use a morphological chart to help identify combinations (i.e., working
structures)
Each combination of working principles should fulfill the overall function (i.e.,
assure both physical and geometric compatibility and a smooth flow of
Energies, Materials, and Signals)

P&B: Figure 4.18.

csen@clemson.edu

Working Principles to Concept Variants

PP/CT

DD

Are the combinations of working principles likely to meet budgetary and other
requirements?

Firm up into concept variants

Qualitative to Quantitative Transition

ED

Selecting suitable combinations of working principles

CD

Simplified calculations
Geometrical sketches and studies
Experiments on essential properties, model building
Simulations
Market, literature or patent search

Evaluate concept variants against technical and economic criteria

csen@clemson.edu

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Outcome of Phase 2
PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

Deliverables:

Abstract Requirements List

Function Structure
Morphological Matrix
Solution Selection and Evaluation

Make a decision to proceed to Phase 3

Answer the following questions:

Have sets of working principles (i.e. viable concepts) been identified to satisfy the
requirements of the design
Have I properly abstracted and searched broadly for working principles
Am I design fixated and have I put added constraints to the design space?

csen@clemson.edu

Phase 3 - Embodiment Design

PP/CT

CD

ED

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DD

Concept

Develop preliminary layouts
and form designs

Begins with a concept and ends with

a definitive layout:

Select best preliminary layouts

Refine and evaluate against
technical and economic criteria

Fleshing out a selected concept

Preliminary Layout
Eliminate weak spots

Working structure  Concept

Technical details are added

Check for errors & cost effectiveness

Prepare preliminary parts list

and production documents
Definitive Layout

csen@clemson.edu

Start with embodiment-determining

requirements and their function
carriers or working principles
Proceed with requirements having
less impact on embodiment

Phase 3 - Overview of Embodiment Design

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

Concept

General steps of embodiment design:

Preliminary layout and form design

Definitive layout and form design
Completion of checks & optimization (Only after
checks, can you move on to detail design!)

Characteristics of embodiment design:

Complexity!! Many simultaneous, interdependent

activities!
Analysis and synthesis alternate and complement
each other! Optimization and error ID + solution
search and evaluation. Some steps must be
repeated at a higher info level.
Proceed from qualitative to quantitative, from
abstract to concrete, from rough to detailed, with
provisions for checks and corrections (I.e.,
iterations!).

Develop preliminary layouts

and form designs
Select best preliminary layouts
Refine and evaluate against
technical and economic criteria
Preliminary Layout
Eliminate weak spots
Check for errors & cost effectiveness

Prepare preliminary parts list

and production documents
Definitive Layout

Details: P&B Fig. 7.1. 201.

csen@clemson.edu

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Steps of Embodiment Design

PP/CT

1.

DD

Concept
Steps 1 - 4
Develop preliminary layouts and form designs
Step 5: Select best preliminary layouts

Steps 6-10: Refine and evaluate against

technical and economic criteria

Top-down assembly modeling versus bottom-up modeling

Establish rough layout (based on concepts) which

emphasizes the embodiment-determining main function
carriers, that is, the assemblies and components fulfilling
the main functions.

4.

size determining requirements such as output, through-put, size

of connectors, etc.
arrangement determining requirements such as direction of
flow, motion, position, etc.
material determining requirements such as resistance to
corrosion, service life, specified materials, etc.

Produce scale drawings of the spatial constraints

determining or restricting the embodiment design (e.g.,
clearances, installation requirements, etc.)

3.

ED

Identify requirements that have a crucial bearing on the

embodiment of the design

2.

CD

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Which main functions and function carriers determine the size,

arrangement and component shapes of the overall layout?
What main functions must be fulfilled by which function
carriers jointly or separately?

Determine preliminary layouts and form designs for the

embodiment-determining main function carriers.

Preliminary Layout

Step 12: Eliminate weak spots

Step 13: Check for errors & cost effectiveness

Steps 14-15: Prepare preliminary parts
list and production documents
Definitive Layout

Details: P&B Fig. 7.1. 201.

csen@clemson.edu

Steps of Embodiment Design, contd.

PP/CT

5.
6.
7.

ED

Select one or more suitable preliminary

layouts.
Develop preliminary layouts and form
designs for remaining function carriers.
Determine which essential auxiliary
functions are needed.

8.

CD

Exploit known solutions if available (e.g.,

catalogues).
Search for special solutions.

Develop detailed layouts and form designs

for main function carriers in accordance with
embodiment design rules and guidelines.

Consider compatibility with auxiliary

functions
Divide into assemblies or areas to be
elaborated individually if necessary.

DD

Concept
Steps 1 - 4
Develop preliminary layouts and form designs
Step 5: Select best preliminary layouts

Steps 6-10: Refine and evaluate against

technical and economic criteria
Preliminary Layout

Step 12: Eliminate weak spots

Step 13: Check for errors & cost effectiveness

Steps 14-15: Prepare preliminary parts
list and production documents
Definitive Layout

Details: P&B Fig. 7.1. 201.

csen@clemson.edu

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Steps of Embodiment Design, contd.

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD
Concept

9.

Develop detailed layouts and form

designs for auxiliary function carriers

10.

Evaluate layouts against technical and

economic criteria

11.
12.

Use standard parts, if possible.

Combine all function carriers into overall
layouts

Make sure all designs are at the same level of

embodiment, BUT
dont go beyond the level of detail required by
evaluation. You may need only a preliminary
layout, or you may need more details to
choose among alternative layouts.

Fix preliminary overall layout

Optimize and complete form designs for
the selected layout.

Eliminate weak points.

Adopt suitable solutions from less favored
variants.

Steps 1 - 4
Develop preliminary layouts and form designs
Step 5: Select best preliminary layouts

Steps 6-10: Refine and evaluate against

technical and economic criteria
Preliminary Layout

Step 12: Eliminate weak spots

Step 13: Check for errors & cost effectiveness

Steps 14-15: Prepare preliminary parts
list and production documents
Definitive Layout

Details: P&B Fig. 7.1. 201.

csen@clemson.edu

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Steps of Embodiment Design, contd.

PP/CT

CD

ED

DD

Concept

13.

Check layout design for errors

14.

Prepare preliminary documentation.

15.

in function, spatial compatibility,

etc.
achievement of objectives with
respect to cost and quality

parts lists
production documents
assembly documents

Steps 1 - 4
Develop preliminary layouts and form designs
Step 5: Select best preliminary layouts

Steps 6-10: Refine and evaluate against

technical and economic criteria
Preliminary Layout

Step 12: Eliminate weak spots

Fix definitive layout design and

pass on to detail design phase

Step 13: Check for errors & cost effectiveness

Steps 14-15: Prepare preliminary parts
list and production documents
Definitive Layout

Details: P&B Fig. 7.1. 201.

csen@clemson.edu

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Considerations in Embodiment Design

PP/CT

fulfillment of the technical function and economic feasibility

Durability, deformation, stability, expansion, ergonomics, aesthetics, ease of
assembly
Value of a concept is not absolute
Establish objectives from:

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Designer determines the value of solutions wrt specific objective(s).

DD

General considerations for evaluating alternatives

ED

Basic rules of clarity, simplicity, and safety are derived from general objectives,

CD

requirements list
technical properties (e.g., Fig 7.3)

All embodiment designs must have same degree of correctness and information
content
Production costs must be determined to the extent possible
Evaluation should include a search for weak spots. Look for opportunities to
combine strong aspects of different alternatives.

csen@clemson.edu

Outcome of Phase 3

Deliverables:

The requirements related to the layout of the design

The general layout of the product solution neutral format
A systematic method to evaluate the more detailed design

Preliminary Diagram

DD

Solution Evaluation

ED

Preliminary Layouts

CD

General Layout Requirements

PP/CT

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The general layout of the final design with minimal knowledge about the details of the final product

A definitive layout for which production documents can be prepared with minimal detail
design.
Before proceeding to Phase 4, ask yourself:

Am I satisfied that this definitive layout satisfies all relevant and appropriate requirements
(function, layout, assembly, costs, maintenance, etc.)?
Am I ready to prepare final production documents for this design (tolerances, assembly
processes, materials, tooling, etc.) without delay?

csen@clemson.edu

Detail Design (Section 7.8)

PP/CT

ED

Begins with a definitive layout and ends

with product documentation

The use of Computer-aided design tools

Final design specifications

CD

Form
Dimensions
Surface quality
Properties

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DD

Definitive Layout
Steps 1-2: Finalize details
Step 3: Complete all documents
Step 4: Check all documents
Documentation

Final chance to identify and correct

mistakes

Solution

Details: P&B Fig. 7.163. 402.

csen@clemson.edu

Steps in Detail Design

PP/CT

1.

4.

Detailed drawings of components

Detailed optimization of shapes,
Materials, surfaces, tolerances and fits

Steps 1-2: Finalize details

include assembly drawings

Parts lists (BOM)

Complete production documents

Step 3: Complete all documents

Step 4: Check all documents

manufacturing
assembly
transport
operating instructions

Documentation

Check all documents, especially detail drawings

and parts lists for:

DD

Definitive Layout

Integrate individual components into assemblies

and assemblies into overall product

3.

ED

Finalize the definitive layout

2.

CD

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Solution

observation of general and in-house standards

accuracy of dimensions and tolerances
other essential production data
ease of acquisition, e.g., availability of standard parts

Details: P&B Fig. 7.163. 402.

csen@clemson.edu

Key Deliverables Pahl and Beitz

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Phase

Deliverable

Value

Planning and
Clarification of Task

Requirements list

Identifies customers want for the product

Conceptual Design

Abstract
requirements list

Identifies the function specific requirements to form solutionneutral problem statements

Function structure

Identifies the functions and organized the flow of energy, matter

and signal

Morphological
matrix

Catalogs the working principles and organizes them to meet the

functions

Solution evaluation

Systematic method to evaluate concepts in order to proceed with

the design

General layout
requirements

The requirements that only deal with the layout of the design are
identified

Preliminary layouts

Form the general layout of the produce in still a solution neutral

format

Solution evaluation

Again, systematic method to evaluate, in more detail, design as they

proceed

Preliminary Diagram

Help to envision the layout of the design in with minimal

knowledge about the details of the product.

Final Layout, forms,

dimensions

Enables the part to be made, operated, assembled, etc.

Embodiment Design

Detail Design

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