mt s vn tnh ton thit k cha c

sng t, nh hng n cht lng cng trnh

SOME UNCLARIFIED POINTS IN DESIGN CALCULATION
IMPACTING ON THE QUALITY OF THE WORKS
TS. Trn Kim Chng
Vin thit k Tng cc Hu cn - B Quc Phng
ABSTRACT: In the report, the author has briefly stated the main causes resulting in

occurence and break-down of the works.

Of which the author has deeply analyzed some causes due to the design that hasnt
fully dealt with:
- Irrational selection of calculation plan.
- Lack of calculation for compactability between house and foundation.
- Inaccurate determination of foundation coefficient in the structure calculation
problem in the elastic form.
- Unclear points in loading compound.
- Omission of impact of retaining wall invertical rigid foundation under horizontal
loading.
Finally, the author recommends the Ministry of Construction to add some more
sufficient codes, standards of design.

1. Mt s nguyn nhn ch yu
C nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau dn n s c v h hng cng trnh. Theo chng ti
c th k di y mt s nguyn nhn chnh d thy:
1. Cng tc o c a hnh, kho st a k thut, kho st nh gi hin trng cc
cng trnh cn ci to cha phn nh ng thc t ti khu vc xy dng.
2. Cng tc tnh ton thit k cn mt s vn cha c lm sng t, cha c quy
phm Vit Nam a vo p dng.
3. Cng tc thm nh, gim nh cn lt li mt s sai phm khng nh.
4. Cng tc thi cng xy lp do gi b thu thp nn mt s khu cha lm ng h s
thit k. a vt t km cht lng vo cng trnh, gim bt khi lng vt liu mt
s khu kh nhn thy.

5. Cng tc gim st thi cng ca c quan t vn gim st cha su st v cha c mt

thng xuyn ti hin trng cn n nang cha cng quyt x l nhng trng hp
sai phm k thut ca n v thi cng.
6. Ch u t cha c i ng cn b k thut cc ngnh ngh mnh gim st
cht lng cng trnh cn ph thc cho c quan t vn gim st v cn b k thut bn
xy lp (bn B).
7. Tht thot v nhng chi ph khng th thoi thc c, v nhng quan h cn thit
(m chng ti hay gi du m bi trn) c my hot ng ca cng trnh c trn
tru t khi khi cng n khi kt thc.
8. Cc nh mc chi ph thit k thm nh, gim st thi cng v nhn cng xy lp qu
thp so vi mt bng khu vc v th gii.
Trong 8 nguyn nhn d thy ni trn, chng ti i su phn tch nguyn nhn th 2.
2. vic tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh cn mt s
vn cha c lm sng t, nh hng n cht
lng cng trnh
2.1. Chn s tnh ton cha st vi s lm vic thc t ca kt cu
Trong cc bc thit k kt cu cng trnh, chn s tnh ton hp l l mt trong
nhng khu quan trng. Song hin nay vn cn mt s s tnh ton hin hnh cha
c hp l:
2.1.1. S coi chn ct c ngm cng vo t (khng c chuyn v thng ng,
chuyn v ngang, chuyn v xoay ) l cha ng vi thc t.
Trong biu thc thit lp mi quan h gia kt cu bn trn vi nn t ti mng ct
trong trng hp h s nn ng nht cho thy mng c chuyn v ng chuyn v
xoay.
Y=

R
Kn

(1)

M
Km

(2)

Trong :
Y

- ln ca mng

- Phn lc di y mng

Kn

- cng chng ln ca nn Kn = CzF

- Gc xoay ca mng

- M men ti mng

Km

- cng chng xoay ca nn Km = CJ

Cz, C - H s nn theo phng ng, xoay.

F

- Din tch y mng

- Mo men qun tnh ca mng theo phng lm vic.

Theo biu thc (1) v (2) th chn ct chn vo t. Mun khng c chuyn v thng
ng khng c chuyn v xoay th ch khi no h s cng Kn, Km tin n v cng
tc l h s nn Cz, C tin n v cng.
l trng hp chn ct chn ngm vo lp cng c h s nn C z = 100.000
1500.000T/m3.
Thng thng mng nh chn trong t st, t ct cht trung bnh c h s nn b
nn khng th coi nh ngm cng c.
Tnh ton kt cu bn trn theo s ngm cng ti chn ct v theo s ngm n
hi ni lc c khc nhau t 1,5 7 ln. xem v d s 1.
2.1.2. S ct ri phn kt cu bn trn v mng bn di ti chn ct tnh mng
l s cha hp l.
Di tc dng cc dng ti trng theo s c coi ngm ti chn ct tm ra ni lc
tng trng hp. Sau khi t hp tm c cc cp ni lc bt li ti chn ct, ngi
thit k thng ly kt qu t hp ny lm ngoi lc tc dng ln mng thit k
mng. Mng c th l mng n, mng cc mng bng, tu theo loi t.
Tnh ton mng theo s ct ri v theo s khng ct ri cho kt qu. Ni lc kt
cu bn trn khc nhau n 1,5 ln xem v d 2.
Kt qu tnh ln ca mng n v bin dng ca mng bng cho thy ti chn ct c
ln khng u.
S ln khng u gia cc mng chn ct s gy ra ni lc kt cu bn trn. Yu t
phn phi li ni lc cho kt cu bn trn do ln khng u gy ra thng b b qua.
2.1.3. Cc nt khung ca kt cu bn trn coi nh tuyt i cng l cha hp l.
Kt qu nghin cu ca mt s tc gi cho thy cc nt ca khung khng cng tuyt
i m c mm nht nh gi l ngm n hi [1].
n hi ti cc nt l bao nhiu, cn c th nghim chng minh v rt ra ch dn
p dng.
Tnh ton kt cu coi nt tuyt i cng dn n mmen ti nt ln hn m men bng
gn 2 ln xem v d 3.
2.2. Cha tnh ton tng tc gia nh v nn
Nh trn nu, hin nay s tnh cn xem chn ct ngm cng vo t nn, ct ri
phn mng ti chn ct tnh mng (c quy phm chp nhn) cha phn nh ng
s lm vic thc ca kt cu dn n sai s phn kt cu bn trn v sai s phn mng
bn di kh ln xem v d 1.
ng n nht l tnh ton trn s lm vic ng thi ca nh v nn.
Cc cng trnh nghin cu s lm vic ng thi ca nh v nn kh y ca nhiu
tc gi trong v ngoi nc cho kt qu ng tin cy. Song hin nay cha c a vo
tiu chun quy phm xy dng.
2.3. H s nn cha c nghin cu k trong tnh ton Kt cu
Hin nay h s nn trong bi ton tnh s lm vic ng thi ca kt cu bn trn v
nn l vn cha c thng nht, phm vi p dng h s nn ca mt s loi t cn

rt rng cng mt loi t tr s h s nn u v cui khc nhau kh xa (chnh nhau

t 2 ln n 15 ln).
Thng tu thuc vo kinh nghim ca tng tc gi thit k. Tc gi no chn h s
nn st vi thc t bao nhiu cho kt qu tnh ton tim cn vi chnh xc by nhiu.
Chng ti nu di y mt s h s nn hin c trong mt s sch :
2.3.1. Chn h s nn theo cht ca t: [2]
c trng lp t
t t cht: st t nhuyn (do chy)

H s nn
0,1 0,5 kg/cm3 (100 500T/M3)

t cht va: st m (do, mm)

0,55 kg/cm3 (500 5.000T/M3)

510kg/cm3 (5000 10.000T/M3)

t cht: st t m (do cng)

1020 kg/cm3 (10.000 20.000T/M3)

t rt cht: st cng

20100kg/cm3 (20.000 100.000T/M3)

t cng: vi, sa thch

: cng tt

2.3.2. Chn h s nn theo cng ca t: [3]

t c R
H s nn

1kg/cm2
2.000T/M3

2 kg/cm2
4.000 T/M3

3 kg/cm2
5.000 T/M3

1001.500kg/cm3 (100.000
1.500.000T/M3)

4 kg/cm2
6.000 T/M3

5 kg/cm2
7.000 T/M3

Chng ti nu di y mt v d dm trn nn n hi vi lc tc dng ln dm l kt

qu t hp ti cc chn ct b khung bn trn nn t st xm xanh d o mm c h s
nn bin thin t 5005.000T/M3.
Kt qu tnh ton cho thy cng mt loi t tc gi ny chn h s nn 500T/M3, tc
gi kia chn 5.000T/M3 cho kt qu chnh nhau 30% 40% (xem v d 4).
2.4. T hp ti trng cha c thng nht trong tnh ton
Hin nay tnh ton ni lc tng trng hp t ti ring r theo chng trnh phn mm
trong nc, ngoi nc u cho kt qu ging nhau (nu c ng 1 u vo) nhng khi t
hp ni lc t nhng trng hp t ti ring l chn cc cp ni lc bt li cho
tng tit din ca kt cu th kt qu khc nhau, tu thuc vo quy phm ca mi nc
v kinh nghim ca tng ngi thit k.
2.4.1. T hp ti trng ca mt s nc c khc nhau:
Trong thng th hng dn qun l v p dng cc tiu chun quy phm k thut xy
dng, B xy dng cho php t nguyn p dng tiu chun quy phm 1 s nc nh:
Chu u, M, Anh, Php, c, Nga, Nht, c. Khi p dng tiu chun ca cc nc
ny cho kt qu rt khc nhau: Thp trong dm chnh nhau t 1,5 1,7 ln, thp trong
ct chnh nhau t 1,5 3 ln. S d c s chnh nhau kh ln nh vy l do cch t
hp ti trng v h s t hp ca mi nc c khc nhau. ( Xem v d 5).
2.4.2. T hp hot ti ngn hn trn cc sn cn cha c sng t:

Hin nay vic t hp ti trng tm thi ngn hn trn cc sn sao cho m bo xut
hin gi tr bt li nht ti cc tit din ca h kt cu vn cn l vn cha c
sng t.
C tc gi t ti trng tm thi ngn hn cch tng, cch nhp. C tc gi t lch
tng, lch nhp. Cng c tc gi t ton b ln tt c cc sn. t ti trng tm thi
ngn hn theo cc tc gi nu trn cha qut ht cc trng hp bt li cc tit din
kt cu.
Vn ny cn c nghin cu a ra quy lut t hp ti trng tm thi trn cc
sn sao cho m bo xut hin gi tr cc i trong tt c cc tit din ca kt cu.
2.5. B qua tng chn trong khung b tng ct thp khi tnh khung s gy lng ph
Hin nay kt cu chu lc bng khung b tng ct thp c tng chn trong khung l 1
trong nhng loi kt cu rt thnh hnh nc ta, k c nh thp tng v cao tng.
Trong tnh ton coi tng xy chn nh kt cu bao che, b qua kh nng chu lc
ngang ca tng xy chn.
Qua nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v tng chn trong khung ca nhiu tc gi cho
thy m men ct khung b tng ct thp gim rt ng k.
Hin nay nc ta nh thp tng t 3 n 6 tng cn kh ph bin. Vic b qua kh
nng chu nn ca tng trong khung khi chu ti trng ngang s gy lng ph, v ni
lc trong khung c chn gch gim t 2y6 ln (xem v d 6).
3. Mt s kin ngh
Qua 5 vn nu trong mc II cho thy khu tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh cn
mt s im cha c chnh xc nh mong mun, chnh nhau t 1,5 35% thin v
an ton v c khng an ton.
Vi mc ch mong mun cng tc thit k kt cu cng trnh tim cn n chnh
xc, chng ti kin ngh vi B xy dng mt s im sau y:
1. Quy phm cho php tnh ton kt cu cng trnh theo s lm vic ng thi ca nh
v nn.
2. Nghin cu hon chnh quy lut t hp ti trng theo Tiu chun Vit Nam.
3. Tin hnh th nghim tm ra chnh xc h s nn cho mi loi t ca Vit Nam
p dng vo cng tc tnh ton s lm vic ng thi ca nh v nn.
4. Nghin cu mm ca nt khung bng l thuyt v thc nghim a vo quy
phm p dng.

V d 1:
Tnh khung nh 2 tng 4 nhp theo s khng k s lm vic ng thi vi nn v c
k n s lm vic ng thi ca nh vi nn.

Ti liu tham kho

1. .. .
1961.
2.

L c Thng, Bi Anh nh, Phan Trng Phit, Thit k nn v mng, Nh

Xut bn Gio dc, H ni, 1998.

3. .. , .. , .. ,

" ,

a - S v ti trng tc dng

"
1970

4.
, 2.02.01.83

5. ..,..-, ..
, ,
, 1964.
6. Trn Kim Chng, , -
. 1986.

b - Ni lc theo s khng k s lm vic ng thi ca nh v i nn

c - C k s lm vic ng thi ca nh vi nn (trng hp mng n)

Hnh 1.

V d 2:
Tnh mng bng lin vi khung v ct ri khung

a - Ni lc mng bng lin vi khung

b- Ni lc mng bng ct ri khung

Hnh 2.
V d 3:
Tnh dm lin tc 5 nhp theo phng php c in v theo cc phng trnh hin hnh

a - Ti trng tc dng ln dm lin tc

b - Kt qu tnh ton theo phng php c in

c- Kt qu tnh ton thep SAP-2000

Hnh 3.

V d 4:
Tnh dm trn nn n hi cng mt loi t nhng chn h s nn khc nhau

a S ti trng tc dng ln dm

b - Kt qu ni lc vi h s nn 500T/M3

c - Kt qu ni lc vi h s nn 5000T/M3

Hnh 4.
V d 5:
Cho mt dng kt cu 2 tgn 3 nhp ti trng tc dng gm tnh ti, hot ti, gi. Tnh
ton kt cu trn theo tiu chun ca EUROCODE2-1992, BS 8110.89, ASSHTO
Concrete 97, NZS 3101-95, CSA. A23.3.94, ACI 318-99, Vit Nam

Hnh 3.
a Theo tiu chun EUROCODE2-1992
c- Theo tiu chun ASSHTO Concrete 97
e - Theo tiu chun CSA. A23.3.94
g - Theo tiu chun Vit Nam

b Theo tiu chun BS 8110.89

d Theo tiu chun NZS 3101-95
f - Theo tiu chun ACI 318-99

Kt qu tnh ton ct thp khung 2 tng, 3 nhp theo tiu chun mt s nc

TT
a
b
c
d
e
f
g

Theo tiu chun

mt s nc
EUROCODE2-1992
BS 8110.89
ASSHTO Concrete 97
NZS 3101-95
CSA. A23.3.94
ACI 318-99
Tiu chun Vit Nam

Thp ct di
Bin
Gia
10,63
15,36
10,12
14,57
11,25
11,25
16,35
24,53
24,09
34,21
17,99
14,60
20,20

Thp ct trn
Bin
Gia
29,82
22,6
29,29
20,77
27,83
17,33
41,73
29,48
31,33
23,02
35,71
24,69
22,40
18,80

Dm tng 1 (cm2)
Gia
Gi
15,84
25,01
17,65
24,03
14,56
21,46
14,5
16,96
25,15
15,54
23,13
10,50
17,10

Dm tng 2 (cm2)
Gia
Gi
18,48
21,57
20,14
22,21
16,05
18,46
16,18
18,59
19,83
20,15
17,76
20,41
12,70
12,90

V d 6:
Tnh kt cu khung nh 4 tng 2 nhp tng u hi bng khung b tng ct thp c k
n tng trn 22 v khng k tng trn.

a S kt cu khung BTCT
chn gch 4 tng 2 nhp

b S tnh ton c k n
gch chn trong khung

d Kt qu tnh ton theo s khung chn

c S kt cu khng k tng
chn trong khung

e - Kt qu tnh ton theo s khung khng chn

Hnh 6.

Ti liu tham kho

1. . .. .
1961
2. L c Thng, Bi Anh nh, Phan Trng Phit. Thit k nn v mng. Nh
Xut bn Gio dc, H Ni, 1998.
3. ..

..

..

" " , 1970.

4. , 2.02.01.83.
5. .. , .. - , .. .
, .
. 1964.
6. Trn Kim Chng. , . 1986.