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1. Parametric Equations/Tangents/Normals:
For a set of parametric descriptions whereby x = f (t ), y = g (t ) ,
dy g ' (t )
=
dx f ' (t )
Equation of tangent:
Equation of normal:
g ' (t )
[x f (t )]
f ' (t )
f ' (t )
y g (t ) =
[x f (t )]
g ' (t )
y g (t ) =
Question types:
Example: A curve has parametric equations
x = 1 + 2 sin , y = 4 + cos .
P is a point on the curve where =
SOLUTIONS :
At point P , x = 2, y = 4 +
3
2
dy dy dx sin
dy
1
=
=
= tan At P,
=
dx d d
cos
dx
2 3
Equation of tangent: y (4 +
3
1
)=
( x 2)
2
2 3
3 1
+
2
3
3
) = 2 3 ( x 2)
2
7 3
When it cuts the y axis, x = 0 y = 4
2
y
tangent
Equation of normal: y (4 +
0
normal
2 units
Area of triangle =
1
( 2)
2
3
1
7 3
1
13
4
= 4 3 +
+
=
units
4 +
2
2
3
3
3
(shown)
Equation of tangent is y p 3 =
( p 1)( p 2 + p + 10) = 0
p = 1 and point is ( 12 , 13 ) = ( 1, 1) (shown)
2. Rates of Change:
The chain rule is typically used in such questions; variations of this rule include the
following:
dV dV dh
dV dV dr
dA dA dr
=
,
=
,
=
etc
dt
dh dt
dt
dr dt
dt dr dt
Where V , A, r , h typically denote volume, area, radius and height quantities
respectively. Ensure knowledge of the separate derivatives are thorough and
dV
describes the rate of change of volume.
clear, eg
dt
Popular formulas:
1
4
Volume of Cone (r 2 )h ; Volume of Sphere (r 3 ) ;
3
3
2
Surface area of Sphere 4 r
( )
Question types:
Example: An inverted cone of base radius 4cm and height 8cm is initially filled with
water. Water drips out from the vertex at a rate of 2 cm 3 s 1 . Find the
rate of decrease in the depth of the water in the cone 16 seconds after the
dripping starts.
SOLUTIONS :
r 4 1
1
= = r= h
h 8 2
2
1
1 1
1
At any time t, volume remaining V= r 2 h = ( h) 2 (h) = h 3
3
3 2
12
dV 2
= h
Differentiating V with respect to h,
dh 4
1 3 1
When t =16,
h = (4) 2 (8) 2(16) h 3 = 128
12
3
dV dV dh
dh
=
2 = (3 128 ) 2
By the chain rule,
dt
dh dt
4
dt
dh
= 0.315cms 1 (shown)
dt
3. Maxima/Minima problems:
Maxima/minima problems typically employ the concept of stationary values, and
ascertaining the nature of those values (ie maximum or minimum) via the sign test
or investigating the second derivative if it is reasonably easy to attain.
Question types:
Example:
A length of channel of given depth d is to be made from a rectangular sheet of
metal of width 2a. The metal is to be bent in such a way that the cross section
ABCD is as shown in the figure, with AB+BC+CD= 2a and with AB and CD
inclined to the line BC at an angle .
A
d
Show that BC=2( a d cos ec ) and that the area of the cross section ABCD
is 2ad + d 2 (cot 2 cos ec ) .
Show that the maximum value of 2ad + d 2 (cot 2 cos ec ) , as varies,
is d (2a d 3 ) .
By considering the length of BC, show that the cross sectional area can only be
made equal to this maximum value if 2d a 3.
SOLUTIONS :
d
AB = CD = d cos ec
AB
BC = 2a AB CD = 2a 2d cos ec = 2(a d cos ec ) (shown)
Area of cross section ABCD
1
2
= 2ad + d (cot 2 cos ec ) (shown)
sin =
cos = , =
2
3
1
2
Maximum value = 2ad + d 2
2
= d (2a d 3 ) (shown)
3
3
2
BC = 2 a
d
3
Since BC 0, a
2
3
d 2d 3a (shown)
Example:
The equation of a curve is y = ax 2 2bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, a>0.
Find, in terms of a, b and c, the coordinates of the turning point on the curve, and
state whether it is a maximum or minimum point.
SOLUTIONS :
dy
= 2ax 2b
dx
dy
b
b2
=0 x = , y =c
dx
a
a
2
b
b2
d y
is a minimum point.
=
2
a
>
0
[
Q
a
>
0
]
Hence,
,
c
a
a
dx 2
y = ax 2 2bx + c