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Couplings

Types of couplings and their functions


There are many types of couplings. Virtually all of them
can be put into two classes, rigid or flexible. Flexible
couplings can be divided into four categories-mechanically
flexible, elastomeric, metallic element, and miscellaneousand three industrial disciplines miniature, generalpurpose, and special-purpose.
Rigid couplings are used to connect equipment that
experiences very small shaft excursions or with shafts
made long and slender enough that they can accept
forces and moments produced from flexing flanges and
shafts.
Flexible couplings join two pieces of rotating equipment
while permitting some degree of misalignment or end
movement or both. The three basic functions of a flexible
coupling are to (Figure 2.2)
1. Transmit power
2. Accommodate misalignment
3. Compensate for end movement

FIGURE 1 Rigid flanged connection


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A-Transmit Power
Couplings are primarily used to transmit mechanical
power from one machine to another. The power is in the
form of mechanical torque at some speed or work per unit
of time. In general, the amount of power lost by a flexible
coupling is small, although some couplings are more
efficient than others.
B- Accommodate Misalignment
Flexible couplings must accommodate three types of
misalignment (Figure 3):
1 . Parallel offset.
2. Angular.
The axes of connected shafts are parallel but not in the
same straight line (Figure 3A).
The axes of connected shafts intersect at the center point
of the coupling, but not in the same straight line (Figure
3B).
3. Combined angular and offset. The axes of connected
shafts do not intersect at the center point of the coupling
and are not parallel (Figure 3C). It is important to
recognize that while the equipment may see these.

Overview of Couplings and Joints

FIGURE 2. 2 Functions of a flexible coupling: (A) Transmit


torque; (B)accommodate misalignment; (C) compensate
for end movement.
.

FIGURE 2.3 Types of misalignment.


(A) Parallel offset misalignment.
(B) Angular misalignment.
(C) Combined angular and offset misalignment.
to prevent internal rubbing in the motor. Some pumps are
driven by motors with sleeve bearings that do not have
thrust bearings. Misalignment and end movement must be
accommodated without the introduction of abnormal loads
in the equipment. Generally, machines are set up at
installation quite accurately. Many things can force
equipment to run out of alignment. The thermal effects of
handling hot and cold fluids cause some movement in the
vertical and axial directions as do differentials of
temperature in driver media such as gas and steam.
Vertical motion could be a result of support structure
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expansion due to temperature differences, distortion due


to solar heating, axial growth, or a combination of any of
these. Horizontal motion is usually due to piping forces
caused by poor installation practices and expansion or
contraction caused by changes in the temperature or
pressure of the media in the system. It is a fact of life that
machinery appears to live and breathe, move, grow, and
change form and position; this is one of the basic reasons
for using flexible couplings. However, a flexible coupling is
not the solution to all movement problems that can exist
in a sloppy system. It is naive to use a flexible coupling in
the hope that it will compensate for any and all motions.
Flexible couplings have their limitations. The equipment or
system designer must make calculations that will give a
reasonable estimate of the outer boundaries of the
anticipated gyrations. Unless those boundaries are
defined, the equipment or system designer may just be
transforming equipment failure into coupling failure (see
Figure 2.4).

FIGURE 2.4 Coupling failure.


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One thing to remember is that when subjected to torque


and misalignment, all couplings react on the connected
equipment components. Some produce greater
reactionary forces than others, and if these forces are
overlooked they can cause vibration, shaft failure, bearing
failure, and/or other operational and early failure of other
components of the drive train (see Figure 2.5). It is
important for the equipment or system designer not to
confuse the term coupling misalignment capacity with
equipment misalignment tolerance. The capabilities of a
coupling are usually substantially higher than the
equipment can accept (see Figure 4.7 for coupling
misalignment limits and Section 111 of Chapter 4 for
guidelines for equipment misalignment tolerances). Rigid
couplings produce the greatest reactions on equipment.
Mechanically flexible types such as gear, chain, and grid
couplings produce

FIGURE 2.5 Equipment failures.


moderate to high moments and forces on equipment that
are a function of torque and misalignment. Elastomeric
element couplings produce moderate to low moments and
forces that are slightly dependent on torque. Metallic
element couplings produce relatively low moments and
forces that are relatively independent of torque. The most
commonly used flexible couplings today are those that
exhibit the greatest flexibility (misalignment and axial
capacity) while producing the lowest external loads on the
coupled equipment.

C- Other Functions of Flexible Couplings


Besides their basic functions, flexible couplings are
sometimes required to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Dampen vibration and reduce peak or shock loads.


Protect equipment from overload.
Measure the output torque of driven equipment.
Insulate the driver from the driven equipment.
Position a rotor of a motor or generator.
Be used to tune a system out of a torsion critical mode .

Description of couplings
The basic construction of the most flexible couplings
consists of two flanges or hubs, which attach to the shafts
being coupled, and a connecting element that may be
metallic (such as in disc couplings), or a sleeve made from
elastomeric material such as EPDM rubber, neoprene,
Hytrel or urethane, or a mechanical connection (as in a ujoint or gear coupling).
To be considered flexible, a coupling must handle parallel
and angular misalignment. Couplings with four-way
flexibility accommodate both end float and torsional
movement.

Misalignment problems and their effects on the


performance of the equipment
The basic function of all couplings is to transmit power,
accommodate misalignment and compensate for axial
movement (end movement of shafts). Sometimes, a
coupling is asked to absorb shock or vibration. Selecting
the right coupling depends on four basic conditions of
shaft misalignment or movement.

Parallel misalignment occurs when the two shafts


do not share the same rotation axis. Their end faces
may be parallel, but their center axes are laterally
displaced with respect to each other.
Angular misalignment applies when shafts are
neither coaxial nor parallel. The angle at which the
shafts are misaligned may be symmetrical or
asymmetrical.
End float occurs when either or both shafts display
axial movement, moving in and out. A sleeve-bearing
motor, for example, "floats" as the rotor hunts for the
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magnetic center of the winding. Temperature


variation can also cause thermal expansion and
variation in position of the shafts.
Torsional flexibility is the torsional movement in
planes perpendicular to the shaft axis. Shock or
vibration typically causes this. A torsionally flexible
coupling absorbs and dampens these movements.

Figure 1: The four types of misalignment that


couplings can accommodate
Gear couplings

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Gear couplings are torsionally rigid and are supplied to


two designs completely flexible and flexible/rigid. A
completely flexible coupling comprises two hubs with an
external gear and two outer sleeves with an internal gear.
Its a universal coupling for all sorts of applications and
accommodates all possible misalignments (angular, offset
and combined) as well as large axial moments. Machines,
bearings, seals, and shafts are therefore not subjected to
the additional forces, sometimes of considerable
magnitude, which arise from unavoidable misalignment
usually associated with rigid shaft couplings.
A flexible/rigid coupling comprises one flexible geared half
and one rigid half. It does not accommodate parallell
displacement of shafts but does accommodate angular
misalignment.
This type of couplings are primarily used for floating
shaft applications.

Gear couplings
Disc couplings

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Disc couplings provide reliable transmission of mechanical


power from driving to driven machine where low
maintenance, nonlubricated couplings are required.
Disc couplings are specifically designed to accommodate
general purpose drive system applications such as
centrifugal pumps, generators, cooling towers, machine
tools, printing, and pulp and paper machines.
The coupling transmit torque and accommodate both
angular, offset and axial misalignment between shafts,
with a coupling comprised of shaft mounted hubs
connected through flexible disc packs with spacer or
sleeve assemblies.
All covered disc couplings use stainless steel discs as
flexible members, providing high strength and good
corrosion resistance. Each disc pack accommodates up to
0,5 continuous angular misalignment and can withstand
start-up peak moments of two times the stated torque (
product tables). The streamline design makes sure that
the reaction load on equipment bearings is minimized.
These disc couplings are inherently self centring:
additional provision for limited end float is not required .

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Disc couplings
Elastic couplings
Elastic couplings of the elastomeric type incorporate a precompressed rubber component, which provides extra
strength and long life. These couplings cater for all types
of misalignment. The hubs are made of high strength
aluminium alloy, making the coupling light and corrosion
resistant. The rubber component damps shocks and
provides smooth, quiet power transmission, thus
protecting both the driving and the driving machines.
Mounting is very simple. As the rubber component is a
split insert, it can be mounted after the shafts have been
aligned.

Bearings
A bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion
between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear
movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according
to the motions they allow and according to their principle
of operation as well as by the directions of applied loads
they can handle

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Bearing types and their applications according to


the load and the speed
There are at least six common principles of operation:

plain bearing, also known by the specific styles:


bushings, journal bearings, sleeve bearings, rifle
bearings
rolling-element bearings such as ball bearings and
roller bearings
jewel bearings, in which the load is carried by rolling
the axle slightly off-center
fluid bearings, in which the load is carried by a gas or
liquid
magnetic bearings, in which the load is carried by a
magnetic field
flexure bearings, in which the motion is supported by
a load element which bends.

Plain bearings use surfaces in rubbing contact, often with


a lubricant such as oil or graphite. A plain bearing may or
may not be a discrete device. It may be nothing more than
the bearing surface of a hole with a shaft passing through
it, or of a planar surface that bears another (in these
cases, not a discrete device); or it may be a layer of
bearing metal either fused to the substrate (semi-discrete)
or in the form of a separable sleeve (discrete). With
suitable lubrication, plain bearings often give entirely
acceptable accuracy, life, and friction at minimal cost.
Therefore, they are very widely used.
However, there are many applications where a more
suitable bearing can improve efficiency, accuracy, service
intervals, reliability, speed of operation, size, weight, and
costs of purchasing and operating machinery.
Thus, there are many types of bearings, with varying
shape, material, lubrication, principal of operation, and so
on. For example, rolling-element bearings use spheres or
drums rolling between the parts to reduce friction;
reduced friction allows tighter tolerances and thus higher
precision than a plain bearing, and reduced wear extends
the time over which the machine stays accurate. Plain
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bearings are commonly made of varying types of metal or


plastic depending on the load, how corrosive or dirty is the
environment, and so on. In addition, bearing friction and
life may be altered dramatically by the type and
application of lubricants. For example, a lubricant may
improve bearing friction and life, but for food processing a
bearing may be lubricated by an inferior food-safe
lubricant to avoid food contamination; in other situations a
bearing may be run without lubricant because continuous
lubrication is not feasible, and lubricants attract dirt that
damages the bearings
Different bearing types have different operating speed
limits. Speed is typically specified as maximum relative
surface speeds, often specified ft/s or m/s. Rotational
bearings typically describe performance in terms of the
product DN where D is the diameter (often in mm) of the
bearing and N is the rotation rate in revolutions per
minute.
Generally there is considerable speed range overlap
between bearing types. Plain bearings typically handle
only lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster,
followed by fluid bearings and finally magnetic bearings
which are limited ultimately by centripetal force
overcoming material strength
Bearings vary greatly over the size and directions of forces
that they can support. Forces can be predominately radial,
axial (thrust bearings) or Bending moments perpendicular
to the main axis.

Ball Bearings
Ball bearings are extremely common because they can
handle both radial and thrust loads, but can only handle a
small amount of weight. They are found in a wide array of
applications, such as roller blades and even hard drives,
but are prone to deforming if they are overloaded.

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Roller Bearings
Roller bearings are designed to carry heavy loadsthe
primary roller is a cylinder, which means the load is
distributed over a larger area, enabling the bearing to
handle larger amounts of weight. This structure, however,
means the bearing can handle primarily radial loads, but is
not suited to thrust loads. For applications where space is
an issue, a needle bearing can be used. Needle bearings
work with small diameter cylinders, so they are easier to
fit in smaller applications.
Ball Thrust Bearings
These kinds of bearings are designed to handle almost
exclusively thrust loads in low-speed low-weight
applications. Bar stools, for example, make use of ball
thrust bearings to support the seat.

Roller Thrust Bearings


Roller thrust bearings, much like ball thrust bearings,
handle thrust loads. The difference, however, lies in the
amount of weight the bearing can handle: roller thrust
bearings can support significantly larger amounts of thrust
load, and are therefore found in car transmissions, where
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they are used to support helical gears. Gear support in


general is a common application for roller thrust bearings.

Cylindrical Roller Bearing Types

Tapered Roller Bearings


This style of bearing is designed to handle large radial and
thrust loadsas a result of their load versatility, they are
found in car hubs due to the extreme amount of both radial
and thrust loads that car wheels are expected to carry.

single row tapered roller bearings (


Angular contact ball bearings

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fig

Angular contact ball bearings have raceways in the inner


and outer rings that are displaced with respect to each
other in the direction of the bearing axis. This means that
they are designed to accommodate combined loads, i.e.
simultaneously acting radial and axial loads.
The axial load carrying capacity of angular contact ball
bearings increases with increasing contact angle. The
contact angle is defined as the angle between the line
joining the points of contact of the ball and the raceways
in the radial plane, along which the load is transmitted
from one raceway to another, and a line perpendicular to

the bearing axis (


fig).
SKF angular contact ball bearings are produced in a wide
variety of designs and sizes. Those commonly used and
included in this catalogue are
single

double

row

angular

fig)
row angular

contact

ball

bearings

contact

ball

bearings

fig)
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four-point contact ball bearings (

fig)

Bearing failures
Every bearing which is designed by the manufacturer and
selected by a user properly will work for its life. Any
deviation in the ideal condition to be maintained for the
bearing to work properly will lead to the premature failure
of the bearing.
When a bearing fails it is really important to identify the
real cause in order to make necessary adjustments and
select an alternate bearing to prevent the failure from
occurring again.
Let us now look into the various types of failure and their
causes. Though each failure seems to be similar to each
other. A detailed analysis is required to identify the real
cause.
1. Excessive Load: A bearing which is loaded
excessively, i.e. more than the rated capacity of the
bearing leads to spalling in the bearings. Some other
causes for the failure can be improper preloading of the
bearing and tight fits on the bearings can also lead to this.
Though this failure seems to look like it has occurred due
to normal fatigue, the duration for this appearance will be
very much shorter than the actual life time decided for the
bearing. The only solution to overcome this problem would
be to go in for a higher series of bearing.
2. Overheating: As the name suggests, the failure occurs
due to the excessive heating of the bearing. When the
bearing temperature operates around 400 Degree
Fahrenheit (200 Degrees Centigrade), it tends to anneal
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the bearing (deprives the bearing of its hardness). Once


the bearing losses its hardness, its load carrying capability
also reduces because of the softness of the balls, inner
cage and outer cage. The common causes for this type of
failure are insufficient lubrication, presence of debris in the
lubricating oil and insufficient cooling to be bearing. A
good remedy for this would be continuous monitoring of
the temperature of the bearing at least in critical areas.
We have now seen the two most important modes of
failures in bearings. Now let us look at an important mode
of failure, Brinelling. Brinelling is quite important in
bearings and exists in two types as explained below.
Brinelling is indicated by the presence of elliptical/straight
marks in the inner and outer races of the bearing. The
marks appear significantly at equal distances which is
equal to the pitch of the rollers in the bearings. Brinelling
is a clear indication of the plastic deformation of the
material.
1- False Brinelling:
As explained above, brinelling marks appear as bright
spots on the inner and outer races of the bearing with
sharp marks in the axial direction of the bearing. Often
this leads the observer to think that a subtle amount of
deformation has occurred in the raceways of the bearing.
These marks are very feeble and can be seen by naked
eye, yet on majority times any deformation cannot be felt
by feeling it.
Causes:
The major cause for this is excessive external vibration.
For example, components transported on a very bad are
prone to more vibrations. Proper insulation of the
component to insulate it from the external vibration needs
to be provided to prevent false brinelling. The outcome
due to false brinelling can be quite dangerous. Any
bearing in standstill condition would not be able to create
its own lubrication film, thus a false brinelling mark

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created tends to get oxidized easily leading to further


wear and failure.
Prevention:
Ensuring a good lubricant or grease to be present at all
times is a good means of preventing false brinelling.
Ensuring proper insulation during transport can also
prevent this.
2. True Brinelling:
As explained above, brinelling is caused due to plastic
deformation.
Causes:
This normally happens when the bearing is heavily loaded
above its static load rating. The excessive loading tends to
increase the pressure on the raceways of the bearings.
This ultimately leads to the raceways bearing the brunt of
the load. Some good examples of instantaneous static
loads are sudden hitting of the bearings for installation by
hammers, suddenly dropped loads on the shaft on which
the bearing is mounted, etc.
Prevention:
True brinelling can be prevented only by utmost care
during installation, mounting and transportation of the
component in which the bearing is mounted.
Fatigue Failure (Spalling):
This is also referred to as Spalling. This is caused due to
the rupture of the contact surfaces.
Causes:
The rolling elements or the balls running on the raceways
tend to create high contact stress. The rolling contact
continuously stresses the complete raceways again and
again and at a point the contact point in either the
raceway surface or the ball surface tends to rupture
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unable to bear the stresses. This rupture does not remain


as it is and tends to rupture further. This is caused due to
the increased stress in the surrounding areas of rupture
and this increases continuously until failure of the bearing.
Further this normally happens after the desired life of the
bearing ( L10 Life) for which it is intended to be used for. A
good example for this is applicable in the aerospace
applications where a bearing is compulsorily replaced
once its reaches the L Life
Remedy:
Any increase in the life of the bearing can be done so by
selecting a bigger bearing which has a fatigue life higher
than the currently used bearing.
We will now look into another important cause for the
failure of the bearing. Any system properly safeguarded
from extremes tends to survive easily. The same applies to
bearings also. Preventing it from Contamination is
something like that.
Contamination Failure:
Of all the causes of failure in bearings, Contamination
contributes to nearly 75% of failures. The contamination
can be of any form from being
Airborne like dust, dirt, abrasive particles, etc.
Lubrication based like foreign particles in the lubricant,
metal particles from within the system, etc.
The contaminants tend to scratch the fine surfaces of
raceways and rolling elements leaving a very dull finish to
them. Certain times based on the size of the contaminant
they also leave dents on the bearing contact surfaces.
These dents further develop themselves leading to failure.
Causes:
Principal causes are unclean work areas where the
bearings are mounted or assembled. Using of
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unauthorized or spurious lubricants can also lead to this


type of failure.
Remedy:
Using clean and original lubricants. Assembling the
bearings in a controlled atmosphere where dirt, etc., can
be maintained to the minimum level possible.
Just like all living beings, which are designed by nature to
move in the forward direction, but they tend to fall down
or slow down drastically when they are made to move
backwards. The same principle applies to the bearings too.
Certain bearings are specifically designed to carry loads in
only one direction. For example a cylindrical roller bearing
(NU Type) can only carry radial loads and no axial load can
be carried by the bearing. Any axial load occurring in the
shaft which is held by a cylindrical bearing (NU type) will
just be passed over to the member which stands in the
way of the force.
Reverse Loading Failure
Reverse loading failure is one such failure which occurs
due to the bearing getting loaded in the opposite direction
in which it is intended to bear the load. This type of failure
is quite common in angular contact and thrust bearings.
The failure is generally characterized by wear band in the
rolling elements (balls or rollers) and a subsequent
discoloration in the path of disturbed contact of the rolling
elements.
Causes
By construction angular, thrust and taper roller bearings
contain certain barriers which enable them to carry the
thrust or axial loads only in one direction. But these
barriers are normally present in one side and not on the
other. When the load is applied opposite direction, the
bearing is made to move away from its path of running on
the raceways. This leads to increase in temperature,
vibration and ultimately to premature failure. This is
normally caused due to improper mounting of the bearings
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without prior knowledge to determine the direction of


force that will occur on the bearing.
Remedy
Installation of the bearing in the proper position and
direction is the only remedy. These types of bearings are
clearly marked stating the side it can carry the axial load.
Certain cases where loading tends to come from the
opposite direction, it is best to choose a suitable bearing
capable of bearing loads from both directions and use it.
Misalignment
Misalignment is a common terminology in the engineering
field each engineer is significantly aware of. We have seen
Misalignment destroy shafts, couplings and various other
machine elements, but they also tend to have a severe
effect on bearings Misalignment tends to cause
unpredictable reactions in any machine element, starting
right from vibrations to increase in temperature and in
certain cases instant failure. Now let us see the effects of
Misalignment on bearings.
Causes
Some of the most prevalent causes for misalignment in
bearings are
Bent shafts.
Burrs or dirt on bearing mounting surfaces and bearing
abutment surfaces.
Shaft shoulders which are not perpendicular to the bearing
abutment surface
Locking nut faces which are not perpendicular to the
bearing seating face.
Non- Concentric bores on which the bearings are mounted
leading to an angular axis of rotation of the shaft and thus
misaligning the rotating axis of the bearings.
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A change of misalignment in the order of 0.01 mm/10mm


is enough to cause huge rise in vibration and temperature
in the bearing. This sudden rise in temperature and
vibration spurts heavy wear in the ball or roller pockets
where they run. They can be identified by a non parallel
running mark of the ball on the outer raceway. The
misalignment also is indicated in the inner race by means
of extra wide ball or roller pathway on the inner race.
Moreover discoloration of the bearing also tends to occur
due to the sudden increase in temperature.
The misalignment also leads to the uneven and severe
wear of the roller cages which holds the rolling elements in
place. Once the cages are damaged, contact between the
rolling elements is established leading to uneven running
of the bearing and ultimately failure of the bearing.
Instead of specifying the remedial measures for
prevention, we must ensure certain preventive procedures
before the bearing is assembled on the shaft. They are as
follows:
Inspection of the shafts for bends, run outs, out of
squareness of the bearing abutment areas.
Usage of precision grade locking nut assemblies for
holding the bearings in place.
Inspecting the bearing housings for concentricity.
By ensuring these points, the failure of bearings due to
misalignment can be totally eliminated
Lubrication is the life blood of any system consisting of
rotating and moving members. Depriving a system of its
lifeblood or the lubricant will lead to the death or collapse
of the system in a most cruel manner. A bearing is a
rotating member consisting of both moving and rotating
members; hence lubricant is of prime most importance in
a bearing. The lubricant can be a liquid based like
lubricating oils or grease. The lubricant provides a very
thin layer of film whose thickness is just about a few
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microns, thus preventing metal to metal contact between


the rollers and the raceways of the bearing. Just providing
a lubricant doesnt suffice the lubrication of the bearing.
Care needs to be taken in the following aspects
Ample supply of lubricant to the bearing
Maintaining an adequate quantity of lubricant to the
bearing
Maintaining the correct viscosity of the lubricant
Ensuring the correct quality of the lubricant is used
Now let us look how the above points can affect the life of
bearing when not adhered to by the designer and the user
of the bearing. Bearings which are deprived of the above
aspects can be identified by the following phenomena.
1. Discolored raceways and balls (Blue black or silver gold)
are the best known indications for a bearing deprived of
lubrication. This happens due to the metal to metal
contact which leads to increase in temperature and
overheating.
2. Excessive wear in the raceway, balls and cages are also
indicative for depriving the bearing of lubrication.
This can be prevented by
a) Ensuring a trouble free consistent flow of lubricant to
the bearing. If even required ensure a forced lubrication
system to the bearing, where the lubricant is supplied
continuously by means of a pump to the bearing.
b) In certain cases the bearings tend to work in an
elevated temperature, causing the lubricant to loose its
property. This also leads to lubrication failure because the
viscosity reduces with increase in temperature and does
not form a fluid film boundary between contacting
surfaces to prevent metal to metal contact. In such cases
proper cooling of the bearings or lubricant must be
ensured.
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Each bearing must be ensured a proper fit for the bearing


on its inner race and the outer race. Proper fit is stressed
because it carries a lot of importance for the proper
working of the bearing. There are two important types of
failures that occur due to improper mounting i.e. without
the proper fit. The first one in that is Failure of Bearings
due to Loose Fits.
By loose fits, we mean to say that the bearing is either
loosely fitted on the inner race i.e. on the shaft or on the
outer race i.e. onto the housing. This can occur under the
following conditions.
1. The size of the shaft is lesser that the bearing inner
race bore diameter. This difference between the diameter
of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing bore can be
as less as 0.03 mm.
2. The size of the bore of the housing is larger than the
outer race diameter of the bearing. The difference
between the outer race diameter and the bore diameter of
the housing can be as less as 0.02 mm.
So what happens if the above two point happen? The
failure of the bearing due to loose fits occurs. This has a
characteristic indication. The bearing can be easily
removed (just by hand) without any external aid. The
visual indications could be as follows:
Discoloration and scoring on the surface which has been
free from any fit. The discoloration is mainly due to the
temperature raise cause due to the running in of the
bearing as a whole. To put in simple words, in this
condition the bearing does not work like a bearing and
instead works as a scraper scraping the housing bores or
the shaft diameter journals.
This also leads to Fretting. Fretting is a process of
generation of fine metal particles which oxidize and leave
a distinct brownish mark on the surface. Moreover the fine
particles are abrasive in nature and can cause further
damage to the bearing and the areas on which the bearing
is mounted upon.
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The ultimate result of this will cause the bearing to run on


the loose surface causing further wear and tear. A
characteristic point to be noted during running of a
bearing with looseness is that is tends to produce more
noise and runs with a run out.
The best remedy or precaution for this would be to ensure
a proper fit is available before assembly of the bearing on
the corresponding location whether it is a shaft or a bore.

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