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    physics hsc surf questions Space for people who are doing hsc in NSW.

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    567 views27 pages

    Surf Space

    Uploaded by

    harshitchauhan0711
    physics hsc surf questions Space for people who are doing hsc in NSW.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 27
    1 Gravity and the Newton, 2 Dropping an Object ‘ve of tees “sa weigh" = theron nore You d or exe “Tieinfomstion in hetable was bane from Extension NNCSa 6 kg Your “mus” may cry be 60k bat that the ae, then your "wc tn espernent wre tine cok a object close 0H Theda sn hese ions {fll tom aire heights wes mated. The gical eelaion involved when ca Ueheimtenomwertngesane vgn ig mi et ol or anotier ct abut 15D ens™Inngioe = ‘Mass is eas f teat of mie na jn. Mass does not tng, earls of de Se te aa ian fain fue li Na mt as eo Dianna) [Tewaowy] etm mara 2 1 038 Cate theft need he il to “The weight ofan abject isa meas ofthe force th whch atwaced by a revit Fre OC eaten ‘The Wg of nae changes apeading on wher In the Unive, Bestse welgh 20 082 (0) Fetes appli ts oes o weight Face ened Newtons, a i Tina weigh eel bow mh she seul it + ry us (©) How posite ist ‘Mas and weight are congeted ys eto: (@) Win implications does hie have for ‘a 50 129 sautsng 8 uneltod child ina car? (Taste bw vate in i example elit = ms eedertion det gravity 7 Lal ue ae Wy = (iy whew Weve 7 7 y moma tg The ble stows de sos of siniar i = ecclergon de gray 2 ist ‘periment oe ns poe Xens “| TSS on arn + For YouTo Do tama] a, acoppet tom (ny |_ Tue tot For You To Do 1. Sues pepese of tis exsinet 2 ay ato which woul have ben ue ma 1. Cons ss on weigh contest : 2 Reatiartns tno meh 2. oy he tors ht vai ul t 3) Remit equaton eomeing hem 3. Graph te inten (pt € on Ge 2 4 Convertto sah 100 gram, 25 kg, 20k, 1000 Bg. i, ' 2 oe 5S Gooectio mas 10, 100 S08 100008, 5. Patt the time oto P 00 & GiGi the mgs ofa 85k person on te Moon. (Moon asclontion dew gravy & eaiecte tno oll 335 Saou Lene) 5. ttteck 2.00 scons the grou, 3 v (0) Catan spon’ weit onthe Moon peste the she om 7 i (9 redietis weigh on Eat &Ganyonvrten coneison fm is {G) Calta welgt of 38 kg aonaa on Eat fe eu z rr {8 Gaeta tie nots eo weight one lo, oN eno your boo mad 5 sela thid trated 30 vat 1. The ube shona the strength of gay nae eae joecass atte nanny ent cones to Earh oat cenple yor be s 1st calase he met of eT ter (© Grp dares len aga € filogis block on exch Morey bat (Cons - an as Iseveny objet ene Wn sape seh do ow pe? io 20 (Glen 8 aight on coh Me as {Wnt does as tlyour sien ptr 2 10, Shen that tie te get of your pee aes eee ie os Shy tye ew yatta eno ti ‘weight difference for cach Ursus oss falling object, caleulate this aéceleration, 2. Using this, or by any other means, a eptee 11, ethiobjes falas on Eas? Expan? te, Mc By try ote ess, er aees se ws uy lect igo ri See be tg Jno fore of gravity on ech ‘Sa 281 U3. SoggetatTsstone may hiexpriment gM RO ‘heavenly object, ‘could be improved. BO kgastronaut on Xenes. : 3 3 Swinging a Pendulum “The infomstion in the table was obtained fiom an experiment, Use the infamution to never the qestions hat fll. ‘vores ne fr one compete sine 1a 2.00 15 245 20 283 25 36 30 346 35 34 0 400 For You Te Do ‘Draw 1 agin to show ew te ‘xsinet might ve se one ids te prpse of is expe ‘Wintse seit? tty ts tld ave bso font is experiment ten te acon ttt ave sen wad Grp he reat Fret te punto length for # ne od ae ‘Win dos ph Copy te enable ogous book. ilies et esana toe Pao ieadag (Tie of eng) Sere sch Une ibe sod comple jour did ‘shen Drow tag fo sow te reson bates i kag oft psd thine for one sing Bela he length of te pnd i te tine fer one somplts ving at Tooseronsecring i ark. Expn ay Sean? in your saver fe postion Vand ih ons go ling? het spoil mane do we ie fr ese onple evo ofa pion? 15. What ame do we give 1 mation which i buck and forth like pene sseinging? 16, Write eonlsion forthe experiment. 17, Ure the rete of the exponent and ‘he feral bolo fo find aval for ho celeration due gay £ ‘A Xenos Swinging Time 1 [A perl esprinent was done oa the planet Xenes to detemine its gravy. The fost are oar nee bl tus t 2 2 2 3 03 270 4 04 312 5 05 349) 6 on 155 7 a 156 8 ou 157 |. Use the sus to cleats the average waster for the aeceleation duet rowity on eves, 2, ‘Tho exponent was repeated sing @ sass on the end of the pendalim fring (the "bob" threo times lrget Drett how this would change the results ad justify your as. 3, Prodit te time for 20 swings of 3 1.0 long pendula on Xetos, 4, Gontast he time for 20 swings on Yenos and a stall Mooo of Xenos. Sasi your answer. 5. Congest the time for 20 swings op Moor X shi sole as massive as Moon Y, bur with the same reds. Sasity your answer 4 Newton's Laws of Gravitation [Newton's laws of gravitation 1. Bvery object in tho Universo acts every other objet ith 9 sviaona oce 2, This forse fe dirstlyproportonst to th asic ofthe objecte tad 3. Inversely proportional othe square ‘of testes between tha, Mathematically: x= SA G ~ the universal gravitational constant 266TH" Nika = the distance between the cewes of the two (distance apet pus rai) mr masses af the eo object ‘Acceleration due to gravity ewe apply this idea to 8 mss close 0 che suface of the Earth, then the focula 1 = ius Earth plus height object i above the sarfaee (average radius = 6378 x 108 m) ravi planets ‘The graviational fore on an objet on saat pave or moon) is given by ional acceleration on other Ratio of aceclorations on heavenly objects . From tis lest equation, extending it w ewe sifferent heavenly objects (or example, ‘compavig grevittinel eezelation on Ext witht on anyother plat or moon), we get OMe an = SMe Cea Ey Rearranging hese, we sc sua Mevaltwe) San Myeltina) For You To Do t “The reine of te East ie 6978 kan and ie ans i 5.974 x 10" ke. Caleulote te ezceaton due to gravity on ep of ML Bveest, 8300 m above se evel. You bave a mise of 60 ky, Predict your "lass" ia weight at the top of Syduey Tomer, 308 m above sea lve. CCleune tie gravitational force beeen you and ante person (both sas 60g) 5 m pan, ‘Tae Moon's mas 7.35 10 kets daavete is 2467 km Compa i ‘rviatonal acekeratign to that of Pha, mas 127 % 10" ha, diameter 232Ckn, The mass of Ganymede is LS x 108 kandi disietr about 5270 km (@) Caleule the sceeleration due to pravty on the surfce of Ganymede (0) How oes this compare with Ear’ gravity? (© Calle the weigh ofa TO kg ames on Gonymeds’s safe ‘Two moons have masses Mand 26 sad radi Rand 2 popeaively. Compare their seslrtion® ce (0 vey. rode the oe onthe gravitation {ores between te obs of (0) “outing he tee betwen (©) doubling both masses 1 flving™ one mass ond the itanve btweon then, Compare the gravitational force of sation between mse Xena Y, 1 kg and 20g respectively, Sm ‘pan onthe Moon (g= 1.65 on Est et 5 Gravitational Potential Energy ‘Aoy mass within a gravitational Fld fas gravitons] potential enemy (Ee) de to is mass and is poston in he il, On Eat the Eyam objet asi x othe work whi hs to be dane to move the Bajet fom ground level to that portion, andi eonvetd into Kinatic energy a the moss falls cough the field back to the goind. On Barth, we avril ake the 20 Fp pasion as being ground Tov ‘Matheratiely (not required by HSC syllabus, but show fo hep wndorstanding of work Belov): ig = work done = force distance objet moves = Fs = mgh Foster aay frm the Fath we neat to consdes Bp differently. In pela, we need te consider a eal positon of er Ey ater thn an ebitery one. Form Newon'sgravitatiooal equation we know that tbe foves ot gravity Genenees wih increasing distance fom the Lark. It is only at iiity tt he _ravinonl force ons mass zea, 1 lls nat the Ey ofa mas in space is zero at infty. Beentse [By ss force of stimction, wor sto be done on abject to move fom aay point in space to infinity. Conversely, shen a objest moves from inity waxy point, because itis moving with & ‘raviional fll, it gins KE and mst lose FT fellows Gt the Epo an object anywhee in space isa ‘egative value compared to B 210 nfm. So, “The gravitons pent eergy Ky ene) af amas my stance (ete) Targr mass Ks egal fo te work done (Josie) ln moving the meron ity that folntSine the wort dene bythe gravatna el, fy wept cared ozo vale st In. Matera B= f= OE = Gm Example: Calulate te Be of «10 kg fetelite in orbit S000 lan above the Ean, Data m= 10g ang = 597% 10 kg 51 10 Neg rau + altiee '=6378 000+ § 000000 = = 16378 000m ‘Calelation (2660 " x5 910" 1576000 35x08) Figust Gof amabiect, For You To Do 1. xpi waylten we choose the 7 surface of Eartha the er Es pasion. 2 Fi the mising values inthe ble, Figue 5.2 shows how the Fr of an ‘objet changes wit dstnce ether sie Fw planet X. Such a graph i aed = grewteional potential energy well of, == om) mew [EZ ey eed Tea worse] ex [ae] apres on (6s) Gs) | round OO) | surueo ‘planet which is much more apes Te cm c 98 65 350.35, aii Figures.2 Gravity walfor planet X 3. Outline the rationale behind choosing ininy as the point where objecs in space have 2610 En 4, Account for the gravitational potentist energy of @ mass in a gravitational Geld having a negative vue ‘espetvely, Their masses ip ox, a 5. Contrast tie Ep of a 10 kg mass ato ‘8932 10! ka, 4.800» 10k, and height of 100 in with that of the same 1.482 10” kg. Analyse this rags at 200 m. infomation to match each gravity well ta ts moon, Justify your choi x ere y ores 2__ sre 6 The E, ofa mass Jat distanced from , ‘plane Willits Eyal eistnce 2d fom FNWO5S Gravy wats er tvee moons of the planet be 217 Explain your answer weer Figur 5.3 show gravity welle fr dhace ‘moore of lupiter, They aslo, Europe, and Ganymede, wih dameters of 3632 in, 3126 anal $270 on, 6 — Galileo and Projectiles Galileo was one of he Hist scientists to ay moving objec. He reputedly Aropped masses foi the Leasing Tower fof Pisa 19 show du all abjecs fll a the ‘ne rat He also szucied the rlalonship beeseen the vertal and Horizontal eomponcats of the velociy of a projectile by droping a ‘ammon ball hom the mas of 2 moving Ship. ‘The ball Inde athe base of the trast and was not "Te behind” those two sippeted Aso ideas of motion Detieved In tis way te showed at che omponcass of the motion of @ proecle were independent ofeach ote. Figue6t — Pathofapeject In esenc, Call's work showed that the horgpaal motion of moving bjce i not subject to gravitational frees, and therefor experiences n aceeleration 2, the vertical motion af a5 objets affected by the downwards free of grevily which gives itan aceleraon of 9.8 (lightly varying depending on where the objet) ‘Some Equations Used in Projectile Motion ‘ration aed in strsight [ horizontal component of ine motion motion vert componeat of motion a = we058 +a = ind cyto tat Dre eno vine tat fo Pau 4 2ar sown? We ee 4 Baty fe ues fat o Be = wt 2 ay sur + ast For You To Do 1A projectile is launched with an iia! velocity of 50 mst el 80" tothe berizona ‘Casita vein! and horiontt component of i tial mation 2 Galea the ising values nto table Tawneh [Anglo Horizontal ] Vera component rajetite | ‘speed | Gannch from Jeemponentattsunch | of lunch velocity (ome) | “horizontal elety (ns) (ns 1 50 © A a 2 © 35 € D 3 E 5 20 F 4 ¢ a 30 © 5 70 r a 0 7 Components of Initial Velocity “Theresa vector (Rin each diagram represen the il velvety ofa projectile. Use the «gram ad th ditna ifosation of th mssing antic ae dle oi . ie LReS 7] HORIZONTAL “VERTICAL” | ian eo 7 : a Y ty -. 6 A 8 on 7 a) wf] oc | wm 0 r ‘ e|w foe |e fi ‘ wlio | a | am hn cs ‘ ie etal as dX f ™ K 1s i esr AL peep fw [ae 7 of 6 o | ae | ae | 7 7h} me | o | am | « cet 8 Eo 1 waz 8 8 Projectile Problems —1 For cach of the problens below, 9g) Consier apeojstilo hopped EO) Voticlly out of a moviag objet 46) sich a5 plane, own horzotally" @) ft ot the top of aiff, oF Heed) orzo std ning c's surface fe shown inthe dlagatn. For each peblem find any of Mase quaoitice ‘hil ave not inthe given dat (ot ‘owes the order gen) LW] the ini velocity of the projec Ube (6) ein hrigol volosity Use) isin vertical velocity Ax(@) range (6) inal horizon velocity BUD final veel elo For YouTo Do 1A lifeboat is dogged fiom a plane moving a 140 ma ffom 4 beight of 1102.5 2 A'box of supplies is dropped fom a helicopter moving at 80 ms" The supplies hit the ground 9.0 ler 3. Abilis too horzonaly from the {op of building and ands sn a bucket on the ground SO m in font of the bulding 3.03 4. rocks dos horizons out ftom the top of 8187 mel Ie hits the rod 80 fom the base ofthe ei 5. A ball throw hoizntlly oat frm {he top of elif his tbe ground 6 + Tatra 30° tothe veal, ad ving 679 ws 6 ‘A cantonal is Seed oszontaly fiom the ramparts of ome, I its istarget 150 meney ater 735 7. Ravtstow ie ied horizontally atthe fene of 4 taget 50m ava. Unforately, the archer made no allowasce fer gravity, and the arow [ROLE m below cone 8 Avcannon fires a bal at 150 » ‘whi ie i target 875m vay 0 1 veo the time akan fo at the ight fo hich tas thrownopped ite veleity 3 second afer doping, leigh 3 socods ater rapping Alife boa i deopped from a plane ‘moving a SO Kp Ht lds i he ‘omer late A projet ite he cont of 2 target fan ang of (5° tothe vereal 13 5 er being dropped rom a heicopie. ‘Anewer Those Questions ‘eat, coveling et 30.5", dives over ths edge of a ebIF and inca tbe wate 58. m below (a) Caeulate te imo it aes te arto bitche water. ()—Galealate the disance. fom the lif thot the car Bis the (© Galealate the speed ofthe ea A. grou of lemmings ran ovor the ‘ge of 200 m cif 0.6 ms" (a) Caleuate thoi ne to fill to te bottom ofthe ei. ()—Caloaite sie velocity bait way dove o (@ Caleta ahe speed at which they hit he eound 9 Projectile Problems — 2 For ack ofthe problems below, consider (2) the inal velocity ofthe pojstle projeatile fred at ah angle end nding (2) tii leizota! velo ‘ona surfce a he same levels tht fom (@)—_‘einitlvereel ws, Whi it was Med as shown in the @)—terengo agin, (eis masinnm height (9 the tmosteakeso reach masimum height For ach problem fd any of these (@) ite nse of Might ‘quinttes whe are not othe glven cat (ot nccesaily in the onder sven) For YouTo Do 1 Projectile i ei a 20 ms" st 30°fothe «1S. Th vertical component of the owaon vebsity of peje ie 147 me 2 Projectile is Sted at 30 me and bas & nd is Horiznil eomponent of range of 7.5m, tis in fight for 5. ‘obo ie DLS me 3. Prete is Fred a 35.5 ms" a $8.8" to hizo an its the grou 6s ete. Ansuwor These Questions 4, Froetie has a ange of 3182 mand 16 A ejetle has a ns of fight of rises toa maxima 60m. $805 anda range of 1120'm 5. Projet fied at Ut rion and (@) What masini height does rises 20 km iteesch? 6. Projets arango of 25 km an sites (AC hat yeloiy is i ‘or30. projected? 1. Pet fc ot 200 me" a, 17. A sojectil is « range of 780 m 8. Prete fied at "othe orien ‘and eachsy @ maxim Beight of attsom $588 mabore is lunch point. 9. Projectile ses 10 a height of 81.6 m Ge) What ists ine of igh? sir boing fred 60° to he horizontal (What its lunch veloc? 10. Projects atarge 12 km away, 30s 18, A tter hit all 30 mo" at 63° afer ing at 7438 ‘ote hogan 11. Projectile se 0 a maxioum height of (@)Colealate hos fer fom the 1273 mand hase range of 4082 m. ‘bara Felder could stand © 12, Projectile ses 1.073 km, having been catch the ball at the sume fred a 286.9 ws 7 oie a ia it, 1B, Projectile is ted ar 400 as and ries (© Calslate the tne of Fight 2045, Sfho falar eae 14, Projectile needs be fred with (©) Caleaate how high the ball rmisinum velocity aad hit-a tre woul eater bang hit 30 kmavay 21 sates Seng. 1" 10 Projectile Problems —3 {heii vloity of te projectile its eviaonalvlocty 5 ial vertical weecty Wwe For cach of the problems below, (8) considers projected at mangle (0) fan landing ona surface either below (©) fr higher thar that ffom which ts (@) fired a sow int cram, @ © For eath poblem find any of thse (@) ‘qatie hich are aot he given Shun (not mocesaily in the order sven) For You To Do ‘A proce i feed at 30° to the tanta fom the top of elf 2000 ah. (te intal sped 49m" Apostle is fred frm the top of @ 120 igh oh at 28 mae lands on the ground 64 ar fg ‘cannon fsa th tp af 60 om bgh ‘MT fing ata ease on top of an ‘adjacent off 110m high The cannon find este ave 200 m apt horizontally ‘The conan bast 20 sar Fg ‘aon ball ie fred a 50 ms Com the top of ¢ 200 th elif 20 tht smazintum range is ahieved. 2 boy tows a so2k at 15 ms fom the top ofa 75 m hgh ell. The rock Tandem te water at th boom ofthe HHP inter, 1 projet town up fom the top fof'3 60 m high elif. It rues wo 8 ‘rauimum height of 44.1 m aove the iff op. Ith the ground 761 oat fom the base of tect ‘balm out Bom th edge of a 40 m igh clit with a velosiy of 35. meat 301 the hovizontl, ‘x anon balls Hred 9-4 mt 960" to the horizontal fos the top of a 218.7 am elif and ite a target 300 from the base af the cli height above the launch position ike fo veach main Beat ssa of fight [A prjectl fred p int te al from ‘htop of 78 might hs th grand 00 m out rom the base 108 er ‘Aesnnon res fom he top of 8 150 m igh ef at castle 300 frente base ofthe ci, The ball it th enti 15 later: Answer Those Questions 1 Aconnomtell Set at 40 me aan fugle of 35° 10. Ge borizont Clete the eight at whic the bal bis veriea elif 0m say. [A player Heke foteall om 30 m in ron ofthe goalposts. The ball just, lene the eroetbar which as 3.0m shove the ground 205 ater. Caeulte (a) the ange at whic the ball as. heeked (the bal’ inital speed. [A projectile fred Crom the top of 2 tt and reaches height of 147 m ‘shove is uach pint. elas $80 9 from the base ofthe elif 20 safer Inageh. Caleute: @thebe the vel 11 Analysing Projectile Motion Diagrams 1. The diagram shows hepa of « ball whieh ri sere stable tnd fll 1 the Poor during an fnriment on the planet Xenos (note that one pasion of the fahing ball is missing) The fiequeney ef te suaboscope i JO Head he sale wed @ » o © eo @ Cy) © @ ‘The path of «35 ky shot ie shown inthe stroboscopic diagram (Figue 113). The Iiequeney ofthe stioboscpe was 64H. The Agra isto scle where 06cm = 1.0m, @ © 9 ® o @ ® Figue 112 shows a 125 He stobessopie representation of projectile that ole down a urved wack fom point P. The path of te projet is sown agains a bookground gi, ‘were Eid squares Ot m x0. Dedce the inl horizontal weocity of abet Calculate the vertical velocity of the Dallas i reached the e€ge of the sorte. Calculate the aceeletion de 16 sgaviy co Xenos. 1 postion dt for te bal is missing Predict were shou be, Tee Moos was 1.0 Below te tle suri, alee the velocity of the ‘ul shite Noor. alesse the horizontal component of the proectieas eT the wack, CCulcalste the vertical component of the velocity ofthe projectile ai let the teck ‘Calcalasi vlocy aie te tek IF the projectile hit the Noor 1.0m below de last sown pasion, dees 5 otal dine of fight. ‘Cleulte the height of tbe nuoch point above the ground oleuatss its maxim bight, ‘he ital velesity ofthe shot Cleat inal veal vlc. Calculates inial veloiy, heviznua Piguet. cy 12 Newton and Escape Velocity ‘ir snae Newton reas thet, gvan the fate projectile was Hed te foterk would go before t Tithe ground then tere mus be a fring speed which wou'd cause i 1 obit the Ear back vo ik ing point He Gane oasoned tht if i was Bed faster chan this value, then pethags it would Rave the Eat, While Newton had no way of testing his ens, we now know tat he heating fle Utbtton wih the stmopere would ease any poi ied fst enough go tno orbit © bare Showy er xing. ti aditon, the “frees requied 10 accelerate the projet co the ened Thana Speed would iil any passengers. We ean show ths by eating he gravitons pent] Chung ache Bs’ suface to th neti enesay we Would nes to give He projet to enable ito ‘scape the Bath's avitationl pl. Se: KE = Yam? = aGeE = St Fromthi, v= [20MM oy Ppt Rxeardor"S 97AIO SKI So, y= 11200 = 40000 kph = 33 mes the peed of sound! Substuing values, we get ‘ote that eseape veloety depends ony onthe mass ofthe planet and its radi, Is independent bt the mas of the pret. For YouTo Do Note et uve of he equation obove és wet rained by the HSC. Problens have bee Intute Increose nesting ofthe concep |. Fapleinwiy projec lange below escape velosty tums to Ean 3, Recall the Actor on which the escape velo ofa projet depends 5 Saguestavetson Marea he Woon donot ve at atosphre 3. Bsbitn way ie not possible fo lac pacoeraf tothe Moon from acannon a described inJules Verne's "From the Each tothe Moan. 45, The eazapewolocity fr Bart is 112 hp. Tt for Masi 5.0 pe, What two things docs his snggest about Mas compared to Eat? 46. Given tan the gravitatonl soseleraton eo the Moon is about 3.6 ms" ‘oocity, Explsinhow you get your sme. etna hs escape 12. Beserbe what wil happen eos nunched with es than escape veloc. 8 Cates the ising dain the ae, Phanet ass 0) Diameter (km) | Escape velocity ‘Merny 338x107 480 & ‘vents B trios 10393 arth sor 10 c 14 Mars Barn” or D Supiter B Luge | 59582 Sau 569 x 108 F 35568 Uranus 5.68 10" si G Neptune if 9250 2362 Ph Larx to 1 209 ‘Sun 20010" 1392.30 a Moon 35x10 37 x 4 13 Changing Acceleration of Rockets Given that setronate would not euvive the Fores required to fe # rocket fom 2 ceeuon, rocket Iunces occur th fel burng over rach longer perio’ of tine. The big Aisadvantage of thie is that typical rocket wll equi Tel up to 90% af ts tal ass. During luc oskete wil be avbjected to Wwe forees~ that of graviy, and thal dae 10 the thst of the rocket engines. Mathematically, swe simply apply Newion's second aw “uation fem et yor EF= a= thrast— welght=T-—mg souceclemtionofrocket, a= 72H As fel s bong, the me of he socks: Becomes sie wl te hast rent ‘Sins stele, ates ee Setscennma wiles dg akeote, —(PHETAY Fema eating me ez kien Ly of Samaras ean, on orem oth exh be ia povies he epwarsinute popt oh “Mathematically: fee = ial iH 20a * “Aes son oa= Aas Ao Vay = Ae, (ins indicates opposite direction) So, velocity ofthe rocks, a Dae Notie als, cemembeting Wat the change in momentum ofan obj S aq! the impale of an ‘ple ore, that the impulee ofthe exist gases dr wil be cual to te ampuise applied to he rocket upwards, Plyag Flas A given equa tie, ee = Frat (NeMOnS thi aw) ‘Now, ines the ate a wih fel is burt andthe exist peed of He axes constant the muneretor ofthis exprestion dos not ciange. However, the denominator cenreases 8 (ie! is butt $0 the Socity of the racket ineroases cease the as deteases ad the acceleration Increase, ii Site fo analyse accseraton dig inie-ff. ‘The best we can do with the maths we have i © ‘leu inal acceleration, or insiananeous acceleration at speci ime daring io, Bsampla:A mde! ket ne» mgs of 300 on isl lege evslps aw ihotaF SM. Fn eit ecerston Pree eee Data Caleulaten mses 0.5 ks ftom an TS, 15 (05299) roams? @ a5 thas 1518 5 For You To Do ‘ite the oquetion above isnot specified in the slabs, Won a special case of Newion's second la 20 mathematic! problems otis work are posible. The syllabus dees require you fo analyse the oeelrtion of exroncus in rockets bs tems of Nowe ond monet. 1. Arocket aso mass of 250 eg, 80% (6 Caleute the tral ine tbe boing lt develope atest 0F 4000 rockets wl fe IN. Caloulate i ital aceleration (© Calclate the iia aceteration ‘and ig desertion when bal 3 fe) ofthe ask las been consumed (@ Calculate the aceeteration of the 2, bike thrust of rocket einer ie rocket at die tines fostaa, account forthe fect that He «S.A. rok has 2 mass of § x 10" ke of hie 75% ise. songs bums fel ‘celeron neces. 512.5» 1" kg mi The rocket hs nt 3, Awode rocket has mass of 250 of ‘which 150g ful. It eves: thst Intl eeceleration of ms" up. of 30 N,Caleaate its iia! (2) Caleulae the thst she engines eclosion and ie seclerstion ust ‘éevelop. etre the final fle bazad (&) Draw a graph to show the fist 4. Before Iouneh a socket has 8 mas of remaiting inthe rocket against 20 eg of whic 1S0D i is fe. te time of bam. engines. develop a constant thet of (©) Caleta how phot AS x ON, Figie 13.2 shows how ‘emai eer 3 minut itor mags changos daring tke (© Gaealse the tol Une de {@) Caleuste the snot of fst rockets wil fie ein the Fst Sites. (1 Cateulat We aceleraion of the (6) Caleulste how much fet rocket fer 2 mats. eraing ate 10 mioutes 7.21 000 eg rocket exhauss gases ata (©) Beduco Bow meh fuel is ‘onsaet 700g per second 300 ms ar esc sine (@)Caeulae the momentum ofthe (6) Coleus what tal tine the exaust as, rockets wil ie. (6) Daduce the ths applied co tbe (oy Caleulote the secaaction of rocket by th engines ‘he ook at ime 5 nines | (© Cakalt is inital acetration. 8) 190% ofthe mas ef te rocket i fae, eaeulto how love the gins wil bu (@ Galealae ie meximam acceleration of the ook. 8. Figwe.13.3 sows the momentum of & rocket and is exhaust gases before, tlving and ater take-oF.- The eagines fgite at ine 20. Labo «copy of his : . Teper D Taaoeh | 19 | Srinapon > = ; Uses Wirienn | st 800 E 569567 i i 24 The Slingshot Effect “Tn tngsho effect was fist used by the Mariner 10 space probe thst le close to Venus on ts way #0 Mercary, ‘This effect refers tthe increase in velocity given to a speceerall becouse it ene the riaonal il of planet as flies past Tis the snshot effect ha eases comets o travel uch fisceas they approach and ge around the Suo before traveling deep back nto the Solar Sytem for the ‘est of tet OIL iis also the slingshot elfct hat causes tbe oral peed of planes to vary alte Because tei ents are ella ais han eculr, they gina small smount of peed 25 they approach their efosest pont othe Sun, Asthey move ava fiom the Sun gravitational effets sow then down, “The ting-shot effet wouks because the closer a space capsule gels 10 & planet, the stronger i griatioalfrce esis it and nesses is speed. The effet is feted mntematicaly by the Laws of (Conservation of Momentum and Enesay. ‘Analysis of he equations involved fngestes that the: maximum slingshot celfst occurs wien the space and plone: approach cach other ewan, ed the velocity gain wo the spaceanit ‘wie the bial sped ofthe planet, be. Vr = w + 2 orbital spec of pane 1 the spacteall approaches the planet from any other diecuon, deve will ill Figure 2.1 ‘bea gain in spe but it wil be less than tie the bial speed of planet, osimum singshot tact 1 the slingshot eect id tot exist, ‘ulline what changes would have (0 be Inode To spacecraft 0 they eould tll take he jonmeys they make in the KE is conserved as thee is no acual collision 4 brwean the spacceaft and the pane, +0 the Planet mist Tose KE, and tetefoxe obit pee. In pris, the KE lst by Jpite is abont {wo milion bilan billionths of is orginal KE ame ine. otenoagh to case any anceableclange nite S.__—_Ouiline two posible problems with the cal peed, slingshot Tee 6. Spacecraft nunched 0 expire the Solr System aloray orbit the Bar scveral times before. being dieced aut ito pace esa the fo ta reasons for doing is. For You To Do 1. an object to etanges is speed, it aecelerates This needs a fore. Resll the source ofthis oe 7. Explain the isavaniages of lnunching a 2, Exphin why the slingshot effet is spucecrof arelly out into the Solar fal for space trae Sysiem. 8 Cael the maximum singsot gain in Speed 13 000 me") head-on, a peed for 2. spaccenft racing arcund 12000 ms". Caloulate is speed afer the Serum sthich as an oval speed of Singhot manos 10 000s 3, Aspaseraft appreackes Jupiter (bial | 22 Reentry Ca spaceerft loses forvardé velocity, graviltona fees pull w lower lmspherc fein will ther slow the raf ad orbital decay Osc, hades. Tnevested Cra in Jor Barth bits ae subject to atmosphere feton and need peo hoot to sails dir bit if they ane to remain in exit for many years, Unespoced slewing down can octur i exeesive radiation from sla fates wars the almosphara ad causes iw expiad Los higher alte tan nora fora short time. Orbital cay ao ocurs when spcserf ore delibetelyrturad to Earth Reng speci te stected tonne het di to atmos ion ant g frees de Acsraton Te fos node nent se oe move mae an or ake of told aeeeaon wich occured stan ade of aba 120 nav spacer it te tp ote twp: The fore n tke ser over longs in a) eles" Aln Sheps, or ‘sane, egeened 63 08 hen 11.8 ea ‘Moss spacers, such athe Space Shuttle an the Ventre Stara powered hte th is designs to replace the current models, have wings and cntals which give plos some cart over the ele of r= cry. Space shut plots Seon experience fees peter han 3 gen re-eny. “The is problem aso fies on rent hing the op af he soso a the ih ang. Too tino th a wap of bck in spe, Sepa teres and hea hod wi bo ao Inge fr sural the sszonauts othe eat ‘Thereanity snl vies dpesing on te sae othe Craftand ies spesd, Porte Apolo mission reenter thang wae tween 32" =n 72 ‘angle corvect BE x orem Be i” Figure 224 Retry nga iat ste rtm oa Toe san te erat can bounce of the [Shouphareback nt space toc step ana phomat beth ina ive lr! (Of mare cons the at bp ssc wih any (emanbar — the acca is moving at Sound 1 00m) ayer showed ts nt etwas ee ww peer cng oe ‘Senty,‘Sesalad y vlot ng jected toa face que il ae fee 70°C oar ty Hc eas fon of eran th sore ch fe font hen,‘ Shs oar be imager" first” for this tetson, it 7 Other statgies used to minimise hea build-up inside eonty xpaues have inched srfil skins, Init metal alloys then more elfen fbveyass 0 heat-esisentcaramis tha shor mich ofthe best ergy as they vaporse. Seorifii skins wore used by all the Mercury snd Gemini (Earth omits] ‘issn anc All (othe Moon) rear capsules Because they coud be ued only once, sacl Iyer Were eplacod with sponifeam Megs ties on the Space Shuts, These are 90% ir (an eeclent insult) andere punted with © waterproof silo Sealant beovee cach fight. The slit groves the les fom absorbing atmosphere moisture (which ‘woul increase te me of the cea signifies), and bas off daring the first stages of teeny. “The new Venture Sia sites wil be covered wilb avery high meling point alloy skin that, beeause of Ae gone consol astronnts wil have over thsirre-eky peed, wil protect wilboot burnings. Having survived re-entry, astonais thn hae o survive landing. Bary Rusine capsules hd pase to slow the capsule spouts where dhe astronaut could ejest sod parachute to Ent, Early Amerioan af also slowed atch last stages with pocutes, bul sot Inde in te ocean and were reieved by ‘Ships The Spore Shue lan sel although bing unpowered it bas Fimited mancenvabitity and only ‘ne chance at eth nding. Vente Str, with is own engines, wll have greater landing options. A further problem fod by asronts on sent ionisation Blackout. Tonstion blackout teased fs eat buldap de o atmosphere Gili ionses i round th e-nty expel and stops radio signals fom entering or leaving the capale. In cay capsules, because of Thar fster re-enry, the fnistion backout was to 4minstes, Wilh the Space Shute, itis wp to 16 mines. For You To Do Explain why’ the spongifoam pated with selon 1. Bplay g forces in sentry neatly 1 ae syeceerst wore lneger than (hase ‘experienced during lunch 12, Recall the rutin problem that would 2, Explain why gforees in re-caby in develop “if spoogifoam tes were meen spacecraft are smaller than those allowed te absorb meizare txperened tin avtch, 15, Explain sy the Venue Star astronaut vill hive tote control over 1- Kita tan co oo ON 1 Se lvgxon asthe ight, so the Tigh has to avel Tutor to reich it~ tke longer to ge ere. ig @ SEESEEETL ORE The Bick doot opens fis. The wo eveas YP (We "doors opeting) donot occu, Slnwlaneosly In this observer's fame of thon the distance veld by the ein in ine but 2Ue sy a reference Figure 282). aie ‘or You To Do. Note that vy, te peed ofthe object, is slays ee less thane, thespeed of ight, she quotient 1, The starship Bnerpise is staonary in spoce to make repairs tothe arp dive. Suddenly a : Klingon veselappenrs fom the righ and ashes towards and past the Eneprise at hall the so, so, ptt says ba es tha spend of ight Whon itt exactly info ofthe Enterprise, Capain Kit es po and stsboard .—_Aeanstaays be greater thant eft znd right) lser canons simultaneouly, He observes bth ase it the Klingon vessel at 3, af 7 a Tiesams tine, Outline tis evest fam the fame of reference ofthe casa of the Klingon ship. TDs er th ines psig mre ly “Whi ners Fas Explain the Klingon pains observations. 7 rai. To gears, tine i» moving fame of reference ways passes mare slowly than time in aay caer fame of reference, Thi efact ‘ekenown as tne dilation, 2. Ihe separate incident the Klingon ship Hashes past the Foterprise and oes the pot and af sets fire smutancouly. Outline what Captain Kik sees and account forthe diference in fis ‘observation compat io that of he Klingon capi. 40 “ Wit the development of aloinie clocks able 1 menue time with a high depres of accuracy, ‘experiments wore able oe dove to verily Einsteins work. Two identical clocks were used. One ‘ras pled in plane which New at axiom sped. The oir stayed on the ground, Time on the ‘leek inte plane posted mor lowly than tht the eloek onthe grou 1s import to elise ta the ea frame of reference cntsas to observer wo is atest lave 12 ‘he motion. Unfeansely, this not ssp ai seoms. Inthe example given, edn the absence of anything to messure the velocity of the tin agains, the observer in the tin woald think that he ‘wa tee and fat the observer o he platform was moving ia the oposite direction So as fas the ‘bverer inthe taf concerted, ine woul be passing more slowy on the plafonm. (Read the “wis pradax” fora moze detailed explsnation ofthis) For You To Do 1. Catt the missing vaaes: 6 The Klingon captain wotices that it takes 0.55 to ly ist the stationary Teagih off Enters o 1. Cafes the time ‘tumeon {Speca}seandon | Time ‘of ts yy as measured by Capi ime on | Seer | spaceship. 2s | dilation | ‘Kk on the Enterprise, Jmceshi| of | ested by | effect | 7. AUFO fies pst the Earth at 02s. An ©) | stip | Sorerveron |“) ‘bserveron Bath wales te UFO ‘earth fora, Calulate te tin he 1_|[oe strona inthe UFO ses the Earth breve wach 1 [ae 8. A specifies pst a planet at 04 ‘Te plot axl hs gical on the 1 [ose planet each wave at ech other for 7 fon 5 sesonis.Calouate bow fong ech we eeon secs the oer person waving. 1 | ose 9. ipa Causa 4.9 Tight ye from eis thee ae observed Wy is pl ad by rlsion contol on Eat 2 Grape % time dilation aginst the 40, A spaceship travelling a 0.750 seeds 8 selacty ofthe spaczeat Inieowave message wo Ext 3. From “your gah, describe what Catal te spot ofthe wasmision appa fo the ne iaton effet as relive to Earth ifthe spaceship was thesjeed of the objet gets closer and Coveling lover to he sped of ig away fom Banh 4. Mesos) have a hie of 22 ps (tomas Eat owever, mesons fed in the wppet {Calon i ts speed rclave simoapbere as ir parley ae it by tothe specship inch se. rie rays tk 16 pst reach the 1, spacenip moves a 25 x 107 ms", fomd, Calelte the sped of the ‘stonals sand 26 8 hour wath sion Gttetate bow long atssion contol 5, hn aekenaut uoveling at tlt the Sema cae wae ‘peed of ight takes 10 hours sip time 42, Calenats ow fs 8 spceehip would ‘Breach br destination. Clete how eo pe to ean yet oe tat much ine as pused on Eat tip would eonspoad to 3 years on ork 30 Length Contraction lIagne another experiment with aight onthe back wall ofa moving tua shining oto ari on (he front wall and reeting back to he back wall, Two observes, oe inside and one outside, wate ‘whet apps [As observer ins the train (Fgaze 21) I, ste height o th ain curage tbe he light travels otal dstnce oF 2 mime From yest wegen alde B: statonary observer outside the train “This observer ses the tain move forwats i the time Ic takes the light travel om the back wall to the fo. and bac, soe sees the light ake a longer route forwards bata shore sone backward as shown below: Figuea0s Fat ot ight tor bsevar Pde natin forthe forwards journey (Figure 30.2) Jenath ofthe tains measur by the outside observer time forthe Tigh wo eave forwards ax F9He302 Ea of gt or oui measured by he ouside observer pee eres el speed of ain then the distance waved by the unin ie cat uM stance uavelled by the Hight =eke= Ly # for the backwards journey (Figus 303) GG time fr the igh to eavel ack as FO¥E8BD Pa otro esgured by tho ouside obser ? length ofthe wan 28 measized by the ime dition equation, we get: eng of a Fram th imedlltion equation, ve g pepe 2h distance for backwards joey Tz 72 y= Ly PSS 0, tiene fees but ta 2Lel, so, substituting, we get; a eae ste fr wide jury Pye ttyl Ais} bs every 2, which earanges co give, which eamanges'o ‘Note tha, the oped ofthe objet inthe frame ef teense ofthe sationay observer, i aay Ise than the Speed of ight, 2, the quotient So, L, mat abvays be les than “ie mat alas be les tha This mean that moving objets always appear tobe shorter when measured from different fame of reference, To generis, observer fiom oui « moving ayeem wil always se the system #5 Sherr dant fal eng. This fet sown asl For You Toe 1 Caen he misig abs te oe Titi | Te | sage ca oe oct sn ant ovaip peal oy oieer io ieee 1 [ete 1 pane 1 [eae 1 [es 1 [ewe 1 fos Gah the Jena conuetion against the velciy ofthe spaecrf From your graph, deserbe what happens) to. the length contaction fet as dhe speed of the objets go ‘lose and closer ode speed of ight. ‘8-100 mong spaceship Mes past a space sation at OS. Calle is lenginasitappears tbe to f) aspilot (B) an observer on the space If he space sation in question 4 is 230 m leng,ealevlte iis length as bservod by (2) te ploe (Ban observer on the spacs A100 avlong Klingon space vessel fics past Stun al O25e.” The “a 1. diameter of Satur 28 seen fom Earth {5120000 km. Calulte Gis Gamoter se seen by the ‘lingers (the length of ths Klingon ‘ese a steam Satur. ‘The Space Shute is 38 m log and tybits Earth at about 30” 000. kph Caletate its apparent length as sez bypan stouemer on Er ‘An astonaut inthe same Space ShuulsTooks down and ses 2 250 kn section ofthe Gres: Wall of Chia (Calle the sstronaut (Th the astonsat saw the setion «be 250 km loa, ‘lutte is real ogth ob Est, A moving spaceship appeass © be “Ts nto. Hits acally 100 long, cleat is seed Calculate the sped that would cause a length conrston of 15% A rocket ship fom Jupiter is 400m Tong It erisr past Earth ee 0.95e. CCueaste is length as seen by = tninary observer on Earth Astronomers mecsire ihe Kengh of meteorite approaching Earth a 035e {06275 m, What would bots leah ‘it vas sana on Bath? ‘A.Klingon spe ves! is moving at Ove a i Rise past the Bricrrise The Klingon capaie messuce the Aistnee Detweca his forward ad rear laser cannon a9 150m. Calclet> thoi distance spar as messed by sro onthe Beri, 31 Relativistic Mass “The mass of an objet i alo affected if in moving, At all speeds, mas increases secordig, i Biwi’ relabwitic mass quation: ‘Atnonnal sped, nd light speeds upto about 26, the mass” increase. is —isigiiaetly small, “At speeds approaching the speed of Tight the mass increase is exponen inthe, same way as time and leah cange, approaching infinity the peed of ight, ‘This leads ust the eonepl of rest mash, ty ‘ne mass ofan object when tis ates, Fest energy = mae? Obviously, as mss incteses so dacs the force ede to eecleate it AS mass approaches Infinity, the foree nesded to accelerate it fares apprschesiaiity. The end rest that speeds beyond the speed of Tight ae impossible Observations of the messes of patil in nuclear accelerators have proven the mast Fnorose effet Eiowin's (beoctca) explanation of es is that when an objects moving (any sped), the eneigy uted o accelerate the mass also changes is mst. AU high apes, while the ‘nora sl changes the mmo ft objet, not lof i results nan insroase in esd. Hs pk Forward now concep forthe energy of an object: BoKE +m? For ao object a et, KE is 200, so we tave the concept of rest energy equal to mye The ‘et eneegy of 3 mass is oly available daring ‘uclear proceses 45 For You To Do What is rst nase? ‘Why isthe concept of & est mas ese? Wat srs exergy? ‘When caret energy be obsened? ‘A proton lea esas of 1.97% 10° kg. What iit eet energy? One: gram of protns i 6.02 x 10" Protoss. What here energy of ene ‘gam ofptons? A pica mackse section which ‘eleases energy fom wai i Py ty9 Man * Bry 43h wheremass 74 =3.904 « 10°" 516% 107" kg 1g = 2457 LO kt By = 110% 10 kg (0) Fad he mute does in this resetion and then (©) Hed he enzey released inte Whee mas would Inve a eet energy fn joule? (@) Find the KE possesed by 22. toane tick moving at 60 kb (©) Wat mass would have this cunt of energy ab iis rest engy? (© Hew many atoms of uranion (question 7) would need to recs oleae this energy? “The mas of an elostron at test 8.01 10g, (©) Cabule the mass. of an tleton in a TV tbe, moving ace (©) Cable its mass in a tnaar scoolerator when is moving st085e, Cela the peceninge ineeass in the mass of an Apollo rocket it escapes fom Eeth's “geviyy at Ups 82 Special Relativity and Space Travel Topic Test “Tae nearest gx tow, Andeomdngaltny sou? millon ight years ay. If we coulé rave at LAs asa mass ofSkg. What it «6A. pjevile is aunchod st €0 ma at the spect of ight ould ake us 2 milion years ope thre. "The fastest any space probe as gone is ‘ts weigh on Earth? SoMtotbeverel. Wha iterange? shout 150 000 Eph following sing ound the Sun Tis would involve temperatures humans wy Ske tm ‘ould not survive. The fastest space probes lowing slingshots roued Mrs, Jupiter and Saar have @ sn ® 9m fered at about 100 00 ph © Big (© tm ©) oN ©) 3am However, despite thee eelaivel slow speeds, and she huge distances volved in spece, ost people bslieve humane wil eventnly evel within te Soh Systm. Manned missions wo Mars are 2A planet has 4 tines the mass oF Fath 7. Which tema abut the assertion amenity planed. AF wo have seen calr, sravel beyond the Slar Sytem involves tines end ani twice iis rads What is the of reat iting wit constant thst

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