HSC Physics Sample Exams

2001
H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A M I N AT I O N
Physics
Total marks 100

General Instructions
Reading time 5 minutes
Working time 3 hours
Write using black or blue pen
Draw diagrams using pencil
Board-approved calculators may
be used
A data sheet, formulae sheets and
Periodic Table are provided at
the back of this paper
Write your Centre Number and
Student Number at the top of
pages 13, 15, 17 and 21
Section I
Pages 223
75 marks
This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 115
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Part B 60 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Section II
Pages 2531
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 2731
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
433
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval
completely.
Sample:
2+4=
(A) 2
A
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 9
D
If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the
new answer.
A
If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.
correct
A
A person has a mass of 70.0 kg. What is the weight of the person at the Earths surface?
(A) 70.0 kg
(B)
70.0 N
(C)
686 kg
(D) 686 N
At a particular moment, a positively charged particle is moving with velocity v in a

magnetic field as shown.
Magnetic field
out of page
At this moment, what is the direction of the force on the positively charged particle?
(A) To the right
(B)
To the left
(C)
Into the page
(D) Out of the page
The resistance of mercury at various temperatures is shown in the graph.
Resistance ()
0.16
0.08
0.00
0
4
6
Temperature (K)
Between which two temperatures does mercury always act as a superconductor?

(A) 0 K and 4.2 K
(B)
4.2 K and 4.5 K
(C)
4.5 K and 8.0 K
(D) 0 K and 8.0 K
Two types of generator are shown.
N
S
Resistance
Resistance
Generator 2
Generator 1
What type of current is produced by each generator when connected to an external

resistance?
(A) Both produce d.c.
(B)
Both produce a.c.
(C)
Generator 1 produces d.c. and Generator 2 produces a.c.
(D) Generator 1 produces a.c. and Generator 2 produces d.c.

4
The graph shows the forces experienced by an astronaut during a rocket launch into a
stable orbit.
Forces on astronaut
Time
In which time interval was the acceleration of the rocket the greatest?
(A) ST
(B)
TU
(C)
U V
(D) VW
The signal from a microwave transmitter can be thought of as a beam of photons.

The photons from a particular transmitter have a wavelength of 3.5 102 m.
What is the approximate energy of each photon?
(A) 7.73 1044 J
(B)
5.68 1024 J
(C)
2.32 1035 J
(D) 1.89 1032 J
An astronaut is standing on Mars. The astronaut throws an object of mass 0.30 kg

vertically upward at an initial speed of 9.0 m s1. It reaches a maximum height of
11 metres.
What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the object?
(A) 1.4 m s2
(B)
3.7 m s2
(C)
9.0 m s2
(D) 9.8 m s2
A light rod has a coil of insulated copper wire fixed at one end and is pivoted at the other
end. The result is a pendulum which is free to swing back and forth. A magnet is placed
underneath this pendulum. The arrangement is shown in the diagram.
Pivot
Rod
Coil
Magnet
The pendulum is pulled back and then allowed to swing. Which of the following would
cause the pendulum to come to rest most quickly?
(A) Replacing the magnet with a stronger one
(B)
Shortening the pendulum
(C)
Replacing the rod with a heavier one
(D) Connecting the ends of the coil by a piece of copper wire
Which is the most suitable means of reliable and continuous communication between an
orbiting satellite and Earth?
(A) Light from a green laser
(B)
Microwaves
(C)
Radio waves
(D) Sound waves
10
An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is

allowed to run at different speeds by adjusting a brake.
Which graph best shows how the current through the motor varies with speed?
(B)
Current
Current
(A)
Speed
11
Current
(D)
Current
(C)
Speed
Speed
Speed
A transformer has a primary coil with 60 turns and a secondary coil with 2300 turns.
If the primary voltage to the transformer is 110 V, what is the secondary voltage?
(A) 2.4 104 V
(B)
2.4 102 V
(C)
1.3 103 V
(D) 4.2 103 V
12
Which of the following statements best describes the reason why some materials become
superconducting at very low temperatures?
(A) The ions in the superconductor form a regular crystal lattice. There are long
channels through the lattice along which the electrons can pass without colliding
with the lattice.
(B)
Vibrations of the crystal lattice are so small that they do not interfere with the
motion of the electrons.
(C)
Electrons in a superconductor have very low energy. Their energy is so low that
they cannot transfer energy to the crystal lattice in a collision.
(D) Electrons pair up. These electron pairs pass through the crystal lattice of the
superconductor without losing energy in collisions with the lattice.
13
A rocket car moves on a straight horizontal track. Half of the initial mass of the rocket
car is propellant. During the run, propellant is consumed at a constant rate and ejected at
a constant nozzle velocity.
Which of the following best describes the force propelling the rocket car, and the
magnitude of the acceleration of the rocket car while the propellant is being ejected?
Force
Acceleration
(A)
constant
constant
(B)
increasing
constant
(C)
constant
increasing
(D)
increasing
increasing
14
Two straight metal rods, P and Q, have the same length. They are each pivoted at one end
and rotated with the same angular velocity so that they sweep out horizontal circular
paths as shown in diagrams X and Y. A constant current I is flowing along each rod, as
shown.
In diagram X, a constant magnetic field is applied at right angles to the plane of the
circular path. In diagram Y, a uniform magnetic field of the same magnitude is applied
in the plane of the circular path.
I
P
Diagram X
Diagram Y
Which of the following statements about the forces acting on rod P and rod Q is correct?
(A) The magnitude of the force on P is exactly the same as the magnitude of the force
on Q at all times.
(B)
The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force
on Q is zero.
(C)
The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force
on Q varies with time.
(D) The magnitude of the force on P varies with time and the magnitude of the force
on Q is constant.
A student releases a ball from eye level. The ball bounces several times.
Which velocity vs time graph best represents the balls motion?
Velocity
Time
Velocity
Time
Velocity
(A)
Time
Velocity
15
Time
(B)
(C)
(D)
10
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Centre Number
Section I (continued)
Part B 60 marks
Student Number
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Marks
Question 16 (4 marks)
Muons are very short-lived particles that are created when energetic protons collide
with each other. A beam of muons can be produced by very-high-energy particle
accelerators.
The high-speed muons produced for an experiment by the Fermilab accelerator are
measured to have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds. When these muons are brought to
rest, their lifetime is measured to be 2.2 microseconds.
(a)
Name the effect demonstrated by these observations of the lifetimes of the

muons.
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
434
13
Marks
A rocket was launched vertically to probe the upper atmosphere. The vertical velocity
of the rocket as a function of time is shown in the graph.
5.0
Velocity (km s1)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
(a)
40
80 120 160 200

Time after lift-off (s)
240
Using either words or calculations, compare the acceleration of the rocket at

t = 20 s with its acceleration at t = 100 s.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
14
Board of Studies NSW 2001
Physics
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number
Marks
A 30 kg object, A, was fired from a cannon in projectile motion. When the projectile
was at its maximum height of 25 m, its speed was 20 m s 1.
An identical object, B, was attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant
speed of 20 m s1 in a vertical half-circle. The length of the arm was 25 m.
A
20 m s 1
25 m
20 m s 1
25 m
Ground
Ground
Pivot
Ignore air resistance.

(a)
Calculate the force acting on object A at its maximum height.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the time it would take object A to reach the ground from its position
of maximum height.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Describe and compare the vertical forces acting on objects A and B at their
maximum heights.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
435
15
Marks
How does Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity explain the result of the
MichelsonMorley experiment?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
The electrical supply network uses a.c. and a variety of transformers between the
generating stations and the final consumer.
Explain why transformers are used at various points in the network.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
16
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
A fan that ventilates an underground mine is run by a very large d.c. electric motor.
This motor is connected in series with a variable resistor to protect the windings in the
coil.
When the motor is starting up, the variable resistor is adjusted to have a large
resistance. The resistance is then lowered slowly as the motor increases to its
operating speed.
Explain why no resistance is required when the motor is running at high speed, but a
substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
436
17
Marks
Two parallel wires are separated by a distance of 0.75 m. Wire X is 3.0 m long and
carries a current of 2.0 A. Wire Y can be considered to be infinitely long and carries a
current of 5.0 A. Both currents flow in the same direction along the wires.
3.0 m
Wire X
2.0 A
0.75 m
Wire Y
5.0 A
(a)
What is the direction of the force that exists between the two wires?
...............................................................................................................................
On the axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires
would vary if the length of Wire X was increased.
Force
(b)
Length of Wire X
(c)
In your Physics course you have performed a first-hand investigation to

demonstrate the motor effect. Explain how your results demonstrated that effect.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
18
Marks
Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the
environment.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
19
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
Sir William Bragg and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg shared the Nobel prize for physics
in 1915 for their work on X-ray diffraction and crystal structure analysis.
(a)
Describe ONE way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted

on science.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the
structure of crystals.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
437
21
Marks
A student carried out an experiment on the photoelectric effect. The frequency of the
incident radiation and the energy of the photoelectrons were both determined from
measurements taken during the experiment.
The results obtained are shown in the table:
(a)
Frequency of incident radiation

( 1014 Hz)
Energy of photoelectrons
( 10 19 J)
6.9
1.22
8.2
1.70
9.1
3.70
9.9
3.05
10.6
3.38
11.8
3.91
Graph these results on the grid, including the line of best fit.
Question 25 continues on page 23

22
Marks
Question 25 (continued)
(b)
How could the reliability of the experiment be improved?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
23
Physics
Section II
25 marks
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Pages
438
Question 27
Geophysics ..................................................................... 26
Question 28
Medical Physics ............................................................. 27
Question 29
Astrophysics ............................................................. 2829
Question 30
From Quanta to Quarks .................................................. 30
Question 31
The Age of Silicon ......................................................... 31
25
Marks
Question 27 Geophysics (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(i)
Name the instrument used in local gravity surveys.
(ii)
Describe how that instrument is used in resource exploration.
The diagram shows a map of the part of an ocean that includes two chains of
features, a chain of islands and a chain of seamounts.
Continent
Chain
63
ounts
of seam
Ocean
56
54
47
43
28
22
Chai
n of
12 7
54
2
islan
ds
Age
(Ma)
(i)
Name the geophysical phenomenon that accounts for the shape of the
chain of islands.
(ii)
Account for the formation and alignment of the chain of islands and the
chain of seamounts.
(c)
Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

relationship between the nature of a surface and the radiation reflected from it.
(d)
When the theory of plate tectonics was first proposed, some parts of the
scientific community were reluctant to accept it.
Discuss the theory of plate tectonics and the evidence leading to its acceptance.
(e)
Discuss how information gathered from seismic observations has led to greater
understanding of the structure of the Earth.
26
Marks
Question 28 Medical Physics (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(i)
Identify the purpose of a coherent bundle of optical fibres in an

endoscope.
(ii)
An optical fibre consists of a central core surrounded by cladding.

Describe the role of the core and cladding.
The table shows information relating to the transmission of sound through some
types of body tissue.
Tissue
Acoustic impedance
( 106 kg m2 s1)
Density
(kg m3)
Velocity of sound
(m s1)
Muscle
1.70
1040
1630
Fat
1.38
945
1460
Bone
7.80
2560
3050
(i)
Identify ONE property of ultrasound.
(ii)
Justify why, in an ultrasound scan, a boundary between muscle and bone

would show up more clearly than would a boundary between muscle
and fat.
(c)
You have conducted a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the Doppler effect.

Describe your investigation and conclusions.
(d)
CAT scans provide more information than X-rays, so they should be used
whenever possible. Discuss this statement.
(e)
Explain why MRI can be used to detect cancerous tissues.
27
Marks
Question 29 Astrophysics (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(i)
Define the term binary stars.
(ii)
Describe the characteristics of its spectrum that identify a spectroscopic

binary.
The table shows information about three stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
Name
Spectral
class
Distance from
Sun (parsecs)
Apparent
magnitude
Betelgeuse
M2
184
+0.41
Achernar
B5
20
+0.47
Deneb
A2
429
+1.24
(i)
Identify which of the stars has the greatest surface temperature.
(ii)
If Deneb and Betelgeuse were viewed from the same distance, which
would appear brighter? Justify your answer.
28
Marks
(c)
A student carried out an experiment to examine the spectra of various light

sources through spectroscopes as shown in the diagram. The student observed
three different spectra.
Full range
of colours
X
Incandescent
lamp
Spectroscope
Two yellow lines

on a dark
background
Y
Sodium vapour
lamp
Spectroscope
Range of colours
with two
black lines
Z
Incandescent
lamp
Sodium
vapour
Spectroscope
Account for the differences in the three observed spectra.

(d)
A new generation of Earth-based optical telescopes is advancing optical

astronomy. Describe the advances in design that have been incorporated in large
telescopes over recent years.
(e)
Explain how the data presented in HertzsprungRussell diagrams may be used

to understand the evolution of stars.
End of Question 29
29
Marks
Question 30 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(i)
Define nucleon.
(ii)
Contrast ONE property of nucleons.
The table shows the quantum numbers of the four lowest states of the hydrogen
atom, together with the energies of those states.
Quantum number, n
Energy (joule)
1 (Ground state)
1.63 10 18
1.94 10 18
2.04 10 18
(i)
What is the energy of the photon emitted when an electron in the n = 4

level makes a transition to the n = 3 level?
(ii)
Use the data to draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, and indicate
on this diagram where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater
than 4.
(c)
Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

penetrating power of alpha, beta and gamma radiation on a range of materials.
(d)
The Manhattan Project is the codename given to the development of atomic

(nuclear fission) bombs during World War II.
Discuss the significance of this project for society.
(e)
Analyse how Chadwicks and Fermis work resulted in a greater understanding

of the atom.
30
Marks
Question 31 The Age of Silicon (25 marks)
(i)
State the name of the transducer that is commonly used in a light meter
of a camera.
(ii)
Describe the relationship between the amount of light incident on the

transducer referred to in part (i), and its resistance.
(a)
(b)
An ideal differential-input operational amplifier is connected into the following

circuit.
500 k
25 k
Vin = + 0.4 V
Op. amp.
Vout
(c)
(i)
Explain the function of the 500 k resistor in this circuit.
(ii)
Determine the output voltage, Vout.
A student constructed the following circuit in which four different logic gates
were used. The circuit had two inputs, A and B, and one output, S.
Key
Gate 1
P
Gate 2
Q
Gate Function
Gate 4
Gate 3
1
2
3
4
NAND
NOT
NOR
OR
For each of the possible input states of A and B, construct a truth table showing
the output of Gate 1 at P, Gate 2 at Q, Gate 3 at R and Gate 4 at S.
(d)
Discuss the possibility that there may be a limit on the growth of computer
power.
(e)
Discuss the impact that developments in electronics have had on society.
End of paper
31
Physics
DATA SHEET
Charge on the electron, qe
1.602 1019 C
Mass of electron, me
9.109 1031 kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1.675 1027 kg
Mass of proton, mp
1.673 1027 kg
Speed of sound in air
340 m s1
Earths gravitational acceleration, g
9.8 m s2
Speed of light, c
3.00 108 m s1
Magnetic force constant, k 0

2
2.0 107 N A2
Universal gravitational constant, G
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
Mass of Earth
6.0 1024 kg
Plancks constant, h
6.626 1034 J s
Rydbergs constant, RH
1.097 107 m1
Atomic mass unit, u
1.661 1027 kg
931.5 MeV/ c 2
1 eV
1.602 1019 J
Density of water,
1.00 103 kg m3
Specific heat capacity of water
4.18 103 J kg1 K1
33
FORMULAE SHEET
c = f
Intensity
Gm1 m2
F=
r2
1
d2
r3
T2
v1 sin i
=
v2 sin r
GM
4 2
m1 + m2 =
E=
R=
F
q
4 2 r 3
GT 2
d
M = m 5 log
10
V
I
IA
P = VI
= 100
IB
(mB mA )
Energy = VIt
d=
vav =
s
t
aav =
v v u
=
t
t
F = BIl sin
F = ma
F
l
Ek =
1
p
1 2
mv
2
=k
I1 I2
d
= Fd
p = mv
= nBIA cos
p = Ft
Vp
Vs
34
np
ns
FORMULAE SHEET
Ep =
F = qvB sin
Gm1 m2
r
E =
v = u + at
E = hf
v x 2 = ux 2
v y 2 = uy 2 + 2 ay y
Z = v
x = ux t
Ir
Io
1
2
y = uy t + ay t 2
s
u+v
=
t
2
2
Z2 Z1 ]
[
=
[ Z2 + Z1 ] 2
1
1
1
= RH 2 2
n f ni
lv = lo 1
tv =
V
d
v2
c2
h
mv
to
1
v2
c2
Amplifier gain =
Ao =
35
Vo
V+ V
Vout
Vin
36
Yttrium
5771
Strontium
56
Ba
137.3
Barium
88
Ra
[226.0]
Radium
Rubidium
55
Cs
132.9
Caesium
87
Fr
[223.0]
Francium
Rutherfordium
104
Rf
[261.1]
Hafnium
72
Hf
178.5
Zirconium
90
Th
232.0
Thorium
Actinides
89
Ac
[227.0]
Actinium
Protactinium
91
Pa
231.0
Praseodymium
59
Pr
140.9
Dubnium
105
Db
[262.1]
Tantalum
73
Ta
180.9
Niobium
41
Nb
92.91
Vanadium
Uranium
92
U
238.0
Neodymium
60
Nd
144.2
Seaborgium
106
Sg
[263.1]
Tungsten
74
W
183.8
Molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94
Chromium
Neptunium
93
Np
[237.0]
Promethium
61
Pm
[146.9]
Bohrium
107
Bh
[264.1]
Rhenium
75
Re
186.2
Technetium
43
Tc
[98.91]
Manganese
Plutonium
94
Pu
[239.1]
Samarium
Americium
95
Am
[241.1]
Europium
Curium
96
Cm
[244.1]
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.3
Ununnilium
Meitnerium
Hassium
63
Eu
152.0
110
Uun
109
Mt
[268]
62
Sm
150.4
Platinum
Iridium
78
Pt
195.1
Palladium
46
Pd
106.4
Nickel
108
Hs
[265.1]
77
Ir
192.2
Rhodium
45
Rh
102.9
Cobalt
28
Ni
58.69
Osmium
76
Os
190.2
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.1
Iron
27
Co
58.93
Berkelium
97
Bk
[249.1]
Terbium
65
Tb
158.9
Unununium
111
Uuu
Gold
79
Au
197.0
Silver
47
Ag
107.9
Copper
Californium
98
Cf
[252.1]
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.5
Ununbium
112
Uub
Mercury
80
Hg
200.6
Cadmium
48
Cd
112.4
Zinc
30
Zn
65.39
Einsteinium
99
Es
[252.1]
Holmium
67
Ho
164.9
113
Thallium
81
Tl
204.4
Indium
49
In
114.8
Gallium
31
Ga
69.72
Fermium
100
Fm
[257.1]
Erbium
68
Er
167.3
Ununquadium
114
Uuq
Lead
82
Pb
207.2
Tin
50
Sn
118.7
Germanium
32
Ge
72.61
Silicon
14
Si
28.09
Carbon
6
C
12.01
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Mendelevium
101
Md
[258.1]
Thulium
69
Tm
168.9
115
Bismuth
83
Bi
209.0
Antimony
51
Sb
121.8
Arsenic
Nobelium
102
No
[259.1]
Ytterbium
70
Yb
173.0
Ununhexium
116
Uuh
Polonium
84
Po
[210.0]
Tellurium
52
Te
127.6
Selenium
34
Se
78.96
16
S
32.07
15
P
30.97
33
As
74.92
Fluorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.1]
Lutetium
71
Lu
175.0
117
Astatine
85
At
[210.0]
Iodine
53
I
126.9
Bromine
35
Br
79.90
Chlorine
17
Cl
35.45
9
F
19.00
8
O
16.00
7
N
14.01
Where the atomic weight is not known, the relative atomic mass of the most common radioactive isotope is shown in brackets.
The atomic weights of Np and Tc are given for the isotopes 237Np and 99Tc.
Cerium
Lanthanum
Lanthanides
57
58
La
Ce
138.9
140.1
Actinides
89103
Lanthanides
39
Y
88.91
38
Sr
87.62
40
Zr
91.22
Titanium
Scandium
Calcium
26
Fe
55.85
29
Cu
63.55
37
Rb
85.47
25
Mn
54.94
Potassium
24
Cr
52.00
Aluminium
23
V
50.94
20
Ca
40.08
19
K
39.10
22
Ti
47.87
Magnesium
Sodium
21
Sc
44.96
13
Al
26.98
Boron
12
Mg
24.31
Name of element
11
Na
22.99
Atomic Weight
Gold
Beryllium
Lithium
Symbol of element
5
B
10.81
79
Au
197.0
4
Be
9.012
3
Li
6.941
Atomic Number
KEY
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Hydrogen
1
H
1.008
Ununoctium
118
Uuo
Radon
86
Rn
[222.0]
Xenon
54
Xe
131.3
Krypton
36
Kr
83.80
Argon
18
Ar
39.95
Neon
10
Ne
20.18
Helium
2
He
4.003
2002
Physics
Total marks 100

be used
pages 13, 17, 21 and 23
Section I
Pages 225
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Part B 60 marks
Section II
Pages 2737
25 marks
433
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks

completely.
Sample:
2+4=
(A) 2
A
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 9
D
new answer.
A
correct
A
The diagram shows the trajectory of a golf ball.

P
Which set of arrows shows the direction of the acceleration of the ball at points P and Q
respectively?
At P
At Q
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A spaceship is travelling at a very high speed. What effects would be noted by a

stationary observer?
(A) Time runs slower on the spaceship and it contracts in length.
(B)
Time runs faster on the spaceship and it contracts in length.
(C)
Time runs slower on the spaceship and it increases in length.
(D) Time runs faster on the spaceship and it increases in length.
The table shows the value of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Earth and
on the surface of Mercury.
Acceleration due to gravity
(m s2 )
Earth
9.8
Mercury
3.8
A person has a weight of 550 N on the surface of Earth.

What would be the persons weight on the surface of Mercury?
(A)
56.1 N
(B)
213 N
(C)
550 N
(D) 1420 N
3
The diagram shows four positions of a car on a roller coaster ride.
Direction
of travel
S
R
Q
At which point during this ride would the occupant experience maximum g force?
(A) P
(B)
(C)
(D) S
The table contains information related to two planets orbiting a distant star.
Planets
Mass
(kg)
Orbital
radius (m)
Radius of
planet (m)
Length of
day (s)
Orbital
period (s)
Alif
1.21 1025
4.00 1011
8.0 106
9.5 104
8.75 107
Ba
1.50 1024
8.00 1011
4.0 106
4.7 104
____
The orbital period of the planet Ba can be determined by using data selected from this
table.
What is the orbital period of the planet Ba?
(A) 3.10 107 s
(B)
5.51 107 s
(C)
1.39 108 s
(D) 2.47 108 s
What is the role of a transformer at an electrical power station?

(A) To reduce heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the voltage
(B)
To reduce heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the current
(C)
To increase heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the voltage
(D) To increase heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the current
A student performed an experiment to measure the force on a long current-carrying

conductor placed perpendicular to an external magnetic field.
The graph shows how the force on a 1.0 m length of the conductor varied as the current
through the conductor was changed.
Force (N)
0.7
3.0
Current (A)
What was the magnitude of the external magnetic field in this experiment?
(A) 0.23 T
(B)
1.1 T
(C)
2.1 T
(D) 4.3 T
A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B, so that the plane of the
coil is parallel to the field, as shown in the diagrams. The coil can move freely.
An electric current I flows around the coil in the direction shown.
In which direction does the coil begin to move as a consequence of the interaction
between the external magnetic field and the current?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
In a student experiment, a bar magnet is dropped through a long plastic tube of length l
and diameter d. The time taken for it to hit the floor is recorded.
N
S
N
S
Plastic
Copper
The experiment is repeated using a copper tube of the same length and diameter.
Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) The magnet will take the same time to hit the floor in both cases.
(B)
The magnet will come to rest in the middle of the copper tube.
(C)
The magnet will take longer to fall through the copper tube.
(D) The magnet will take longer to fall through the plastic tube.
10
The coil of an AC generator rotates at a constant rate in a magnetic field as shown.

B
Which of the following diagrams represents the curve of induced emf against position?
(A)
Q
Induced
emf P
Position
(B)
T
P
Induced
emf
Position
(C)
Induced
emf P
Position
(D)
P
Induced
emf
Position
Q
11
Which of the following describes an n-type semiconductor?

(A) A semiconductor doped to produce extra free electrons
(B)
A semiconductor doped to remove free electrons
(C)
A semiconductor doped to produce extra holes
(D) An undoped semiconductor
12
Which of the following graphs shows the behaviour of a superconducting material?

(A)
(B)
Resistance
()
0
Resistance
()
0
Temperature (K)
(C)
Temperature (K)
(D)
Resistance
()
0
Resistance
()
0
Temperature (K)
Temperature (K)
13
The diagram shows the side view of a simple cathode ray tube.
Fluorescent
screen
What is the function of the components labelled R?

(A) To produce cathode rays
(B)
To stop cathode rays striking the screen
(C)
To deflect the cathode rays vertically
(D) To deflect the cathode rays horizontally
14
During the early 1950s most transistors were manufactured using germanium.
Why was germanium used instead of silicon?
(A) Silicon is more brittle than germanium.
(B)
Germanium could be more easily produced in a purified form.
(C)
Germanium is a more abundant raw material.
(D) Silicon does not retain its semiconductor properties at high temperatures.
10
15
A student carried out an experiment during which light of different frequencies was
shone onto a metal surface to produce photoelectrons.
The student measured the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons as the
frequency of light was altered.
The relationship between the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons and the
frequency of the light incident on the metal surface is given by:
Ek(max) = hf
where
Ek(max) = maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
f = frequency of light used
h = Plancks constant
= a constant dependent on the metal used.
How could the student best analyse the data to determine a value for Plancks constant?
(A) Plot Ek(max) against f and find the gradient of the line of best fit.
(B)
Plot Ek(max) against and find the gradient of the line of best fit.
(C)
Plot Ek(max) against f and find the intercept of the line of best fit.
(D) Plot Ek(max) against and find the intercept of the line of best fit.
11
BLANK PAGE
12
Physics
Centre Number
Part B 60 marks
Please turn over
434
13
Student Number
Two students, Kim and Ali, performed an experiment to determine the acceleration due to
gravity (g) using a simple pendulum consisting of a small mass hanging from a light string.
Their procedure was as follows:

1.
Adjust the length of the string (L) to measure 0.08 m.
2.
Hold the mass to the side to give a small angular displacement, .
3.
Release the mass and measure the time for one period (T).
4.
Record the result in a table.
5.
Repeat using a string length (L) of 0.09 m and continue until the string length is
0.19 m (going up in 0.01 m increments, using the same initial angular
displacement each time).
L
.
Calculate g using the relationship T = 2
g
6.
The results are shown in the table:

L (m)
0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19
T (s)
0.57 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.89
Kim used the data in the table to obtain a mean value for g. Kims result was g = 9.3 m s2.
Ali used the results to produce the following graph. Alis line of best fit was used to calculate g.
1.2
1.0
T 2(s2)
0.8
0.6
Alis line of best fit
0.4
0.2
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
L (m)

14
0.24
Marks
(a)
Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure that
would improve its accuracy.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Compare Kims and Alis methods of calculating g and identify the better
approach.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on Alis graph.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 16
15
Marks
Describe TWO difficulties associated with effective or reliable communications
between satellites and Earth.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
16
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
The graph shows the percentage transmission of electromagnetic radiation of various
wavelengths through the Earths atmosphere.
% transmission
through atmosphere
100
80
60
40
20
0
1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 101 102
Wavelength (m)
The Voyager II spacecraft transmits electromagnetic radiation to Earth at a frequency

of 2295 MHz.
Use the graph to justify the use of this transmission frequency.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
435
17
Marks
In one of Einsteins famous thought experiments, a passenger travels on a train that
passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light. According to the passenger, the
length of the train carriage is 22 m from front to rear.
(a)
A light in the train carriage is switched on. Compare the velocity of the light
beam as seen by the passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the
station platform.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the rail worker on the station
platform.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
18
Marks
A student is investigating inertial and non-inertial frames of reference. The student
carries out a series of activities on a boat floating on a large, calm lake. The boat
remained level during these activities.
Each activity and the students observed results are recorded in the table.
Activity
Observation
Dropped a ball from a set height
Ball fell vertically with increasing

velocity
Rolled a ball from one side of the

boat to the other
Ball rolled across the floor with a

constant velocity
Rolled a ball from the back of the

boat towards the front of the boat
Ball rolled across the floor with a

constant velocity
Justify the students conclusion that: The boat can be regarded as an inertial frame of
reference.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
19
Marks
In his science fiction novel From the Earth to the Moon, Jules Verne describes how to
launch a capsule from a cannon to land on the moon. To reach the moon, the capsule
must leave the cannon with a speed of 1.06 104 m s1. The cannon has a length of
215 m, over which the capsule can be assumed to accelerate constantly.
(a)
Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required to achieve this speed using
this cannon.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Referring to your answer in part (a), explain why Jules Vernes method is
unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
20
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
Two types of generator are shown in the diagram.
B
To
external
circuit
B
To
external
circuit
Generator P
(a)
Generator Q
What is the function of the brush in a generator?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Which of these generators is a DC generator? Justify your choice.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
436
21
Marks
(a)
State Lenzs law.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
When the metal rod is moved upwards through the magnetic field as shown in
the diagram, an emf is induced between the two ends.
Direction of motion
End Y
End X
(i)
Which end of the rod is negative?
...................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain how the emf is produced in the rod.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
22
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences
between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
437
23
Marks
A pair of parallel metal plates, placed in a vacuum, are separated by a distance
of 5.00 103 m and have a potential difference of 1000 V applied to them.
(a)
Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between

the plates.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
A beam of electrons is fired with a velocity of 3.00 106 m s1 between the

plates as shown. A magnetic field is applied between the plates, sufficient to
cancel the force on the electron beam due to the electric field.
+
1000 V
Beam of electrons
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field required between
the plates to stop the deflection of the electron beam.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
24
Marks
Some materials become superconductors when cooled to extremely low temperatures.
Identify THREE properties of superconductors.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
There are two areas in which energy savings can be made by the use of superconductors.
These are:
electricity generation and transmission;
transportation.
Discuss how energy savings can be achieved in each of these two areas.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
25
BLANK PAGE
26
Physics
Section II
25 marks
Pages
438
Question 28
Geophysics ........................................................................... 2829
Question 29
Medical Physics ................................................................... 3031
Question 30
Astrophysics ......................................................................... 3233
Question 31
From Quanta to Quarks ....................................................... 3435
Question 32
The Age of Silicon ............................................................... 3637
27
Marks
(a)
(i)
Describe Earths current magnetic field.
(ii)
The diagram represents the magnetic anomalies of the oceanic crust

located near the island of Iceland in the mid-Atlantic.
Mid-ocean ridge
Explain the origin of the pattern of magnetic anomalies on either side of
the mid-ocean ridge.
(b)
(i)
Recount the steps involved in gravity data reduction.
(ii)
The diagram shows the surface height and gravity anomaly curve in a
region near the Red Sea.
Gravity
anomaly
Height
(metres)
WEST
EAST
2000
+100
1000
X
Sea
level
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 km
Key
Land mass
Red Sea
Gravity anomaly curve
(1) Propose reasons for the difference in the gravity anomaly at the
locations marked X and Y.
(2) Predict the likely variation in orbital path for a satellite moving from
West to East across the region shown in the diagram.

28
Marks
(c)
The graph shows the travel time for P waves and S waves at different surface
distances from an earthquake epicentre.
25
Travel time (minutes)
P'
P''
20
S
P''
15
10
P
5
5000
10 000
15 000
20 000
Surface distance from epicentre (km)
(d)
(i)
Contrast the properties of P waves and S waves.
(ii)
Account for the absence of S waves at distances greater than 11 000 km

from the earthquake epicentre.
(iii)
Identify how this graph supports the existence of a solid inner core
of Earth.
Assess the application and advantages of TWO geophysical methods in mineral

exploration.
End of Question 28
29
Marks
(b)
(i)
Briefly describe how an endoscope works.
(ii)
Explain how a computed axial tomography (CAT) scan is produced.
Technetium 99m is an artificial isotope which is frequently used to obtain a scan

of the human body.
(i)
Using the graph, determine the half life of technetium 99m.
100
% of technetium 99m
remaining in sample
(a)
75
50
25
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Time (hours)
(ii)
A patient is given an injection containing 6.0 1018 kg of

technetium 99m. The scan is taken four hours after the injection.
How much technetium 99m remains undecayed when the scan is taken?
(Give your answer in kilograms.)
(iii)
Propose reasons why scans are best taken between two and five hours
after injection of this radioisotope.
30
Marks
(c)
The diagrams shown are an MRI of the human upper arm, an X-ray of a human
hand and a CAT scan of the human pelvis (hip bone) as seen in cross-section
from above.
MRI of human
upper arm
Procedure time:
3060 minutes
X-ray of human
hand
Procedure time:
5 minutes
CAT scan of human pelvis (hipbone)

Procedure time:
40 minutes
(i)
Identify TWO advantages of MRI scans over CAT scans.
(ii)
A patient is brought into a hospital out-patients ward complaining of a

severe headache. He explains that he hit his head while playing football.
The doctor thinks that the patient may be suffering from a fractured
skull.
Explain why the doctor would order an X-ray to confirm the diagnosis
of a fractured skull.
(iii)
The patient, now diagnosed with a fractured skull, complains of other

symptoms that may indicate that he is suffering from brain damage.
Suggest ONE additional scan which may be required to confirm this

diagnosis. Justify your choice.
(d)
Assess the impact of medical applications based on ultrasound and the magnetic
field of particles within the body on modern society.
End of Question 29
31
Marks
(a)
(i)
The star Algol is an eclipsing binary as viewed from Earth.

Describe the observations made by astronomers to identify a star as an
eclipsing binary.
(ii)
Binary stars are important in determining stellar masses.

Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated.
(b)
The table gives information about various nearby stars.

Star
Distance
(parsecs)
Apparent
visual magnitude
Colour
Index
Proxima Centauri
1.29
11.01
1.90
Barnards Star
1.82
9.54
1.74
Lalande 21185
2.55
7.49
1.51
Ross 154
2.97
10.37
1.75
(i)
Which star from the table is the most blue in colour?
(ii)
Calculate how much brighter Ross 154 is than Proxima Centauri when
viewed from Earth.
(iii)
Sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the

trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to Barnards
Star.
32
Marks
(c)
An H-R diagram can be used to show the evolutionary track of stars.
104
103
in
se
qu
102
nc
10
1
S
100 000
(d)
ma
Solar luminosities
105
30 000 10 000
3000
Surface Temperature (K)
(i)
Select the position P, Q, R or S on the H-R diagram in which white

dwarfs would be found. Justify your choice.
(ii)
A white dwarf is considered to be in a stable condition. Explain why a

white dwarf does not continue to shrink in size.
(iii)
Describe ONE nuclear reaction taking place in a star located on the main
sequence.
Discuss how the development of adaptive optics and at least one other
development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground based
astronomy.
End of Question 30
33
Marks
(a)
(b)
(i)
Describe Davisson and Germers experiment that confirmed the

de Broglie hypothesis of wave-particle duality.
(ii)
Explain the stability of the electron orbits in the Bohr atom, using
de Broglies hypothesis.
The diagram shows the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted in the
210
-decay of 210
83 Bi into 84 Po. The energy released during -decay depends on the
mass defect in the transmutation, as it does in nuclear fission.
Relative number of electrons
9
Nucleus
or particle
8
7
6
5
4
Mass
(amu)
210Bi
209.938 57
210Po
209.936 78
0.000 55
3
2
End-point Ek(max)
1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Kinetic energy of electrons, Ek (MeV)
(i)
Identify the scientist who suggested that the existence of the neutrino
relates to the need to account for the energy distribution of electrons
emitted in -decay.
(ii)
Use the data to calculate the mass defect in the -decay of

(Assume that the neutrino is a massless particle.)
210
83 Bi.
(iii)
Account for the energy distribution of electrons emitted in this -decay.
34
Marks
(c)
The diagram represents the four spectral lines in the visible region of the
hydrogen spectrum known as the Balmer Series.
(d)
410 434
486
656
NOT TO
SCALE
Wavelength (nm)
(i)
Explain how the Balmer Series provides strong experimental evidence in

support of Bohrs model of the hydrogen atom.
(ii)
Calculate the wavelength of the next line in the Balmer Series.
Discuss how neutron scattering and ONE other process have been used to
increase our understanding of the structure of matter.
End of Question 31
35
Marks
(b)
(i)
Describe the structure of an LED.
(ii)
Explain why, in some applications, it is preferable to use an LED rather

than an ordinary light source.
(i)
The diagram shows how the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR)

depends on the intensity of the light falling on it (illumination).
2000
1800
1600
LDR resistance ()
(a)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
(ii)
4
6
Illumination (lux)
10
(1) Describe qualitatively how the resistance of this LDR changes as the
illumination increases.
(2) What is the resistance of this LDR when the intensity of light falling
on it is 4 lux?
This LDR is connected in series with the coil of a relay to a 12 volt

power supply as shown.
12 V
LDR
Coil of relay
This relay switches on when the current through the coil reaches 4.8 mA.
When connected in this circuit, the relay switches on when the illumination
on the LDR is 2 lux.
Calculate the resistance of the coil of the relay.
36
Marks
(c)
The table gives the output voltage of an amplifier as a function of the input
voltage.
Input voltage
(microvolt)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
(d)
Output voltage
(volt)
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
(i)
Describe the properties of an ideal amplifier.
(ii)
Calculate the gain of this amplifier.
(iii)
Propose why this amplifier is not suitable for input signals that vary
from 250 microvolt to +250 microvolt.
Early computers used thermionic devices. Later computers used transistors and
today computers use integrated circuits. Discuss the impact and limitations of
these developments.
End of paper
37
BLANK PAGE
38
Physics
DATA SHEET
Charge on the electron, qe
1.602 1019 C
9.109 1031 kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1.675 1027 kg
Mass of proton, mp
1.673 1027 kg
340 m s1
9.8 m s2
Speed of light, c
3.00 108 m s1

2
2.0 107 N A2
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
Mass of Earth
6.0 1024 kg
Plancks constant, h
6.626 1034 J s
Rydbergs constant, RH
1.097 107 m1
Atomic mass unit, u
1.661 1027 kg
931.5 MeV/ c 2
439
1 eV
1.602 1019 J
Density of water,
1.00 103 kg m3
4.18 103 J kg1 K1
39
FORMULAE SHEET
c = f
Intensity
Gm1 m2
F=
r2
1
d2
r3
T2
v1 sin i
=
v2 sin r
GM
4 2
m1 + m2 =
E=
R=
F
q
4 2 r 3
GT 2
d
M = m 5 log
10
V
I
IA
P = VI
= 100
IB
(mB mA )
Energy = VIt
d=
1
p
r
t
where r = displacement
vav =
F = BIl sin
aav
v v u
=
=
t
t
F = ma
Ek =
=k
I1 I2
d
= Fd
1 2
mv
2
= nBIA cos
p = mv
Vp
p = Ft
Vs
40
np
ns
FORMULAE SHEET
Ep =
F = qvB sin
Gm1 m2
r
E =
v = u + at
E = hf
v x 2 = ux 2
v y 2 = uy 2 + 2 ay y
Z = v
x = ux t
Ir
Io
1
2
y = uy t + ay t 2
s
u+v
=
t
2
2
Z2 Z1 ]
[
=
[ Z2 + Z1 ] 2
1
1
1
= RH 2 2
n f ni
lv = lo 1
tv =
V
d
v2
c2
h
mv
to
1
v2
c2
Amplifier gain =
Ao =
41
Vo
V+ V
Vout
Vin
42
Yttrium
5771
56
Ba
137.3
Barium
88
Ra
[226.0]
Radium
Caesium
87
Fr
[223.0]
Francium
Rutherfordium
104
Rf
[261.1]
Hafnium
90
Th
232.0
Thorium
Actinides
89
Ac
[227.0]
Actinium
Protactinium
91
Pa
231.0
Praseodymium
59
Pr
140.9
Dubnium
105
Db
[262.1]
Tantalum
73
Ta
180.9
Niobium
Uranium
92
U
238.0
Neodymium
60
Nd
144.2
Seaborgium
106
Sg
[263.1]
Tungsten
74
W
183.8
Molybdenum
Neptunium
93
Np
[237.0]
Promethium
61
Pm
[146.9]
Bohrium
107
Bh
[264.1]
Rhenium
75
Re
186.2
Technetium
43
Tc
[98.91]
Manganese
Plutonium
94
Pu
[239.1]
Samarium
Americium
95
Am
[241.1]
Europium
63
Eu
152.0
Curium
96
Cm
[244.1]
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.3
Ununnilium
Meitnerium
Hassium
62
Sm
150.4
110
Uun
109
Mt
[268]
108
Hs
[265.1]
Platinum
78
Pt
195.1
Palladium
46
Pd
106.4
Nickel
28
Ni
58.69
Iridium
77
Ir
192.2
Rhodium
45
Rh
102.9
Cobalt
27
Co
58.93
111
Uuu
Gold
79
Au
197.0
Silver
47
Ag
107.9
Copper
29
Cu
63.55
Berkelium
97
Bk
[249.1]
Terbium
65
Tb
158.9
Unununium
Name of element
Osmium
76
Os
190.2
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.1
Iron
26
Fe
55.85
Atomic Weight
Symbol of element
Californium
98
Cf
[252.1]
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.5
Ununbium
112
Uub
Mercury
80
Hg
200.6
Cadmium
48
Cd
112.4
Zinc
30
Zn
65.39
Einsteinium
99
Es
[252.1]
Holmium
67
Ho
164.9
113
Thallium
81
Tl
204.4
Indium
49
In
114.8
Gallium
31
Ga
69.72
Aluminium
13
Al
26.98
Boron
5
B
10.81
Fermium
100
Fm
[257.1]
Erbium
68
Er
167.3
Ununquadium
114
Uuq
Lead
82
Pb
207.2
Tin
50
Sn
118.7
Germanium
32
Ge
72.61
Silicon
14
Si
28.09
Carbon
6
C
12.01
Mendelevium
101
Md
[258.1]
Thulium
69
Tm
168.9
115
Bismuth
83
Bi
209.0
Antimony
51
Sb
121.8
Arsenic
33
As
74.92
Phosphorus
15
P
30.97
Nitrogen
7
N
14.01
Cerium
Lanthanum
Lanthanides
57
58
La
Ce
138.9
140.1
Actinides
89103
Lanthanides
72
Hf
178.5
Zirconium
42
Mo
95.94
Chromium
Strontium
41
Nb
92.91
Vanadium
55
Cs
132.9
40
Zr
91.22
Rubidium
Titanium
39
Y
88.91
38
Sr
87.62
Scandium
Calcium
37
Rb
85.47
25
Mn
54.94
Potassium
24
Cr
52.00
20
Ca
40.08
19
K
39.10
23
V
50.94
Magnesium
Sodium
22
Ti
47.87
12
Mg
24.31
11
Na
22.99
21
Sc
44.96
Beryllium
Lithium
Gold
79
Au
197.0
4
Be
9.012
3
Li
6.941
Atomic Number
KEY
Hydrogen
1
H
1.008
Nobelium
102
No
[259.1]
Ytterbium
70
Yb
173.0
Ununhexium
116
Uuh
Polonium
84
Po
[210.0]
Tellurium
52
Te
127.6
Selenium
34
Se
78.96
Sulfur
16
S
32.07
Oxygen
8
O
16.00
Lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.1]
Lutetium
71
Lu
175.0
117
Astatine
85
At
[210.0]
Iodine
53
I
126.9
Bromine
35
Br
79.90
Chlorine
17
Cl
35.45
Fluorine
9
F
19.00
Ununoctium
118
Uuo
Radon
86
Rn
[222.0]
Xenon
54
Xe
131.3
Krypton
36
Kr
83.80
Argon
18
Ar
39.95
Neon
10
Ne
20.18
Helium
2
He
4.003
2003
Physics
Total marks 100

be used
pages 13, 17, 21 and 25
Section I
Pages 228
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Part B 60 marks
Section II
Pages 2942
25 marks
433
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks

completely.
Sample:
2+4=
(A) 2
A
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 9
D
new answer.
A
correct
A
1
The weight of an astronaut on the Moon is of her weight on Earth.
6
What is the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon?
6
(A) m s 2
9.8
(B)
9.8 m s 2
6
(C)
9.8 m s 2
(D) (9.8 6) m s 2
2
A satellite moves in uniform circular motion around Earth.

The following table shows the symbols used in the diagrams below.
These diagrams are NOT drawn to scale.
Key
F
net force on satellite
velocity of satellite
Which diagram shows the direction of F and v at the position indicated?

Satellite
(A)
Earth
Earth
Satellite
(C)
Satellite
(B)
Satellite
(D)
F
v
v
F
Earth
Earth
For a satellite moving in uniform circular motion around Earth, the centripetal force is
provided by the gravitational force.
The mass of Earth is ME .
The mass of the satellite is MS .
The distance of the satellite from the centre of Earth is d.
Which of the following equations should be used to calculate the speed of this satellite?
GME
d
(A)
v=
(B)
v=
GME
d
(C)
v=
GME
d
(D)
v=
GME MS
d
Two planets, X and Y, travel around a star in the same direction, in circular orbits.
Planet X completes one revolution about the star in time T. The radii of the orbits are in
the ratio 1 : 4.
Y
4r
r
X
How many revolutions does planet Y make about the star in the same time T?
(A) 18 revolution
(B) 12 revolution
(C)
2 revolutions
(D) 8 revolutions
4
An astronaut set out in a spaceship from Earth orbit to travel to a distant star in our
galaxy. The spaceship travelled at a speed of 0.8 c. When the spaceship reached the star
the on-board clock showed the astronaut that the journey took 10 years.
An identical clock remained on Earth. What time in years had elapsed on this clock when
seen from the astronauts spaceship?
(A)
3.6
(B)
6.0
(C)
10.0
(D) 16.7
The diagram shows a DC generator connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).
N
S
CRO
What output voltage would be observed for this generator on the CRO?
Time (s)
(C)
Voltage (V)
(B)
Time (s)
Time (s)
(D)
Time (s)
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
(A)
Voltage (V)
A non-magnetic metal disk is balanced on a support as shown in the diagram below. The
disk is initially stationary. A magnet is moved in a circular path just above the surface of
the disk, without touching it.
Path
N
Disk
As a result of this movement the disk begins to rotate in the same direction as the magnet.
The observed effect demonstrates the principle most applicable to the operation of the
(A) DC motor.
(B)
galvanometer.
(C)
generator.
(D) induction motor.
A neon sign requires a 6000 V supply for its operation. A transformer allows the neon
sign to operate from a 240 V supply.
What is the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the number of primary turns for the
transformer?
(A)
1 : 40
(B)
1 : 25
(C)
25 : 1
(D)
40 : 1
A current of 5.0 A flows in a wire that is placed in a magnetic field of 0.5 T. The wire is
0.7 m long and is at an angle of 60 to the field.
B = 0.5 T
0.7
m
I = 5.0 A
60
What is the approximate magnitude of the force on the wire?

(A)
0N
(B)
0.9 N
(C)
1.5 N
(D)
1.8 N
10
A flexible wire loop is lying on a frictionless table made from an insulating material. The
wire can slide around horizontally on the table and change shape freely, but it cannot
move vertically. The loop is connected to a power supply, a switch and two terminals
fixed to the table as shown.
Wire loop
Switch
When the switch is closed, a current I flows around the loop.

Which of the following diagrams most closely represents the final shape of the loop after
the switch is closed?
(A)
(B)
I
(C)
(D)
11
Which of the following did the Braggs investigate using X-ray diffraction?
(A) Cathode rays
(B)
Crystal structure
(C)
Photoelectric effect
(D) Superconductivity
12
In a first-hand investigation that you performed, you used a discharge tube containing a
Maltese Cross. You would have observed an image similar to the one shown below.
Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion from the observations made in
this Maltese Cross investigation?
(A) Cathode rays pass through glass.
(B)
Cathode rays pass through metals.
(C)
Cathode rays are charged particles.
(D) Cathode rays travel in straight lines.
13
An n-type semiconductor is produced when silicon crystal is doped with small quantities
of phosphorus.
How will this doping change the crystals electrical conductivity?
(A) The conductivity will decrease because there are fewer holes in the valence band.
(B)
The conductivity will increase because there are more holes in the valence band.
(C)
The conductivity will decrease because there are fewer electrons in the conduction
band.
(D) The conductivity will increase because there are more electrons in the conduction
band.
14
Heinrich Hertz used a set-up similar to the one shown below to investigate the production
and detection of electromagnetic radiation.
Transmitter
Receiver
High voltage
source of
radio waves
A glass sheet was placed between the transmitter and receiver.

Which of the following observations is consistent with the photoelectric effect that Hertz
produced?
(A) Radio waves were blocked when the glass sheet was in place.
(B)
Ultraviolet waves were blocked when the glass sheet was in place.
(C)
The maximum spark length was longer when the glass sheet was in place.
(D) The maximum spark length was shorter when the glass sheet was in place.
10
15
A positively-charged ion travelling at 250 m s1 is fired between two parallel charged

plates, M and N. There is also a magnetic field present in the region between the two
plates. The direction of the magnetic field is into the page as shown. The ion is travelling
perpendicular to both the electric and the magnetic fields.
M
N
The electric field between the plates has a magnitude of 200 V m1. The magnetic field
is adjusted so that the ion passes through undeflected.
What is the magnitude of the adjusted magnetic field, and the polarity of the M terminal
relative to the N terminal?
Magnitude of magnetic
field (teslas)
Polarity of M
relative to N
(A)
0.8
positive
(B)
0.8
negative
(C)
1.25
positive
(D)
1.25
negative
11
BLANK PAGE
12
Physics
Centre Number
Part B 60 marks
Please turn over
434
13
Student Number
Marks
A student performed a first-hand investigation to examine projectile motion.
A ball resting on a horizontal table was given an initial push at X, resulting in the ball
following the path XYZ as shown.
Motion
sensor
NOT TO
SCALE
Range
A data logger used the motion sensor to measure the horizontal distance to the ball.
When the ball was at position Y, a distance of 1.50 m from the motion sensor, it left
the edge of the table.
In the first trial, the range was 0.60 m. The graph below was obtained from the data
logger.
2.0
Distance (m)
1.5
1.0
Linear fit: y = mx + b
m (slope): 1.85
b (y-intercept): 0.512
Correlation: 1.00
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (s)
0.8

14
Marks
(a)
For this trial, determine the horizontal speed of the ball as it left the edge of
the table.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
The experiment was repeated with the ball leaving the table at different speeds.
Graph the relationship between the range and the horizontal speed at Y. Identify
on your graph the results from the first trial.
(c)
The apparatus described in this first-hand investigation was used to carry out an
identical experiment on another planet where the acceleration due to gravity is
less than that on Earth.
The horizontal speed of the ball as it left the table on the planet was the same as
in part (a). Compare the range of the ball on the planet to that on Earth. Explain
your answer.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 16
15
Marks
A satellite of mass 150 kg is launched from Earths surface into a uniform circular
orbit of radius 7.5 106 m.
(a)
Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational potential energy Ep of the satellite.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
From this uniform circular orbit, the satellite can escape Earths gravitational
field when its kinetic energy is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational
potential energy.
Use this relationship to calculate the escape velocity of the satellite.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Discuss the effect of Earths rotational motion on the launch of this satellite.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
16
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
Michelson and Morley set up an experiment to measure the velocity of Earth relative
to the aether.
(a)
Outline TWO features of the aether model for the transmission of light.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Recount the Michelson and Morley experiment, which attempted to measure the
relative velocity of Earth through the aether, and describe the results they
anticipated.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
435
17
Marks
Two straight copper wires are suspended so that their lower ends dip into a conducting
salt solution in a beaker as shown. The length of the straight section of each wire
above the conducting salt solution is 35 cm and they are placed 1.5 cm apart. The ends
of the wire do not touch the bottom of the beaker. The two wires are connected to a
DC power supply.
1.5 cm
35 cm
NOT TO
SCALE
Conducting
salt solution
A current of 2 amperes flows from the battery. Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the initial force on each wire.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
18
Marks
Two solenoids (coils) with hollow cores are suspended using string so that they are
hanging in the positions shown below. The solenoids are free to move in a pendulum
motion.
Support
Support
Copper wire
A
Figure 1 First investigation
Figure 2 Second investigation
In the first investigation shown in Figure 1, a strong bar magnet is moved towards the
solenoid until the north end of the magnet enters the solenoid and then the motion of
the magnet is stopped.
In the second investigation, shown in Figure 2, a thick copper wire is connected
between the two terminals, A and B, at the ends of the solenoid. The motion of the
magnet is repeated exactly in this second investigation.
Explain the effect of the motion of the magnet on the solenoid in the two investigations.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
19
BLANK PAGE
20
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
(a)
Explain the relationship between the current in the primary coil and the current
in the secondary coil of an ideal step-down transformer in relation to the
conservation of energy.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Explain why a transformer will work in an AC circuit but not in a DC circuit.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
436
21
Marks
Describe a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the effect on a generated electric
current when the strength of the magnet is varied.
In your description, include:
a labelled sketch of the experimental set-up;
how you varied the magnetic field strength;
how other variables were controlled.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
22
Marks
(a)
The following image shows a magnet hovering above a superconducting disk.
Explain why the magnet is able to hover above the superconductor.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Compare the model for the conduction of electricity in metals at room

temperature with the model for conduction of electricity in superconductors
below the critical temperature.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
23
BLANK PAGE
24
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
Outline Thomsons experiment to measure the charge/mass ratio of an electron.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
437
25
Marks
A physics student was conducting an investigation on the photoelectric effect. The
student used an infrared laser with a wavelength of 1.55 106 m for this investigation.
(a)
Calculate the energy of a photon from this laser.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
When the laser light was shone onto a photo-cell, no current was detected. The
student increased the intensity of the light but still detected no current.
Explain this observation.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
26
Marks
Describe Einsteins contributions to Special Relativity and to Quantum Theory and
how these contributions changed the direction of scientific thinking in the Twentieth
Century.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
27
Marks
In a particle accelerator called a synchrotron, magnetic fields are used to control the
motion of an electron so that it follows a circular path of fixed radius.
Describe the changes required in the magnetic field to accelerate an electron to near
the speed of light. Support your answer with appropriate mathematical relationships.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
28
Physics
Section II
25 marks
Pages
438
Question 28
Geophysics ........................................................................... 3133
Question 29
Medical Physics ................................................................... 3435
Question 30
Astrophysics ......................................................................... 3638
Question 31
Question 32
29
BLANK PAGE
30
Marks
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
Identify THREE principal methods used by geophysicists to investigate

the structure of Earth and the properties of Earth materials.
(ii)
Describe the role that geophysicists play in the monitoring of nuclear

test-ban treaties.
Summarise the geophysical evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics.
(i)
Describe how absorption and reflection of radiation can provide

information about a reflecting surface.
(ii)
The picture below shows a satellite image of a bushfire burning in a

forested area. Images such as the one below can be used as a part of the
process of monitoring changes in vegetation.
Burnt land
Smoke
Explain how remote-sensing techniques can be used to monitor the

spread of a bushfire, and the regrowth of vegetation in regions affected
by a bushfire.

31
Marks
(d)
(i)
Outline the structure and function of a geophone.
(ii)
The method of seismic refraction is depicted in the diagram below. A

series of eight geophones, G1 to G8, are arranged in a straight line along
level ground. They are each separated by a distance of 10 m.
At a distance of 20 m from the first geophone, a hammer is used to strike
the ground to produce seismic waves.
The geophones are attached to a seismograph that records the time of
arrival of the waves after the hammer strikes the ground.
Geophones
Hammer
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8
20 m
10 m
Soft rock
Hard rock
The data from the geophones are analysed and the arrival times of the
direct and refracted waves that reach each geophone are recorded. These
data are shown in the graph on page 33. On the graph, a circle represents
the arrival of the first wave to reach a geophone, and a square represents
the arrival time of the second wave to reach a geophone. The points on
the graph associated with the direct seismic wave and the refracted
seismic wave are shown.
32
Marks
Time after hammer impact (second)
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
10
20
G1
30
40 50 60 70 80
G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7
Distance to geophones (metres)
90
G8
Legend
Time of arrival of first wave at geophone
Time of arrival of second wave at geophone
Refracted wave
Direct wave
(e)
(1) Explain why the line for the refracted wave crosses the line for the
direct wave on the graph.
(2) From the graph, calculate the speed of the direct wave in the soft
rock layer.
Outline the application of Newtons theory of universal gravitation to the field

of geophysics, and discuss how information obtained from gravity surveys has
led to a greater understanding of the structure of Earth.
End of Question 28
33
Marks
(i)
Identify the property of the hydrogen nucleus that makes it useful in

magnetic resonance imaging.
(ii)
Describe how X-rays are produced when electrons strike the anode in an
X-ray tube.
(b)
Outline the production of gamma rays and their use in the diagnostic procedure
of positron emission tomography (PET).
(c)
This question refers to the bone scan of a person with cancer, and a chest X-ray
of a healthy person.
(a)
Bone-scan image
X-ray image
(i)
Compare how radiation is used to produce a bone scan image and an

X-ray image.
(ii)
Describe how a bone scan is able to provide information that an X-ray

cannot provide.
34
Marks
(d)
The table below shows the speed of sound in, and density of, several different
tissues.
Speed of sound in tissue (m s1)
Density (kg m3)
Fat
1450
952
Blood
1570
1025
Kidney
1560
1038
Liver
1550
1065
Muscle
1580
1076
Tissue
(e)
(i)
Calculate the acoustic impedance of kidney tissue.
(ii)
Ultrasound travelling through kidney tissue in the body encounters a

different type of tissue. Identify the type of tissue that will result in the
greatest proportion of the incident pulse being reflected at the boundary
between the kidney and the other tissue. Justify your choice.
(iii)
Describe the properties of ultrasound that led to its use in the

measurement of bone density.
An understanding of the properties of electrons, and our ability to control their

behaviour, have played key roles in the development of CAT scans and positron
emission tomography imaging technologies.
Justify this statement with reference to the production and display of images
used for medical diagnosis.
End of Question 29
35
Marks
(b)
(i)
Define the term resolution of a telescope.
(ii)
Describe ONE method by which the resolution of a ground-based system

can be improved.
An H-R diagram for the globular cluster M3 is shown below.

12
14
Apparent magnitude
(a)
Lyrae Gap
16
18
20
10 000
7 500
5 000
Temperature (K)
The stars in the Lyrae gap have an absolute magnitude of 0.6. Use this
information and their position on the H-R diagram to determine the distance of
M3 from Earth.
36
Marks
(c)
The diagram below is a comparison of the spectrum of quasar 3C 273 and a

spectrum from a light source on Earth.
H
3C 273
Comparison
spectrum
on Earth
H
400 nm
500 nm
600 nm
(i)
From this comparison, identify the feature of the quasar spectrum that is
representative of the spectra produced by quasars.
(ii)
The spectra above are both examples of absorption spectra.
(1) Account for the production of a stars absorption spectrum.
(2) Describe how a spectrum from a star can provide information on the
surface temperature of that star. Give a specific example to illustrate
your answer.
37
Marks
(d)
The H-R diagram for a cluster is shown below.

10
1 000 000
5
Cluster
100
Star X
Main s
eque
nce
+5
Star Z
0.01
+10
+15
0.0001
0. 000 001
(e)
Apparent magnitude
Luminosity (Sun = 1)
10 000
A
F
Spectral class
+20
(i)
Why is the cluster considered young?
(ii)
Stars X and Z are both part of the same cluster but have different main
sequence nuclear reactions and different evolutionary pathways.
(1) Contrast the fusion reactions in star X and star Z.
(2) Predict TWO possible evolutionary pathways for star X.
Evaluate the impact of studying the visible spectrum of light on our understanding
of celestial objects.
End of Question 30
38
Marks
(a)
(b)
(i)
Identify the structure of the Rutherford model of the atom.
(ii)
Describe how Bohr refined Rutherfords model of the hydrogen atom.
The table below shows the different types of quarks and their charge.
Quark
Charge
Up
+ 23 e
Down
13 e
Strange
13 e
Charm
+ 23 e
Bottom
13 e
Top
+ 23 e
The standard model of matter says that protons and neutrons are composed of
up and down quarks. There are three quarks in each particle.
Compare protons and neutrons in terms of their quark composition.
(c)
The equations shown below describe three different types of transmutation

reactions involving uranium.
(1)
238
92
(2)
238
92
(3)
235
92
1
0
1
0
239
92
234
90
Th +
4
2
141
56
Ba +
92
Kr
36
He
+
3 10 n
(i)
Identify which reaction is naturally occurring, and justify your answer.
(ii)
Identify ONE transmutation reaction above that has a practical

application, and describe the application.
39
Marks
(d)
The two graphs below show the gravitational and electrostatic forces acting
between two protons in the nucleus of an atom.
F ( 1034 N)
Gravitational force
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nucleon distance d ( 1015 m)

1
2
3
Electrostatic force
1000
F (N)
800
600
400
200
0
(e)
1
2
3
15
Nucleon distance d ( 10 m)
(i)
If the distance between protons in a nucleus is 1.0 1015 m, determine

both the gravitational and the electrostatic force at this distance.
(ii)
Explain why these two forces cannot explain the stability of the nucleus,
and why there is a need for the strong nuclear force.
(iii)
Describe TWO properties of the strong nuclear force.
Describe the requirements for a nuclear fission explosion, and describe how
these are controlled in a nuclear reactor.
End of Question 31
40
Marks
(i)
Identify ONE electronic system that is digital, and ONE electronic system
that is analogue.
(ii)
Use diagrams to describe the variation between digital and analogue

voltage outputs with time.
Construct a truth table showing the outputs at P, Q and R for each of the possible
input states of A and B in the following circuit.
(a)
(b)
Gate 3
A
Gate 1
Gate 2
P
Q
The graph below shows how the density of transistors on a silicon chip has
increased over the last 30 years.
108
Transistor density (cm2)
(c)
Gate 1 Inverter
Gate 2 OR
Gate 3 AND
107
106
105
104
103
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
2010
(i)
Use the data in the graph to predict the change in computer performance
from 1970 to 2005. Justify your answer.
(ii)
Discuss the validity of using the graph to predict computer performance

up to 2060.
41
Marks
(d)
The circuit below uses a thermistor as a temperature sensor to control the

operation of a relay. The relay will close when the voltage across the relay coil
is greater than 6 volts. The resistance of the thermistor, RTHERM , is given in the
graph.
+12 V
R
22 k
100 k
Thermistor
Relay coil
3.0
RTHERM (k)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0
10
15
20
25
Temperature (C)
(e)
(i)
Calculate the voltage at point A at a temperature of 15C. Neglect the

effect of the 100 k resistor and the operational amplifier on the voltage
at point A.
(ii)
Determine the value of R so that the relay will close only when the
temperature falls below 15C.
Describe and compare the physical principles underlying the operation of input
and output transducers. Use an analogue ammeter and a solar cell as examples.
End of paper
42
BLANK PAGE
43
BLANK PAGE
44
Physics
DATA SHEET
Charge on electron, qe
1.602 1019 C
9.109 1031 kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1.675 1027 kg
Mass of proton, mp
1.673 1027 kg
340 m s1
9.8 m s2
Speed of light, c
3.00 108 m s1

2
2.0 107 N A2
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
Mass of Earth
6.0 1024 kg
Planck constant, h
6.626 1034 J s
Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen)
1.097 107 m1
Atomic mass unit, u
1.661 1027 kg
931.5 MeV/ c 2
439
1 eV
1.602 1019 J
Density of water,
1.00 103 kg m3
4.18 103 J kg1 K1
45
FORMULAE SHEET
v = f
I
m1 m2
r
Ep = G
F = mg
d2
v1
sin i
=
v2
sin r
v x 2 = ux 2
v = u + at
E =
F
q
v y 2 = uy 2 + 2 ay y
R =
V
I
x = ux t
P = VI
1
2
y = uy t + ay t 2
Energy = VIt
r3
T
vav =
aav
r
t
F =
v
vu
therefore aav =
=
t
t
GM
4 2
Gm1 m2
d2
E = mc 2
F = ma
F =
Ek =
v2
lv = l0 1
mv 2
r
tv =
1 2
mv
2
t0
1
W = Fs
mv =
p = mv
v2
c2
m0
1
Impulse = Ft
46
c2
v2
c2
FORMULAE SHEET
F
l
I1 I2
= k
1
p
d =
F = BIl sin
d
M = m 5 log
10
= Fd
IA
IB
= nBIA cos
Vp
Vs
(mB mA )
m1 + m2 =
np
4 2 r 3
1
1
1
= R 2 2
n f ni
V
d
h
mv
E = hf
c = f
A0 =
Vout
Z = v
Vin
Ir
I0
GT 2
ns
F = qvB sin
E =
= 100
2
Z2 Z1 ]
[
=
[ Z2 + Z1 ] 2
47
Vout
Vin
=
Rf
Ri
48
Yttrium
5771
Strontium
56
Ba
137.3
Barium
88
Ra
[226.0]
Radium
Rubidium
55
Cs
132.9
Caesium
87
Fr
[223.0]
Francium
Rutherfordium
104
Rf
[261.1]
Hafnium
72
Hf
178.5
Zirconium
90
Th
232.0
Thorium
Actinides
89
Ac
[227.0]
Actinium
Protactinium
91
Pa
231.0
Praseodymium
59
Pr
140.9
Dubnium
105
Db
[262.1]
Tantalum
73
Ta
180.9
Niobium
41
Nb
92.91
Vanadium
Uranium
92
U
238.0
Neodymium
60
Nd
144.2
Seaborgium
106
Sg
[263.1]
Tungsten
74
W
183.8
Molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94
Chromium
Neptunium
93
Np
[237.0]
Promethium
61
Pm
[146.9]
Bohrium
107
Bh
[264.1]
Rhenium
75
Re
186.2
Technetium
43
Tc
[98.91]
Manganese
Plutonium
94
Pu
[239.1]
Samarium
Americium
95
Am
[241.1]
Europium
Curium
96
Cm
[244.1]
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.3
Ununnilium
Meitnerium
Hassium
63
Eu
152.0
110
Uun
109
Mt
[268]
62
Sm
150.4
Platinum
Iridium
78
Pt
195.1
Palladium
46
Pd
106.4
Nickel
108
Hs
[265.1]
77
Ir
192.2
Rhodium
45
Rh
102.9
Cobalt
28
Ni
58.69
Osmium
76
Os
190.2
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.1
Iron
27
Co
58.93
Berkelium
97
Bk
[249.1]
Terbium
65
Tb
158.9
Unununium
111
Uuu
Gold
79
Au
197.0
Silver
47
Ag
107.9
Copper
Californium
98
Cf
[252.1]
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.5
Ununbium
112
Uub
Mercury
80
Hg
200.6
Cadmium
48
Cd
112.4
Zinc
30
Zn
65.39
Einsteinium
99
Es
[252.1]
Holmium
67
Ho
164.9
113
Thallium
81
Tl
204.4
Indium
49
In
114.8
Gallium
31
Ga
69.72
Fermium
100
Fm
[257.1]
Erbium
68
Er
167.3
Ununquadium
114
Uuq
Lead
82
Pb
207.2
Tin
50
Sn
118.7
Germanium
32
Ge
72.61
Silicon
14
Si
28.09
Carbon
6
C
12.01
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Mendelevium
101
Md
[258.1]
Thulium
69
Tm
168.9
115
Bismuth
83
Bi
209.0
Antimony
51
Sb
121.8
Arsenic
Nobelium
102
No
[259.1]
Ytterbium
70
Yb
173.0
Ununhexium
116
Uuh
Polonium
84
Po
[210.0]
Tellurium
52
Te
127.6
Selenium
34
Se
78.96
16
S
32.07
15
P
30.97
33
As
74.92
Fluorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.1]
Lutetium
71
Lu
175.0
117
Astatine
85
At
[210.0]
Iodine
53
I
126.9
Bromine
35
Br
79.90
Chlorine
17
Cl
35.45
9
F
19.00
8
O
16.00
7
N
14.01
Cerium
Lanthanum
Lanthanides
57
58
La
Ce
138.9
140.1
Actinides
89103
Lanthanides
39
Y
88.91
38
Sr
87.62
40
Zr
91.22
Titanium
Scandium
Calcium
26
Fe
55.85
29
Cu
63.55
37
Rb
85.47
25
Mn
54.94
Potassium
24
Cr
52.00
Aluminium
23
V
50.94
20
Ca
40.08
19
K
39.10
22
Ti
47.87
Magnesium
Sodium
21
Sc
44.96
13
Al
26.98
Boron
12
Mg
24.31
Name of element
11
Na
22.99
Atomic Weight
Gold
Beryllium
Lithium
Symbol of element
5
B
10.81
79
Au
197.0
4
Be
9.012
3
Li
6.941
Atomic Number
KEY
Hydrogen
1
H
1.008
Ununoctium
118
Uuo
Radon
86
Rn
[222.0]
Xenon
54
Xe
131.3
Krypton
36
Kr
83.80
Argon
18
Ar
39.95
Neon
10
Ne
20.18
Helium
2
He
4.003
2004
Physics
Total marks 100

be used
pages 13, 17, 21 and 23
Section I
Pages 226
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Part B 60 marks
Section II
Pages 2738
25 marks
433
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks

completely.
Sample:
2+4=
(A) 2
A
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 9
D
new answer.
A
correct
A
The picture shows a game of cricket.

Neglect
air resistance
The picture shows two consecutive shots by the batsman. Both balls reach the same
maximum height above the ground but ball Q travels twice as far as ball P.
Which of the following is DIFFERENT for balls P and Q?
(A) Time of flight
(B)
Initial velocity
(C)
Gravitational force
(D) Gravitational acceleration
The diagram shows two planets X and Y of mass m and 4m respectively.
Planet X of
mass m
Planet Y of
mass 4m
At the distance d from the centre of planet Y the acceleration due to gravity is 4.0 m s2.
What is the acceleration due to gravity at distance d from the centre of planet X?
(A) 1.0 m s2
(B)
2.0 m s2
(C)
2.8 m s2
(D) 4.0 m s2
A spaceship at a distance r metres from the centre of a star experiences a gravitational

r
force of x newtons. The spaceship moves a distance towards the star.
2
What is the gravitational force acting on the spaceship when it is at this new location?
(B)
x
newtons
2
x newtons
(C)
2x newtons
(A)
(D) 4x newtons
An object of rest mass 8.0 kg moves at a speed of 0.6c relative to an observer.

What is the observed mass of the object?
(A) 6.4 kg
(B)
10.0 kg
(C)
12.5 kg
(D) 13.4 kg
Two spaceships are both travelling at relativistic speeds. Spaceship Beta shines a light
beam forward as shown.
Beta
Light beam
Alpha
What is the speed of the light beam according to an observer on spaceship Alpha?
(A) The speed of the light beam is equal to c.
(B)
The speed of the light beam is less than c.
(C)
The speed of the light beam is greater than c.
(D) More information is required about the relative speed of the spaceships.
A ball is dropped by a person sitting on a vehicle that is accelerating uniformly to the

right, as shown by the arrow.
Ignore air resistance
Which of the following represents the path of the ball, shown at equal time intervals,
observed from the frame of reference of the vehicle?
(B)
(A)
Direction
of travel
of vehicle
Direction
of travel
of vehicle
(D)
(C)
Direction
of travel
of vehicle
Direction
of travel
of vehicle
Why do some electrical appliances in the home need a transformer instead of operating
directly from mains power?
(A) They require a voltage lower than the mains voltage.
(B)
They require a source of energy that is DC rather than AC.
(C)
They require an alternating current at a frequency other than 50 Hz.
(D) They consume less energy than a similar device without a transformer.
A transformer which has 60 turns in the primary coil is used to convert an input of 3 V
into an output of 12 V.
Which description best fits this transformer?
Type of transformer
Number of turns in
secondary coil
(A)
Step up
15
(B)
Step down
240
(C)
Step up
240
(D)
Step down
15
An electric DC motor consists of 500 turns of wire formed into a rectangular coil of
dimensions 0.2 m 0.1 m. The coil is in a magnetic field of 1.0 103 T. A current of
4.0 A flows through the coil.
What is the magnitude of the maximum torque, and the orientation of the plane of the
coil relative to the magnetic field when this occurs?
(A) 0.04 N m, parallel to the field
(B)
0.04 N m, perpendicular to the field
(C)
0.4 N m, parallel to the field
(D) 0.4 N m, perpendicular to the field
10
A disc magnet has its poles on its opposing flat surfaces. An insulated copper wire was
placed on the disc magnet as shown in the diagram.
Y
X
Disc magnet
The instant the wire was connected to a DC battery, the wire was observed to move in the
direction of the arrow.
Which statement describes the direction of the magnets field and the direction of the
current in the wire, consistent with this observation?
(A) The field was vertically upward and the current was from X to Y.
(B)
The field was vertically upward and the current was from Y to X.
(C)
The field was in the direction of the arrow and the current was from X to Y.
(D) The field was in the direction of the arrow and the current was from Y to X.
11
An electromagnet is attached to the bottom of a light train which is travelling from left
to right, as shown.
I
v
When a large current is passed through the coils of the electromagnet, the train slows
down as a direct result of the law of conservation of energy.
In which of the following devices is the law of conservation of energy applied in the same
way?
(A) DC motor
(B)
Loudspeaker
(C)
Induction motor
(D) Induction cooktop

8
12
Photographs of two gas discharge tubes are shown.
What causes the variations of the pattern of striations in the gas discharge tubes?
(A) Different gases in the tubes
(B)
Different gas pressures in the tubes
(C)
Different voltages applied to the tubes
(D) Different electrode materials used in the tubes
13
Compared to silicon atoms, phosphorus atoms have one more electron in their outer shell.
Boron atoms have one less electron than silicon atoms in their outer shell.
Which of the following is the correct statement?
(A) An n-type semiconductor is produced when silicon is doped with phosphorus, and
a p-type semiconductor when silicon is doped with boron.
(B)
A p-type semiconductor is produced when silicon is doped with phosphorus, and

an n-type semiconductor when silicon is doped with boron.
(C)
The addition of phosphorus atoms turns silicon into a conductor but the addition of
boron atoms turns silicon into an insulator.
(D) The addition of boron atoms turns silicon into a conductor but the addition of
phosphorus atoms turns silicon into an insulator.
14
The minimum amount of energy needed to eject an electron from a clean aluminium
surface is 6.72 1019 J.
What is the maximum wavelength of incident light that can be shone on this aluminium
surface in order to eject electrons?
(A) 9.86 1016 m
(B)
2.96 107 m
(C)
3.38 106 m
(D) 1.02 1015 m
10
The graph shows the intensitywavelength relationship of electromagnetic radiation

emitted from a black body cavity.
1.0
0.8
Intensity
15
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Wavelength (nm)
In 1900, Planck proposed a mathematical formula that predicted an intensitywavelength
relationship consistent with the experimental data.
The success of this formula depended on which of the following hypotheses?
(A) The intensity of light is dependent on the wavelength.
(B)
Light is quantised, with the energy of light quanta depending on the frequency.
(C)
Light is a wave whose intensity is readily expressed using mathematical formulae.
(D) Light is quantised, with the energy of the light quanta depending on the size of the
cavity from which it is emitted.
11
BLANK PAGE
12
Physics
Centre Number
Part B 60 marks
Student Number

Marks
A projectile is fired at a velocity of 50 m s1 at an angle of 30 to the horizontal.
Determine the range of the projectile.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
434
13
Marks
In July 1969 the Apollo 11 Command Module with Michael Collins on board orbited
the Moon waiting for the Ascent Module to return from the Moons surface. The mass
of the Command Module was 9.98 103 kg, its period was 119 minutes, and the radius
of its orbit from the Moons centre was 1.85 106 metres.
(a)
Assuming the Command Module was in circular orbit, calculate

(i)
the mass of the Moon;

...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(ii)
the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the Command Module.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(b)
The docking of the Ascent Module with the Command Module resulted in an
increase in mass of the orbiting spacecraft. The spacecraft remained at the same
altitude.
This docking procedure made no difference to the orbital speed. Justify this
statement.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
14
Marks
A car with a mass of 800 kg travels at a constant speed of 7.5 m s1 on a roundabout
so that it follows a circular path with a radius of 16 m.
Path that
car follows
A person observing this situation makes the following statement.

There is no net force acting on the car because the speed is constant and
the friction between the tyres and the road balances the centripetal force
acting on the car.
Assess this statement. Support your answer with an analysis of the horizontal forces
acting on the car, using the numerical data provided above.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
15
Marks
On 11 June 2003 the Mars Rover called Spirit was launched on a satellite from Earth
when the planets were in the positions shown in the diagram below. The satellite
arrived at Mars on 3 December 2003.
Sun
Earth
North pole
Mars
(a)
Indicate on the diagram the approximate positions of Earth and Mars on

3 December 2003 and show the satellites trajectory to Mars.
(b)
Discuss the effect of Earths motion on the launch and trajectory to Mars of this
satellite.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
16
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
The photograph below shows a transmission line support tower. The inset shows
details of the top section of the tower.
A
A
Describe the role of each of the parts labelled A and B in the photograph.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
435
17
Marks
(a)
The diagram shows a two-pole DC motor as constructed by a student.

Coils of
copper wire
(50 turns)
Pin
Bar magnet
Copper split-ring
commutator
N
Pin
Copper brushes
touching the
commutator
Identify THREE mistakes in the construction of this DC motor as shown in the

diagram.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
18
Marks
(b)
An ammeter was used to measure the current through a small DC motor. While
it was running freely, a current of 2.09 A was recorded. While the motor was
running, the axle of the motor was held firmly, preventing it from rotating, and
the current was then recorded as 2.54 A.
Explain this observation.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 21
19
Marks
The photograph below shows parts of an AC electric motor.
Describe the main features of this type of motor and its operation.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
20
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
In the past 50 years electrical technology has developed from the widespread use of
thermionic devices to the use of solid state devices and superconductors.
(a)
List THREE disadvantages of thermionic devices that led to their replacement.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Outline ONE advantage of using superconductors, with reference to TWO

applications.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
436
21
Marks
In the late nineteenth century Westinghouse and Edison were in competition to supply
electricity to cities. This competition led to Edison holding public demonstrations to
promote his system of DC generation over Westinghouses system of AC generation.
Propose arguments that Westinghouse could have used to convince authorities of the
advantages of his AC system of generation and distribution of electrical energy over
Edisons DC supply.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
22
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
6
An example of a solar cell is shown below.

Direction of light
Thin, transparent
p-type layer
n-type layer
The solar cell is able to produce a current due to the photoelectric effect and the
electrical properties of the n-type and p-type layers.
Use this information to outline the process by which light shining on the solar cell
produces an electric current that can light up a light globe.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
437
23
The diagram shows part of an experiment designed to measure the force between two parallel
current-carrying conductors.
cm
.0 A
1
I1 =
I2
20
cm
The experimental results are tabulated below.

I2 (A)
Force ( 106 N)
2.0
3.0
11
4.0
14
5.0
18
24
Marks
(a)
Plot the data and draw the line of best fit.

20
18
16
F (106 N)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
I2 (A)
(b)
Calculate the gradient of the line of best fit from the graph.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(c)
Write an expression for the magnetic force constant k in terms of the gradient and
other variables.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(d)
Use this expression and the gradient calculated in part (b) to determine the value
of the magnetic force constant k.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
End of Question 26
25
Marks
A sports magazine commenting on the athletic ability of Michael Jordan, the famous
basketball player said:
Being an athlete takes more brains than brawn. It takes time and
effort. It takes endurance and commitment. It takes an athlete who
can stay in the air for 2.5 seconds while shooting a goal; an athlete
who knows which laws of physics keep him there.
Assess the information presented in this magazine, using appropriate calculations to
support your argument.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
26
Physics
Section II
25 marks
Pages
438
Question 28
Geophysics ........................................................................... 2829
Question 29
Medical Physics ................................................................... 3032
Question 30
Astrophysics ......................................................................... 3334
Question 31
Question 32
27
Marks
(a)
(i)
The magnetic properties of rocks (Earth materials) are useful in the study
of geophysics.
Recall TWO other properties of Earth materials that are studied in

geophysics.
(b)
(ii)
Describe the magnetic properties of Earth materials and outline how

these properties have led to an understanding of the variation in Earths
magnetic field over time.
(i)
The period of a simple pendulum can be used to calculate a value for g,

using the relationship
T = 2
l
g
where l = length of the pendulum string in metres.

An experiment was performed in which a pendulum 40.0 cm long had a
period of 1.268 s.
Use these data to calculate a value for g and hence calculate the radius
of Earth at this location.
(ii)
The pendulum was moved to a new location on the surface of Earth at the
same latitude and same distance from the centre of Earth. At this new
location the pendulum had a longer period.
Account for its longer period with reference to Earths gravitational field
and propose a physical basis for this variation.
(c)
Explain the uses of satellites in providing information about Earth. Include in

your answer a comparison of geostationary and low Earth orbits, proposing
which would be preferred for remote sensing.
28
Marks
The diagram below summarises the changes of properties with depth in Earth.
Density (tonnes/m3)
Temperature C
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Seismic velocity (km/s)

2 4
6 8 10 12 14 0
100
200
300
400
500
P wave velocity
Depth (km)
1000
S wave velocity
(d)
2000
2895
5150
(i)
During your study of geophysics you carried out a first-hand investigation

to analyse the variation in density of different rock types.
Describe how your investigation was carried out to ensure that the
densities you determined were reliable.
(ii)
Referring to the density graph above, account for the discontinuities

(abrupt changes) at 50 km and 2895 km.
(iii)
The right-hand section of the diagram shows the velocity of P waves and
S waves.
Account for the changes in velocity shown, including an explanation for

the effects at 50 km and 2895 km for both P and S waves.
End of Question 28
29
Marks
(a)
(i)
Describe how the piezoelectric material used in an ultrasound transducer

can be made to vibrate to produce compressions and rarefactions in body
tissues.
(ii)
Examine the following image showing the heads of unborn twins.
Describe how the image of the heads of the twins was produced.
(b)
Different medical imaging technologies are used to enhance the information

available to scientists and doctors.
(i)
The following PET images of the brain show the active areas when the
same words were seen on a video screen (left image) and heard through
earphones (right image). To produce these images, glucose tagged with
the radioisotope F-18 was first injected into the persons body.
With reference to these images and the role of the tagged glucose,
evaluate how PET imaging technology is changing our understanding of
the way the brain functions.
30
Marks
Identify the imaging technology used to obtain blood flow characteristics
of blood moving through the heart, and describe the principle that
enables information about the movement of blood to be measured.
Nobel Prizes are awarded annually to those who . . . have conferred the greatest
benefit to mankind (quote from Alfred Nobels will). The following table shows
information about some people who have received Nobel Prizes, and the reasons
for their award.
(ii)
(c)
Award
Recipients
Citation (reasons for award)
1956 Nobel
Prize for
Physics
William Bradford Shockley

Walter Houser Brattain
John Bardeen
for their researches on

semiconductors and their
discovery of the transistor effect
1972 Nobel
Prize for
Physics
John Bardeen
Leon Neil Cooper
John Robert Schrieffer
for their jointly developed

theory of superconductivity,
usually called the BSC-theory
2003 Nobel
Prize for
Physics
Alexei Abrikosov
Vitaly Ginzburg
Anthony Leggett
for their pioneering

contributions to the theory of
superconductors and superfluids
2003 Prize
for Medicine
Peter Mansfield
Paul Lauterbur
for their discoveries concerning

magnetic resonance imaging
With reference to the physical processes upon which MRI depends, assess the
impact of advances in knowledge about semiconductors and superconductors on
the development of magnetic resonance imaging.
31
Marks
(d)
(i)
During your study of medical physics you carried out a first-hand

investigation of the transfer of light by optical fibres. The diagram below
shows part of the cross-section of an optical fibre, with the critical angle
labelled.
Normal
Cladding
Glass fibre
Ic
Sketch the diagram in your answer booklet and show a ray of light that
is totally internally reflected at the point P in the fibre.
(ii)
The photograph shows a normal endoscopic image of the transverse part

of the large intestine.
www.gastrolab.net
Describe how the optical fibres in an endoscope are used to produce an

image such as the one shown.
(iii)
Describe how an endoscope could be used to obtain tissue samples from

inside the large intestine, and outline why the endoscope is of particular
use in this procedure.
End of Question 29
32
Marks
(a)
(b)
(i)
Identify the initial and final elements of the principal sequence of nuclear
reactions for a star on the Main Sequence.
(ii)
Identify the type of star that the Sun will initially turn into after it
completes its Main Sequence evolution. State the main source of energy
in the core at this stage.
The apparent magnitudes of three stars are measured with a telescope equipped
with a camera, first with a red filter placed in front of the detector, and then with
a blue filter placed in front of it. The absolute magnitudes of the three stars can
be determined from their spectra, and are listed in the fourth column of the table
for the red filter.
The results are shown in the table.
Star
Absolute magnitude
red filter
Betelgeuse
0.89
+0.41
6.47
Rigel
+0.18
+0.14
6.69
Sirius
1.46
1.46
+1.46
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Apparent magnitude Apparent magnitude

red filter
blue filter
Use the data in the table to determine which is the bluest of these three stars.
Calculate the distance to Rigel in parsecs.
Describe how the spectrum of a star can be used to determine its temperature,
chemical composition and aspects of its motion.
33
Marks
An astronomer made regular measurements of the intensity of a star over the
course of several days and obtained the light curve shown below.
Light curve
101
100
99
Intensity
(d)
98
97
96
95
0
10
Time (days)
15
20
(i)
Describe the features of this light curve that suggest that the astronomer
is observing an eclipsing binary system.
(ii)
If both stars have equal masses of 2 1030 kg, determine the separation
of the two stars.
(iii)
The astronomer concludes that the system is a white dwarf eclipsing the
other star. The intensity of light from the star is proportional to its
cross-sectional area.
That is, I r 2.
Using the data and diagram, calculate the radius of the white dwarf as a
fraction of the radius of the other star. Assume that the white dwarf has
negligible luminosity.
End of Question 30
34
Marks
(a)
(i)
Identify TWO features of the strong nuclear force that binds the
nucleons together within the nucleus of an atom.
(ii)
When Chadwick discovered the neutron he estimated its mass as

1.15 times the mass of the proton, quite close to its true value.
State the TWO laws of physics he used to make this estimate.
(b)
(i)
The table below lists the first generation of quarks and antiquarks.
Quarks
Name
Antiquarks
Symbol
Charge
Up
+ 23 e
Down
13 e
Name
Symbol
Charge
Antiup
23 e
Antidown
+ 13 e
The Standard Model of matter states that baryons, like protons and
neutrons, are comprised of three quarks, while mesons, like the pions +
and , are comprised of one quark and one antiquark.
Using the table above, state the quark composition of the neutron and the
negative pion.
(ii)
The first atomic bomb was a simple uranium-235 fission device. One
mode of fission for uranium-235 is given below.
235
92U
+ 10n
139
54Xe
94
38Sr
+ 3 10n
Calculate the mass defect and the energy released per

the following nuclear masses and other data:
235
92U
= 234.9934 u
94
38Sr
= 93.8945 u
139
54Xe
1
0n
1 u = 1.66 1027 kg
U atom, given
= 138.8883 u
= 1.00867 u
c = 3.00 108 ms1
u = atomic mass unit

35
235
Marks
(c)
7
One cannot understand the [particle] physics of the past
several decades without understanding the nature of the
accelerator . . . the dominant tool in the field for the past forty
years. By understanding the accelerator, one also learns much
of the physics principles that physicists have laboured
centuries to perfect.
Leon Lederman and Dick Teresi, The God Particle, 1993
Describe how the key features and components of the standard model of matter
have been developed using accelerators as a probe.
(d)
(i)
During your study of From Quanta to Quarks you carried out a first-hand
investigation to observe the visible components of the hydrogen spectrum.
Identify the equipment you used to observe this spectrum.

(ii)
During your physics course you examined first hand the emission
spectrum of atomic hydrogen. The four coloured lines are listed in the
table below.
Name of the
emission line
Electron
transition
Red
n = 3 to n = 2
Green
n = 4 to n = 2
Blue
n = 5 to n = 2
Violet
n = 6 to n = 2
Colour of the
emission line
Calculate the wavelength of the H spectral line, and hence determine

the energy of the emitted photon.
(iii)
Describe TWO limitations of Bohrs model of the hydrogen atom.
End of Question 31
36
Marks
(a)
(b)
(i)
Outline the role of the electromagnet and switch contacts in a relay.
(ii)
Explain how a relay works.
(i)
Identify the gate shown below and predict the output if the input at A is 1
and at B is 0.
A
B
(ii)
The diagram below shows a logic circuit. Determine the gate X which
gives an output of 1 if the input A is 1 and B is 1. Justify your answer by
using a truth table.
E
A
B
(c)
X
C
Output
SILIAC, the first computer owned and operated by the University of Sydney,
built in the 1950s, was constructed using thermionic devices. Its successor, the
KDF9, was built in the late 1960s using solid state devices (transistors). Todays
supercomputers are built using integrated circuits.
Assess the impact on computers of each succeeding device, with reference to the
differences between each device.
37
Marks
(d)
The diagrams below show two different inverting amplifiers.

300 k
10 k
300 k
15 k
Vin = 0.2 V
Vin = 0.1 V
Vout
Diagram 1
(i)
Vout = 2 V
Diagram 2
Calculate Vout in Diagram 1.
The two circuits are now combined to produce a summing amplifier as shown
below.
300 k
10 k
15 k
V1 = 0.2 V
V2 = 0.1 V
Vout
Diagram 3
(ii)
Calculate Vout in Diagram 3 using your results in part (i) and the data in
Diagram 2, and verify your value at Vout using the following formula for
the output voltage for a summing amplifier.
V V
Vout = R3 1 + 2 .
R1 R2
(iii)
Explain the use of the three resistors in the summing amplifier shown in
Diagram 3.
End of paper
38
Physics
DATA SHEET
1.602 1019 C
9.109 1031 kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1.675 1027 kg
Mass of proton, mp
1.673 1027 kg
340 m s1
9.8 m s2
Speed of light, c
3.00 108 m s1

2
2.0 107 N A2
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
Mass of Earth
6.0 1024 kg
Planck constant, h
6.626 1034 J s
1.097 107 m1
Atomic mass unit, u
1.661 1027 kg
931.5 MeV/ c 2
439
1 eV
1.602 1019 J
Density of water,
1.00 103 kg m3
4.18 103 J kg1 K1
39
FORMULAE SHEET
v = f
I
m1 m2
r
Ep = G
F = mg
d2
v1
sin i
=
v2
sin r
v x 2 = ux 2
v = u + at
E =
F
q
v y 2 = uy 2 + 2 ay y
R =
V
I
x = ux t
P = VI
1
2
y = uy t + ay t 2
Energy = VIt
r3
T
vav =
aav
r
t
F =
v
vu
therefore aav =
=
t
t
GM
4 2
Gm1 m2
d2
E = mc 2
F = ma
F =
Ek =
v2
lv = l0 1
mv 2
r
tv =
1 2
mv
2
t0
1
W = Fs
mv =
p = mv
v2
c2
m0
1
Impulse = Ft
40
c2
v2
c2
FORMULAE SHEET
F
l
I1 I2
= k
1
p
d =
F = BIl sin
d
M = m 5 log
10
= Fd
IA
IB
= nBIA cos
Vp
Vs
(mB mA )
m1 + m2 =
np
4 2 r 3
1
1
1
= R 2 2
n f ni
V
d
h
mv
E = hf
c = f
A0 =
Vout
Z = v
Vin
Ir
I0
GT 2
ns
F = qvB sin
E =
= 100
2
Z2 Z1 ]
[
=
[ Z2 + Z1 ] 2
41
Vout
Vin
=
Rf
Ri
42
Yttrium
5771
Strontium
56
Ba
137.3
Barium
88
Ra
[226.0]
Radium
Rubidium
55
Cs
132.9
Caesium
87
Fr
[223.0]
Francium
Rutherfordium
104
Rf
[261.1]
Hafnium
72
Hf
178.5
Zirconium
90
Th
232.0
Thorium
Actinides
89
Ac
[227.0]
Actinium
Protactinium
91
Pa
231.0
Praseodymium
59
Pr
140.9
Dubnium
105
Db
[262.1]
Tantalum
73
Ta
180.9
Niobium
41
Nb
92.91
Vanadium
Uranium
92
U
238.0
Neodymium
60
Nd
144.2
Seaborgium
106
Sg
[263.1]
Tungsten
74
W
183.8
Molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94
Chromium
Neptunium
93
Np
[237.0]
Promethium
61
Pm
[146.9]
Bohrium
107
Bh
[264.1]
Rhenium
75
Re
186.2
Technetium
43
Tc
[98.91]
Manganese
Plutonium
94
Pu
[239.1]
Samarium
Americium
95
Am
[241.1]
Europium
Curium
96
Cm
[244.1]
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.3
Ununnilium
Meitnerium
Hassium
63
Eu
152.0
110
Uun
109
Mt
[268]
62
Sm
150.4
Platinum
Iridium
78
Pt
195.1
Palladium
46
Pd
106.4
Nickel
108
Hs
[265.1]
77
Ir
192.2
Rhodium
45
Rh
102.9
Cobalt
28
Ni
58.69
Osmium
76
Os
190.2
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.1
Iron
27
Co
58.93
Berkelium
97
Bk
[249.1]
Terbium
65
Tb
158.9
Unununium
111
Uuu
Gold
79
Au
197.0
Silver
47
Ag
107.9
Copper
Californium
98
Cf
[252.1]
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.5
Ununbium
112
Uub
Mercury
80
Hg
200.6
Cadmium
48
Cd
112.4
Zinc
30
Zn
65.39
Einsteinium
99
Es
[252.1]
Holmium
67
Ho
164.9
113
Thallium
81
Tl
204.4
Indium
49
In
114.8
Gallium
31
Ga
69.72
Fermium
100
Fm
[257.1]
Erbium
68
Er
167.3
Ununquadium
114
Uuq
Lead
82
Pb
207.2
Tin
50
Sn
118.7
Germanium
32
Ge
72.61
Silicon
14
Si
28.09
Carbon
6
C
12.01
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Mendelevium
101
Md
[258.1]
Thulium
69
Tm
168.9
115
Bismuth
83
Bi
209.0
Antimony
51
Sb
121.8
Arsenic
Nobelium
102
No
[259.1]
Ytterbium
70
Yb
173.0
Ununhexium
116
Uuh
Polonium
84
Po
[210.0]
Tellurium
52
Te
127.6
Selenium
34
Se
78.96
16
S
32.07
15
P
30.97
33
As
74.92
Fluorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.1]
Lutetium
71
Lu
175.0
117
Astatine
85
At
[210.0]
Iodine
53
I
126.9
Bromine
35
Br
79.90
Chlorine
17
Cl
35.45
9
F
19.00
8
O
16.00
7
N
14.01
Cerium
Lanthanum
Lanthanides
57
58
La
Ce
138.9
140.1
Actinides
89103
Lanthanides
39
Y
88.91
38
Sr
87.62
40
Zr
91.22
Titanium
Scandium
Calcium
26
Fe
55.85
29
Cu
63.55
37
Rb
85.47
25
Mn
54.94
Potassium
24
Cr
52.00
Aluminium
23
V
50.94
20
Ca
40.08
19
K
39.10
22
Ti
47.87
Magnesium
Sodium
21
Sc
44.96
13
Al
26.98
Boron
12
Mg
24.31
Name of element
11
Na
22.99
Atomic Weight
Gold
Beryllium
Lithium
Symbol of element
5
B
10.81
79
Au
197.0
4
Be
9.012
3
Li
6.941
Atomic Number
KEY
Hydrogen
1
H
1.008
Ununoctium
118
Uuo
Radon
86
Rn
[222.0]
Xenon
54
Xe
131.3
Krypton
36
Kr
83.80
Argon
18
Ar
39.95
Neon
10
Ne
20.18
Helium
2
He
4.003
2005
Physics
Total marks 100

be used
pages 13, 17, 21 and 25
Section I
Pages 227
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Part B 60 marks
Section II
Pages 2943
25 marks
433
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks

completely.
Sample:
2+4=
(A) 2
A
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 9
D
new answer.
A
correct
A
A ball thrown in the air traces a path as shown below.
Which of the following statements is true?

(A) The velocity of the ball keeps changing.
(B)
The acceleration of the ball keeps changing.
(C)
The velocity of the ball at the top of its motion is zero.
(D) The acceleration of the ball at the top of its motion is zero.
Why would a satellite in low orbit around Earth eventually fall to Earth?
(A) It is not in a geostationary orbit.
(B)
Gravity is too strong at low orbits.
(C)
The suns solar wind pushes it out of orbit.
(D) The upper atmosphere gradually slows it down.
The initial velocity required by a space probe to just escape the gravitational pull of a
planet is called escape velocity.
Which of the following quantities does NOT affect the magnitude of the escape velocity?
(A) Mass of the planet
(B)
Mass of the space probe
(C)
Radius of the planet
(D) Universal gravitational constant
A space probe, P, is in a stable orbit around a small, distant planet. The probe fires a
forward-facing rocket that reduces its orbital speed by half.
Which of the following best illustrates the subsequent motion of the probe?
(A)
(C)
(B)
*P
(D)
*P
*P
*P
Napoleon attacked Moscow in 1812 with his cannon firing a shot at an elevation angle of
40. Napoleon then decided to fire a second shot at the same speed but at an elevation
angle of 50.
Which of the following observations would Napoleon expect to be true about the second
shot when compared with the first?
(A) Longer range
(B)
Shorter range
(C)
Longer time of flight
(D) Shorter time of flight
In a particular experiment a long length of copper wire of very low resistance is rotated
by two students. The ends of the wire are connected to a galvanometer, G, and a current
is detected.
G
Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the amount of current produced?
(A) The length of the rotating wire
(B)
The thickness of the rotating wire
(C)
The speed with which the wire is rotated
(D) Whether the wire is oriented north-south or east-west
A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B at right angles to the
plane of the coil as shown in the diagrams. The coil is then rotated in a clockwise
direction as shown.
Which of the following shows the direction of current flow in the coil as it begins
to rotate?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The primary coil of a transformer is connected to a battery, a resistor and a switch. The
secondary coil is connected to a galvanometer.
G
R
Which of the following graphs best shows the current flow in the galvanometer when the
switch is closed?
Time
(C)
(D)
Time
Time
Current
Current
(B)
Current
(A)
Current
Time
Three rings are dropped at the same time over identical magnets as shown below.
Plastic
Copper
Copper
Which of the following describes the order in which the rings P, Q and R reach the
bottom of the magnets?
(A) They arrive in the order P, Q, R.
(B)
They arrive in the order P, R, Q.
(C)
Rings P and R arrive simultaneously, followed by Q.
(D) Rings Q and R arrive simultaneously, followed by P.
10
A transformer is to be designed so that it is efficient, with heating by eddy currents

minimised. The designer has some iron and insulating material available to build the
transformer core. The windings are to be made with insulated copper wire.
Which of the following designs minimises the energy losses in the core?
(A)
Iron sheets
(B)
Iron
Insulated
wire
Insulated
wire
(C)
(D)
Insulated
wire
Insulating
material
Insulating
material
Iron rods
Insulated
wire
Insulating
material
Iron sheets
11
The discharge tube shown below contains a rotating paddle wheel that is free to move.
The tubes electrodes are connected to a high-voltage source.
Cathode
Cathode rays
Anode
+
Which of the following statements about cathode rays does this apparatus provide
evidence for?
(A) Cathode rays travel in straight lines.
(B)
Cathode rays are particles that have momentum.
(C)
Cathode rays can only be produced in vacuum tubes.
(D) Cathode rays are waves of high frequency and short wavelength.
12
The family of curves below shows the relationship between the intensity of black body
radiation and its wavelength for various Kelvin temperatures.
8000 K
Intensity
5000 K
3000 K
0
1000
2000
3000
Wavelength (nm)
This diagram has been adapted from Figure 2.18 in Physics Concepts and Applications, VCE Units 1&2 by Harding et al, Macmillan Education Australia, 1997.
Reproduced by permission of Macmillan Education Australia.
Who was the first to correctly explain this relationship?

(A) Planck, in 1900, when he suggested energy at the atomic level was quantised
(B)
Einstein, in 1905, when he suggested light was a stream of particles called photons
(C)
Rutherford, in 1911, when he suggested the nuclear model of the atom
(D) Bohr, in 1913, when he suggested electrons exist in stationary states

13
A doped silicon semiconductor has the following energy-level diagram.

Conduction band
Dopant level
Valence band
What element was most likely used to dope the silicon?
(A) Boron
(B)
Germanium
(C)
Phosphorus
(D) Sulfur
10
14
An FM radio station transmits at a frequency of 102.8 MHz.

What is the energy, in joules, of each photon emitted by the transmitter?
(A) 6.446 1042
(B)
6.812 1026
(C)
2.918
(D) 3.084 1016

15
A current is passed along a square semiconductor rod as shown. Half of the current is
carried by electrons and half by holes. A magnetic field is then applied to the rod at right
angles to its axis.
Magnetic
field
Conventional
current
Which of the following correctly describes the movement of the electrons and holes in
the rod when the magnetic field is applied?
(A) They speed up.
(B)
They slow down.
(C)
They move to the same side of the rod.
(D) They move to opposite sides of the rod.
11
BLANK PAGE
12
Physics
Centre Number
Part B 60 marks
Student Number

Marks
From nearest to furthest, the four satellite moons of Jupiter first observed by Galileo
in the year 1610 are called Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. For the first three
moons, the orbital period T of each is exactly twice the period of the one orbiting
immediately inside it. That is,
TEuropa = 2 TIo
TGanymede = 2 TEuropa
The mass of Jupiter is 1.90 1027 kg, and the orbital radius of Io is 421 600 km.
(a)
Use Keplers Law of Periods to calculate Ganymedes orbital radius.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate Ganymedes orbital speed.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
434
13
Marks
Einsteins 1905 theory of special relativity made several predictions that could not be
verified for many years.
(a)
State ONE such prediction.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Describe an experiment to test this prediction.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain how technological advances since 1905 have made it possible to carry
out this experiment.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
14
Marks
The idea of a universal aether was first proposed to explain the transmission of light
through space. Michelson and Morley attempted to measure the speed of Earth
through the aether.
Evaluate the impact of the result of the Michelson and Morley experiment on scientific
thinking.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Please turn over
15
Marks
In 1970 NASA launched Apollo 13, their third mission planned to land humans on the
Moon. Half-way to the Moon a huge explosion crippled the spacecraft. The only way
home for the astronauts was to fly around the back of the Moon and then fire the
rocket engine to take the craft out of lunar orbit and put it into an Earth-bound
trajectory.
At the completion of the rocket engine burn, mission leader Jim Lovell was heard to
say, We just put Isaac Newton in the drivers seat.
Given that the spacecraft returned safely to Earth, justify Jim Lovells statement.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
16
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
In your course you had to gather information to explain how induction is used in
certain applications.
With reference to TWO applications, describe how you assessed the reliability of
information you found.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
435
17
Marks
Two thin metal tubes one metre long were supported in a vertical wooden rack as
shown in the diagram.
tre
1 me
10 cm
The two ends were connected together, then the other two ends were connected briefly
to a car battery as shown in the diagram. It was observed that one of the tubes jumped
upward as the connection was made.
(a)
Explain why only one tube jumped upward.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Each tube has a mass of 1 102 kg, and the tubes lie on the rack 10 cm apart.
What minimum current flows when one tube jumps?

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
What is the implication of this result for power distribution networks?

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
18
Marks
A schematic diagram of a system to supply electricity to a house is shown below.
High voltage
transmission line
Power
plant
Step-down
transformer
Step-down
transformer
(substation)
Step-up
transformer
11 000 V
240 V
J D Cutnell & K W Johnson, 2001, Physics, 5th edn. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The step-down transformer in the substation has a turns ratio of 30 : 1.

(a)
What is the voltage carried by the high voltage transmission line?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Identify the causes of the two main energy losses in the transmission of
electricity between the power plant and the house.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain how the application of superconductivity could minimise energy loss in

the system.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
19
Marks
Explain how an understanding of black body radiation changed the direction of
scientific thinking in the early twentieth century.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
20
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Marks
Using labelled diagrams and text, explain how superconductivity occurs according to
the BCS theory.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
436
21
A student conducts an experiment using a photoelectric cell as shown in the diagram.
Grid
Metal surface
Light enters
Vacuum tube
100 V
Light is shone through a grid onto a metal surface. The metal is at earth potential and the grid
is at 100 V, so that any electrons emitted from the surface produce a current in the external
circuit.
The student shines light sources of different photon energies onto the metal surface and records
the current flowing for each. The light sources are adjusted so that their intensities are equal.
The results are recorded in the table and shown on the graph.
Photon energy (eV)
Photo-current (A)
0.50
0.90
1.20
0.5
1.70
2.8
1.75
4.0
1.90
8.0
2.20
9.2
2.50
9.4
22
Marks
Photo-current (A)
10
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Photon energy (eV)

(a)
On the grid provided, draw the straight line of best fit in the region where the
photo-current varies greatest with photon energy.
(b)
From the line drawn on your graph, estimate the minimum energy (work
function) for photoelectric emission.
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
The experiment is repeated, but the intensities of the light sources are doubled.
Predict the results of this new experiment by drawing a second line on the graph.
(d)
Justify the line you have drawn in part (c).
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 25
23
Marks
The diagram shows two parallel horizontal metal plates connected to a DC source of
electricity. Suspended between the plates is a charged particle of mass 9.6 106 kg.
Two metal plates

separated by 2.0 cm
Charged particle
+
49 V
(a)
Using conventional symbols, draw the electric field between the metal plates on
the diagram above.
(b)
Determine the magnitude of the electric field between the plates.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Determine the sign and magnitude of the charge on the particle if it is suspended
motionless between the plates.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
24
Physics
Centre Number

Student Number
Please turn over
437
25
Bubble chambers are used in conjunction with particle accelerators to photographically record
the tracks of fast-moving charged particles. An intense magnetic field is applied at right angles
to the path of the particles to deflect them according to their charge and momentum.
The diagram shows a beam of protons travelling horizontally at 6.0 107 m s1 and entering a
liquid hydrogen bubble chamber in a vertical magnetic field of 1.82 T.
Camera
Powerful
magnet
Proton beam
Liquid hydrogen
bubble chamber
Examination of the photograph taken by the camera, as sketched below, shows that the protons
were deflected along a circular path of radius 0.350 metres.
Proton beam
Proton tracks in bubble chamber
26
Marks
(a)
Derive an expression for the momentum of a proton from the forces it

experiences in this experiment.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the mass of a proton in the bubble chamber.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the rest mass of a proton found from this experiment.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 27
27
BLANK PAGE
28
Physics
Section II
25 marks
Pages
438
Question 28
Geophysics ........................................................................... 3031
Question 29
Medical Physics ................................................................... 3235
Question 30
Astrophysics ......................................................................... 3638
Question 31
Question 32
29
Marks
(a)
(b)
During your study of geophysics you investigated the radiation reflected from
various surfaces.
(i)
Identify the equipment you used to obtain your results.
(ii)
Describe the use of reflected radiation in obtaining information about

Earth from a distance.
On 6 December 2004 a meteor exploded in the atmosphere above northern

NSW. The blast was detected by sensitive microphones in Hobart at 5.25 am
(AEST) and in Tennant Creek at 6.12 am (AEST).
AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time
Awaiting Copyright Clearance
(i)
If Hobart is 1320 km from the explosion, how far is Tennant Creek from
the explosion?
(ii)
Similar microphones have detected volcanic explosions such as the

Mount St Helens (USA) volcanic explosion in 1980.
Identify another geophysical technique and explain how it is used to

locate a volcanic explosion.
30
Marks
(c)
The development of technologies that increased our understanding of Earths

magnetic field led to the acceptance of the principle of plate tectonics.
Evaluate this statement.

(d)
The diagram below shows the deflection of a plumb-bob near a large mountain
range. The diagram exaggerates the amount of deflection.
(i)
Explain why the plumb-bob is deflected towards the mountain range.
(ii)
The observed deflection towards the mountain range is not as great as

predicted due to the mountains alone.
What is the implication of this for plate tectonics?

(iii)
Describe how Jean Richer used a pendulum to show that Earth is not
spherical.
End of Question 28
31
Marks
(a)
(i)
The images show a persons heart before and after a medical procedure.
Abnormal heart
before procedure
Heart
after procedure
Describe how radioactive isotopes have been used to identify the

abnormality and confirm its correction.
(ii)
The table provides examples of some radioactive isotopes and their

properties.
Radioactive
source
Radiation
emitted
Half-life
11
Gamma
20.30 minutes
99
Gamma
6.02 hours
201
Gamma
3.05 days
131
Gamma
8.04 days
137
Alpha
30.17 years
238
Alpha
4.47 109 years
C
Tc
Tl
I
Cs
U
Which radioactive isotope from the table would most likely be used to
investigate the abnormality shown in the image above? Justify your
choice.
32
(b)
(i)
The acoustic impedance of fat is 1.38 106 kg m2 s1.

The acoustic impedance of bone is 7.80 106 kg m2 s1.
What percentage of the incident intensity of an ultrasound wave is
reflected as it crosses from fat into bone?
(ii)
(c)
Compare the physics involved in producing X-ray images with that used
for endoscopies.
The images demonstrate advances in the use of ultrasound as a tool in medical

diagnosis.
Describe advances in technology that have enabled the improvements shown in

these images, and discuss current issues that have arisen from these advances.
Marks
(d)
(i)
The following diagram shows the constituent parts of an MRI system.
State the functions of the superconducting magnet assembly and the

radio frequency (RF) coils in the MRI system.
34
Marks
(ii)
The use of MRI may be improved by the introduction of gadolinium into

the body.
T1 curves for tissues A and B
without gadolinium in the body
T1 curves for tissues A and B

with gadolinium in the body
Explain why gadolinium has been introduced.

(iii)
The arrow indicates an abnormality that has been detected in one

hemisphere of the brain.
MRI brain scan
Identify the advantages of MRI over a CAT scan in detecting this

abnormality.
End of Question 29
35
Marks
(a)
Part A of the figure shows the absorption spectrum of light, produced by an

incandescent filament, after it has been shone through a quantity of hydrogen
gas.
Also shown in the figure are the spectra obtained from two stars, Star Croesus
in part B and Star Dromus in part C.
The dark lines are absorption bands in A, B and C.
Spectrum
Violet Blue Green
Source
Red
(A)
Shone through hydrogen
Violet Blue Green
Red
(B)
Star Croesus
Violet Blue Green
Red
(C)
Star Dromus
DIAGRAMS
NOT TO SCALE
(i)
For each star, Croesus and Dromus, identify the principal way in which
its spectrum differs from the spectrum shown in part A of the figure.
(ii)
For each star, Croesus and Dromus, state what its spectrum tells us about
the motion of that star.
36
Marks
(b)
(i)
Photographs taken of a one arcsecond by one arcsecond sector of the

night sky show a group of fixed stars. Scales have been added to the
photographs. One star appears to change position, swinging backward
and forward over a period of one year. Two photographic negatives taken
when the star was at the furthest ends of its apparent travel are shown.
The star is marked X.
1"
1"
X
X
0
1"
1"
Calculate the distance of the star X from Earth.
(ii)
When viewed through a telescope, the star Alpha Centauri is seen to be

three stars close together. Two of them are the very bright Alpha Centauri
A and the very faint Proxima Centauri. These stars are 1.3 pc from Earth.
Their magnitudes are given in the table below.
Star
Absolute magnitude
Alpha Centauri A
+ 4.33
Proxima Centauri
+14.93
What is the ratio of their apparent brightnesses?
(c)
The HertsprungRussell (or HR) diagram relates the magnitude or brightness

of stars to their spectral classes or temperatures.
Describe the technological advances that have made it possible to add
astrophysical data to the HR diagram, and explain how this data contributes to
our understanding of stellar evolution.
37
Marks
(i)
The graph shows the apparent magnitude of a supergiant star recorded

over a period of time. The star is identified as a Type I Cepheid variable.
3.0
Apparent
magnitude
3.5
4.0
50
100
150
Time (days)
200
Explain how the period of oscillations in apparent magnitude may be

used to determine the distance of the star.
The graph shows the brightness of a star system recorded over a period of time.
The star system is identified as a binary pair, and measurements show them to
be 5.0 1010 m apart. One star is known to have four times the mass of the other.
Brightness
(d)
C
A
0
5
Time (days)
10
(ii)
Explain what causes each of the features A, B and C labelled on the

graph.
(iii)
Determine the mass of the star with the smaller mass.
End of Question 30
38
Marks
(a)
During your study of From Quanta to Quarks you either performed a first-hand
investigation, or you gathered information to observe nuclear radiation using a
Wilson cloud chamber, or similar detection device.
Below is a true-size photograph in this type of device showing the tracks made
by -particles.
(i)
Explain the appearance of these tracks in terms of properties of

-particles.
(ii)
Name another type of nuclear radiation, and describe differences in the

tracks it would make.
39
Marks
(b)
Naturally occurring uranium-238 spontaneously disintegrates according to the

equation
U Th + + .
The thorium radionuclide undergoes further decay according to the equation
Th Q + + v + .
(c)
(i)
Identify the mass number of the thorium radionuclide.
(ii)
Identify the nuclide Q, stating its mass number.
(iii)
Describe Wolfgang Paulis contribution to Enrico Fermis explanation of

beta decay.
An understanding of the nucleus led to the Manhattan Project, which was based
in laboratories in Los Alamos between 1942 and 1945.
Describe the technologies developed from this project, and assess the
significance to science and society of their applications.
40
Marks
(d)
The diagram below shows the first five circular Bohr orbits or stationary states
for the electron orbiting the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
n=5
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
(i)
For the electron transition shown on the diagram, calculate the

wavelength of the emitted photon.
(ii)
State de Broglies hypothesis, and calculate the wavelength of the

electron in the first stationary state if its speed is 2.188 106 m s1.
(iii)
Describe how de Broglies hypothesis extended the work of Bohr in

explaining the stability of electron orbits in the hydrogen atom.
End of Question 31
41
Marks
(a)
(i)
Write down the truth table for the logical expression

C = NOT (A AND B)
(ii)
(b)
Describe the function of a half-adder, and draw a circuit diagram to show

how logic gates can be used in combination to make a half-adder.
An operational amplifier has the transfer characteristic shown.

Vo (V)
Vcc = +15 V
15
+
Vi
Vo
7.5
Vi (V)
7.5
Vcc = 15 V
15
(i)
Design an amplifier with a gain of 50 using the above operational

amplifier, and describe the difference between open-loop and
closed-loop gain in your amplifier.
(ii)
In your writing booklet, sketch the output voltage of your amplifier as a

function of time if the input voltage is a triangular wave as shown.
Input voltage
0.6
(volts)
0.5
1
1.5
Time (ms)
42
Marks
(c)
Over the last ten years the ability to acquire, store and manipulate digital images
has increased dramatically.
Describe the advances in semiconductor technology responsible for this

increased ability, and explain how such changes have led to new consumer
electronics applications.
(d)
(i)
Distinguish between input and output transducers, giving an example of

each.
(ii)
The circuit below uses an optical isolator (comprising a LED and LDR)
to electronically isolate a switch S from a digital gate G.
+10 V
R
+5 V
10 k
S
Vi
200
When switch S is closed, a current of 20 mA flows through the LED and

the voltage Vi is 1.6 V.
Determine the resistance R.
(iii)
The following table shows a variation of the resistance of the LDR as a

function of LED current.
LED current
LDR resistance
30 mA
190
20 mA
290
10 mA
600
1 mA
20 k
< 0.1 mA
> 1
Show, using calculations, how the digital output of the gate G, either 1
or 0, depends on whether the switch is open or closed.
End of paper
43
BLANK PAGE
44
Physics
DATA SHEET
1.602 1019 C
9.109 1031 kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1.675 1027 kg
Mass of proton, mp
1.673 1027 kg
340 m s1
9.8 m s2
Speed of light, c
3.00 108 m s1

2
2.0 107 N A2
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
Mass of Earth
6.0 1024 kg
Planck constant, h
6.626 1034 J s
1.097 107 m1
Atomic mass unit, u
1.661 1027 kg
931.5 MeV/ c 2
439
1 eV
1.602 1019 J
Density of water,
1.00 103 kg m3
4.18 103 J kg1 K1
45
FORMULAE SHEET
v = f
I
m1 m2
r
Ep = G
F = mg
d2
v1
sin i
=
v2
sin r
v x 2 = ux 2
v = u + at
E =
F
q
v y 2 = uy 2 + 2 ay y
R =
V
I
x = ux t
P = VI
1
2
y = uy t + ay t 2
Energy = VIt
r3
T
vav =
aav
r
t
F =
v
vu
therefore aav =
=
t
t
GM
4 2
Gm1 m2
d2
E = mc 2
F = ma
F =
Ek =
v2
lv = l0 1
mv 2
r
tv =
1 2
mv
2
t0
1
W = Fs
mv =
p = mv
v2
c2
m0
1
Impulse = Ft
46
c2
v2
c2
FORMULAE SHEET
F
l
I1 I2
= k
1
p
d =
F = BIl sin
d
M = m 5 log
10
= Fd
IA
IB
= nBIA cos
Vp
Vs
(mB mA )
m1 + m2 =
np
4 2 r 3
1
1
1
= R 2 2
n f ni
V
d
h
mv
E = hf
c = f
A0 =
Vout
Z = v
Vin
Ir
I0
GT 2
ns
F = qvB sin
E =
= 100
2
Z2 Z1 ]
[
=
[ Z2 + Z1 ] 2
47
Vout
Vin
=
Rf
Ri
48
Yttrium
5771
Strontium
56
Ba
137.3
Barium
88
Ra
[226.0]
Radium
Rubidium
55
Cs
132.9
Caesium
87
Fr
[223.0]
Francium
Rutherfordium
104
Rf
[261.1]
Hafnium
72
Hf
178.5
Zirconium
90
Th
232.0
Thorium
Actinides
89
Ac
[227.0]
Actinium
Protactinium
91
Pa
231.0
Praseodymium
59
Pr
140.9
Dubnium
105
Db
[262.1]
Tantalum
73
Ta
180.9
Niobium
41
Nb
92.91
Vanadium
Uranium
92
U
238.0
Neodymium
60
Nd
144.2
Seaborgium
106
Sg
[266.1]
Tungsten
74
W
183.8
Molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94
Chromium
Neptunium
93
Np
[237.0]
Promethium
61
Pm
[144.9]
Bohrium
107
Bh
[264.1]
Rhenium
75
Re
186.2
Technetium
43
Tc
[97.91]
Manganese
Plutonium
94
Pu
[244.1]
Samarium
Americium
95
Am
[243.1]
Europium
63
Eu
152.0
Meitnerium
Hassium
62
Sm
150.4
110
Ds
[271]
109
Mt
[268]
111
Rg
[272]
Gold
79
Au
197.0
Silver
47
Ag
107.9
Copper
Curium
96
Cm
[247.1]
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.3
Berkelium
97
Bk
[247.1]
Terbium
65
Tb
158.9
Darmstadtium Roentgenium
Platinum
Iridium
78
Pt
195.1
Palladium
46
Pd
106.4
Nickel
108
Hs
[277]
77
Ir
192.2
Rhodium
45
Rh
102.9
Cobalt
28
Ni
58.69
Osmium
76
Os
190.2
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.1
Iron
27
Co
58.93
Californium
98
Cf
[251.1]
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.5
Mercury
80
Hg
200.6
Cadmium
48
Cd
112.4
Zinc
30
Zn
65.41
Einsteinium
99
Es
[252.1]
Holmium
67
Ho
164.9
Thallium
81
Tl
204.4
Indium
49
In
114.8
Gallium
31
Ga
69.72
Fermium
100
Fm
[257.1]
Erbium
68
Er
167.3
Lead
82
Pb
207.2
Tin
50
Sn
118.7
Germanium
32
Ge
72.64
Silicon
14
Si
28.09
Carbon
6
C
12.01
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Mendelevium
101
Md
[258.1]
Thulium
69
Tm
168.9
Bismuth
83
Bi
209.0
Antimony
51
Sb
121.8
Arsenic
Nobelium
102
No
[259.1]
Ytterbium
70
Yb
173.0
Polonium
84
Po
[209.0]
Tellurium
52
Te
127.6
Selenium
34
Se
78.96
16
S
32.07
15
P
30.97
33
As
74.92
Fluorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.1]
Lutetium
71
Lu
175.0
Astatine
85
At
[210.0]
Iodine
53
I
126.9
Bromine
35
Br
79.90
Chlorine
17
Cl
35.45
9
F
19.00
8
O
16.00
7
N
14.01
Cerium
Lanthanum
Lanthanides
57
58
La
Ce
138.9
140.1
Actinides
89103
Lanthanides
39
Y
88.91
38
Sr
87.62
40
Zr
91.22
Titanium
Scandium
Calcium
26
Fe
55.85
29
Cu
63.55
37
Rb
85.47
25
Mn
54.94
Potassium
24
Cr
52.00
Aluminium
23
V
50.94
20
Ca
40.08
19
K
39.10
22
Ti
47.87
Magnesium
Sodium
21
Sc
44.96
13
Al
26.98
Boron
12
Mg
24.31
Name of element
11
Na
22.99
Atomic Weight
Gold
Beryllium
Lithium
Symbol of element
5
B
10.81
79
Au
197.0
4
Be
9.012
3
Li
6.941
Atomic Number
KEY
Hydrogen
1
H
1.008
Radon
86
Rn
[222.0]
Xenon
54
Xe
131.3
Krypton
36
Kr
83.80
Argon
18
Ar
39.95
Neon
10
Ne
20.18
Helium
2
He
4.003

HSC Physics Sample Exams

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HSC Physics Sample Exams

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2001

Total marks 100

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

At a particular moment, a positively charged particle is moving with velocity v in a

Into the page

(D) Out of the page

The resistance of mercury at various temperatures is shown in the graph.

Between which two temperatures does mercury always act as a superconductor?

4.2 K and 4.5 K

4.5 K and 8.0 K

(D) 0 K and 8.0 K

Two types of generator are shown.

What type of current is produced by each generator when connected to an external

Both produce a.c.

Generator 1 produces d.c. and Generator 2 produces a.c.

(D) Generator 1 produces a.c. and Generator 2 produces d.c.

The signal from a microwave transmitter can be thought of as a beam of photons.

(D) 1.89 1032 J

An astronaut is standing on Mars. The astronaut throws an object of mass 0.30 kg

Shortening the pendulum

Replacing the rod with a heavier one

(D) Connecting the ends of the coil by a piece of copper wire

(D) Sound waves

An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is

(D) 4.2 103 V

2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Name the effect demonstrated by these observations of the lifetimes of the

Calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator.

Velocity (km s1)

80 120 160 200

Using either words or calculations, compare the acceleration of the rocket at

2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Section I Part B (continued)

Ignore air resistance.

Calculate the force acting on object A at its maximum height.

2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Section I Part B (continued)

In your Physics course you have performed a first-hand investigation to

2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Section I Part B (continued)

Describe ONE way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted

Frequency of incident radiation

Question 25 continues on page 23

How could the reliability of the experiment be improved?

2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Medical Physics ............................................................. 27

Astrophysics ............................................................. 2829

From Quanta to Quarks .................................................. 30

The Age of Silicon ......................................................... 31

Name the instrument used in local gravity surveys.

Describe how that instrument is used in resource exploration.

Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

Identify the purpose of a coherent bundle of optical fibres in an

An optical fibre consists of a central core surrounded by cladding.

Identify ONE property of ultrasound.

Justify why, in an ultrasound scan, a boundary between muscle and bone

You have conducted a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the Doppler effect.

Explain why MRI can be used to detect cancerous tissues.

Define the term binary stars.

Describe the characteristics of its spectrum that identify a spectroscopic

Identify which of the stars has the greatest surface temperature.

Question 29 continues on page 29

A student carried out an experiment to examine the spectra of various light