Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
Er. ANURAG SINGH
B.Tech
SHIATS ALLAHABAD
M.TECH
BIT MESRA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
II
III
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.12.1
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.16.1
3.16.2
3.16.3
3.16.4
Title
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF ABBRAVITIONS
LIST OF SYMOLS
INTRODUCTION
Sewage
Waste Water Volume in India
Need of Domestic Sewage Treatment
Benefits of Sewage Treatment Plant
Waste Water Reuse in India
Objective of the Study
REVIEW AND LITERATURE
MATTERIALS AND MATHODS
Climate
Sewage
Treatment of Sewage
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Sewage treatment process
Degree of Treatment
Design Period
Estimation of sewage volume
Location of Treatment Plant
Layout of Treatment Plant
Point Consideration in Design
Design of Receiving Chamber
Screening
Design of Coarse Screen
Design of Grit Chamber
Design of Skimming Tank
Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank
High Rate Trickling Filter
Estimation of BOD in raw sewage
Filter area
Design of rotary distribution
Design of arms
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
2
2
3
3
4
4
5 10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
15
15
15
16
18
18
19
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
31
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20.1
3.20.2
3.20.3
3.20.4
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.23.1
3.23.2
3.23.3
IV
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.1
V
31
32
32
34
34
34
35
35
36
37
37
37
39
42
45
47
49
51
52
55
57
59
61
63
64 66
67 -84
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted for the primary treatment and management of sewage generated in
SHIATS hostels and residential area and a sewage treatment plant was designed. The total
sewage generated in one day was estimated 3.6ML considering the projected population
hostels and residential for the next 30 years. The various components of primary sewage
treatment plant viz. screening chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank, sedimentation tank,
active sludge tank and sludge drying bed were designed considering the various standards
and permissible limits of treated sewage water. It was concluded from the study that in next
30 years the predicted population will be 23,000 and estimated sewage will be 3.6 MLD.
The receiving chamber of dimension 4m x 2m x 1.5m, the coarse screen of dimension 0.6m
x 5.3m, Grit chamber of dimension 5.2m x 3m x 1.3m, Primary sedimentation tank with
diameter of 7m and depth 2.5m, trickling filter of diameter 15.5m and depth 2m, aeration
tank of dimensions15m x 8m x 4m and sludge dry bed of dimensions 12.5m x 8m will
effectively treat the sewage water at primary stage keeping the sewage quality within the
permissible limits.
It was recommeneded that the treated water will be supplied for irrigating the crops on
Research Farm and the remaining sludge after treatment will be used as manure on Farm.
The use of treated water will reduce the ground water use and additionally the treated sludge
will be very useful for increasing the fertility of soil.
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No.
Title
Page no.
3.1
17
3.2
22
4.1
Receiving chamber
46
4.2
Corse screen
48
4.3
Grit chamber
50
4.4
Skimming tank
52
4.5
Sedimentation tank
54
4.6
Trickling filter
56
4.7
Aeration tank
58
4.8
60
4.9
62
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Title
Page No
14
40
41
20
40
as per
IS 1742 1960
4.1
43
4.2
45
4.3
47
4.4
49
4.5
51
4.6
53
4.7
55
4.8
57
4.9
59
4.10
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BOD
DO
dissolved oxygen
Fig
Figure
e.g
etc.
Etcetera
et.al
l/h/d
COD
MLD
MLSS
HRT
SRT
NPK
H.P
Horse power
LIST OF SYMBOLS
%
C
mm
Cm
mm
Hrs
Vs
Q
Area
Kinematic viscosity
Ss
Dp
V
d
H
Va
L
W
D
Xt
T
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
More than two billion people worldwide lives in regions facing water scarcity. Water scarcity
already affects every continent and more than 40 percent of the people on our planet. By
2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity,
and two-thirds of the worlds population could be living under water stressed conditions.
Global water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population growth in the
last century. About 1.1 billion people do not have access to adequate water to meet their most
basic needs. Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the worlds population, live in
areas of physical water scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation (FAO,
2003)
Agriculture is the number-one user of water worldwide, accounting for about 69% of all
freshwater withdrawn from lakes, rivers and aquifers. The daily drinking water requirement
per person is 2-4 liters, but it takes 2000 to 5000 liters of water to produce one persons daily
food.
Indias demand for water is growing at an alarming rate. India is surrounded by water bodies
on the three sides, yet we face water shortage every year. The per capita water availability in
India was 3450cu.m in 1951. By 2025 the annual per capita availability of water is expected
to rise drastically from the current 1800cu.m per person to 1200 1500 cu.m. The quality of
available water is also fast deteriorating, over extraction of ground water has led to salt water
intrusion into coastal aquifer. It has also resulted into presence of excessive fluoride, iron,
arsenic and salinity in water affecting about 44 million people in India. Groundwater is
facing an equally serious threat from contamination by industrial effluent and fecal matter as
well as pesticides and fertilizers from runoff. Unless priority is given quickly to creating an
infrastructure to assure availability of water, there may be no water to meet agricultural,
domestic and industrial needs of a population that has tripled in 50 years to one billion.
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household
sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological
processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to
produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back
into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic
organic and inorganic compounds.
Sewage implies the collecting of wastewaters from occupied areas and conveying them to
some point of disposal. The liquid wastes will require treatment before they are discharged
into the water body or otherwise disposed of without endangering the public health or
causing offensive conditions.
Sewage
Sewage is a dilute mixture of the various types of wastes from the residential, public and
industrial places.
The sewage pollutant causes undesirable changes and it affects the land, water and air or the
environment as a whole. In the modern living the heavy industrialization and increase of
population increased the rate of water pollution. Therefore, the need of water pollution
control has drawn the attention of the concerned department. The characteristics and
composition of sewage mainly depend on this source. The main Source of water pollution is
industrial wastes coming from the industrial area and big industries contain grease, oil
chemical, highly odorous substances, explosives, etc. The main industries which contribute
to the Indian rivers pollution are oil and soap, pulp-paper, sugar and distilleries, chemical,
textile, steel mills, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, oil refineries and various other miscellaneous
industries. The other source is domestic sewage which also contains oils, human excreta,
decomposed kitchen wastes, soapy water etc.
10
estimated that 73,000 ha were irrigated with wastewater in India. However, Buechler and
Mekala (2003: 939) estimated that even just along the Musi River that runs through Hyderabad
city in Andhra Pradesh State, and the canals and tanks off this river approximately 40,000 ha of
land were irrigated with urban and industrial wastewater diluted with fresh river water
especially during the monsoon season. Untreated wastewater from domestic, hospital and
industrial areas pollute rivers and other natural water bodies. More than 80% (only 4,000
Million Liters per Day [MLD] out of 17,600 MLD wastewater generated in India is treated) of
wastewater generated is discharged into natural water bodies without any treatment due to lack
of infrastructure and resources for treatment (Winrock International India 2007).
Farmers have customary rights to any water that flows through the river and it should be the
responsibility of the irrigation and water authorities to maintain the quality of this water to
ensure the sustainable use of this water. The interviews held with farmers along Musi River in
Hyderabad clearly highlight that the wastewater quality is very poor and has adverse impacts on
the health of farmers and reduces soil productivity over time, not to mention the high water
tables and groundwater contamination in these areas. The Water Act covers industrial effluent
standards, but ignores the domestic and municipal effluents even though they constitute 90% of
Indias wastewater volumes (Sawhney 2004).
11
It sometimes contains higher levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen
which may somewhat help fertilize garden and agricultural plants when used for irrigation.
12
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Jillies and Kushwaha (1990) reported that liquid digested sludge can be used as soil
amendment to provide low cost fertilizer and improve tilth. Dried digested sewage sludge
was mixed with soil in test plot near Saskatoon, Canada at application rate of 75 tones
sludge/hectare. The plots were irrigated with decent water from the sludge drying bed.
Tripathi and Dwivedi (1990) reported that the effect of irrigation with raw urban sewage
effluents mixes with industrial effluents, treated sewage effluents and tubewell water potato
yield anand plant and soil heavy metal content was content was studied in a field experiment
at benaras hindu university, Varanasi. Very low concentrations of heavy metals were
observed in rubbers from the raw sewage irrigation treatment, although Cu, Zn, Fe in soil
increased.
Korentajer (1990) reported the application of sewage sludge on agricultural land may
provide an economical way to dispose of the increasing amount of sludge application may be
limited by its potential health.
Hundal and Sandhu (1992) reported that soil sample at varying distance along the sewage
from three tyres of field sewage waste water irrigated and tube well irrigated were collected
and analyzed for total and DTPA extractable toxic metal content.
Maiti et al. (1992) reported that the sewage effluent and sludge of Calcutta city was made to
assess their manorial values. Sewage were natural to slightly alkaline in reaction and
contained high level basic tons, particularly in winter, bicarbonate and chloride Ions were at
toxic levels. Although sewage effluents and slugged were rich in nutrient the toxicity levels.
Welch et al. (1992) reported the zinc movement in sludge treated soils as influenced by soil
properties water quality and soil moisture level.
13
Hundal et al (1993) reported that the surface soil samples were collected from field along a
sewage drains which were irrigated with sewage effluents sewage effluents plus tube well
water or tube well water and their chemical properties were investigated. Zinc and copper
contents increased 3 and 8 times respectively in the sewage effluents treated soils reaching
toxic levels to plants.
Azad (1995) reported that the fate of Fe in sewage wastewater irrigated soil was investigated
in Punjab India. Total Fe content of normally irrigated soil ranges from 1.4-3.2% in the 0-15
cm layer with mean value of 2.03% in soils receiving sewage wastewater total Fe ranges
from 2.2-4.1% with an average value 2.78% which was 36.9% higher than in normal soils.
Mathan (1995) reported that the study conducted in a sewage farm of the Maduraei
Corporation in India to compare the effect of sewage effluent properties. The soil was sandy
loam and had been irrigated for 10-15 years. Soil irrigated by canal fed well water had the
highest bulk density.
Kuba et al. (1997) examined the role of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) in
wastewater treatment plants using batch tests with activated sludge from two plants in the
Netherlands. DPBs appeared to be of little importance in one plant, but contributed
substantially to P removal in the other
Singh and Varloo (1997) studied the accumulation and bioavailability of metals in semi arid
soil irrigated with the sewage effluent, the sewage had slightly lower pH but higher organic
carbon as compared to those receiving irrigation with tube well water.
Antil et al. (1998) reported that the raw sewer water sample was collected from various
sewer disposal sites in Haryana India where these waste water are directly used for irrigating
the crops. The chemical composition of sewer water varied from site to site. The
physicochemical properties DTPA extractable and total macro and micronutrients and toxic
the composition metals icons(CD,Ni) varies according to composition of the sewer water.
Wiger and Hamedi (1999) reported that accumulation and mobility heavy metals in soils
irrigated with sewage effluent in Haryana India.
14
Bednared and Tkaczy (1999) reported that the influence of treated municipal on occurrence
of soluble form of phosphorous potassium and magnesium in peat muck soil. Municipal
sewage did not change in reaction and value of hydrolytic acidity. Treated municipal sewage
caused contents of soluble potassium in upper layer (0-20) of soil.
Joshi and Pathak(2000) reported that the effect of sewage assessing the effect if sewage
application on sewage application on soil properties identified the problem.
Song et al. (2002) using thermodynamics, modeled the effects of P and Ca concentration,
pH, temperature, and ionic strength on theoretical removal.
Tchobanoglous et al (2003) Chemical precipitation has long been used for P removal. The
chemicals most often employed are compounds of calcium, aluminum, and iron.
Bradford et al. (2003) In the villages near Hubli-Dharwad in Karnataka, the main
wastewater irrigated agroforestry land uses are orchards and agrosilviculture which consists
of spatially mixed treecrop combinations.
Zeng et al. (2004) High phosphate removal (> 95% in 10 min, batch system) was obtained
from a 33 mg/L P solution, but direct applicability to wastewater treatment (lower
concentrations, possible interferences) was not investigated. The gas concretes removal
efficiency can be regenerated at low pH, with the resulting concentrated phosphate solution
potentially a source of recycled phosphate. Similarly, iron oxide tailings were found to be
effective for phosphorus removal from both pure solutions and liquid hog manure
Chattopadhyay (2004) The East Calcutta sewage fisheries are the largest single wastewater
use system in aquaculture in the world. The wetland ecosystem of Kolkata supports 100,000
direct stakeholders and 5,100 ha of cultivation. Annually, it provides direct employment for
about 70,000 people, produces 128,000 quintals of paddy, 69,000 quintals of fish and 7.3
quintals of vegetables.
15
Neethling et al. (2005) examined the factors that influence the reliability of EBPR in fullscale plants. They concluded that P concentrations <0.1 mg/L can be achieved for extended
periods (more than a month), 0.03 mg/L for a week, and even below 0.02 mg/L for several
sequential days. Excursions above these levels are common. A sufficient BOD/P ratio
(>25:1) is one requirement for reliable high removal efficiencies. This might be achieved by
BOD augmentation through fermentation or addition of a fermentable substrate. Control of
recycle streams is also necessary, so that they do not bring too much P back to the EBPR
process. They also concluded that while GAOs can be problematic, their presence does not
preclude good P removal.
Mekala (2006) In Hyderabad, along the Musi River about 10,000 ha of land is irrigated with
wastewater to cultivate Para grass, a kind of fodder grass.
Randall (2006) discussed the use of carbon augmentation in EBPR. Short chain volatile fatty
acids (VFAs), particularly acetic and propionic acids, are most desirable. Some carbon
sources, such as some sugars and alcohols, may lead to production of GAOs, bulking, or
excessive exocellular polymer production. VFAs may be generated in the sewer system, arise
from industrial discharges, be added directly, or be generated on-site. For many plants, onsite generation in the anaerobic zone may be sufficient. Alternatively, fermentation of the
primary sludge, primary effluent, or some of the activated sludge might be practiced. In the
PhoStrip process, fermentation also occurs in the stripping tank.
Reardon (2006) reported on several plants achieving <0.1 mg/L TP in their effluent, and
suggested the current reliable limits of technology are 0.04 mg/L for MBRs and tertiary
membrane filtration, and 0.008 mg/L for RO.
Reardon, (2006) in plants with EBPR the P content is even higher. Thus sand filtration or
other method of TSS removal (e.g., membrane, chemical precipitation) is likely necessary for
plants with low effluent TP permits.
Strom, (2006) Assuming that 2-3% of organic solids is P, then an effluent total suspended
solids (TSS) of 20 mg/L represents 0.4-0.6 mg/L of effluent P
16
Neethling and Gu, (2006) Chemical addition points include prior to primary settling, during
secondary treatment, or as part of a tertiary treatment process.
Neethling and Gu, (2006) the process is more complex than predicted by laboratory pure
chemical experiments, and that formation of and sorption to carbonates or hydroxides are
important factors. In fact, full-scale systems may perform better than the 0.05 mg/L limit
predicted.
Strom, (2006) Use of alum after secondary treatment can be predicted to produce much less
sludge, but the increase could still be problematic.
Moller (2006) reported on an iron reactive filtration system achieving <0.01 mg/L TP at a
1.2 MGD (average flow) plant.
Woodard (2006) described a magnetically enhanced coagulation process that may achieve
<0.03 mg/L TP based on long term pilot tests.
James Barnard (2008) developer of the Bardenpho process, recently moderated a session on
the capabilities and constraints of EBPR, and discussed the requirements for achieving
effluent P concentrations <0.1 mg/L. He emphasized the need for production of volatile fatty
acids by fermentation in order to assure their availability for the PAOs. Some of the factors
contributing to the difficulty of achieving very low levels of both N and P simultaneously
were pointed out, including secondary release of P in anoxic zones. The need to select for
PAOs over the competing glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) was also discussed,
with the following factors favoring GAOs: high sludge age, high temperature, longer unaerated detention times, stronger wastes with low organic N, polysaccharides fed to the
anaerobic zone, and low pH.
Narayanan (2009). There is some concern about the effects of solids management processes
and return side streams on the ability to remove P to low levels. Processes that destroy
organic material (such as digestion) have the potential to release the particulate organic-P
17
18
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter deals with design of primary sewage treatment plant for staff residential area
and hostels of SHIATS, Allahabad. The district Allahabad is located at 25 57 North and
82 41 East altitudes. The altitude of the place above mean sea level is 93.0 m. The detail
description of the study area is given below.
3.1 Climate
The mean of monthly maximum temperature varies from 23.6 C (January) to 2.3 C (may),
and the mean monthly temperature in the range between 8.7 C January and 28.5 C June.
The normal annual total rainfall is 1,017.7 mm. August is the month with maximum
precipitation (307.6mm), followed closely by July 300.1mm. The period from June to
September accounts for about 87% of the total rainfall. Winter rains occur mostly during the
months of January and February and account for about 1.6% of total rainfall. The details of
climatilogical data of Allahabad is given in Table No. 3.1.
3.2 Sewage
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household
sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological
processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to
produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back
into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic
organic and inorganic compounds. Sewage implies the collecting of wastewaters from
occupied areas and conveying them to some point of disposal. The liquid wastes will require
treatment before they are discharged into the water body or otherwise disposed of without
endangering the public health or causing offensive conditions.
19
Sewerage is the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of the sewage. Sewage is
liquid, consists of any one or a mixture of liquid waste origins from urinals, latrines, bath
rooms, kitchens of a dwelling, commercial building or institutional buildings.
Storm sewage is a liquid flowing in sewer during or following a period of rainfall and
resulting there from.
A Separate Sewer System is the sewerage system in which the domestic sewage is not carried
with the storm water in the rain season.
20
treatment often contains a large amount of suspended organic material and has a high BOD
(about 60% of original).
Anaerobic lagoons
(ii)
Septic tanks
(iii)
Imhoff tanks.
The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10% of original) and
may contain several milligrams per liter of DO.
21
Month
January
Avg. Min
Temp
in
Allahabad,
India (C)
9
Avg Max
Temp in
Allahabad,
India (C)
24
Allahabad
Average
Temperature
(C)
16.5
Average
Precipitation/
Rainfall
(mm)
20
Wet
Days
(>0.1
mm)
3
February
12
27
19.5
22
9.2
51
March
17
33
25
14
8.9
35.0
April
23
39
31
9.9
24
May
27
42
35
10.0
27
June
29
40
35
102
7.2
47
July
27
34
31
275
19
5.2
76
August
26
32
29
333
21
4.9
81
September
25
33
29
195
13
6.9
77
October
20
33
27
40
8.9
61
November
13
29
21
9.3
55
December
25
17
8.9
63
22
Average Relative
Sunlight Humidity
Hours/
(%)
Day
8.1
67
23
and to that extent sufficient accommodation should be provided for all the units necessary to
cater to the need of ultimate population. In some cases, it may be necessary to combine a
number of sewage systems with a common sewage treatment plant.
Hostels =1800
24
Screening
Large solids, rags,
plastics
Grit removal
Grit, stones,
sand
Temporary
storm water
storage
Primary
sedimentation
Biological
treatment
Tertiary
treatment
Discharge to
receiving
25
Primary
sludge
Secondary
sludge
Tertiary
sludge
All the plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that sewage from one
process should directly go to other process.
If possible all the plant should be located at such elevation that sewage can flow from
one plant into next under its force of gravity only.
All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that minimum area is
required it will also ensure economy in its cost.
Sufficient area should be occupied for future extension.
Staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment plant, so that
operators can watch the plant easily.
The site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good appearance.
Bypass and overflow weir should be provided to cut out of operation any unit when
required.
All channels, conduits should be laid in such a way as to obtain flexibility, convenience and
economy in the operation.
26
GRIT CHAMBER
SKIMMING
TANK
PRIMARY SETTING
TANK
AERATION TANK
SLUDGE
DISGESTION
TANK
TRICKLING
FILTER
Dried sludge
Disposal+
27
FINAL SETTING
TANK
The design should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis, but the average
Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two numbers small
units should provided, which will provide in operation as well as no stoppage during
desired.
Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the particular operation if
28
Parameters
pH
Raw Sewage
Effluent (Expected)
6.4
5.5 - 9.0
BOD
200 mg/l
20 mg/l
COD
600 mg/l
250 mg/l
50 mg/l
5 mg/l
600 mg/l
30 mg/l
Nitrogen
61 mg/l
5 mg/l
ammonia nitrogen
50 mg/l
50 mg/l
total phosphorous
5 mg/l
5 mg/l
100000 MPN/ml
1000 no / 100 ml
29
Vs =
.... (3.2)
(Ss-1) dp
30
3.12 Screening
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment plant and consists of passing
the raw sewage through different types of screens so as to trap and remove the floating matter such
as tree leaves, paper, gravel, timber pieces, rags, fibre, tampons, cans, and kitchen refuse etc.
Purpose Of Screening:
Screening is essential in sewage treatment for removal of materials which would otherwise damage
the plant, interfere with the satisfactory operation of treatment unit or equipment.
To protect the pumps and other equipments from the possible damages due to floating
matter.
To remove the major floating matters from the raw sewage in a simple manner before it
reaches into the complex high energy required process.
Coarse Screens: The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or flat placed 30 to 60
inclination to the horizontal. The opening between bars are 50mm or above. These racks are
placed in the screen chamber provided in the way of sewer line. The width of the rack channel
should be sufficient so that self cleaning velocity should be available and a bypass channel should
be provided to prevent the overtopping. The bypass channel is provided with vertical bar screen.
A well drained trough is provided to store the impurities while cleaning the rack. These racks are
cleaned mechanically.
31
Clear area
(3.6)
No of clear openings
.(3.7)
Head loss
Head loss through the screen
H=0.0729(
. (3.8)
Where
H = head loss
V = velocity through the screen when opening get half clogged.
V = velocity through the screen
When the screen openings get half clogged then the velocity through the screen
V = allowed velocity x 2
32
/s
In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and maintenance two chambers are
used.
Therefore
Volume of one chamber
..(3.10)
Where
V = Volume of one chamber,m3
Va = Volume of chamber, m3
Depth of 1m and width to depth ratio 2:1
Length of channel
.(3.11)
Where
L = length of chamber ,m
33
d = depth of chamber,m
W = width of chamber,m
Increase the length by about 30% to account for inlet and outlet
(3.12)
x q / Vr
Where
q = rate of flow sewage in
/ day
34
gravity of 2.65. The designed tank is circular type which makes settling by allowing radial flow.
Generally carbon steel is used for fabrication with epoxy lining on the inside and epoxy coating on the
outside. Built on the concept of inclined plate clarification was used which clarifiers use gravity in
conjunction with the projected settling area so as to effect a fairly high percentage of removal of
suspended solids as 60 to 65% of the suspended solids and 30 to 35% of the BOD from the sewage.
Max. discharge (Q) of sewage was estimated considering the present population of the hostels and the
residential area of the university including the prediction of future population
Surface loading
.(3.13)
Where
Q = Discharge
A = surface area of tank,m2
Settling Velocity
..(3.14)
(Ss-1) dp
Vs =
Where
Vs Settling velocity ,m
kinematic viscosity of water
Ss sp. Gravity of a particle
dp dia. of a critical particle ,m
D=
35
36
(3.18)
The BOD left in the sewage, Total BOD and BOD removed by the filter was estimated using the
following formulas with assumption that the concentration of final effluent BOD is within the 20
mg per lit per day
.(3.19)
Total BOD Left = total quantity of sewage x desire BOD concentration (3.20)
BOD removed by the filter = BOD left in the sewage entering per day - Total BOD left in the
.(3.21)
.(3.22)
Where
A = filter area,m2
37
F=
where-
(3.29)
38
.. (3.30)
39
The BOD at inlet was estimated using the formula with the assumption that the percentage of BOD
removed in grit chamber is within the 20%.
..(3.32)
Where
= BOD at outlet
..(3.33)
F/M ratio =
40
V=
Where
Xt = Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)
3.20 Cross checking of the design parameters against the permissible limits
3.20.1 Aeration Period / Hydraulic retention time (HRT)
Since the permissible limit of aeration period is between 3 6 hr, so if the designed period is
within this limit the design is acceptable.
Hydraulic retention time (t) was calculated by the formula
t = V x 24 Q
.(3.36)
Volumetric loading =
41
..... (3.38)
Where
SVI = Sludge Volume Index (it is ranging between 50 150 ml / gm)
Where
= constant for municipal sewage with respect to MLSS, 0.5
= constant for municipal sewage, 0.06
.(3.35)
42
HP of aerators required =
Volume of sludge
(3.37)
Volume of sludge =
Number of cycle each year was calculated by the formula with the assumption that the drying
period is 8 days for sewage drying bed in Allahabad district.
..(3.38)
43
44
7. Hydraulically efficient
(3.40)
Cross - Section Area of sewer pipe line was calculated by the formula
(3.41)
or
Where r is the radius of sewer, m
Cross-section area of pipe was calculated considering the pipes are running half full and by using
the following formula
.(3.42)
A=
P=
V = 0.85 C
Where
V= velocity, m/s;
R = hydraulic radius, m;
S= slope,
C= Hazen-William's coefficient,
45
where
= head loss
L = length of sewer ,m
U = flow velocity ,m/s
D = diameter of sewer ,m
F = darcy weisbach coefficient
kd(G - 1)
.(3.47)
Where
n= Manning's coefficient
r= radius of sewer
k= dimensional constant
d= effective diameter of sewer
G = specific gravity of sewage particle
46
S. NO
Sewer Material
4.5 - 5.5
3.5 - 4.5
Stone Ware
Sewers
3.0 - 4.0
Cement Concrete
Sewers
2.5 - 3.0
1.5 - 2.5
Earthen Channels
0.6 - 1.2
Recommended
Spacing
of
Manholes on Straight Reaches of
Sewer Line as per IS 1740 - 1962
Dia. up to 0.3 m
45 m
Dia. up to 0.6 m
75 m
Dia. up to 0.9 m
90 m
Dia. up to 1.2 m
120 m
Dia. up to 1.5 m
250 m
300 m
47
Table 3.5 Minimum internal dimensions for Manhole Chamber as per IS 1742 1960
S. No.
Depth
0.8 m or less
0.75 m x 0.75m
1.2 m x 0.9m
> 2.1 m
20 cm
30 cm
48
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with the various results on design of primary sewage treatment plant for staff
residential area and hostels of SHIATS, Allahabad. The detail descriptions of the results are given
as under.
49
Table 4.1 details of the design parameters of the primary sewage treatment plant
S.No.
1
Design parameter
Design period
Value
30 years
23000 adults
3.6
Maximum discharge
0.126Cumces
Length 4m
Width 2m
Depth 1m
Free board 0.3 m
Width 0.2 m
Depth 0.6m
Free board 0.3m
Length 5.2m
Width 3m
Depth 1.5m
Length 0.532m
Width 0.355m
Depth 1m
Free board 0.3m
Diameter 7m
Depth 2m
Free board 0.5m
Diameter 15.5m
Depth 2.5m
Length - 15m
Width 8m
Depth 4m
Length 12.5m
Width 8m
Depth 1.7m
10
11
12
13
14
50
0.042 Cumec
Table No. 4.2 Details of receiving chamber for primary sewage treatment plant
S.No.
Design parameter
Value
0.126cumec
Detention time
0.864
7.86
1m
4m
2m
60 sec
51
52
the head losses occurring due to the coarse screen and sewage
movement through the channel was also estimated and given in Table 4.3.
Table No. 4.3 Details of coarse screen for primary sewage treatment plant
S. No.
Design parameter
Value
0.126
0.8 m / sec
0.115
0.6 m
0.5 m
53
/s
0.02 m
4
0.013 m
0.15m
54
Table No. 4.4 Detail of grit chamber for primary sewage treatment plant
S. No.
Design parameter
Value
Detention period
180 sec.
11.35
1.5 m
3m
5.2 m
55
0.126
/s
56
Table No. 4.5 details of skimming tank for primary sewage treatment plant
S. No.
Design parameter
Value
0.189
0.355 m
0.532 m
1.3 m
57
10886.4
/ day
58
Design parameter
Value
Quantity of sewage
3.6 MLD
Volume of sewage
Detention period
75
2 hr
59
37.5
2.5 m
7m
60
Design parameter
Value
3.6 MLD
504 kg.
filter unit
3
83 kg
432 kg
85.7%
Surface area
Filter depth
2.5 m
15.5 m
0.22m
10
Arms length
1850
7m
61
62
Design parameter
Value
3600
BOD in inlet(
160 mg/l
BOD at outlet( )
20 mg / l
140 mg / l
F/M ratio
4m
15 m
8m
0.4
480
63
64
Design parameter
Value
300 kg /day
Specific gravity
1.015
Volume of sludge
14.778
46
8 day
492.6
No of dry bed
100
0.3 m
10
12.5 m
11
8m
65
/ day
66
Table No. 4.10 Details of sewer pipe line for primary sewage treatment plant
S. No.
Design parameter
Value
0.9 m/sec
0.5 m
1 in 556
67
68
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In the present study a scheme for the primary treatment and management of sewage generated in
SHIATS hostels and residential area has been developed. The total sewage generated in one day is
3.6ML. The scheme is proposed to be constructed at SHIATS Crop Research Farm near NH-27.
The treated water will be supplied for irrigating the crops on Research Farm and the remaining
sludge after treatment will be used as manure on Farm. The use of treated water will reduce the
ground water use and additionally the treated sludge will be very useful for increasing the fertility
of soil. Important units of the scheme have been designed for a specific case are:1. The design of primary sewage treatment is for the predicted population of 23,000 and
estimated sewage of 3.6 MLD.
2. The dimension of receiving chamber is 4m x 2m x 1.5m.
3. The dimension of screen is 0.6m x 5.3m
4. The dimension of grit chamber with aeration is 5.2m x 3m x 1.3m
5. The dimension of the primary sedimentation tank is diameter of 7m and depth 2.5m
6. The dimension of the trickling filter is diameter of 15.5m and depth 2m
7. The dimension of the aeration tank is 15m x 8m x 4m
8. The dimension of sludge dry bed is 12.5m x 8m
9. The construction of the primary sewage treatment plant will prevent the direct disposal of
sewage in Yamuna river and the use of treated water will reduce the surface water and
ground water contamination.
69
REFERENCE
Azad, A.S. (1995) . Design of primary sewage treatment plant. Madras Agricultural Journal
1994, 81:5, pp 272 273;
Besnarek, W. and Tkaczyk , P. (1999) folia Waste water treatment and disposal
agricultural journal 2001, pp 50 72;
Bose, P. and Reckhow, D. A. (2007). Effect of Ozonation on Natural Matter Removal by Alum
Coagulation. Water Research, 41: 1516-1524.
Caroline Snyder (2005). "The Dirty Work of Promoting "Recycling" of Americas Sewage
Sludge". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 11: 415427.
Cha, J., and A. M. Cupples. (2009) "Detection of the antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan in
agricultural soils following land application of municipal biosolids." Water Research 43: 2522-30.
Cha, J., and A. M. Cupples. (2010) "Triclocarban and triclosan biodegradation at field
concentrations and the resulting leaching potentials in three agricultural soils." Chemosphere 81:
494-9.
Diouf, Jacques , Journal of FAO,2003 Q&A with FAO Director-General.
Environmental Health Perspectives. February (2004) Journal A High-Level Disinfection
Standard for Land Applying Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)"..
Birdie, G.S and J.S. Birdie (1997) .Water supply and sanitary engineering. Published by Rai &
dhanpat Ed. PP 50 -120;
Harrison EZ, Oakes SR (2002). A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12
(4): 387408 "Investigation of Alleged Health Incidents Associated with Land Application of
Sewage Sludges
Horenstein, B., Hernandez, G., Rasberry, G., Crosse, J. (1990) Successful dewatering
experience at Hyperion wastewater treatment plant, Water Science and Technology, v. 22, p. 183191
International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11 (1): 136. (1999)."Land application of
sewage sludges: an appraisal of the US regulations".
Jones, Lepp, T. and Stevens, R. (2007) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in
biosolids/sewage sludge: the interface between analytical chemistry and regulation, Analytical &
Bioanalytical Chemistry, v. 387, p. 11731183
Kumar, A., Saroj, D. P., Tare, V. and Bose, P. (2006). Treatment of Distillery Spent-Wash by
Ozonation and Biodegradation: Significance of pH Reduction and Inorganic Carbon Removal
Prior to Ozonation. Water Environment Research. 78(9): 994-1004.
70
McBride M. (2003). Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils: has promotion of beneficial
use discounted the risks
Garg, S.K. (2006 ) . Sewage disposal and air pollution engineering. TMH publishing Ed by laxmi
publication, PP 219 300;
Srivastava, S., Bose, P., and Tare, V. (2006). Enhancement of COD and Color Removal of
Distillery Spent-Wash by Ozonation. Water Environment Research. 78(4): 409-420.
Tare, V., Bose, P. and Gupta, S. K. (2003). Suggestions for a Modified Approach towards
Implementation and Assessment of Ganga Action Plan and Other Similar River Action Plans in
India. Water Quality Research Journal, Canada, 38: 607-626.
Tare, V., Gupta, S. and Bose, P. (2003). Case Studies on Biological Treatment of Tannery
Effluents in India. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 53: 976-982.
Tare, V., Yadav, A.V.S and Bose, P. (2003). Analysis of Photosynthetic Activity in the Most
Polluted Stretch of River Ganga. Water Research, 37: 67-77.
Turek et al. (2005). Removal of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Used as Soil Fertilizer
Wu, C., A. L. Spongberg, J. D. Witter, M. Fang, and K. P. Czajkowski. (2010) "Uptake of
pharmaceutical and personal care products by soybean plants from soils applied with biosolids and
irrigated with contaminated water." Environmental Science & Technology 44: 6157-6161.".
71
APPENDIX
Calculation for design of primary sewage treatment plant
72
Volume designed = 4m x 2m x 1m
Vdes = 8
Vrqd = 7.56
Vdes > Vrqd
73
x q / Vr
74
75
D = 0.22 m
V = 1.82 m/sec
1.82 m/sec > 1 m/sec hence , the dia. central column is 0.22m
Design of Arms
We use the rotary reaction spray type distributer with 4 arms .
Discharge per arms(Q)-
Q = 0.0315
/s
Dia. of filter used = 31 m
So
Arm length =14.5m
76
77
+ 0.06 =
= 0.115
= 8.69
Say 9 day
It is lies between 7 10 day. The design is OK
Capacity Aerator
BOD applied of tank = 160 mg/l
Average flow of tank = 3600
day
BOD removed in tank = 3600 x 0.160
= 576 kg / day
kg / hr
=
= 24 kg / hr
Oxygen requirement = 1 kg / kg of BOD applied
Peck oxygen demand = 125%
Oxygen transfer capacity of the aeration of the standard condition
78
= 1.9 kg /kWh
= 1.41 kg / HP / hr
Oxygen transfer capacity aerators at field condition = 0.9 x 1.41
= 1.269 kh / HP / hr
Oxygen to be in a tank = 1.0 x 24 x 1.25
= 30 kg /hr
HP of aerators required
=
= 23.64 HP
= 24 HP
Design of Sewer
X-Cross section area
A=
Wetted perimeter
P = D
Hydraulic mean depth (HMD)
79
R=
x 1.8
D = 0.422m
Slope of sewer pipe
By Manning's formula 1 2/ 3 1/ 2
R S
n
V = 1.8 m/s
n= 0.013
R = 0.42
1.8 =
V=
=
S = 0.00176
Slope = 1 in 556
80