Handbook Reinforced Concrete Design in accordance with AS 3600—2001 A Joint publication of ‘Cement and Concrete Association of Australia and Standards Australia First pubichod Sopterbor 1989 ‘Second eon July 1991 Third elton May 1985 Fourth ection Febeusry 2002 CACAATa8 SAA HB71-2002 Incorporating Amendment 1 2002 {© Cement and Concrete Associaton of Ausraia 2002 ‘and Standeros Aveta 2002 Except where the Copyright Act ows etherwise, no bart of his pubscatlon may be reproduced stored in & reoval syster any fr ec wana by any means wie vor pamision owing of bas the CCameat and Concrete Associaton ot Ausra and Standards Ausaia ‘Tha interaton provided tis publeaon ts itncod for ganeral guidance only and inna way replaces thé sorices of professicnal consular on patoul projects. No ably cen tharos be acooptod by he (Cement and Conceta Associaton of Avera or Standards Aveta forts use. ‘DESIGN AND LAYOUT Halen fix Deion WLUSTRUTION TachMecaPublaing Py Led ISBN 1-877023-08-5(CEMENT CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA The Cement and Concrete Association of Australia is ‘a not-for-profit organisation established in 1928 and ‘committed to serving the Australian construction ‘community The Association is acknowledged nationally and Internationally as Australia's forernost cemant and ‘concrete information body — taking a leading role in ‘education and training, research and development, technical information and advisory services, and being @ significant contributor to the preparation of Codes and Standards affecting building and building materia, ‘The Association's principle aims are to protect and oxtend the uses of cement, concrete and cement- based products by advancing knowiedge, skill and professionalism in Australian conerete construction and by promoting continual awareness of products, their energy-efficient properties and thelr uses, and of the contribution the industry makes towards a ‘better environment. ‘Coment and Concrete Association of Australia, ‘ABN 34.000 020 486 ding Knowledge - SYDNEY OFFICE: Level 6, 504 Pacific Highway St Leonards NSW Australia 2065 POSTAL ADDRESS: Locked Bag 2010 St Leonards NSW 1590 ‘TELEPHONE: (61 2) 9437 9711 FACSIMILE: (61 2) 9497 9470 BRISBANE OFFICE: Level 14, IBM Building 348 Edward Street Brisbane Queensland 4000 ‘TELEPHONE: (61 7) 3831 9288 FACSIMILE: (61 7) 3839 6005 MELBOURNE OFFICE: 2nd Fioor, 1 Hobson Street South Yarra Victoria 3141 ‘TELEPHONE: (61 3) 9825 0200 FACSIMILE: (61 3) 9825 0222 PERTH OFFICE: 82 Richardson Steet West Perth Western Australia 6006 POSTAL ADDRESS: FO Box 43 ‘West Perth Western Australia 6872 TELEPHONE: (61 8) 9214 3014 FACSIMILE: (61 8) 9214 3998 ADELAIDE OFFICE: Greenhill Executive Suites 213 Greenhill Road Eastwood South Australia 5063 POSTAL ADDRESS: PO Box 229 Fullarton South Australia 5063, TELEPHONE: (51 8) 8274 3753, FACSIMILE: (61 8) 8373 7210 WEBSITE: www.concretenat.au EMAIL: info@ccaa.comauPREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION With this ecition, the Handbook has been completely revised. The first obvious change is reflected in the new tle Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook, there now being no coverage of prestressed concrete. The sequence of chapters has been amended, with the design data for reinforcement now being provided in Chapter 2. Other significant changes have been made to align the Handbook with the latest edition of the Conerete Structures Standard, AS 2600—2001. ‘The Standard now includes 65-MPa concrete and 500-MPa reinforcing steel, necessitating the complete revision of most of the charts and tables. Although 400-MPa reinforcement is still covered by the Standard, this grade is not covered by the Handbook as it will not generally be available in Australia, ASINZS 4671 sets out the requirements for SO0-MPa, reinforcement and provides for three ductility classes: Low (L), Normal (N) and Earthquake (E). The latter has been specially formulated for New Zealand and will generally not be available in Australia. The use of L-class reinforcement under the Standard imposes a ‘number of restrictions on the design, eg a limitation (onl moment redistribution, To avoid having to mention these in each chart oF table, they refer only to N-class reinforcement. However, there is no reason why they could not be used with L-class reinforcement provided the limitations on its use are complied with The Standard provides for the calculation of the fire-resistance period for structural adequacy for columns by an equation but retains the chert for structural adequacy by proportioning. This latter method forms the basis for the chart given in this Handbook, but does not imply that either the Cement ‘and Concrete Association of Australia of Standards Austraia has any reservations about the formula given in the Standard, In the Standard, there are also revised rules for crack: contro! in beams and stabs but no charts or tables could be developed to ease the calculation to satisty these requirements. However, the Design Example in Chapter 9 includes calculations showing haw these requirements can be checked. The contribution of FQ Bridge Bons) Pid FleAust NICE MASCE MABE Emeritus Professor, Centre for Construction Tachnology and Research, University of Western Sydney DE Egan BE MEAust Director, SCP Consulting Civil and Structural Engineers in the preparation of design charts or this Handbook is gratofully acknowiedged. NOTES ON FIRST EDITION This Handbook replaces the Australian Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook (T21) published in imperial units in 1968 and In metric units in 1873 and 1976. It has been completely re-written to conform with the requirements of AS 3600 Concrete Structures, published in 1988 by Standards Australia to replace the earlier AS 1480 Concrete Sructures Code and AS 1481 Prestressed Concrete Code. Chapters have been treated as stand-alone documents in that pages, figures, tables, flowcharts land charts have been numbered in seperate sequences for each one. Some cross-referencing is, however, provided. Such references are called up simply by the appropriate number, whereas in calling ‘up material in other documents the tile (or number in the case of Australian Standards) is also mentioned. In addition to AS 3600 and the now-superseded AS 1480 and AS1481 the Standards referred to include: AS-1170 SAA Loading Code AS 1902 Stee! Reinforcing Bars for Concrete AS. 1903. Hard-Drawn Steal Reinforcing Wire for Concrete Welded Wire Reinforcing Fabric for Concrete ‘Stee! Tendions for Prestressed Concrete — 7.Wire Stress Relieved Stee! Strand for Tandans in Prestressed Concrete Ready Mixed Coricrete SAA Formwork Concrete SAA Earthquake Code AS 1304 AS 1311 AS 1379 AS 1500 As 2121Following the Introduction are eight chapters. dealing elther with one aspect of the design of concrete members (viz Durabilty and Fire Resistance, Prestressed Members, Reinforcement Stiess Development) or with the design of particular reinforced concrete members (viz Beams, Slabs, Colurnns, Walls, Footings). The final chapter provides ‘examples of the design of members using the data provided in those eight chapters. The kind permission of Standards Australia and of the ‘American Concrete Institute (ACI) to reproduce/adapt ‘material from their publications (as indicated) is also acknowledged. NOTES ON SECOND EDITION The second edition of this Handbook incorporates additional charts in Chapters 3 Rainforesd Concrete ‘Beams and 4 Reinforced Concrete Stabs extending to 50 MPa the range of concrete strengths covered. This hhas resulted in tesequencing of some of the material in these chapters, with consequent renumbering of some charts and rearrangement of the tex. ‘Although based on the then-current version of ‘AS 3600, the first edition of this Handbook anticipated, ‘some amendments which did not come into effect until later (June 1980) with the issuing of Amendment No. 1 to the Standard, Other changes resulting from the fesuing of that amendment have been incorporated in this edition of the Handbook NOTES ONTHIRD EDITION “The changes incorporated in this edition of the Conorete Design Handbook reflect the amendments Intraduced into AS 3600 Canerete Structures with the release of the second edition of that Standard in 1994, ‘The most significant cliange fo this Handbook is the replacement ofall the column design charts in Chapter 6. With this edition, the Handbook became a joint Cement and Concrete Association of Australia/ Standards Australia publication.CONTENTS a4 24 34 41 54 74 at CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6. CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 General Design Properties for Concrete and Reinforcement Durabilty and Fire Resistance Beams Stabs Columns Walls Footings Examples,CHAPTER 1 General 4a DESIGN ams 144 Goneral The aim of structural dasign is to produce sate, serviceable, durable, aesthetic and economical structures. Each of these aspects is discussed brielly in Clauses 1.1.20 1.1.8 142 Safety During its intended lifetime a structure must be able to safaly resist the actions (loads) expected to be imposed on it. The lifetime begins at the construction period, when the parll-buit stucture—with the design strength of the concrete not yet developed-—has to be analysed for loads likely to be imposed on it during that period. The design should also consider unusual load cases arising from the processes to be carried nin the structure, it any. Some thought should also be given to the ultimate demolition of the structute Designers usually start with a framing plan or a concept which is logical and sensible, and proceed to examine how thet structure behaves when subjected to the various actions (loads). In particular, they should review all possible failure modes to ensure that nothing important has been overlooked, A structure should be robust and possess structural integrity so that its not unreasonably susceptible to the effects of accidental loads, Damage to 2 small area of a structure or the failure of a single clement should not lead to the collapse of a large part of the, structure, eg by progressive collapse. This topic is discussed in more detail in Clause 1.2.5 Structural Integrity The accidental hazard arising fom fe is covered building reguiations, eg the Building Code of Australia. ‘The particular requirements for diferent structural elements for fre resistance, eg Fire Resistance Levels, to guard against structural collapse (structural adequacy), flame penetration (integrity) and heat transmission (insulation), are discussed in Chapter 3 Durability and Fre Resistance. Designers must be alert to prevent gross errors during design, as these, along with those that arise during ‘construction, are probably the most common cause of failures. An independent check should be made of the design, including a review of the specified details to ensure that the assumptions made in the design are stil valid. 1.13 Serviceabiity (Over ite design lite, during service under normal operating and load conditions, a structure must behave satistactoriy. The structure and its elernents: should not deflect or deform excessively or vibrate so 2 to cause discornfort or unease to the accupants. ‘Any cracking or apparent distress of the concrete should not impair the structure's functionality or spoll its appearance. 1.4.4 Durability ‘A durable structure is one that performs its intended function over its design life in its environment without ‘excessive degradation or unusual maintenance expense, There have beon examples of inadequate durability, such as rusting reinforcement, spalling concrete, extensive wear and badly weathered concrete surfaces. The procedures necessary to ensure durable concrete structures are discussed in Chapter & Durability and Fire Resistance. 14.5 Aesthetics ‘An integral part of the design of any structure is its ‘appearance. Buildings and structures such as bridges should be designed and detalled to present an altractive and wel-proportioned appearance to suit, their surroundings. Architects rather then structural engineers are usually responsible for the appearance ‘of most buildings but for structures such a bridges, the engineer is often responsible for the aesthetics. There are many cases where the engineer can provide a significant input by the selection of appropriate frarning systems and the proportioning of members to meet functional, joad capacity and the aesthetic requirements. 14.8 Economy ‘An economical structure contributes to the overall economics of a project. This can be measured in terms ofthe intial or frst cost, the construction time ‘and the life-cycle or overall cost. The minimum ‘material cost of concrete and reinforcement does not necessarily produce the most sconomical structure; Construction and time-related costs must also be ‘considered. Ease of construction must therefore be taken into account at the design stage.44.7 Codes and regulations The Building Code of Australia (BCA)! provides a set of regulations designed to set acceptable standards of structural sufficiency (Including safety from fre), health and amenity for the benefit of the community, ‘State variations are provided through a series of appendices, The technical requirements of the BCA {or concrata structures are deerned to be satisfied by ‘compliance with the provisions of AS 3600". However, the use of AS 3600 is not mandatory. ‘AS 2600 sets out minimum requirements for the design and construction of conerete structures. These requirements have been develoned over many years: and draw on the experience embodied in Australian land international standards, In general, the rules have ‘been developed fo protect the public (safely) and provide a genoral level of amenity. The nesds of a particular owmer for a given facility may require more stringent requirements than those in AS 3600. Thus the desired result will nt always be achieved by & strict or literal compliance with the clauses of the Standard. A designer must bring sound judgement and practical experience of construction ta the task of structural design. 14.8 Responsibility of designers and supervisors The division of responsibilty between the partios involved in the design and those in the construction of a structure should be clearly understood and fully expressed in the terms of erigagement between the owner and the designer and in the contract for Construction between the over and the builder or contractor ‘Design’ includes the design of the concrete structure and the preparation of the specification, and ‘soratimes ihe conditions of contract and preliminaries. The designer responsible for the structure should be 2 practising civil or structural enginoer eligible for corporate membership of the Inefitution of Engineers, Australia or equivalent, and experienced in the design tf concrete structures of comparable importance to the project. Architects or building graduates should not be expected to have the appropriate skills to undertake, nor should they assume responsibilty for, the design of concrete structures. ‘Should designers assign the detail design ot part of the project to a manufacturer, they should ensure that this work is fully specified and controlled by way of detailed performance standards and also that the manufacturer's elements are coordinated wth the: structure as a whole, Examples of this are the detail design of precast concrete elements and post-tensioned slabs. 12 ‘The supervision of construction is the responsibilily of the builder. All structures should be supervised by a suitably qualified person. Ifthe structure is complex or important or of prestressed concrste, a qualified and experienced enginger employed by the builder should bbe responsible for the supervision of construction. Periodic inspections of construction on behalf of the ‘owner are often undertaken by the designer, or by an ‘experienced person employed by the owner but Under the technical direction of the designer to ‘engure the construction represents the intent of the design. Where the project is complex or unusual, more-detallad inspection regime may be required. Should any doubt arise as to the interpretation of the design documents, this arrangement facitates the resolution of this doubt by the designer. Site records should be kept during construction to show the dates of concrete casting, test results, stressing details and any departures from the design drawings. These records provide the owner with a useful record of the siructure as-built should any ‘modilication be required in the future, 12 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 1.24. General A limit-states approach to design has been adopted for AS $600, There will be en acceptable probability that a structure designed and built in accordance with the Standard wil not reach any limit state uring its sign ife. That is to say, it wil not fail by collapse or instability (uitimate limit states), of become unfit for service by deformation, vibration or cracking (serviceability mit states). In addition, the structure should not deteriorate unduly during ts design ite and should not be damaged by events such as fire, explosions and impact to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. A checklist of design requirements includes: Stability Strength Serviceabilty — Deflection = Lateral Drift (eg under wind or earthquake) = Cracking ~ Vibration Durability Fire Resistance ‘Structural integrityiRobustness (prevention of progressive collapse).1.22 Limit-states design Limitstatss design js an extension of utimate-strength theory that was developed originally to overcome the deficiencies in working-stress design as applied to reinforced and prestressed concrete, ‘At the same time, it was realised that the working-stress design method has serious limitations even when used for elastic materials such as structural steel. A policy decision was therefore taken by Standards Australia to ‘adopt the limit-states design method for al structural materials, e9 conctete, stool, timber and masonry, ‘Actions and combinations of actions (loads and load ‘combinations) are specified in AS 1170*S. This Standard applies to all structures respective of the ‘material used in the structure, while the cliferences in ‘material behaviour ate taken into account in the relevant material standard. This permits a coherent, logical and unified approach to structural design Limitstates design analyses the structure or part for the refevant combination o factored actions, the action effect. it then contims that the design capacity, ie the nominal capacity multiplied by the capacity factor (strength reduction factor, , exeaeds the action effgct. The use of a globel factor rather than partial safety factors, as adopted in European standards, follows the practice established in ACI 3184 and that Used in earlior versions of AS 3600, 1.23 Stability and strength The structure as a Whole and its parts are designed to Prevent instabilty due to overthrowing, upift andl sliding. Generally, the design capacity of a member is| calculated as the ultimate sirength of the section, using a mathematical made! to represent the failure condition, muttipied by the capacity reduction factor (strength-reduction factor) The capacity reduction factor, @, accounts for variations between the basis of the calculation and the likely ‘actual condition, viz: variations in the strenath of concrete and reinforcement, variations in the dimensions of the member and the location of reinforcement and in the relative Position of members, eg eccentricities in columns: Inaccuracies in the design equations for ccaloulating internal actions and the strength of the section; mode of failure, eg ductile or brittle, and the resulting warning of failure, importance of the member and its effect on the structure, For example, compare a beam and a column, The ‘column is less ductile and more sensitive to concrete strength variations than the beam; tne column usually ‘supports a larger area then the beam, making the ‘consequences of failure likely to be more serious. For these reasons, the capacity reduction factor, @, for a bbeam is larger than that for a column, og 0.8 10.0.6. Note that the design aids and charts prepared to one Standard such as AS 2600 must be used only with the load factors and load combinations applicable to that Standarel 1.24 Serviceability — deflection control Under working loads, the deflection of slabs and beams: must be controlled to meet two general criteria ‘The total deflection should not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the structure ‘AS 600 limits this value to span/260. ‘The incremental deflection should not adversely affect other elements such as finishes, services, partitions, glazing and cladding, Where partitions are detailed to minimise the effect of movement, this deflection should be limited to span/Sc0, If ‘not (eg masonry partitions without closely spaced joints), this limit should be reduced to span/1000. The calculation of deflection of concrete members ‘comprises two stages ~an elastic or immediate ‘component and an inslastic or creep component that ‘occurs over a long period FIGURE 1.1. These are Considered as short-term and long-term effects with the appropriate combinations of actions (loads) acting in each case. The long-term loading comprises permanent actions, eg self weight, and the quasi- Permanent component of the imposed action, og live load, while the short-term loading includes the probable peak value of the imposed action. Typical ‘values for these are given in Clause 1.3 Actions and Combinations ot Actions. Noe Allow for falation at supponts FIGURE 1.1 Elastic and creep deflections 13‘The calculated deflection is measured from a theoretical line diagram representing the member in its as-cast postion, The limit on total deflection of ‘span/250 below an assumed horizontal line may not be sufficient fo prevent a sagging floor having an unsatisfactory appearance or io prevent water ponding on a roof, These problems may be overcome, ‘by cambering the formwork or by stressing the floor or roof, to counter the fong-term deflection. In the case ‘of long spans, these methods are used frequent; however, the designer should be caretul to check that, the reduced stiffress of the floor does not result in ‘excessive incremental deflection or vibration under live load, or large rotations and distress at supports. In assessing the practical effect of deflections, the designer should allow also for realistic construction tolerances. The limits in AS 3600, discussed in Clause 1.5 Material and Construction Requirements, are based on the requirements of structural adequacy and strength. In particular cases, tighter construction tolerances may need to be specified or special details developed to meet the serviceabiliy requirement. 128 Serviceability ~ cracking The designer and the owner of tne building tend to view cracking differently. Engineers generally regard some cracking as inevitable; owners on the other hand tend to regard any cracking as a major blemish. Most cracking in concrete structures occurs due to shrinkage of concrete. The designer has to design and tal the structure and the steel reinforcement to ‘control the effects of this shinkage. This will determine whether or not cracks are allowed tp occur and, if $0, where they can occur in respect of structural integrity and aesthetics, and ensure they are of a size which will not cause future durabilty problems. ‘AS 3600 sets out guidelines for the amount of reinforcement to control cracking, Section 2.4.4 of ‘AS 3600 states that cracking of bears and slabs under service conditions shall be controlled in accordance with the requirements of Clause 8.6 of 8.4, as appropriate. However, in a small percentage of cases, cracks are ‘a symptom of structural or durability distress, 2g spalling of concrete due to reinforcement corrosion. In these cases the cause of cracking needs to be diagnosed and appropriate measures undertaken For a mare detailed discussion on the types of cracking and practices to minimise their occurance, se Guide to Conerete Construction’ 1.26 Serviceability ~ vibration ‘The design of vibration is outside the scope of this Handbook. Designers should consult a specialist text cor seek expert advice if vibration is likely to be a problem, 1.2.7 Serviceability ~ durability and fire resistance These aspects are covered in Chapter 3. 1.28 Structural integrity/robustness There are no specific requirements for design for structural integrity or robustness in the BCA or standards at present. The BCA mentions progressive collapse, implying that design for itis covered under the requirement of sustaining at an acceptable level of safety and sorviceabilly the most adverse ‘combination of loads. The revised loading Standard AS 1170 inoludes in Part 05 a section on minimum structural robustness requirements. However, this still does not fully address the problem, AS 3600 provides no specific guidance for providing structural integrity (the prevention of progressive collapse). The spectacular failure In the UK of Ronan Point, a block of flats constructed of large precast concrete panels, focused attention on the susceptibility ofthis form of construction to accidental loading such as gas ‘explosions, As a result ofthis accident, the Britis Standard (BS 8110)'8 was revised and now includes specific detaling requirements to provide continuity ‘and ductility. Other national codes also require parficulat treatment of this potential hazard. A continuously reinforced, castin-place, concrete structure Is not lkely to be al risk because of its inherent abllty to redistribute unusual loads and bridge possible local failures. Normally, only a general review of such a structure would be required to check: its possible fallure modes. However, further investigation should be carried out for the following: = Precast concrete structures # Unusual structural systems or mixed construction using different materials Structures subject to special risks, such as vehicle collision and chemical explosion. It an abnormal load can be identified, then itis possible to design directly for this condition. Usually, however, this is not the case, so other methods must ‘be adopted to control the extent of damage. ‘One method commonly usd in Europe is to design {or specified lorces al each level of the structure and 44Transverse te to develop canlever Pacigheral Vocal es to tistoanchor suspend panels and transverse or shear taster in tie hoizntl joints hald-domn anainst connedtd to canklovr moment footing CANTILEVER ACTION Verical isto Transverse tie suspend panes and [to develop jorshearitarsferin | beam moment viz joints — Tet teers tot bea Aono FIGURE 1.2 Structural integrity —altomative load paths to provide a system of horizontal and vertical ties, properly anchored, to resist these forces. For precast: panel buildings, this results in longitudinal, transverse ‘and peripheral ties at each floor level interconnected with sulicient continuous vertical ties to restrain the walls al each level. This method is specified in BS 8110. Another method is to provide alternative load paths 30 that the structure can bridge over the gap formed if a part of a floor or wall is accidentally removed. For precast-concrele-panel buildings, this mathod also results in a eystem of horizontal and vertical ties. By rotionally removing a part of each wall in tum, the floor aver is designed to act as a catenary, which can support a large load although it may sag 200 mm or sso, Examples of cantilever and beam action are shown in FIGURE 1.2 Useful references on methods of dasign for structural integrity are: Mitchell and Cook", FIP?4, Eliott and Tovey! and the ACLASCE'-. 1.3 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS. 1.34 General AS 1170 Part 0 sets out the various actions (loads) and the combinations of actions (load combinations) to be considered in design for utimate and serviceability lit states. These combinations are called up in AS 3800 where same combinations peculiar o prestressed concrete are added. 1.3.2 Permanent, imposed and other actions The permanent action (dead load) is defined as ‘an ‘action whichis likely to act continuously throughout the design working life and for which variations in magnitude with time are likely to be small compared to the meen value’. Generally itis taken to comprise the self weight of the member plus the weight of all materials of permanent construction — walls, floors and ceilings (including finishes), services, permanent paaritions and fixed machinery supported by the member. Imposed action (lve load) is defined as ‘a variable action resulting from the intended use or occupancy of the structure’ and is taken to Include uniformly: distributed, concentrated, impact and inertia actions 188 required. Wind, snow and earthquake actions are considered separately. Many imposed actions are short-term relative to the life ofthe structure; however, ‘some may be of long duration, eg actions such as storage loads, and thus have an effect similar 10 @ permanent action.AS 1170.12 specifies minimum values for imposed actions on floors (loor live loads) for various classified occupancies; these are typically n the range of 2 to 5 kPa, except for storage areas where stacked ‘material results in larger values. The specified uniformily-distriouted actions (loads) are blanket values to cover the expected effect of the occupancy for both small and large areas. Surveys of actual actions (loadings) in offices indicate that the statutory actions. (loads) are reascnable for small areas but tend to be ‘conservative for larger areas. Imposed action (live load) reductions are permitted for certain floors and supporting colurmns and walls. A reduction of up to 50% is allowed according to a formula, which depends on the loaded area (see AS 1170.1 Clause 3.4.2) H this reduction is used, then the design drawings should state both the nominal imposed action (live load) and that the reduction for area has been used. During construction, special actions (loading) conditions may arise and these may control the design of some members. Staged construction and composite ‘concrete members usually require a specific check. unless fully propped. Construction actions (loads) from formwetk, falsework and equipment such as Ccranes and hoists may be greater than the imposed actions (live load) and thus require strengthening of the structure or the provision of special supports. ‘Note that a significant proportion of all structural failures occur during construction, often because a critical loading condition is overlooked or the concrete strength at the time of loading is over-estimated. Flat plate structures are susceptible to progressive collapse during construction for this reason—when failure of an upper floor due to early stripping leads to consequential failure of those below. Other actions such as concrete shrinkage and creep, temperature effects and foundation movements, cause deformations of the structure and, if resisted by the structure, result in internal forces which are in ‘equilibrium, A ductile structure is able to redistribute these so that the capacity of the member to carry the ultimate strength loads Is not affected. However, the deformation may be a significant factor in the serviceability check. 13.3. Combinations of actions ~ strength design Combination factors for actions (load factors) for strength design take into account: the possibilty of unfavourable deviations of the actions from the characteristic velues; the possible inaccurate assessment of the action effects and their significance {or safety; variations in dimensional accuracy in so fat as they affect estimation of the action effects; and the reduced probability of combinations of actions ‘occurring, all at their characteristic values. The value Of the load factor depends on the degree of uncertainty, \while the combination factor depends on the probability cf that combination of loads. The nominal value of a permanent action (dead load), G, is its mean value, ‘The factor 1.2 applied to it assumes thal it can be assessed to within 10%. If circumstances arise where this assumption is nat warranted, then 2 conservative estimate of the permanent action should be made, or part of it treated as an imposed action (live load), For the case of load reversal and where the permanent action is beneficial, the factor is taken as 0.9. The nominal value of the imposed action (ive load), Q, is intended to be the peak value for a 50-year life with @ probabilly of exceedence of 5%. This is a characteristic value with a probability similar to the definition of characteristic concrete strength, t, Imposed actions vary and usually comprise two comporients: a sustained, retatvely-constant value for ‘a particular occupancy or objects and a superimposed coxtrame value arising from a crowd of people or a ‘poncentration of objects. The factor of 1.5 reflects this coreater variability compared with permanent actions, ‘and the combination factor, y, of 0.4 to 0.6 reflects the probable lawer action likely to occur at the samme. time as another peak-action effect TABLE 1.1. Wind loads are determined in accordance with AS 1170.21 either by a simplified procedure, ‘applicable only to small buildings, or by a detailed procedure using eliner a static or dynamic analysis. For significant structures, models should be tested in ‘a wind tunnel to determine the forces. For earth-retaining structures, the nominal earth load, Foy Should take account of the likely earth and ground- water pressure, The load factor to be applied is 1.0 if the earth pressure is determined using a limit states, mathod, or 1.5 if earth pressures are determined using traditional methods. Liquid-etaining structures aro usually constructed so that there is an upper limit to the height ofthe retained liquid and the density of the liquid is defined also. The accuracy of determination is similar to that of 2 permanent action, 80 a factor of 1.2 is used for static liquid pressure, Fjy. However, it the density is not well defined or the height is not limited, then a value of 1.5 should be used. If dynamic conditions are possible, these should be considered separately and a factor similar to that for imposed actions applied Earthquake loads and load combinations are specified in AS 1170.41:%4 while additional dasign and detailing requirements for earthquake resistance are 18TABLE 1.1 Load combinations (atter AS 1170.0 ) ee Strength 1258 Permanent ation only (Goes nat poy to prestessing forces) 428+ 150 Permanent an imposed actions 126+y.0+M% Pexmanent an arbitary-pont-n-time imposed and wind actions or the more severe o: Te alerratve combinations are gen in AS 3800 Cause 3.3.1 1G and 1.16 + y.0+W, 096 +4, Permanent and wind ation reversal Grw0+k, manent and arltay-point-n-me inpsed and eartiquke acon aie in AS 11704) 12G +y,0+5, Permanent and arbivary-poin-n-time imposed action andthe appropriate one ofthe following acons: sot, liquid pressure, ponding, ground wale and earth pressure 1396.41.15 Permanent action and pestessing force (acting in same rection) 086 + 1.18 Permanent action and pestesing force (acting in oposite directors) 6 +-yi0 + thermal actions for re Stability 096 For combiclons ta produce et staisn eferts 128 +150 For conbinaon ht pode nel detaiisng efits 125 + v.0'sW, Gryd+e, Geyc0+e, 128 +y,08, Serviceability Use appropri combinaions of G, w,0, yO, WE, Pan oter actions, 2 GoW, +P shrt-trm servicabilly Gr y0+P GP long-term sevieity GryaeP TABLE 1.2 Short-term, long-term and combination factors v,, yj and y, (after AS 1170.0 ) ‘Short-term factor Long-term factor Combination factor Imposed action (w) (w) A) Distributed imposed actions, Q Resdenl and dortcstucres 07 o4 a Ofticas: o7 of oF Pasting or a a Retail ar 04 as Stage 10 og 06 Other 10 06 06 Root actions Fis use for oo ype axes 0.7 oe a4 Other roots az o 0 Concentrated imposed actions Floors 10 06 ‘5 for distributed floor actions: Fos of domestic using 4.0 a4 1 fo dshituied oor actions ‘Roots used for floor-type activities 1.0 06 35 for distributed floor actions Other roots 10 o 0 Balustrades: 10 5 a Wwgiven in AS 3600 Appendix A, The requirements of the current edition of AS 1170.4 are slightly inconsistent with the philosophy of Parts 0, 1 and 2 bbut the use of the load factors quoted in Part 0 will result in satisfactory structures, The prestressing force, Pi limited by the breaking load of the tendons. in checking the ultimate strength af an anchorage or the possibilty of a concrete ‘compressive failure at transfer, a factor of 1.15 is specified by AS 3600. In this case, the presiressing force is similar to an external action (load) and Is taken as the maximum jacking force at the anchorage. A different situation arises where secondary moments ‘and shears are calculated in an Indeterminato structure. Because these are caused by a prestress force, which is internal to the cross section, a load factor of 1.0 Is sufficient. {n selecting combinations of actions, the principle adopted is to consider each Imposed action at its maximum value taken in turn with other imposed actions at their probable values et any time, The load ‘combinations (combinations of actions) given in ‘AS 1170.0 and those specified in AS $800 are shown In TABLE 1.1, 1.3.4 Load Combinations ~ stabiity In checking for stability, the loads and actione are divided into components tending to cause instability and those tending to stabilise the structure. Where the strength of a member is used to provide stability, then the design strength, @R,, should be used. 3.5 Load combinations ~ serviceability For serviceability checks, both short-term and lang- term effects should be considered. For wind loading, only short-term effects need to be considered. ‘Values for Wy) and y, are shown in TABLE 1.2 1.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 14.1 General “The analysis that is carried out to justify a design is of two types: Analysis of the frame or structure Analysis of cross-sections of riembers. ‘The first type of analysis is aimed at determining the action effects such as bending moment, shear force ‘and axial force at critical sections of members necessary for strength design or determining deformations of the structure. The second type is. concemed with the strength of these critical cections, Throughout AS 3600, the general concept of tering has been adopted, where the designer is given the ‘option of using simplified approximate methods for certain structures, more-accurate linear elastic analysis for most structures, or a rigorous analysis Including both material and geometric noninearites for exceptional structures. For ease of use, these methods are arranged in order of Increasing accuracy ‘and complexity and may be summarised as follows: = Simplified methods I8injorced continuous beams and one-way slabs —roinjorced two-way slabs supported on four sides ~teinlorced two-way slab systems having multiple ‘spans, = idealised frame reinforced and prestressed two-way slab systems = Linear elastic analyeis —general method for strength and deflections = Rigerous structural analysis general method for complex structures Plastic methods ~yleld-tine method for slabs Plastic method for ductile beams. 1.42 Simplified method — continuous beams and one-way slabs This method provides @ simple, approximate and conservative evaluation of the bending moments and shears in continuous reinforced conorete beams and one-way slabs whore: the spans are approximately equal, with the longer of two adjacent spans not greater than the shorter by more than 203%; © the loads are essentially uniformly distributed and the imposed actions (ive load) doas not exceed twice the permanent actions (dead load); '® the members are of uniform cross section and the: reinforcement is arranged in a specific way. The coefficients are shown diagrammatically in IGURE 1.3. Because these values are not statically compatible, they should nat be used for deflection calculations. if moment revarsals occur during ‘construction, these load cases should be investigated seperately,‘Moment = coafcient x FL, TK — Sinn siport i 7 “at | spandel bean (MORE THAN TWO SPANS MOMENTS: efficient x Fy by 2 assy] fa 4 ts 1 2 zlle Z| 2 j. 4 t Z 7 t 7 ant I ‘Spanctel beam END AND INTERIOR SPANS SHEARS FIGURE 1.3 Approximate moments and shears — ‘one-way members 1.43 Simplified method ~ two-way slabs For reinforced two-way slabs supported on four sides by beams or walls and subject to uniformly-distibuted loads, approximate bending-moment coetticients are tabulated In AS 3600 Table 7.3.2 for a range of edge conditions ‘The shear forces in the slab and the reactions of the supporting beams may be determined by allocating the load using 45-degree lines emanating trom the ‘comers of the slabs. Although not stated in the Standard, the shear foree at the face of the first interior support of an end span should be laken as 1.16 times the simple span value, similar to that for one-way slabs, 144 Two-way slab systems Two-way slab systems include fat plates, flat slabs, waftle slabs, and beams and slabs including band beams. Two-way slab systems can be analysed either by the simplified method, by the idealsedtrame method or by linear elastic analysis. The idealised. frame method is a version of the equivalent-trame method in ACI 318, simplified for the following reasons. Two-way slab systems are statically indeterminate and are able to undertake canssiderable redistiution| of moments from first loading to ulimate load capacity, The final distribution of moments in the slab panels depends on the distribution of reinforcement rather than the initial stfiness of the uncrackad slabs. Provided that equilibrium is satisfied, a designer can choose from a wide range of design moments to ‘ensure adequate flexural strength of the slab. A highiy-refined analysis of elastic moments in slab systems is not necessary and bears litle relation to actual behaviour for strength design. In practice, the designer selects the thickness of the: slab to satily detlaction requirements, then determines bending moments for calculation of reinforcement, checks shear at the columns and supports and details reinforcement for crack control and structural integrity, 1.4.5 Simplified method — two-way slab systems having multiple spans The simplified method provides a quick and direct method of design for slabs that meet the restrictions ‘of geometry and live loading (imposed actions). The {otal static moment is calculated for each span of the: design strips taken in two directions at right angles using the effective span, L. This is consistent with the Idealised-frame method as the tical section for negative banding moment is the same in each case. ‘The design positive and negative moments are then determined by applying the factors tabulated for interior spans and end spans. In the latter case, the distribution is varied to suit the end restraint provided by the exterior support, Where adjacent spans differ, the designer may use either the larger negative ‘moment or distribute the unbalanced moment to the adjoining members to obtain the design negative moment. In addition, a redistribution of the design ‘moments of up to 10% is permitted, provided that the total static moment is not reduced. However, if designers opt to do this they should consider the Implications of the amount of redistribution on the specification of reinforcement (see AS 2600 Clause 7.6.8) even though the Clause does rot impose any restction on the use of Class L reinforcement. Moment = coefficient x Ful? where Ly = L minus 0.7 x 2(a, at each end of the span) ‘The coefficients should be changed to the values given in AS 3500 Table 7.4.3, 19‘The transverse distribution of these design moments into the column strip and the middle strip is carried out using tabulated tactors that are the same for both the simpltied method and the idealised-trame method TABLE 1.3. The values for those factors give the designer a considerable range in which to work. Unequal spans or patterned live loads cause unbalanced moments to be vansferred from the slab to the column, A minimum value is specified for this Unbalanced moment and this is obtained by taking half the design imposed action (live load) as acting (on the longer span and no imposed action (lve, load) ‘on the shorter span. This moment is included in the shear design at the column-stab junction. TABLE 1.3 Distribution of design moment to column strip Location Column strip moment factor Negative moment —inerit support 0601.0 eaterio support 075 to 10 Positive moment 05 t007 1.48 Slab systems ~ idealised-trame method This method may be used for framed structures incorporating rainforcad or prestressed two-way slab systems and is not subject to the restrictions on geometry and loading required for the simpliied method. The idealised trame is taken as one of a series of {ull-height frames running longitudinally through the building and a second series taken trancversely, A linear elastic analysis is carried out for each frame Using one of the standard frame programs and using a number of practical simplifications: = For vertical actions (loads), a simple frame may be taken as comprising one floor and the ‘columns above end below, with these columns fixed at their far ends FIGURE 1.4. The width of the frame may be taken as the width Of the design strip for flat slabs, or the effective width for beams and L-beams using the ‘equations in AS 3600 FIGURE 1.5. = The relative stiffness of the members may be calculated using the gross concrete section or the transformed section provided that the same ‘basis is used throughout FIGURE 1.4 Idealised frame a ee Ola by. Ota ‘<05x clear ‘<05xclear san of slab span af slab “sists betwen pons 210 iarenlong bes apr. 07.) FIGURE 1.5 Effective width of T-Beam IMPOSED ACTION (UIVELOAD) ALL SPANS IMPOSED ACTION (LIVE LOAD) ALTERNATE SPANS IMPOSED ACTION (LIVE LOAD) ADJACENT SPANS FIGURE 1.6 Examples of pattem actions (loading)The arrengement of vertical action (load) to determine the critical moments and shears may be restricted to fa few combinations only FIGURE 1.6: ‘= Ifthe imposad action (live load) patter is fixed factored imposed action (lve load), Ifthe imposed action (ive load), Q, does not exceed thvee-quarters of the permanent action (dead load), G, “factored imposed action (lve load) on all spans, Ifthe imposed action (ive load), Q, exceeds three- ‘quarters of the permanent action (dead load), G, ~tivee-quarters of the factored imposed action {live load) on all spans three-quarters of factored imposed action (ive toad) on alternate spans and on two adjacent spans, The concession of three-quarters of the factored Imposed action (lve load) for pattern load cases recognises the fact thal maximum negative anc maxitnum positive moments cannot occur simultaneously, 60 redistribution of the maximum moment is possible prior toa possible failure. Note also that pattern variations of permanent action (dead load) need not be considered. 1.4.7 Linear elastic analy Concrete structures behave in a linear elastic manner Cony under small, short-term loads while the sections ‘are unoracked. As loads increase, the sections crack and the behaviour becomes noninear and moments are cisrbuted from the peak-moment regions to less highly ctressed sections of the members. Despite this, lingar elastic analysis may be used to determine the ‘ction effects in structures for both the serviceability and the strength lmitstates, Provided thatthe structure is ductile, this procedure has been shown by experience to be sefe for strength design. Design moments and shears are calculated by applying factored actions (loads) to the structure, ‘which is analysed assuring linear elastic behaviour. ‘The ofitical sections are then checked for strength, ‘assuming local inelastic action. Some redistribution of moments has to be relied upon when this model is used. This redistribution depends upon ductile behaviour, which is ensured by limiting the neutral axis parameter, ki, 1.0.4 and placing finite on the amount of redistribution depending on the ductility class ofthe reinforcement. AS 3600 Clause 7.6.6 gives ‘guidance on the amount of moment reistibution that ‘can be assumed in design for each ductility clas. 06 os 03. 02 a4 6 0% 0 MD REDISTRIBUTION (%) FIGURE 1.7 Moment redistribution versus ky Load case 1 Load case 2: Load ase 3 Spans +b loaded ‘Span bored Spansa + closed ——— Modify moments as follows: Load case 1: Raduos negative moment at B an ince positive moments Load cases 2&3: Redoe postive moments and increase negaive moments FIGURE 1.8 Example of moment redistribution If Ductity Class N is used, then the amount of redistibution permitted depends on the value of the rneutval axis parameter, ky. Up to 30% is peritted. provided that static equilibrium is maintained and ky does not excaed 0.2. For values of ky between 0.2 ‘and 0.4, the permissible distribution is obtained by Interpolation as shown in FIGURE 1.7. f Duotity Class L is used, no recisirinution is permitted nies an analysis is undertaken to show that there is adequate rotation capacity available at the critical ‘cross sections to allow such redistribution to occur. FIGURE 1.8 ilustrates the use of moment redistribution to reduce the maximum values of bending moment to bbe used in design. 41Alinear elastic analysis may be used for building structures with floor slabs and also for framed structures without slabs. For reasons of equilibrium and static compatibilty, the span of flexural members is taken as the distance centre-to-centre of support. However, the size of these supports is taken into account by the defined critical sections for negative ‘moment and shear force at the supports. Jn prestressed concrete members, the restraint at supports usually induces parasitic reactions and so-called secondary bending moments and shears that are determined by applying the presiress to an ‘assumed unloaded, uncracked structure. As these are internally induced, a load factor of 1.0 is sufficient to obtain the design values that are added to the elastically determined moments and shears for factored dead and live load. These total moments may be redistributed in the same way as for reinforced conerete members. 4.48 Rigorous structural analysis ‘Arigorous structural analysis requires accurate ‘mathematical modaling of material properties, geometric effects and suctural behaviour, including Interaction with the foundations. Such an analysis Would be warranted only for excoptional structures and would not be undertaken without the aid of suitable ‘computer programs. A designer should consult ‘specialist lterature before undertaking such a task. 1.49 Plastic methods of analysis: Plastic methods of analysis based on the lower-bound or yiold line mothads may be used for slab design or for the design of frames and continuous beams. However, as both these methods assume the ability for the members to undergo large rotations at the supports, they can be used only where Ductilty Class N reinforcement is used throughout the member of structure. For frames and beams it is also necessary to show that the structure possesses adequate moment-rotation capacities to justify the assumptions in the analysis. While plastic analyses ensure satistactory strength behaviour, it will be necessary to check the structure for serviceability limit states, eg control of cracking, and these ill probably control the dasign. 1.5 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS. 184 ‘The designer is obliged to set out in the drawings and specification all the requirements for the construction of the structure so that it can be buill to meet the intent of the design. Clauss 1.4.1 of AS 3600 sets out the design data which should be shown on the drawing and Clause 1.4.2 sels out the details which should be: shown. AS 3600 does not contain specification-type clauses relating to construction that descrive methods {and techniques for such items as mixing and placing concrete. It has only general performance-type clauses so that the project specification needs to spell Out the specific requirements for the projects ‘onstruction, General ‘The project specification should include those items ‘of good practios that the designer considers necessary. ‘A.useful document is the national building industry specification system, NATSPEC, which is a master specification containing a brary of clauses trom which designers can select those suitable for their project's specifications. 1 The constituent materials of concrete and its manufacture are covered by a series of standard specifications, most of which are sufficiently comprehensive to require only a reference in the project specification. Where an Australian Standard specification is not available, then reference may be made to an overseas standard such as ASTM, or a performance requirement set out in the specification. In the latter case, the suitability of the material should be judged by the quay of the resulting concrete. ‘The manufacture of concrete fs covered by AS 1379115 ‘which includes all methods of manufacture: site-mixed, transi-mixed and factory-mixed, it covers the handling, storage and batching of materials, equipment such as mixers and agitators, mixing and delivery of the plastic concrete 2 Conerete materials and manufacture 1.5.3 Specification of concrete AS 3600 specifies concrete by referencing AS 1979, This laiter standard defines two classes of concrete: normal-class and special-class. Normal-ciass concrete \s expected to be satisfactory for the majority of projects, while special-class concrete is expected to be specified where particular performance criteria are needed, The classifications are used to avoid misunderstandings between the builder or contractor ‘and the concrete supplier, and the possibilty of 12cconerete being ordered only in terms of strenath ‘when special requirements may be contained in the specification. Normal-class concrete provides for the standard strength grades N20, N25, N32, N40, NSO and NE5 wilh slump of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 190, 100 (or 120 rm and maximum nominal size of aggregate of 10, 14 oF 20 mm. The particular value of each together with the intended method of placement (C project assessment is required) and air entrainment (if required) should be specified Special-class concrete is specified where any different CF adcitional requiroments are needed. For example, ‘compressive strength, slump or aggregate other than those for normal-class concrete any limit on ingredients ‘oF mix proportions, or any special performance requirement such as @ particular limit on shrinkage. ‘To avoid misunderstanding when the concrete is ‘ordered, the class must be specified, 4.54 Quality control of concrete ‘AS 3600 requires that all concrete for structures designed in accordance with it shall be assessed in accordance with AS 1879 for he specified parameters All concrete must be tested and subjected to production assessinent by the manufacturer to ensure that the appropriate quality is being maintained. Project assessment must be specified if special-class concrete, specitied by strength ofade, is specttiog and may be specified for ather types of special-ciass concrete and normal-ciass concrete, If project assessment is specified, then the concrete delivered to that project is subject to addtional testing. In this case, the specication should nominate the responsibiliy for carrying out this extra testing. Note that for specified parameters other than strength, the specification has to set out the method of production control, eg test method, the frequency of testing and acceptance criteria For a large project, project assessment wil usually ive sufficient samples to obtain a statistical reliable assessment ofthe concrete supplied to that project and at an acceptable cost. However, for small: or medium-sized projects, the cost of obtaining sufficient samples for a refable assessment is usually prohibitive Production assessment, as specified in AS 179, wil provide a reasonable level of qualty assurance for {he majority of small structures. 4.55 Tolerances for construction Tolerances for structures and members are specified for two reasons. The first is concerned with structural adequacy and strength, ie to ensure that the design aseumplions, in particular the @ factors used in the strength calculations, are met. The second relates to serviceability and appearance and may overrule the requirements of the frst. |AS 8600 specifies oniy tolerances that are necessary forthe firs, ie strength and safety. The designer should examine these carefully and, where necessary for the second reason, speolfy tighter tolerances. ‘Guidance on these latter type may be obtained from AS 36101" where tolerances are specified for diferent classes of surface finish, The tolerances specified in AS 3600 reflect current good practice and should be achieved readily. The classes of eurface finish in AS 3610 cover a range of work from the highest quality, suitable for monumental structures, to average quality, suitable for many structures, The designer should balance the cost of formwork and related construction to praduce e given, standard of finish against the overall appearance of the project andor part being considered and the distance that it will be viewed from. The practical uficuty of accurately measuring concrete surfaces and of achieving tight tolerances should not be overlooked. Note that AS 3610 limits the areas where the top class, Ciass 1, can be spscttied For practical convenience, tolerances in AS 3600 are measured to the surface and not to the centreling of members. Any point on a surface should lie within a tolerance envelope from its theoretical position, For ‘columns and walls in the first 20 storeys of a building, fan absolute limit of 40 mm horizontally is specified to control the everall location of the building. For columns: and walls, the deviation from plumb, floor-to-loor, ‘must not exceed the greater of the specttied dimension divided by 200 or 10 mm. For members, the deviation ftom a specified dimension must not exceed the greeter of the specified dimension divided bby 200 or S mm, In checking these tolerances, an allowance must be made for possible movement of members, such as. the deflection of floors, thermal or other movements in slendor structures due to asymmetric loading. The tolerance on location of reinforcement and tendons depends the effect of any variation on the strength of the member and also on the possible reduction in cover and its effect on durability ‘Negative tolerances are permitted on cover and have been allowed for in the covers specified for durability and fire resistance in AS 3600. Where durability is considered a significant problem, consideration should be given to using larger cover than the minimum requirement of AS 3600.Design load (slab sellwelght + kPa constuction lad Slab soffit (crak conta by Nerutal tensile tenth) FIGURE 1.9 Form removal from slab soffit 1.56 Formwork The general requirements for formwork are covered in AS 3610. The particular requirements for formwork that alfect the safety and serviceability of the concrete structure are specified in AS 3600. These relate ‘essentially to two conditions: ‘= The removal of formwork and the strength of the recently cast member = The loads imposed on the structure by the plastic cconerete and its supporting formwork The builder or contractor |e usually responsible for the design, erection, stripping and safety ofthe forrnvork, This tesponsbiity should be stated cleaty in the project specication. In addition, ifthe designer requires particular constraints on the method cf construction or wishes to oversee and review details of the proposed formuork then this should be specified. The removal of formwork trom a vertical surface is coontralied by the time necessary for the concrete to gain sulficient strength to avoid damage during stripping and to the exposed surface. In addition, Where the colaur of the offform concrete needs to be Cconsistent, the time of removal should be similar for all elements, “The removal of soffit formwork from reinforced stabs at an early age is limited by the need to control cracking in the concrete and to limit the deflection. In the case of a slab with undisturbed shores kept in place, the slab is analysed as a plain concrete member subject to its self weight plus a construction load of 2 kPa. The dasign moment induced by this load must be less than ultimate strength of the section calculated using characteristic flexural tensile strength of the concrete at the time of form removal FIGURE 1.9. if control samples are taken and the concrete strength is obtained by testing, then that sirength can be used to determine the characteristic, flexural strength. As an alternative to testing of site cconerete, the mean conorste strength at 7 days may bbe taken as the values specified in AS 1379 Table 2 In lieu of performing the above calculation, the designer may use the minimum stripping times specified in the tables in AS 3600. These cover two cases: reinforced slabs of normal-class concrete: cured at various temperatures, and beams and slabs ‘not supporting structure above. In multi-storey structuras, the early removal of formwork and its supports is necessary for speed ot construction andl economical reuse of forms. The floor boeing cast at any time is supported by the floors below, Depending upon the number of supporting floors and the relative stints of these floors, the load is shared between them. The floor directly beneath that being cast is less mature than, and is being supported also by, the floors below it- A simplified elastic analysis of these floors results in quite high values for the maximum load. Depending con the number of sets of forms, this maximum load varies between 2.25 and 2.40 times the sett-veight of the floor with a converged value of 2.0. Ifthe live load! is lose than the dead load of the floor, clearly there is a danger of overloading the slabs during construction, Further if the temperature and curing conditions are less than expected there is a danger of a slab failure, Various methods such as reshoring have been devised to reduce these apparently very high loads ‘and measurements have been taken to check if the. simplifications of analysis are reasonable. The measured loads generally comply with the simplifid analysis; the variation apparently being due to creep land shrinkage warping of the conerete frame. Further guidance on this subject may be obtained from AS 3610 and literature referenced init. Prestressed floors are designed usually for staged stressing so that the prestess is applied as the ‘concrete gains strength, the floor becomes largely self-supporting and the forms may be removed in stages, For multi-storey buildings and soveral levels, tf formwork, the sharing of load and analysis is similar to reinforced concrete. 41416 44 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1.10 142, 113) 1.15 116 REFERENCES Building Code of Australia The Australian Building Codes Board and Standards Australia, July 2001 ‘AS 3600 Concrete structures Standards Australia, June 2001 AS 1170 Structural design actions Standards Australia, 10 be published. ACI 318 Building code requirements for structural concrete American Concrete Institute, 2000, AS 117000 Structural design actions Part 0: General requirements Standards Australia, 10 be published, BS 8110 Structural use of concrete Part 1 Code of practice for design and construction British Standard Institution, 1997. Mitchell, D and Cook, W D Progressive collapse of slab structures Concrete Framed ‘Structures: Stabiliy and strength edited Narayanan, R. Elsevier Applisd Science, 1986. FIP Commission on Prefabrication Planning and Design Handbook on Precast Building ‘Structures Thomas Telford Ltd, 1994, Elliot, K'S and Tovey, AK Precast concrete framed buildings: Design guide British Cement Association, 1992. ACI-ASCE Committee $50 ‘Design Recommendations for Precast Concrete ‘Structures’ ACI Structural Journal January- February 1998, pp 115-121. Guide to Concrete Construction Cement and Concrete Association of Australia and Standards Australia, 2002. AS 1170.1 Siructural design actions Part 4 Permanent, imposed and other actions ‘Standards Australia, to be published. AS 1170.2 Structural design actions Patt 2: Wind action Standards Australia, to be published, ‘AS. 1170.4 Minimum design loads on structures Part 4: Earthquake loads Standards Australia, 1983, AS13879 Specification and supply of concrete Standards Australia, 1997. ‘AS 3610 Formwork for concrote Standards Australia, 1995 445CHAPTER 2 Design Properties for Concrete and Reinforcement 24 CONCRETE 2:11 General The performance of a concrete structure depands on ‘a number of factors ranging from the design to its loading history. Not the least of these factors is the insity quality of the concrete init. This in turn is affected by two major factors: the quality of the cconerete supplied to the projact and the construction process employed. Considering fist the quality of the concrete supplied to the project, the major factors influencing this are the type and quality of the constituent materials and the proportions in which they are mixed. However, for Cesigh, i is usual to adopt values forthe various design properties, eg compressive strength, on the basis of hat is a reasonable design value from a member- behaviour perspective and what can be achieved in the geographical location using local materials. In general, designers should specify the values of the concrete properties they require and not specify limitations on how the supplier should produce the cconerete, excep! to require that materials and manufac- ture comply with the relevant Australian standards. Equally important to ensure the design quality is achieved insitu is specitying that the concrete is appropriately transported, placed, compacted, finished and cured. Not overlooking the fact that to facilitate this, the properties of the fresh concrete need to be appropriately specified. However, the importance of ‘actually ensuring that the provisions of the specification ‘are complied with must nat be overlooked. Design values for concrete are specified in AS 36002. In general, these are characteristic values, eg {', a they provide better values for strength design accommodating the variation inherent in concrete production and the subsequent construction processes. However, average values are preferred for some proper, ag E,, as they give a better prediction of the in-service behaviour of the member or structure. Generally the Standard provides for design properties to be taken as either a prescribed value or to be determined from tests carried out on conerete made from the proposed materials. Alternatively, values may be derived from historical records of similar concrete, If records are not available and tests are required, the designer should allow for the time and possible dolays to obiain these results, For some properties, the Standard notes the range of values. This gives an indication of the order of accuracy of the prescribed values so that the esigner can assess this effect on the end resul I test results and testing of various properties is to be specitied, the designer needs to understand the precision of the test, je the reproducilty and tepeatabilly. The choice of the design vaiue and the value included in the specification nead to take these factors into account. 24.2 Strength General AS 3600 is restricted to conerotes with a characteristic 28-day compressive strength in the range 20 MPa to 65 MPa. Although pro-mixed concrete suppliers can supply high-strength concrete (HSC) with strengths higher than 65 MPa as a matter of course, designers should be aware that the use of these concretes places ther outside the Standard and therefore an alternative verification path will be required to satisty the requirements of the Building Code of Australia (BCA)22. Pethaps more importantly, the design methods in the ‘Standard may not be applicable to these coneretes andlor additional detaling may be required. It is planned that the next revision of AS 2800 will Increase the range of strengths covered and include any necessary amendments, Compressive Strength AS 3600 specifies standard strenath grades of 20, 25, 32, 40, 50 and 65 MPa. In this series, the strength of each grade is 25% greater than that of the preceding grade. In practice, the choice of strength grade will frequently be determined by durabilly and serviceebilty considerations rether than the structural requirements for the member (load-carrying capacity) Designers may use and specify concrete of ‘ion-standard strenath grades but these have to be specified as special-ciass conctete and associated ‘properties, eg shrinkage, may need to be specificaly determined.Tensile Strength The tensile sirenath of concrete determined by two different methods: = The flexural tensile strength is obtained by testing plain conorete beam specimens and calculating the extreme fibre stress at fallure. Alternatively, 2 conservative or lower bound value of the characteristic flexural tensile strength may be taken as 0.6 v',. Flexural strength is used in designing plain concrete members such as pavements or in Calculations to control flexural cracking, ‘The principal tensile strength s obtained directly by the splitcylinder test method. Atanatvely, a conservative value ofthe characteristic principal tensile strength may be taken as 0.4 1. The principal tensile strength Is used in calculations limiting cracking of conerete such as web shoar cxaokina in prestressed beams. 21.8 Modulus of elasticity ‘The modulus of elasticity of concrete, E,, Is taken as the secant modulus of the non-linear stress-strain relationship as shown in FIGURE 2.1 and is usec in the calculation of deformations. in most cases, the value of E, can be taken as the value given by the empirical formule E,= pl3 x 0.040 given jn the Standard For normal-weight concrete, the formula reduces to , = 5000Yfgq, Note thatthe forrula USES fy the average value o! the comprossive strength athe age ofthe concrete being considored, nt. The precision of the formula is noted as +20%, Ita higher precision in the calculation of immediate deflection is required, than values ftom trial mixes or similar concretes should be used, Properties of stander! concrete grades are given in TABLE 2.1. ost, STRAIN, FIGURE 2.1 Modulus of elasticity of concrete 244 Density ‘AS 3000 is restricted to concrete witha saturated surlace-cry density inthe range of 1800 to 2800 kin? The density of plain concrete depends on the density ofthe coarse aggregate and the water-cement rato, ‘Some exemples of typical values are given in [AS 1170125 Appendix A. For reinforced concrete, an allowance should be made also forthe reinforcement. For most structures a conservative value of 2500 kal? (25 kNin#) forthe uit weight of reinforced or prestressed concrete is salistactory for design purposes. 24.5 Stress-strain curves ‘The Standard does not prescribe a stress-strain curve for concrate but allows the use of a curviinear form. defined by recognised simplified equations, eg CEB?4, except that the curve has to be modified 20 that the maximum stress is 0.851. Under uniaxial stress conditions for concrete with compressive strengths in the range f', = 20 to €5 MPa, the peak stress occurs at a strain of approximately 0.0022. This increases with Incressing concrete strength. The chape of the curve also changes with the ascending ‘and descending branches of the curve becoming, steeper as the strength increases. ‘The reason for the modification to the maximum stress Js to achieve consistency in the avial stength of 2 cross-section between calculations carried out using stress-strain curves and the equivalent rectangular stress block. 2.1.8 Poisson's ratio The Standard provides a value of 0.2 for concrete. This assumes the concrete is uncracked in tension. 24.7 Costfcient of thermal expansion ‘The Standard provides a value of 10 x 10-9°C and this should be sullicient for most calculations even though the actual value can vary aver @ wide range, 19g 6-12x 10-4PC, depanding on aggregate type, volume of cement paste and dagree of saturation. In other standards, eg Eurocode 2, the velue ofthe Coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete and stool ae taken as equivalent, whereas AS 3600 suggest diferent values for each 24.8 Shrinkage Shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of hardened ponerete caused mainly by the loss of moisture from it a a result of drying, and also by chemical changes in the cement hydration products. I is independent of the load applied to the concrete and depends chiefly Con the relative humidity and temperature of the 22TABLE 2.1 Properties of standard concrete grades Grade or Topical Characteristic Flexural tensile Principal tensile ‘mean compressive Modulus of compressive strength, '. strength, 06 ¥", strength, 04 W',——stranthln.ag hastily, Esag (Pa) (Pa) (Pe) (wa) (Pa) a ar 18 240 25.000 B 30 20 208 z500 32 34 23 578 1000 0 38 25 460 4500 0 42 28 65 36000 ® 48 32 730 2500 ‘environment, the size of the member and the Constituent materials ofthe concrete. ‘The basic shrinkage strain is measured by teking standard test specimens wet-cured for 28 days and then stored in air at 23°C and a relative humidity of ‘50% for 56 days. Tests have shown thal the aggregate {ype has a significant influence on the shrinkage of ‘concrete, The range of shrinkage values for normal Ccancrete in major cities is given in TABLE 2.2 ‘The Standard provides a figure of 850 x 10°6 for the basic shrinkage strain of normal-class concrete but requires the basic shrinkage strain of speciel-class concrete to be determined either from tests on the concrete or from measurements on similar local ‘concrete, ‘The change to a value of 850 x 10-6 ftom the value of 700 x 10-6 in the previous edition of the Standard has. ‘occasioned a degree of adverse comment and raised ‘a concern that the quality of normal-class conerete thas been lowered. In fact the change rellects a better ‘estimate of the value for design purposes of the whole range of normal-class coneretes available in Australia (s0e TABLE 2.2). If designers are concemed about shrinkage, a betiar estimate for design purposes can be obtained by using measurements on similar local ‘conereta, If shrinkage is a significant design parameter, then special-class concrete should be specified and the desired basic shrinkage strain nominated ‘The design shrinkage strain for various environments and size of member may be obtained directly from the series of curves given in the Standard. The four climates given may be assumed to reflect conditions Of increasing humidity, The description ‘interior environments’ reflects the situation inside non-ai- conditioned buildings, while the others reflect the ‘environments defined for durability considerations given in Clause 4.3 of the Standard. For practical design conditions, these generél classitications are considered to provide a more useful guide to designers: than would an attempt to provide absolute values for the effects of temperature and relative humicity The suggested accuracy for the calculation off, using the nominated figures is +40%. A designer should consider the benefit of obtaining more-accurate results before embarking on more-time-consuming ‘athods of data collection and calculation, TABLE 2.2 Range of basic shrinkage strains for major cities in Australia (after AS 1379) Range of basic shrinkage strains ‘Source of aggregate (nmi x 10-4) Bistane 0010 300, ‘sydney 500t0 900, Meatboure 600 0 1000, else 70010 1400, Peat 60010 1200, 21.9 Creep of concrete ‘Creep of concrete is defined as the time-dependent increase in strain under sustained loading. The basic creep factor is expressed as the ratio of the ultimate ‘creep strain to the elastic strain of a standard specimen initially loaded at 28 days and maintained under a constant stress of 0.4 f|. For the practical caleulation of the creep of a member, the basic creep factor is modified for the effects of member size, exposure environment and the maturity of the concrete atthe time of loading, In the absence of specific data for local concrete, the designer may use the average values for the basic ‘creep and modification factors given in the tables and (graphs in the Standard. The suggested order of accuracy of creep calculations based on this average ata is 230%, 23‘The creep under constant stress as determined above Is known as pure creep. Practical examples of pure creep include creep due to prestiess and sustained cor dead load on uncracked concrete. However, where stresses are induced by movements such as settlement or shrinkage, the intial stress caused by the induced strain is reduced by creep. This loss of stress is known es relaxation, 2.2 REINFORCEMENT 221 General Reinforcement (reinforcing steel) is defined by the Standard as ‘steel ba, wire or mesh but not tendons. This definition precludes the use of fibres (stee! and ther types), nor-metalic reinforcement and non-tensioned prestressing strand, bars and wires i the structure isto comply wih the Standard. The Standard also requires that reinforcement be deformed bars or mesh (weldad wire fabric) although plain bars or wite may be used for fiments. The Standard calls up both AS/NZS 467125 and the previous group of standards covering reinforcement, Je AS 1302, AS 1303 and AS 1304. Nevertheless, itis enticipated that reinforcement complying with these previous standards will cease to be available. ‘The following comments in this Section on reinforcement relate to the requirements set out in ASINZS 4671 22.2 Shape Reinforcing bars can be either plain, delormed ribbed cr deformed indented, The shapes are designated by the letters F (Round), D (Deformed ribbed) and | (deformed Indented) respectively. Generally, only D (deformed ribbed) bars will meet the intention of the ‘requirement in AS 3600 thal reinforcement be deformed, However, ASINZS 4671 contains provisions ‘outlining a test methad to measure the bond performance of indented bars or ribbed bars with ribs ‘not meeting the specttication set out in AS/NZS 4671. 2.2.3 Strongth ‘Strength grade is represented by the numerical value of the lower characteristic yield stress, 250, 300, and 500 MPa, Reinforcing stee! with a strength grade above 250 MPa is also required to comply with the specification of an upper characteristic yield stress. 224 Duetiity class ‘There are three classes of ductility designated L, N and E for low, normal and earthquake respectively. E class has been especially formulated! for New Zealand and is not expected to be either manufactured or available in Australia. AS 2600 imposes a number of limitations on the use of L-class reinforcement. These reinforcing materials are not permitted to be used ‘in any situation where the reinforcement, or member, is expected to undergo large deformation Under strength limit state conditions’. Further, where they are used and the design incorporates mament redistribution, then the designer has to undertake an analysis to show there is adequate rotation capacity in critical moment regions to allow the assumed redistribution to take place. 225 Size The cornman sizes available in Australia of the vasious grades and classes are shown in TABLE 2.3. TABLE 2.3 Dosign data for reinforcing bars Nominal Grass-sectional Mass per Product, diameter area metre length grade (mm) (on?) (a) and class 120 13 89 s500N 160 201 158 5008 200 314 247 500N 240 462 356 5008 280 616 483 500N 220 aot 631 500N 3601020 798 00N (Other bar ies may be availabe hom selected manutacturers 226 Weldability Reinforcement conforming to ASINZS 4671 is \weldable. Depending on the manufacturing process used and the chemical composition ofthe steel, the requirements for welding may be less stringent than those for reinforcement complying with ASINZS 4671, Designers should consult the manufacturers literature for specific advice. Welding should be carried out and conform to AS 1554.3. More detailed information and guidance can be gained from WTIA Technical Note 127. Note that 500 MPa reinforcement manufactured overseas may not conform to ASINZS 4871 and have a higher carbon equivalent ccontent and therefore require more stingent requirements,Generally, reinforcement complying with ASINZS 4671 will require: = the use of hydrogen-controlied electrodes; the use of special precautions in adverse conditions, eg wet weather, temperatures 20 mm a 180° bend test. It's thought these requirements will ensure that bars likely to be restraightened in the fiold, ie with d <16 mm, can be safely re-bent. 228 Mesh Meshes commonly available in Australia are shown in TABLE 2.4 TABLE 2.4 Meshes commonly available in Australia (Grade DSO0L) ———————————————— Longitudinal bars Cross-bars Mass of Cross-sectional area/m width 2m —_——_ Mesh type and No.x dia, Pitch No. xia, Pitch sheet Longitudinal bars Cross bars reference number (mm) (mmm) (mm) (mm) (cj) (nm) Rectangular RL 2x118 100 0x76 200 ‘7 m2 27 FL108 5x95 100 30x76 200 09 709 zr FLBI 25x78 100 30x78 | 200 79 454 227 ‘Square, with edge sidetapping bars si Wx95+ 200 30x95 200 a 354 34 4x67 100 si 10xas+ 200 30x86 200 6 ~™ 20 4x60 100 sLa2 10x76+ 200 0x76 200 2 zr zr 4x60 100 sL72 40%875+ 200 30x675 200 a 179 19 4x50 100 se 10x60+ 200 30x60 200 8 "1 mi 4x50 100 ‘Square, without edge side-lapping bars 81 x76 100 80x76 100 105 464 454 ‘Tench meshes Lamm wxitg 190 0x50 300 na ania &% uit mxi07 100 x50 300 na ag 68 1st x78 100 2x50 300 a 454 6 Thee ba on SL meshes may be replaced by smal dametey edge bars of equal or greater tal erss-sectonal area provide the slr ‘bars meth minimum tii requirements of he bar tobe replaced. “'mequas numberof wires which is usualy 23 or 4 and it is usualy specified as, fr example, 2 12TM which mens L127M with 67 wes.2.3 STRESS DEVELOPMENT 2.3.1 General ‘The rules for stress development are given in AS 3600 Section 19 and the data and tables below are based (on that information 2.32 Development length and lap-splice tength for bars In tension TABLES 2.5 to 2.8 give development and lap-splice lengths for detormed bars in the particular situations detailed above each table. The lengths are based on the formula provided in AS 2600 Clause 13.1.2.1(a) ie aya = KabatyAl2a+ 9) > 25k¢ with values rounded to the nearest 80 mim. The values Used for the factors k andl ky for each table are shown, Note that the two tables giving deemed+to- comply development lengths in the previous edition of the Standard have been deleted from this edition of AS 3600, In general, ‘a! may be taken as the design cover to the bar in which the strass is being developed, in which case the clear distanea between the parallel bars should not be less than 2a Note that the clear distance between bars is measured only for the length over which tensile stress is bsing developed. Thus, ifthe ends of bars (or laps) are staggered by at least that length, closer spacing, of bars will be possible FIGURE 2.2, Development lengths for bars developing a tensile stress, 0g, le85 than fy can be calculated trom the formula: krkafayAul(2a+ds Xt. 5)]} (Cu lfoy) 212d, Except that for slabs the minimum lengths given in ‘AS 3600 Clause 9.1 3.1(a)i) may be used where appropriate. Clause 13.1.2.1(b) and (c) provide rules for development length of fitments and arc drawn wires 2.3.3 Reducing tensile development length by standard hooks By definition (AS 9600 Clause 13.1.2.5) the term “standard hook’ includes 135° and 180° hooks and ‘90° cogs. The length of bar required to physically ‘make each standard hook (which should be specified) is given in TABLE 2.9. The overall cimensians of hooks and cogs are given th TABLES 2.10 and 2,11 raspoctively, | | laLiye ae ear distance tlwoen ajacnt tars (or buds of bars) for development nat and lep-splice lenath ‘aleation purposes FIGURE 2.2 The effects of staggered bar ends/laps on bar spacing bo STRAIGHT BAR, HOOKED On (COGGED BAR FIGURE 2,3 Reduced development length using hooks or cogs ‘Although nooks and cogs reduce the tensile development length FIGURE 23, they cause ‘congestion of reinforcement in erical areas such 35 ‘beami/column joints and ends of simply-supported beams. They can also becoms a source of corosion if they are allowed to encroach into the required cover conerate, Straight bars are easier to fix and ensure thal the required cover is maintained. Where short fm wm: }.)hUlUhU TT Ss on on mo Tt a ee 0 am a TH Ow 1 + a0 a om oo om + 35-300 450 650 900 1200 1500 * 3% 300 400 500 600 750 950 * © an 0 om 8D 11D 130 180 © 30 40 5D aw 7m asd 1080 4&0 400 S30. 760 1000 Yao 50 4% an 4 sm aD 7 an sam am mm 00 SOD 10 180 20 XO 40) 50 6 7) BO aM 5 ao aD sm 650 0 1100 10 — 60 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1250 65 2 300 400 550 « % e ° 65 = 300 400 500 600 750 950 1150 2% 300 400° 500 650 <7 + = mao 40 sm 60 700 90 100 ee ee 75 «300 400 500 600 700 850 1050 35 = 300 400 500 60700 80 * —— © 30 400 aD a 7 aw 0 re i 26) 0) 5) MM OM aM % am SD 7 wo Sead 0 9m 60 9 tao + Smears, nde 35300 400 600 B00 1050 1350 * Ife dah of concrete efow he Bari 200 mm, ay factor of 40300 400 580 750 $50 1200 1500 7.25 apis and the aun, an be obaned by mlpyng 4° 9 40) 650 00 ICD 140 tearm by 128 503m A 5) BD TED 1310 P\Daelpmet ngs ne ee cate sng he ama ess 55 = 300 400 500 600 750 960 1200 as por AS/NZS 4767 and have been rounded, generally to the 60 © 300 400 500 600 700 900 1100 ‘nearest 50 mam within the accuracy of normal design limits. =. carl + fa cig ce ates. 2 0 wm om 7 2% «300 450 650 900” +t * ee ee som a Sw mM eo tom 40 300 400 500 650 850 1100 1300 45 = 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 3m 0 sw wD 70 9m 10 55am 40 5 aD 700. eS 50 60 «300 400 500 600 700 800 1000 o nmmm-s tse 2% 300 40 600 8 ? * $ 30 300 400 «550 700 950 * am 0 ao OD wo © 30 «0 om aD 760 380 120 4% on 40 50D 700. 9H m0 50 30 400 500 60) 700 0 100TABLE 2.6 Development and tep-splice lengths®), L.,. (mm) for Grade DOON bars in tension in: WALLS ORSLABS —.<180amn io ‘(top or bottom) tb ek. 200 mr 4 (insiats)® ear distance batweon adjacent bars {or bundles of tars) developing sass (iy=10.g=24) 6 = minimum cos io tar unter consiteration Concrete Bar size Concrete Bar size steength | at)—§ — $$ gtrongt, at)_§ ——_ grade (mm) NIZ NIG N20 N24 NOB-Ws2 N36 grade (mim) N12 N16 NO N24 N28 NI2 NOS mo 5 THO tt | HO Ot tt 25 «500 800 1200 1650 * 2 30 600 60 1150 * * * 30 40) 700 1060 450 19m 30 00 500 750 1000 1380 35 350 650 960 1300 1700 2100 * 8 460 680 900 1200 1800 40-350 550 850 1150 1550 1950 2350 40 300 400 800 800 1100 1350 1650 45 900 500 750 1050 1400 1750 2150 4 30 400 580750 1000 1250 1880 50 300 480700 1000 1300 1650 2000 0 am 400 500 700 900 1150 1400 55 300 450 650 “900 1200 1500 1850 55-300 400 500 650 B50 1050 1350 8) 3 400 500 850 1100 1400. 1750 so 30 400 50 nd m0 1000 1280 85 900 400 $50 £00 1050 7360 1660 68 aN 400 500 600 750 850 1150 7 30 400 580 750 1000 1250 1580 70 30 400 500 600. 700 800 1100 7 30 40 500 700 960 1200 1480 = 80-200 400 500 650 900 1100 140050 2 30 60 50 * sf * - % MO 500 750 1050 + tt B en ee 2% 60 750 1100 WOT tt 35-30) 490 600 am 1050 1350 * 30 400 650 950 1300 1700 40-300 400 550 750 950 1200 1500 35 350 580 680 1150 1500 1000 * 40 0 a) 900 TH00 1380 40900 590 760 1050 1380 1700 2100 50 3 400 500 600. 800 1050 1280 45-200 450 700 $0 1250 1500 1960 5 30 400 500 00 750 950 1200 50 300 400 680850 1150 1480. 1800 0 300 400 500 690 700 990 1100 200 400 600 800 1060 1350 1700 80 300 409 580 750 1000 1250 1550 65 = 2000 S80 DS tt 65 900 400 500 700 950 1200 1460 a 70 300 400 500 660 900 1100 1400 30-300 400 600 800 1050 * * 75 30 400 500 600 850 1050 1300 8m 400 500 70 0 1H) + a) 300 400 500 €00 800 1000. 1250 30) 400 500 680 850 1050. 1300 45-300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 2 2 40 70100 * * * . 50 © 300 400 500 600 700 900 1100 2% «400 650 950 1900 55 300 400 500 600 700 850 1050 30-350 550 850 1150 1800 60) 3 400 500 600 700 B00 960 35 m0 500 70 1000 1360 1660 * = ———— 40 3) 450 650 $00 1200 1500 1050 Smale ofS, nd 45300 40) 600.850 1100 1400 1700 ie da of ance elo he har 00 my, ky alr of 50 300 400 580 750 1000 1300 1900 1. 28anplias and ne values Ly cane obtained ty meitpvng 55-300 400 500 700 950 1200 1500 he above values by 1.25. 60 300 400 500 650 900 1100 1400 ©) Development feagths have been calculated using the nominal areas 85 300, 400 500 600-850 1050 1300 as per AS/NZS 4761 and have been rounded, generally to the 70 300 400 500, 600 800 1000 1250 nearest 50 mm within the accuracy of normal désign limits 75 300 400 500 600 750 950 1150 — * Bar spacing too clase for practical use, 80 300 400 500 600 700 900 1100 29‘TABLE 2.7 Development and lap-splice lengths®), L,, (mm) for Grade DSOON bars in tension in: COLUIMNS OF BEAMS (bottom) with ftments = ‘se= car distance beeen atacent bars (ar bundles o ars) developing sess 22) © = minimum cover to bar under consideration Concrete Bar size Concrete Bar size strength al strength a(t rade (um) N12 N16 N20 N24 N2B N32 N36 grade — (nm) NI2_N16 N20 N24 N2B NI2 NSE 2 ee m 0 om 7 + ss 25 480 7H) 100 1900 7 7 % 300 $80 s00 mH 7 30 400 680 960 1500 1700 +t 2 00 40 700 m0 mM ft 35 380 S60 B60 1200 1580 1950 * 300 400 600 850 THO) 1350 40 300 500 730 1050 1400. 1750 2150 40 300 400 580 750 1000 1250 1580 45 300 450 700 1000 1300 1600 2000 45 300 400 500 700 900 1180 1400 50,300 460 650 900 1200 1500 1280 5 30) 400 500 E80 850 1050. 1900 55300 400 600 850 1100 1400 1700 55 3 400 500 600 BD 1000. 1200 60 300 400 580 750 1000 1300 1600 60 300 400 $00 €00 700 900 1150 85 $00 400 $00 700 950 1200 1500 6 900 400 500 600 700 850) 1060 70 300 400 500 700 900 1150 1480 7 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000, 75 300 400 S00 €6 860 1100 1300 75 300 400 $00 600 700 00 950 a0 300 400 500 600 800 1050 1200 280300 400 500. 600. 700 am 500 em mo mM * * 7 tw Pa i 25 400 650 1000 1350 * tt 2% 300 450 700 0 Tt 30 350 600 880 1200 1560 7 0 00 400 ou es 1 3 300 50) 730 1050 1400 1750 * 35 900 400 550 750 1000 1250 * 40 300 450 700 950 1250 1600. 1980 40 300 400 500 700 900 1100 1380 45300 400 680 a0 1150 1450 1200 45 300 400 500 600 BN 1050 1250 0 300 400 600 800 1080 1950 1650 50 300 400 500 800 750 950.1150 300 400 $60 750 1000 1250 1550 55 300 400 500 600 700 900 1100 0 300 400 500 700 900 1150 1480 60 300 400 500 800 700800 1000 85 300 40 500 680 850 1100 1280 6 300 4m 500 600 700 00 S60 7 300 400 500 800 800 1080 1300 70 300 400 500600700 75 300 400 500 600 750 950 1200 a 300 400 500 600 700 900 T1508 a a a ——— 2% 300 400 oO 5 Tt 2 PC 300 400 550 750 0 2% 30 600 850 10 * ** 35 300 400 500 680 890 100 30 300 500 750 1050 1350 5 40 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 35 900 480 700 950 1200 1550 * 45 300 400 500 600 700 900 1700 40 300 400 600 850 1100 1400 1700 50 300 400 500 600 700 850 1000 45 300 400 550 750 1000 1200 1550 55 300 400 500 600 700 800 950 50 300 400 500 700 950 1200 1450 260300 400 500 600 700 B00 900 55 300 400 500 650 850 1100 1250 80 300 400 500 600 800 1050 1250) Smaller of 0.55, and #8 300 400 S00. 600. 750. gs 190 Osveoomen! ngs have een caused using te namial areas 79 300 400 00 600 700 900 1150 @SParAS/NZS 4761 and have heen rounded, general othe 75 300 400 500 600 700 850 1050 nearest 50 mi within the accuracy of normal design limits, 80 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000 * Barspaciny to clase fr practi! use 2.10TABLE 2.8 Development and iap-splice lengths!) L,, (mm) for Grade DEOON bars in tension in: (top) with fitment = >300 mm c= lear tistance been adjzen bars (ox bundles of tars) developing sess an 25,hg=22) 0b = minimum cover to bar und consideration Concrete Bar size Concrete Bar sizo strength a? strength at) grade (mm) N12 N16 N20 N24 N2B N32 N36 grade (mm) N12 N16 N20 N24 N28 N32 NE 20 20 860 100 00 + tt maw Ot % 50 0 m0 mo + te 2% 400 680 1000 180 7 te 30 500 00 1200 1660 2180 + M375 $50 850 1150 1507+ 35 400 700 1050 1500 1950 2400 * 35375 S00 750 1050 1950 1700 * 40 400 680 $60 1350 4759 2200 2700 40975 800 700 950 1250. 1550 7900 45 375° 60 900 1200 1600 2050 2500 45°75 500 625 850 1150 1450 1780 50 375 $80 600 1100 1$00 1850 2000 5) 375 500 625 8M 1050 1200 1660 55 375 500 750 1050 1380 1750 2150 FS 0 6 75 80 1250 1500 6 375 $00 700 950 1300 850. 2000 © 5 500 65 750 90 1180 MO) 85 375 500 650 900 1200 1550 1900 65 375 500 625 750 875 1100 1350 70 375 500 625 850 1150 1450 1800 7% 375 500 625 800 1050 1350 17000 20 40 700 100 8 375 500 625 750 1000 1300 1600 2% 75 GO as 10) tt 30 75 00 750 1050 1359 + + & 20 600 10 0 ttt 35° 375 00 700 950 1200 1550 % 500 88 1250 10 +t 4375 500 625 80 1100 1400 1700 450 780 1100 1500 1950 + 45 315 500 625 750 1000 1200 1680 35 0 650 960 1300 1750 2150 * 50 375 S00 625 750 $60 1200 145) 40375 OD 850 1200 1580 1950 2400 55 375 5D 62575075 1100 1350 45 375 500 800 1100 1480 1800 2250 60 375 SOD 625 75075 1050 1250 5 375 S00 700 1000 1300 1700 2050 65579 00 625 750 875 1000 1200 5 7S SO) 650 950 1250 1580 1900 60 375 S00 625 850 1150 1450 1800 65 0 85 OO wD ee 65 375 500 625 800 1050 1350 1700 2% 7S 500 70 1 oF 70 375 500 625 750 1000 1300 1600 30 TS 500 0 900 1200 * 75 375 500 625 750 950 1200 1500 3 875 500 625 80) 1060 1360 * 80375 500 625 750 900 1180 1480 40375 500 625 750 960 1200 1500 4% 375 500 65 750 900 1100 1400 2 © mo mmf S075 S00 625 750 75 1050 1900 2% 450 750 1100 150 7 +t 55 375 500 5 750 875 1000 1200 0 400 690 950 1o00 TD 2a) 37S 500 625 750 675 1000 1125 35375 550 880 1150 1550 1900 * 40 375 500 750 1050 1400 1750 2150) Sratero/ 08s, ante 4 375 500 700 960 1250 1600 1950 © Development ngs hve been cloud using fe nomial aes 50375 500 650 900 1180 1500 1800 as por ASAZS 4761 and have ben rounded, goealy othe 55 875 500 625 800 1100 1400 1700 peas’ 50 mm within the accuracy of normal design lis. 60 375 500 625 750 1000 1300 1600 + Bar spacing too close for paclicl use 85 «375 500 G25 750 950 1200 1500 7 575 50) 625 750 900 1150 1400 75 5 $0) 625 750 B75 1050 1350 mo 375 S00 625 750 875 1000 1250‘TABLE 2.9 Added lengths (mim) for hooks and cogs ‘TABLE 2.14 Overall dimensions (mm) of 90° cogs 4 rg lt, ld, Pin Pin Pin Bar size diameter diameter (mm) RG RIO. NI2 NIG N20 N24 N28 -NI2 N36 (am) «RG -ATD NZ NIG NZO Nod N2B NG2 N36 34, 100 100 120 140 Nottobe used Sty «120 140 160180 ‘Notto be used 4 «110 130 140 170 200 230 270 300 940 de, ©1390. 150 170 200 249 280 330 370 420 Sd, «120 140 160 180 220 260 200 340 380 Si, © 180 18 180 210 260 310 950. 400 480 6, 130-160. 180 210° 240 280 380 380 430 Gd, 140 180 200 240 290 24D 400 480 510 ai, 140 180 200 240 290 340 390 440 500 fg, 160 200 280 280 340 400 470 530 600 £54, pn sth one mast commanly used 5, pn sth one mast commonly used ‘TABLE 2.10 Overall dimensions (mm) of 180° hooks ty in Pin = Barsize diamete, | $$ (mm) RG RIO NZ NIG N20 N24 N2B NG N96 3 30 50 G0 80 Noto beused 44, 40 60 70 100 120 140 170 190 220 5 4070 a 110 140 170 200 220 250 6d, 50 80 100 130 160 190 220 260 200 8, 60 100 120 160 200 240 260 320 360 5, pin s the one most commonly used Tre ove ses are namin. No allowance for spring-beck is Included, ris the real oversize ameter aa deformed ar taken int account ‘TABLE 2.12 Development length, Ly (mm) for Grade 1DSO0N tars in compression Bar size Nt2 N16 N20 N24 NDB N32 N36 240 520 400480860 BH. 70 212CHAPTER 3 Durability and Fire Resistance 3.1 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY 3.1.1 General Durability can be defined as the ability of a concrete structure fo resist during its design fife the eitects of weathering, chemical attack, abrasion and other deteriorating influences (acting on the structure or its members) arising within the concrete, from the environment or from processes being carried out Inside the structure. Although this definition does not speoifically mention the deterioration due to the corrosion of reinforcement, tendons or ather inserts cast info the concrete that frequently determine the durability of the member oF structure, these factors are covered, The environment into which the structure is to be erected, including micro-climates generated by the structure itself, has to be evaluated. The following, also need to be taken into account: © aggressive agencies and actions oi the processes to be caried out in or around the structure; the amount of maintenance thé structure is tkely to receive during its working Ife: the length of time the structure Is expected to be operational without repair; the difficulty of carrying out repaits and thelr economic impact Lastly, consideration has to be given to how the various factors are going to be specified and controled during construction. Thus the design of a concrate structure to be durable is a complex matter. Discussion of these matters is beyond the scope of this Handbook which is restricted to discussing the approach taken by AS 960031 and the advice given. there for specific situations Section 4 of AS 3600 implies that generally the design lite ofa structure would be 40-60 years, 34 34.2 Guidance given in AS 3600 AS 3600 sets out minimum requirements for the design of concrete structures for durabilly. Guidance is given’ for only a lirited number of forms of durability loss (corrosion of reinforcement, freeze-thaw and abrasion) and is restricted to a limited number of exposure conditions. For other forms of durability loss and exposure conditions, designers have to define the required specication for concrete quality and member design (eg size and cover to reinforcement) for themselves. The information in this chapter is based con that given in AS 2600 unless noted otherwise. Frequently, the concrete quality required to meet the requirements for durability wil control that for the design, while the requirements for cover will have a significant influence on member size ‘A soquenes of stops in designing for durability for the factors given in AS 2600 is provided in FLOWCHART 3.1. Detail of tha Standard's requirements for particular concrete members aro provided in TABLES 3.1 to 3.6, while TABLES 3.7 to 3.9 contain additional information for the achievement of appropriate durabiltyFLOWCHART 3.1 Designing for Durability Is member Determine exposure Cem 9 I att ata Henn sin cycles? of member from Table 3.1 vs ‘s ' [pew an | Daten rom Table 35 aienanment oreners ‘omnes | Input tea Datei, ring ped frac suara fom le 21 ema and adopt largest value a es a haven re (Optional see Cause 4.3.2) is member external ‘Adopt f, for next lower concrete |<<” but with external exposure recommendations (', curing, ‘cover etc) from other sources ‘grade ~ and increased cover assentially on one surface only? ‘0 STOP. Input Tnput Fx (or strength and serviceability) ‘dort largest from fa, axa ancy associated curing period, a any otha requirements 32ist'260 MPa able tobe produced”? (Clause 4.5) vs. See Ouse 4.5 Lae! {fs membor to be ‘constructed using intense ‘compaction and rigid formwork? Is member to be constructed using spinning ‘and rolling? ve 6 ves ¥ ¥ Determine cover from Determine cover from Determine caver fram Table 32 Table 33 Table 34 Is concrete cast against the ground? 0 y ‘Adopt cover value Increase cover in accordance determined above with Note to Table 3.2 I ¥ Ensure cover wil permit reinforcement to be fixed and the concrete with ‘specified nominal aggregate size {to ba compacted around reinforcement, ‘tendons and ducts (Clause 4.10.2)“TABLE 3.1 Required concrete properties (standard formwork and compaction) eee ehhh ‘Surface and exposure environment Exposure classification Goncrete properties (MPa) Curing period® (days) External surfacas above ground win +m of castne) Bo 4g) 7 iin +1050 km of coasting 8 328) 7 fut than 60 km rom coastline and ~ win 3 an of indus plating area) Bt 20) 7 — in ropa zone) Bt 3208) 7 in tagerat ne) 2 % 3 = inatid zone!) MN a 3 Internal surfaces in indus buldngsubjet to repeated wing and drying BY 28) 7 ‘ter At 2 3 ‘Surfaoas in contact with the ground In contact wit aguessive sols!) u Design to assess”) flected by 2 dpm a 2 3 In ooniat with non-aggressive sols ~ residential buildings M 20 3 ~ other members X % 8 ‘Surfaces in contact with water In sof running water u Designer to assess! intrash water 8 328) 7 in seater — permanently submerged ca 408) 7 —in splash 2mne c 508) 1 Other situations u Designer to assess!) (0 See Figure 3.1. AS 3600 sates the coastal zone includes locations within 1 kon ofthe shore o age eganses of salt weiar (eq Port Philip Bay, Syuney Harbour east ofthe Spit and Harbour Bridges, San lives west ofthe Naxrows Bridge). Where there ae tong prevaling onshore winds or vigorous sur, the dlstaroe shuld be increased beyond 1 km and higher levels of protection shouldbe considered, Poxiy to sal sat war ays, estaros and vers may be disregarded. (2 Industialpotng areas are defined in AS 3600 as ‘notes that dlscharge atmospheric polluans. The 3 km dstance should ‘be inceased i thee are strong prevailing minds in cne orton. (9 Figure 3.1 (9 AS 3500 stats that Permeable sols witha pit.<.0, © with _ groundwater containing more tan 1 9 per fire of sul ions nou be consider aggressive. Satrich soit in aid areas should be considered as exposure clestiation C. (9 speia-class canrele is pected, AS 3600 requires that both the inne cement content ate cement iype be specified a4 (AS 3600 makes provision for anette curing regimes fo be sea by specifying average compressive strengths atthe completion ofthe curing prio: expose 1 Fag at nd of accelerated coving classification (Pa) (MPa) Al mw 2 a2 a 25 Bi 2 2a a 0 2 c 50) 2x2 Guidance is provided in Durable Coneree Structures (THS7) published by the Cement and Concrete Association of Austral (For wate etaining structures, designers should consult ‘AS 373542 Conerte structures for retaining gids asthe requires of hs Sanda supplement and take precedent over the rues of AS 3600. provi more dale aavce for paticular stations an ses ou move stringent requirments for ‘concrete quay and coves to rinforeemert and endo (© shi veguitemsnt cannot be met because of agarepte strngth, ‘AS 3600 provides daomectto-saist rte (Clause 45).+ Aerres “ren is HER ToPIca Bi Tener FIGURE 3.1 Climatic zones and exposure (atter AS 3600) ‘TABLE 3.2 Required cover (mm) (standard formwork and standard compaction) a | a 0 sor" Unless lose to industry TABLE 3.3 Required cover (mm) (igi forrwerk and intense compaction) Exposure classification Exposure classification tt, r (We) ot Bt (Wy) At 2 Bt BC a om | © ao 6 Le 6 m0 | (eO % 15 a | _(8) 2 nD 6 © | (8) 2 6 6 » | o D2 © © 6 | Oo © 6 6 & 3% | 65) 0 2 © 6 % 8 o 6 6 2 2B @ Dn 0 & & 8 6 6 8 2 8 4 6 Use of Fours othe right o the oa lv wt Ie related characteristic sheng) sVnied to when essential only one surface ofa member is subj! othe prior ater exposure Where concrete is cast on or against ground, hen the figures in this (able should be increased: poled by dpm — add 10mm ‘ot protected by dpm — all 20 mm se o igure to the right of he 2g-ag line (wth he relate characteristic sent) snes to when essentaly only ane surlace of a memibr i sujet othe particular exterior exposureTABLE 3.4 Required cover (mm) (‘olled concrete members with WIC <0.35) Exposure classilicalion ‘Required cover (rnrn) M 0 N 0 BI 15 8 20 c 2% (0 No negative tolerance allowed on positon reinforcement ‘TABLE 3.5 Concrete strength for abrasion resistance Minimum 1, ‘Member and type of traffic (MPa) Fodpts and sient vena a Cenacle oes rot be! etl lic % Flos ana pavements n publi aa, ctv pring a, joy tof ae tics <2 goss) % Fors and avers in wars ais, Atv and hardaings bt — medium or heavy pneumatic-tyed traffic 310s) 2 ton gerard talc 0 — see-wheeled trafic (lobe assessed but 240) TABLE 3.6 Freeze-thaw resistance Entalned air for Minimum nominal aggregate characteristic size (mm) strength, Exposure condition (MPa) 10-20 40 25 cles perancum 3 e468 225 goles per enmumt 40 oe 68K The enraned air contents aetined in accordance with ‘AS 1072-483 Methods of Testing Coneree Par 4: Methods fr Ihe Determination of Ar Content of Freshy Mixed Concrete, ‘TABLE 3.7 Effect of chemicals on concrete (after ACI 515.1824) Material Effect Acetone LUquid loss by penetration. May contain acai acid a imputly, Acid calc Disinegrtes concrete slowly. carbonic Disintgrtes concrete sow. ‘oxic Disintgrtes concrete som, humic Disintegrates concrete slow, tocar Cisintgrates concrete and sil apc. Fydrotaic Disinegrates conrete and steal racial. tactic Disintegrates conrete lowly atic Disnegralas concrete and stel reply. orale No hal, Protects tanks aoainst acetic acid, carbon clove and salt wate Poisonous. Should not be used with food cor oinkng wales phosphoric Disintogrates concrete slowly. sulle Disitgrates concrete and set rapidly, sulfrous Disinteg ates concrete and tel apc. tannic Disinlgrates concrete stow Acid water Disintnrates corte sluly Atacks (PHof<65) stein porous or raced concrete. ‘cohol ety, methyl) Liquid loss by penetration ‘Alum (potassium ——_Disinlegetes corte of radequae ‘lumina sulle) sala resistance ‘Aluminium chloride Disinlegrates concrete rapidly. Acks steal in porous oF cracked concrete. Disinigrles concrete lacks see in porous oF eracked concrete, ‘Aluminium sulfate ‘Ammonia, iquid Harmful any i onlin harmiul ammonium sts. Ammonia vapours May slowydsinfegrate moist eoncrete or atack ste in porous oF cracker mois concrete, Ammonium chloride Disilegrates concrete siomly. Attacks ea in porous or cracked Conerete, Ammonium hydroxide Not harmful, ‘Ammonium ital Disictgiales concrete Attecks set in porous or cracked concrete. salle asabove superphosphate asabove Automobile and diesel May csitegrat moist concrete by action exhaust gases!® of carbonic, nitvic or slurs acid Beef fat ‘Soli tt cisintegrates slowly, mtd ft mare reply. Beer May coriain (ss emanation products) acai, carbone, atic or annie acs. ‘Macks see! in porous of erackes conree. ‘Sta cooson may case cones to sr Disitegeales concrete of inadequate sulle resistance. (Gas may cause permanent shrinkage (986 aso carbonic ci), Calcium chloride Calcium sultate Carton dioxide a6TABLE 3.7 (continued) TABLE 37 (continued) Material tet Material fect Castor oi Disinlegraies concrete, especially in Paraffin ‘Shallow penetration not harmful, but should presence oa, tal be use on highly pooussiaes Cinders Harm ie, ensues and ike conte mason) sulla wach ot (6, 8 soium sulte). Petroleum ois Liu ss by eneation ato, Coke ‘Sulfides teaching from damp coke may resent, disintegrate slowly. oxide to suru r sla i Ficklng brine Aas sel in pos or racked cones Copper sulfate ——_—Disirtegales cone of nadoqne—~Plassium irate Disiegates corre sin. sulfate resistance, ‘Seawater Disintegrates concrete of inadequate Creosote Phenol present disintegrates concrete ‘sulfate resistance. Attacks steel in porous. slow or cracked cance Ethylene glycol! Disiniegrales conorete slowly Silage Aelc, lactic acids (and sometimes Fermenting fruit, Industrial fermentation processes produos ‘ermenting agents of hydrachtoric or grains, vegetables lactic acid. Disintegrales slowly (see also ‘sutfuric acids) disimegrate slowly. or extracts'®) ‘rut juices). ‘Sodium chloride ‘Magnesium chloride, if present attacks, Ferric sulfate Disintegretes concrete of inadequate quality. ‘steel in porous or cracked concrete, Stee! Ferous sulfate ——_Dsiales conc of nade coneson may cause cont pal sulle reitnce. Sodium hydrovide Feritzer See ammonium sult, ammonia +108 Nt hart supriossat, manure, patssium 20% or ove ——_—Disintagates concrete. nitrate and sodium nitrate, ‘Sodium nitrate Disintegrates conorete slowly, Fish tiquor®) Disinegrates once. Sodium sulfate Dsirarales onze of inadequate Fish ol Disnegralsconret ln sult resistance, Fue gases Hot gases (200-600°) cause thermal Sugar Disierates corr sony stesees, Coole, condensed cultunus Turpntine Mi afack Ligue by penal, and iyioctiorc acids disitegae sloy, Urea Not hart, Fruitjuies Hytofuon, ter acids, and sugar cause Urine Ataks sel n pros ocak emcee disintagration (see also Feementing fits, AA arin, vgalabls or exact) (Hates of pH hte an 65 maybe ogres iy toca Hydrogen sulfide Not harm, but in moist, oxidizing bicarbonate. (Natural waters are usualy of pH higher han 7.0 environments converts to sulturous acid, and seam lowar than 6.0, though pl values as lowas 0.4 have : dre oe ter regard. ot pH values teow 3, pia as aise ci) rosene Ligue by entation a beer A rete Pe atcretitrertareere dying ins are harms, ‘ned hycocerbors, oes of ntoger, and ies osu Lavi oF. ea oie dn aos ti was hn tat machine of slow oe ‘Magnesium chloride — Disintegrates concrete slowly. Attacks kia: ig Biche sia Spa ee, steal in porous ot cracked cane Magnesium sulfate Disinegrates concrete of inadequate sulfite eslstence Manure Disiniegtales concrete slonly Margarine Salt margarine cisitegraes concrete slow, mated margarine more rapidly Mik fresh Not harm sout Disintegrates concrete slowly. ‘Mine water, waste Sulfide, sults, or cid present Gisitegrat concrete and ata se! in porous or cracked concrete, Ores Sulfide leaching from dar ores may oxidize to suit ac or ferous sulla, itis destetve to corre. (0 Used a dice for aiplanes overseas. Heavy sage on runway ‘pavements containing oo lit errafed air maycavse sure sealing 1) 4n ation ote itertioat fermen of many rw materi ‘ruc unwanted femtaton cousin re splng of ods and ood wales so producing lai (9 Contains carbonic ai, sh is, yeregen sl, my ie, rin and ete potty react rater ©) Porous concrete which tas absorbed constable mtn peat and th ben nerd in wate ater te pain as slated as been known to ita om sree ress. (However n te lined ras where concrel s made wth athe angregats, dsupve expansion ma be produce. a7TABLE 3.8 Protective barrier systems (after ACI 201.2R-92°5) Severity ‘of chemical Total nominal ‘Typical but not exclusive uses of protective environment thickness range Typical protective harrier systems systems in order of severly Mid Under 4 Polyin butyl polyurethane, 1 Improve freeze-thaw resistence pany, arc, chlorinated rubber, ‘= Prevent srning of conerele siyene-anyliccopo}ymer ‘8 Proloct concrete in contact wih chenical solutions having ap 2s ona, deoending one cher ‘Asphalt, coal tar, chlorinated rubber, pany polretine vin, eooree, coal pony, colar urethane Inemrediae 3109 mm ‘Sanc-led epoy, sated 1 Proletconaret trom abasion an itermitent polystr, sailed polyurethane, ‘exposure to due acids in cherica, dairy, and food bituminous materials cessing pants Severe 05106mm (iassinorced epony, glass = Polo conrete tanks and floors during continuous reinforad polyester, precared exposure to cute mineral, organic acids neoprene shee plestcised PVC sheet (pH is below 3), salt soLaons, strong alkalies Severo 05107 mm Composite systems: 1 Protect conoet tanks dung continuous or (@) Send-files epory system tpcoated —__infemitert immecsion, exposure to wale, dilute acids, wih 2 pigmented but uniled epoxy trong alkalis, and sal solutions ver 6 mm (0) Asptalt memtrane covered with Protect contre irom concentrated acids or acd-proct brick using achemical~ _combinaions of acs and sober resistant mortar TABLE 9.9 Recommended surface finishes (Note on Current Practice No. 1938) ; Exposure/service ‘Typical applications Anticipated traffic conditions Finish. Floots in domestic house, rsidetial Petia or light tolays ——_Inlema lors Stel troue(oreoeie carpet, reas, otiog and administration areas. tiles, parquetry, etc) laboratories, paths, and domestic hivenays Peverenis exposed to weather Wooden trowel or breamed cor with skid-resistant ight texture) requiterents Light to medium indus premises, Light toes fori tucks or Smooth intemal floors Stel trowel light engineering workshops, stores, che industrial vices with warehouses, public uarages, drivaways, pneumatic ox sli ubber tyres Dry itera oor wth Stel rw! (carborundum dust had standings and parking areas skid-esistantequrements or ilican carbide incorporated ‘into concrete surtace) We floor areas or pavements. Broomed {ight to medium expose to weather terre) Sloping floors or amps or Broome onarse texture) high-speed tlic areas ot grooved Heavy indus premises, heary Heavy solideheeed vehicles or Floors subject to severe Steel rowel twe-course engineering works, repair workshops, stel-whecled tolls abrasion constuction; high-strength stores end warehouses, “wanolitic’ topping on ‘concrete base slat)3.2 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE 32.1 General The Building Code of Australia (BCA)37 sets out the requirements for fire resistance for elements of a building. These depend on the building classification, tise in storeys and exposure to a fre-source fealure, taking into account applicable concessions and other ‘general requirements relating to the performance in fires. ‘The requirements for fre resistance largely involve the specification ofthe required Fire Resistance Level (FRU). This is a composite number of the grading periods in minutes for each of structural adequacy/ inegrityfinsulation, as appropriate. The grading periods are specified in Specification A2.9 of the BCA. Itis implied that the grading periods are intended to reflect the Fire Resistance Periods (FRP) for the respective criteria when the element is tested in & Standard Fire ‘Test. Although concrete members generally possess good FRLs, designers should determine the required FRLs before commencing final design. These are to be found in the specification C1.1 of the BCA, ‘AS 2600 provides deemed-to-satisty solutions to achioving the required FRI. for a member by providing tabulated data for the respective FRPS. It also contains {ules for determining FRPs from fire tests and by calculation (Clauses 5.8 and 5.9), However, these clauses are superseded by rules in the BCA which take precedence over those in individual standards, The information in this Hancibook is based on the tabulated data in AS 3600. Definitions for structural adequacy, integrity and insulation are given in AS 3600 Clause 5 2. Generally, there are no specific rules for integrity; it is assumed fo be satisfied providing the requirements for structural ‘adequacy and insulation are complied with, 3.2.2 Spalling of beams and columns Clause 5.3.3 Spalling of beams and colurnns in ‘AS 3600 consists of only a note under the heading. ‘o aid in tho interpretation of the note, the following information is provided, Spaliing is detined as the breaking off of pieces of Conerete from the surface of a structural element when itis heated in a fe. Mahotre categorises spaling into three types: surface piting, comer break-off and explosive, Surface pitting is when pieces of aggregate fy off trom the surface, This usually occurs during the ‘arly part ofthe heating, Corner break-off occurs during the latter part ofthe heating ater cracks have developed in the member and pieces fall of trom the Corners and arrises of beams and columns. Explosive spalling occurs during the early part of heating when large pieces of concrete, up to 300 mm long, forcibly burst from the member, This is regarded as the most important type from a practical point of view. The note to Clause 5.3.3 refers the reader io BS 811089 Part 2 Clauses 4.1.6 and 4.1.7. These clauses suggest that where covers exceed 40 to 60 mm, rapid rates of heating, large compressive stresses and moisture contents over 2% to 3% by mass of dense concrete can lead to spalling. Forrest? 9 reporting the {inings of the committee that formulated the BS 8110 requirements, notes that stirups act to retain concrete ‘round the main bars and thet this limitation on cover should be applied to the surface ofthe stirrup and not the main reinforcement. This is the basis of the shaded area on CHARTS 3.1 to 3.3, suggesting ‘where spalling needs to be considered. When spalling has to be considered, the alternative ‘strategies for its prevention are: = the use of an applied finish of plaster or vermiculite, etc oF GRC lost formwork; the provision of a false celling as a tire barrier to the floor above; the Use of lightweight aggregate of (lor columns) limestone agaregate; the use of sacrificial tensile stee! reinforcement; Itit does nat confict with durability requirements, the use of a supplementary mesh in caver ‘concrete 20 inm from the concrete face. ‘The use of 500-MPa reiniorcement of itself will ot tend to influence the spalling tendency, though ‘consequential detating practices may. However, the se of High Strenath Conorete (HSC), ie f.>65 MPa, ‘does increase the spalling tendency" and its use wil put the concrete outside the requirements of AS 3600. 323 Joints Clause 5.2.2 Joints in AS 3600 requires that joints between, members or adjoining parts be constructed 0 that the FRL of the whole assembly is not less than that required for the member. Data on the performance of various generic joint and sealant types is limited and information on specitic proprietary sealants (including limitations on joint geometry) should be obtained from the manufacturers. 324 Beams CHARTS 3.1 and 3.2 reflect the information in Figures 5.4.2(A) and (B) in AS 3600. See the discussion above in Clause 3.2.2 for the basis of the shaded area were spalling is ta be considered, 29(rm) (nm) 0 0 70 0 0 0 Sinpy-supported PC beans exposed to en to oor sides * Structural adequacy 0 requirements 0 av 6 : 0 a a a | by () 100 ~ o 70 0 0 0 Continuous RC beams exposed fe on - thee oto sides Structural fadequacy FT requirements 0 0 9 100 200 300 200 0 om 700 an (nm)(nm) 20 10 bi, (rien) 325 Slabs TABLES 3.10 t0 3.12 reflect the information in Clause 5.5 Fire Resistance Periods for Slabs (Tables 6.8.1 and §.5.3(A) and (B)) in AS 3600. 32.6 Columns CHART 33 reflects the inforrnation in Clause 5.6.3.3, Structural aciequacy by proportioning (Figure 5.6.3) in AS 2600. See the discussion above in Clause 3.2.2 {or the basis of the shaded area where spelling is 10 bbe considered, The Standard also makes provision to calculate the FRP by use of an equation. The equation is based on research reported by Wade et ali-12. The project was undertaken inaly to develop rules for blade columns, je columns with rectangular cross-sections, but the formula can be used for columns with square or citcular cross-sections. The research used a computer madel to calculate the thermal and structural response of reinforced concrete columns under standard fe conditions. The madel was checked against experimental data from the National Research Council of Canada and showed good agreement. Key design parameters were identified and a parametic study was designed to Cover diferent parametric values that might CHART 3.3 Te Wall FRL lobe column FAL Structural {J adequacy requirements reasonably be expected in practice, A large number ‘of computer simulations were carried out and the results analysed by altempting to fit a conservative ‘equation to tham using a multiple linear regression technique. The resulting equation for the FAP for siructural adequacy takes into account the erass- section dimensions, the load on the column and the effective length of the colurnn, It is expected that the use of this equation will give an increased FRP for structural adequacy compared to that derived from Clause 5.6.8.3 and shown in CHART 3.3, The limitations given in the clause are intended t0 restrict the use of the equation to within the range of variables examined in the simulation, Note that prestressed colurns are nat covered, The equation fs restricted to concretes with f, in the range 20 to 50 MPa. This effectively precludes its use for 65 MPa concrete as the equation requires the calculation of N*. It N*is calculated on the basis of 50 MPa then the column capacity must be calculated assuming this strength and this rather destroys any benefits the use of 65 MPa concrote would otherwise provide In the design of colurnns. To avoid this limitation, the structural adequacy can be determined using Clause 5.6.3.3.327 Walls ‘Tables 3.13 to 8.15 reflect the information in Clause 5.7 Fire-Rasistance Periods for Walls (Tables 5.7.2 and 57.4) in AS 9600. 3.2.8 Increasing FRPs by use of insulating materials “The information given in TABLES 3.16 and 3.17 is rived from Clause 5.10 Increase of Fire-Fissistance Periods By Use Of Insulating Materials in AS 3600. ‘TABLE 3.10 Structural adequacy of RC slabs Cover to bottom reinoreement rn) Fire-esislance Simply-supparted sabs Continuous stabs period ——_—— ——_— {ints} One-way Two-way One and wo-nay 0 % 10 ‘0 0 no 6 6 so e a 15 10 on 8 5 180 5 4 a 240 5 9 s ‘The mininu cove for conreleplacerent and durably may veri some ofthe abovs ures. ‘TABLE 3.11 Minimum offective thickness of RC slabs {or insulation TABLE 3.12 Structural adequacy of ribbed RC slabs Simply-supported Co slabs slabs Flre-esistance Minimum Minimum period width ofiy Cover width ofr Cover (irs) (um) (im) (mm) (rm) a 0 70 8 a 0 B B a 90 135 S10 B 120 160 6 1B % 180 15 150 © 240 200 6 15 6 ‘The minimum cover for caneroe placement ana curabiliy may veri some ofthe above figures. TABLE 3.13 Minimum cover to vertical reinforcement for structural adequacy of walls Firevesistance period Cover (rates) (ne) 0 2 © 20 0 35 20 “ 180 6 240 80 Fire-resistance period Effective thickness (rirtes) (ren) x 8 a 0 30 10 0 120 180 180 240 170 The minimum cover for coneree placement and durailiy may veri some ofthe above figures. ‘TABLE 3.14 Structural adequacy requirements for walls Slendemess Cover to ratio, Ettective reinforce Hyelly thickness, tment Niotless than that NA 008A, $80 fo insulation Soe Table 3.15 2000H'A, 520 Notlss than hat Comply wit foringuaion Table 313, See Table 315 {0 San AS 3600 Claus 5:74 for ultceon eatin O Hye The minum cover cont plant and crab my override some of the above figures. aieTABLE 3.15 Minimum effective thickness for insulation for walls Fire-resistance period Effective thicknoss (ites) (nm) 120 180 0 0 190 170 ‘TABLE 3.16 Thickness of vermiculite/perite concrete ‘or gypsum-vermiculite/gypsum-perite plaster to provide increased cover 33 34 32 3a 34 35 Increased cover required (nm) Plaster thickness (nm) 0 15 5 20 % ‘TABLE 3.17 Thickness of plaster to increase the 36 a7 38 39 3.10 an a2 insulation value of stabs — Increase Nominal thiokness of topping (crn) inthiekness | —————= (am Plain concrete Vermiculteyperite Gypsum 10 a 1B 6 2 30 % 2 30 a 4 2 40 50 2 4 50 0 0 40 REFERENCES AS 3600 Concrete structures Standards Austral, 2001 AS 8735 Concrete structures for retaining liquids Standards Australia, 2001 AS 1012.4 Methods of testing concrete art 4: Methods for the determinaiton of air content af freshly mixed concrete Standards Austraita, 1998 ACI 515,18 A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampprooting, Protective and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete. AC! Manual of Concrete Practice, 2000, ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete: ‘ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 2000 Eljott BJ ‘Industrial Pavements’ Notes on Current Practice No. 13, Concrete Institute of Australia, 1983. Building Code of Australia The Australian Building Codes Board and Standards Australia, July 2001 Malhotra Hl. Spaling of concrete in fires Technical Note 118, Construction industry Research and Information Association, 1984. BS 8110 Structural use of concrete Part 1 Code of practice for design and construction British Standard Institution, 1997. Forrest JOM ‘New Fire-Rosistance Data for Concrete’, November 1964 Phas LT Fire performance of high strength concrete : a report of the state-of-the-art NISTIR 5984, US Department of Commerce, December 1996, Wade ot al ‘Concrete Blade Columns in Fire! Concrete Institute of Australia 18th Biennial Conference Adelaide, May 1997, pp 269-275.CHAPTER 4 Beams 4.1 APPLICABILITY TO DUCTILITY CLASSES. OF REINFORCING STEEL The Charts and Tables in this Handbook are Independent of the Ductity Class of the reinforcement, However, AS 3600 imposes limitations on the use of Duatilty Class L reinforcing steels. For example, Clause 1.1.2 states that they are not to be used "in any situation where the reinforcement, or member, is ‘expected to undergo large deformation under strength limit state conditions’, Therefore, itis the designer's responsibly to ensure that the Ductlity Class of the reinforcement specified is appropriate to the situation and member being designed. 4.2 RECTANGULAR BEAMS IN BENDING 424 To ensure a beam section of adequate ductility (at timate strength under bending and/or compression), Clause 8.1,5 of AS 3600 implies that the ratio of the dopth to the neutral axis ftom the extreme compression | fibre to the effective depth, ky, should not exceed 0.4. General ross-sections where k, is greater than 0.4 are referred to as ‘overseiniorced’ or inor-ductile’ and have limited cuctlly, Over-reinforced members may have a. ‘number of unfavourable characteristics, such as: = suscepiibilly to sudden, brittle fatlure with litle warning; a reduced abilly to redistribute moments due to unexpecied loads or settlement; and poor energy absorption capacity under seismic or blast loading, Where an averseinforced cross-section cannot be avoided, the Standard requires a minimum amount of ‘compression reinforcement to be provided, viz 1% of the area of concrete in compression. The design strength in bending of an aver-teinforosd section is not to be taken as more than the ukimate strength in bending when ky = 0.4, with the force in the tensile reinforcement reduced to balance the reduced compressive force in the concrete. ‘The charts and tables ja this chapter for the strength ‘of beams in bending are based on the principles set ‘out in Clauses 8.1.2 and 8.1.3 of AS 2600. These principlas are the assumption of a rectangular stress block with @ uniform compressive stress of 0.851". and @ maximum strain in the extreme compression fibre of the concrete of 0.003. 42.2 Basis of Chart 4.1 ‘The cures are derived from the basic equation: Miibd? = 1 —9/1.7) where 9-080 t = Agtyfodt. and fay = 500 MPa At the ductile limit, ia ky 347 ay Pox and Mygloe? = 0.34y1',(1 - 0.27) Designers should check that minimum reinforcement Is provided, eg for rectangular sections see Clause 8.1.4.1 of AS 3600, 43 EBEAMS AND L-BEAMS IN BENDING 43a The determination of the flexural strength of a beam of L-bearn depends on whether the depth of the assumed rectangular stress block exceeds the flange thickness, t, as determined using CHART 4.2, General If ykyd 1, the area of concrete in compression is rectangular, and the strength of the section in bending ‘can be obtained from CHART 4.1 Wykyd > tthe area of concrete in compression is T- or L-shaped and the strength in bending can be calculated using CHART 4.3. 43.2 Basis of Chart 42 This chert gives values of yk for various values of IMtfod? and f, based on the equation: ah = 0.85 where = 0.85[1 — Vi —Mi76d'0.4256T))43.3 Basis of Chart 4.3 For the case whore vk, > Vd, the top part of CHART 4.3 gives the moment capacity of the ‘outstanding flanges, ie excluding the web area. The ‘moment capacity in the web can then be calculated Using the equation My, = M*~ Mi and the reinforcement to balance the compression force In the web can then be obtained using CHART 4.1. The total amount of reinforcement required in the beam Is Asay + Ags: ‘The compressive force in the flanges only is given by the equation: = 0.851 lb —by) hence, the moment capacity is given by: $Me = oC 12) rearranging, we get Myfoc? = 60.851 (1 — by/b UAL ~ 0.5(U] The lower section ofthe chat gives the reinforcernent requited to balance the flange moment CO O.86t', —— = — (a(t = bf) Oybd Oy Designers should check that minimum reinforcement is provided in accordance with Clause 8.1.4 of AS 3600. 4.4 BEAMS IN SHEAR 441 General For the determination of the strength of a beam without shear reinforcement, Clause 8 2.7 of AS 3600 provides an empirical formula relating the shear ‘strength to the amount of tensile rainforcement and the concrete strength. Modiiying factors ara included to allow for the effect of the overall beam dopth, axial tension or compression in the beam, and for concentrated loads near the face of a support The determination of the contribution to shear strength by the shear reinforcement is based on the truss analogy method, using an angle of the concrete ‘compression strut to the horizontal that varies irom 80° when only the minimum shear reinforcement is required to 45° when the shear approaches the upper limit of web-crushing failure. 442 Basis of Chart 4.4 The curves for the shear carried by the concrete in the Upper part of this chart are derivad from the equation: Mc Asc] bydy. wal for the six standard concrete grades, ie 20, 25, 32, 40, 50 and 65. The lower section gives the modification for diferent sffective depths: By = 1.10.6 - 4/1000 > 1.1 For depts of 600 rn or more, By = 4.1 443 Basis of Chart 4.5 ‘This chart gives values for the shear strenath modifying factors By and Bs For tension in bears: B= 1-(NVB.5A,) For axial compression: Ba= 1+ (NI4A,) When there is no tension or compression f= 10 For boams with significant point loads within a Gistance of 2d, from the face ofa support orientated 50 as to create diagonal compression over the lenath, the chart also gives values of Bs = 2llayidy) where 1.0 < ad, < 20 Values for 6 only can be read from the curve for By = 1.0: for Bs only, from the horizontal line By = 1.0 The combined factors By By can be obtained from the horizontal axis, 444 Basis of Charts 46 to 4.10 These charts give values ofthe cotangent of the cconerete compression strut angle for shear @, as the design shear force varies fro Vin 1 @Va man ‘accordance with the proportional equation: ("= Veinin) F415 (OV urnax ~ Wana) for concrete grades of 25 to 65 respectively.4.45 Basis of Charts 4.11 to 4.15 ‘These charls provide size and spacing of shear reinforcement (in the form of vertical, 2-leg stirrups) required for rectangular beams, without the need 10, calculate separately the strut angle 8, for concrete strength grades of 25 to 65 respectivaly, In tho top part of each chat, forgiven values of the shear stress V"/O,d, (Obtained trom CHART 4.4), the value of the expression Vyq/bdcot, Is derived trom the equations: ag = V= 6Vue and (= @V aid 6, = 90" + 15° (cma ~ Oa miod where Vosmax = 0:21 byt and Vusin = Vex + 0.864, The lower part of each char provides stirup spacings for the three most common bar sizes, based on the equation Vue = Any ed0018/5 For the case where V°< (Vague the chart also gives stirup sizes and spacings to provide the minimum shear reinforcement of Aylin = 0.35 Bays Deeigners should check thatthe spacing requiremants of Clause 8.2.12 2 of AS 3600 are not exceeded. 48 BEAMS INTORSION A Goneral For beams suibject to torsion combined with bending and sheer, Clause 8.3 of AS 3600 requires the strength of each section to be determined for torsion and shear acting independently, and the combined strength ‘calculated using a simple interaction equation. Torsional reinforcement consisting of both closed ties and longitudinal bars is designed using a simple truss analogy equation. 4.52 Basis of Chart 4.16 This chart gives values of the cotangent of the concrete strut angle for torsion, @, in accordance with the equation: (The) 0 = 80° 4 15° (Tamas ~ @Te) where Tuc = OS. anc Tunm = 02's 454 Basis of Chart 4.17 This chart is sheer-torsion inieraction diagram to heck the Value of T/T ye + W/V in orcer to ‘termine whether torsional reinforcement ie required by Clause 8.3.4(a) of AS 3600. ‘The values for Ty: are calculated using the equation Tye = OM hence THbTye = TIO. The required values of éVf0,4, Can be obtained from CHARTS 4.4 and 45 454 Basis of Charts 4:18 and 4.19 These charts are interaction ciagrams to enable the design of tes for combined shear and torsion, for [DSOON2 and DSOON16 ber classifications respectively ‘The interaction equation tom Clause 6.3.4(0) of AS 3600 is used it ove —+— 10 oT Vue for shear Vox = Arfydsc0t0ls and for torsion Tas = Arlen 2A10016/5 Assuming 29 fitment: oem Poy rearcanging ow where Hays2AC0H, yy 2d, C018, ‘Values assumed in deriving the charts ar: o-07 fgg = 800 MPa (CHART 4.18 for DS00N12 ties, Agy = 110 mm? CHART 4.18 for DSOONTE fies, Agy = 200 mm? 8 43455 Basis of Chart 4.20 This chart for calculation of longitudinal torsional reinforcement js based on the equation from Clause 8.366 of AS 3600: OS lye Aw — u,cor?e (in tensile zone} fy 8 Values for the perimeter of the reinforcement cage are calculated from the equation: (minimum dimension + maximum dimension) Ue Values assumed for the tie reinforcement are: Ay foe Bar classification (men?) (MPa) R250N10 80 250 D500N12 12 500 (D500N16 200 500 For longitudinal reinforcement, fy = 500 MPa. 4.8 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 46.1 Basis of Chart 4.21 This chart gives serviceabilty load factors in accordance with Table 2.4 of AS 1170.1, combined with the long-term defiection mutiplier as defined in Clause 8.5.3.3 of AS 9600: Keg = (2- 1.2AsclAy) The factors are combined as (1 + ke) for permanent actions (dead loads) and (w,+K.2¥1) for imposed actions (lve loads), to facilitate calculations of the effective dasign action (load): Foes = (1 + Kalo + (H+ Kava 462 Basis of Chart 4.22 ‘This chart may be used to obtain values of the factor for various end-restraint conditions. ‘The equation used forthe centtal axis ofthe diagram is ie = [51984 — (average of end-moment ccoeticionts 8} For exemple: tlefthand end-mament = 0.0821? and the right-hand end-moment = 0.10wL? then the average end-noment = (0.052 + 0.10\2 ao7ew2 (5/384 — 0,076/8) = 0.00352 ‘The chart also gives the three values for ky listed in Clause 8.5.4 of AS 3600 and hence k; 48.3 Basis of Chart 4.23 This chart is derived from the formulae given for ky = Lafodt? in Cteuse 8.6.4 of AS $600 for rectangular sections: ky = 0.02 + 2.69 for p 20,005 and (0.1 = 13.5p for p< 0.005 4.6.4 Basis of Charts 4.24 to 4.93, These charts give the deemed-to-comply spanto- depth ratios using the equation in Clause 8.5.4 of AS 3600: pesanes heat {or concrete gracles 25 to 65 and deflection limits of ‘span/250 and span/S00. The elastic modulus of ‘conorete assumed in these charts is given by: E, = plS O.043¥F ay The required span-to-depth ratio can be faund most quickly by frst obtaining Fy ¢ from CHART 4.21, then yy ftom CHART 4.23 and ky from CHART 4.22,‘The beam-design data on the following pages is divided up in respect of: BENDING Flowchart 4.1 pages 4.6 and 4.7 Gharts 4.1 0 4.9 pages 4.8 10 4.10 SHEAR Flowchart 4.2 pages 4.12 and 4.13 Charts 4.4 to 4.15 pages 4.14 to 4.25 TORSION Flowchart 4.3 pages 4.26 and 4.27 Table 4.1 page 4.28 Charts 4.16 to 4.20 pages 4.29 to 4.32 DEFLECTION Flowchart 4.4 page 4:33 Charts 4.21 to 4.83 pages 4.34 to 4.46FLOWCHART 4.1 Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for Bending AS 3600 Clause 8.1 i Inout design bending ‘moment 0 from structural analysis Input material properties and fy AS 3600 Section 6 Input cover for durability AS 3600 Section 4 and fie resistance AS 3600 Section 5 Calelate for, AS 3600 Clause 8 1.22(b) ‘Adopt preliminary cross section to suit * Architectural requirements 1 Servieabilty (Led) + Economical tensile and shear reinforcament Is beam ‘ross section known? Is section a Tork beam? Coleus fective Width Dg ad Design trom \ wo roe Isita Increase Calculate p Myg for ky=0.4 ‘ross section (s22 AS 2600 Cause 6.14 — fx «dimensions if curvilinear stress-strain used) no Isaerk,? = | gf oS a Is moment M"< @M4 Can cross section simersions bo seat Ox 46® Calculate tensile reinforcement ‘Ay for moment @M,, ‘Calulate moment eapacity Ac fOr moment = 6g | of outstanding tange My Calculate total tensile reinforcement Caloulate reinforcement Aye | a= Agta for lange moment My We _ Calcutte compression reinforcement Calculate reinforcement Ay ew ha | for stem moment = MI" Ny | f ] 1 Input the | Calculate total tensile reinforcement Calouate tensile reinforcement Ay |, atte tens rentresmant Ay | ree = | - ts compression ves Wo teinforoement at yield > stress? | | Calculate increased | compression reinforcement Aer Rate eac | is compression reinforcement A, ne ves ‘more than minimum? AS 3600 Glause 8.1,3(0), ae | \° oe Dos Ay, 7] Increase Ato minimum required |__» satis requements of >" | Inoeas nes ci Glause 6.14.17 i 47ah Bui Bt ite Mri a 48Tea beams, ¢ % sesue 33 3 Shiki Mod) (MPa) 49an 7 CHART 4.11 a5 4— _|— 30 +— : 25 : B ; AE - shear Webi LE - ; : arktearcal = IPa se E reanularbeans 20 “Re 12S t Thess: Size and spacing ] £ F of closed, vertical A e sips 15 cE a ane f= 25MPa 1.0 zz | : 7 = VrMlodg] (MPa) 05 i 7 Et z LH con) = ad A087 eon 7 i ier 1 / 70 Hi if CL OH Fe] Vi | { i Ky J A seo! | Oy (7) (ito } | i Uw ALA ak i | y 1 1 60 EAL ; é 4 LP NE 4 Toh cid T TA ae [ator y ; CSL ES S— PD S00} to ojo] f = R250] T= | 5) 10015000 5D 5D 45D 8500040 —enanr 4.12 35 ‘ oe = LZ : ae = 4} , eee EEE A Hee Fm : sear ka, Z FE BE ehoranet uPag ts Es a i recanguar beans 204 EE Ee | Siw anspaing i : Be art 7 oto ei GLEE | f 47} Jets 18 5 a tt | Fr, =32MPa As - AS i t 10 i - eo Vy} (Pa) 05 ‘tow, | va | VL R20 | ed m1 mma] stom) |ae cal = |CHART 4.13 a5 = L ' “ Le FEE ‘| ‘ i ro by ; Shear (et ; oe renee br (Mea) rectangular beams, 20 f Z ort ee Sie and spacing - ao of closed, vertical LL eri Hi i sirips 1g Hee 7 : t+", =40 MPa - i q | ih 502) Tet T Ve, d,1(MPa) 05 ry py, (niny= toot A100, tou, 300) A aon ’ ; 780 i oo sso \ / foo f 4 { 560 Nii f 1 uot ALA 0 f | pal : | 4 sor 7 300° sy Lo LT = "PTB eet | =i iems| No = 'R 250/ N10 50 100150200250 300350 4005080 stm)45 - =pHSy +] CHART 4.14 a0 — ZEEA| 4S FEE Ri 35-f-— = es sae aie = Es 7 Ch 30 ee S a Z a F] 2 LS a | Shear 25 - - renfraent fr t LA IE Sey | rectangular beams. ld Z ; a4 Bea. Siwand spacing oy mein Be Petts vera! : - Z ? CARSEEP Ay Ef et | stim Z gi ie + tee natal if, =soMPa 18 A t reece or I ' LE uz oF Z 3 V'fbjdg] (MPa) 05 ~IF - Ly bd] (Pa) im) = 1208 Aru 00,7” son DSM NG || 2 | 500] N12 ef Nor 2 2 250). | so 1015008040080 80050 (nm)45 7 = CHART 4.15 t 49 - i OW" 35 - ql 30 % Shear 23f+-—}+-—_4 tenoreent or iy) tetanus beams way Secueere 20 ol cosed, vera i sims i 1, =65MPa 15 — 1 A ~ ‘ 2 Velo) MPa 05 pcr) = 1208 A108 A008, 200” to ys oo /) so 0 S50 1 sor 0 [00 Ae [304 ee [-250-] po 0500] 6, sms 250] N10 50 1001800028000 50a aw (om)oMb2) (MPa) 0 004 008 002 aot Agglodl 0.00 A Aww By Mat T-and Lbeams, neural axis in web, Moment capacty of xtstancing anges ‘500 MPa 08 co +50 40 25 (MPa)FLOWCHART 4.2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for Shear AS 9600 Clause 6.2 Input design shear force V* ‘rom structural analysis Input material properties an fg AS 3600 Section 6 Input cover for: durability AS 3600 Section 4 and fe resistance AS 3600 Section 5 Input section dimensions depth D and web width Calculate web crushing limit V, yx (Clouse 8.2.6) Calculate shear strength without shear reinforcement V,. (Cause 8.27.1) Calculate shear strength with minimum reinforcement Vin (Clause 6.2.9) ee oe 1SV"S 0Vamna? Increase soction size and/or conerote strength es ® 42a Calculate shear strength required ‘rom shear reinforcement Vas = (V*70) ~ Vue 'sD>750mm? ISVS Nye ‘and D<250 oF 0.50, ‘No shear reinfor ‘whichever is greater? i Calculate shear reinforcement Ay ‘and spacing s (Clause 8.2.10) Calculate minimum shear reinforcement Koy = (0.38 byaM fey ss 057 > lL =e NN > greater of 260 mm > ee y I is Tyla Featsigteiaete Calculate reinforcement polygon area (Cause 2.3.5) | , Wage a Aad ptt _| Cable ae A and spacing so soa tes so that (T*/0Ty,) # (VVas) $ 1 _| ‘Minimum shear reinforcement to bein form of closed loops (Clause 83.7) i Calculate longitudinal torsional reinforcement | ‘hy, and A, in flexural tension and compression zones | | (Clause 8.3.6) Comply with detaling requrernents he | (Clause 0.2.8) aady(nm) 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1900 «WH SAD 735 BO 1215 1600 1915 210 2595 20KO SHS BBO 4995 4860 5415 BDO 140-63 522 TL WB IIS SO 1755 2088 2451 O42 aVGZ aTIZ 4191 4098 5224 SADO 1400 «350 SO BG ABE 1194 1400 1694 DOLE 2956 2744 3150 ASGA 4046 4536 5054 S600 1350 3B 486 652 B64 1004 1350 1604 1944 2282 2645 HIB 3456 3902 4374 4874 5400 1900 «BS 488 637 BBP 1053 1900 1573 1872 D197 2B 2H B¥2B 3757 4212 4099 S—D0 1250-3 450 619 BOO 10S 1250 1513 1800 2113 2450 282 A200 361.2 4050 4512 5000 yo 00 432 BB THB G72 1200 1462 1728 D020 2952 2700 3072 3458 BRB 4332 4000 1150 RB 414 5A TRH BZ 1180 1302 1656 1944 2054 DBR 2944 3824 3726 4152 4600 1100275 396 539 M4 B91 1100 1981 1584 1859 2156 2475 281.6 3179 3564 3071 4400 1050 HB 7B HS B72 B51 1050 1271 1812 1775 25H 2363 268 303A 3402 3791 400 100 O30 490 40 81.0 1000 1210 1440 1690 1950 2250 2560 2890 3240 3610 4000 950 BB A246 HB 770 50 1150 1368 1606 1882 2138 2432 276 3078 3430 900 25 32d 441 576 729 900 1089 1296 1521 1764 BU25 2304 201 2916 850 3 306 AIT 44 689 BHO 1029 1204 1437 1BH6 1913 2176 257 a = OO Ba 392 HL2 O48 800 96H 1152 1352 1586 1a00 28 750 188-270 368 480 608 750 908 1080 1268 1470 1688 7 175 52 Wa 48 467 700 aA7 1008 1183 1372 650 © 163.« 234-9 418 S27 650 ey BE 1099 600 © 150-216 204 384 486 600 726 B64 ss 138-198 270 352 446 550 606 500 125 180 245 320 405 500 460 113 162 221 88 365 400 © 100 144 198 256 360 «88 1268 «172 30 78 108CHART 4.16 (ot 0, a torsion 180 170 =} 165 41.55 150 145 140 136 130 125 120 H 1.15, 140 105 1.00 Cote, TA (MPa)~ - eck Wahl 77 eon lowea)=ast g5| o6 bor jos los_-t0 eration Toston reinforcement No tnsioral hf + ‘enforcement i requiredit D250 mmand bee | 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 O7 08 09 Vb) Ma) ws 2B Ay 12-4}— - 44 10 — 09 9 08 07 — o6- = 05: oa : eo 02 - 07 TrAK(MPe) 001000 900 200 700 200 100 TIA, cot] (kNn) 0 THtA,oot@] Nm) 0 CHART 4.18 sa) i UT Specng of torsion ties Ke Jd, = N12 st} (rin) =f ee ne ee) V'/1d,ct8,) (aN) CHART 4.19 0 20 = 4081000 V/Id,c0t0,} (Vin) 120 140016001800 Spacing ot orson ties d= N16 20001200 1100 000 900 70 500 400 300 200 100 x(n) 0 +200 ys 80 Hart 4.20 110 a a 560 \ Q 1000, 4 Ss 500 Fa 400 480 ‘an 1 fear a0 +0 tsi me ‘Cover to bar aut si a ® ‘centre (mm) = 30. Longin ao heed torsional terrane 500 7 20 is 400 - ~~ + 200 190 1 a0 a 0 A p50 vy (mmm) ‘0s (mm) Cot 8, = 1.0" yi yz of ‘0 14 oq iy i 0g 18 Thy 1732 Ly 9 op |] -** nme) =FLOWCHART 4.4 Deemed to Comply Span-to-Depth Ratios for Reinforced Beams AS 3600 Clause 8.5.4 Does beam ee ‘comply with timitations > YS. ‘Input material properties t.. and p / In Cause 85.42 / oO ] No a ¥ e | Calculate modus of elstity€, (Clause 612) | ( sroP ary ee | cantuse ) } \ manos —_t—_—_—_ Input section dimensions b, Ber and d, area of tensile reinforcement Ay, and area of compression reinforcement A, Sp = —— _/_ Ment shoe yard ong term oat actor AS 11701 Tb 24 7 ¥ SSS Heme. ———_ Calculate effective design load Calculate effective design load fr ge gasped og | See N 2 ee Foot esd + (Ye real | Face = (10+ Kal + (Wy + Ks) Calculate stitness factor k; = L/bc ! formulae given in AS 3600 Clause 8.5.4 | Select appropriate detection limit A/Lqy AS 3600 Table 2.4.2 ‘| | 2nd deletion constant for vn support contions u | Calculate span-to-depth ratio. zd K(A/ Le Desk a! (haFa, (ANF Fac)? — ws increase dimensions, no. Samii saa at > WS } | smagamgt }—2 1/500 Fear WPA) 0 a 001 om 0 Oakanter|| intr span ,=0.0068 Coningcus bea, ed =010013-Simply-supate ||” SimonetCHART 4.28 Spar-to-deth 1100 ratio or deflection conv bir ot beams. If, =40MPa AML = 1/250 Fata HP@) 0 4 F 40 t 4 0.002 s a 0,004 ° tts 0.006 i 3 ie : it ZZ Bk, = 0.0063 Continuous bam) ©. k= 00018 Sinpiy-supponed aan1200 CHART 4.29 Spar-to-depth ras or oltion cond ot beams 100 ‘1000 f, =40MPa 900 A ML = 1/500 800 = 70 «00 500 0 00 200 100 Fab (hPa) 0 oy 0 001 6 0 0.002 % 0.003 008 a 005 9.005, is % 0.009 ona oon a0 ani is “At, 100089 Corinuou beam, F tte sn — - 10 £1, = 0006s Corinuous beam, rt adsyn {cy = 0 Simp Suppoe Sean —— tyid 5 4azom \ \ \ CHART 4:30 i Spar-to-dnmn 1100 rains or ection contol +000 i of beams sao - — t, =50MPa \ Allg = 1/250 200 \ \ =| m0 ~ ; \ dha] bp debs \NA Ne 00 ee \ 540 - \ 00 20 eM 200 a 100 = Fale KPa) 0 — Ps E ont 2 | “ j-0.002 s i 3 70.003 0.004 oo 0.005 0.008 ie i 003 E ooo cont a ome FAA 5 a “A. kj=00089 Continuous bam interior span 4 Bk =(10068 Continuous beam, % } 1 span at © kq=00013 Simpy-suppred team Ladd 5a = ) CHART 4.31 | span-o-depth ais for eet cont I. =50MPa [by on Fale KPal 0Lal CHART 4.32 | Span-o-deptn ato or election contol of beams ft ‘A. k= 0.0089 Continous bean, into span | __ B 4=0.0083: Continuous beam, end span Ck, =0.0013 Simply-suppota| beamFactlteg WPA) 4 0 6 B 2 | ‘® f,=00089 Continous beam, ier scan Bk, =0.0063 Continous beam, 2nd span . © k= 00013 Sinpy-supported beam CHART 4.33 | Span-o-deth ratios for deflection conrl of beams if, =65MPa AML = 17500Slabs 5.1 APPLICABILITY TO DUCTILITY CLASSES OF REINFORCING STEEL ‘The Charts and Tables in this Handbook are independent of the Ductity Class of the reinforcement. However, AS 9600 imposes limitations on the use of Duotlity Class L reinforcing steels. For example, Clause 1.1.2 states that they are not to be used ‘in any situation where the reinforcement, of member, is expected to undergo large deformation under strength limit state conditions’. Therefore, itis the designer's responsibilty to ensure that the Ductilty Cass of the reinforcement specified is appropriate to the situation and member being designed 82 FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT 52.1 Basis of Charts 5.1 to 5.5 ‘These charts are based on the principles set down in Clauses 8.1.2. and 8.1.3 of AS 3600, ie a rectangular sess block with @ uniform compressive stress of 0.85¢', and a maximum strain in the extreme ‘compressive fibre of 0,008. ‘The design bending moment for a given area of reinforcement is derived from the equation Mr = af at ~ o/1 7364/1000 Nv where 08 = Plas Ay/10004 and yy = 500 MPa ‘The minimum reinforcement ratios, Ay/bd, for various: types of slabs, ie 0.0025 and 0.002, are shown on the charts. See Clause 9.1.1 of AS 2600 for when each is, applicable 53 SLABS IN SHEAR 531 Basis of Charts 5.6 to 5.10 ‘These charts give punching shear strength for slabs. al circular columns with no moment transfer, no shear head and are based on the equation in Clause 9.2.3(a) of AS 3600. Vo = Uday where o7 = d, for uniform slabs 17(1+2IB, VF By = 1.0, for circular columns lr f= ‘50.342 dey = 034 and ctical shear perimeter, u = 2 (column diameter + 6) 53.2 Basis of Chart 5.11 This chart gives punching shear strength for slabs at rectangular columns with no moment transfer, no shear head and is based on the equation in Clause 912.3{a) of AS 3600. V" = Odom where o=07 foy = O.17(142 y's $ 0341, Pu=crlen and critical shear perimeter, u = 2(c; + ¢2) + 4d, where 0} = longer dimension of effective loaded area and e,= shorter dimension of olfective loaded ares. 5.4 DEFLECTION OF SLABS 5.41 Basis of Chart 5.12 This chart gives the proportion of load carried in the shorter span direction, L,, for slabs supported on four sides as specified in Clause 9.3.3(b) of AS 8600. The ‘curves are derived fram the equation: Proportion of load in, director Mea Ate) where: = values in Table 8.3.3 of AS 3600 for various conditions of edge continuity. 515.42 Basis of Chart 5.13 ‘The curves in this chart were derived by applying a least-squares curve-iting routine to the values for ky given in Table 9.3.4.2 of AS 3600, for each of the ‘edge conditions listed. 5.4.3 Basis of Chart 5.14 This chart gives direct readings for the deemod-to- comply span-to-depth ratios, based on the equation in Clause 9.3.4.1 of AS 2600: be (AML gE Kegka| d Fee for concrete grades 25 10 65, for three values of ks and a range of ky values from 1.6 to 4.0, ‘The assumed value of elastic modulus, E., is 2400150,043 Vin The factored load Far may be calculated with the aid of Chart 4.21 while the value for ky may be obtained using Chart §.13, 5.44 Basis of Table 5.1 ‘The moments ot inertia of cracked reinforced concrete slabs one metre wide provided in this table were derived from the formula lee = 1000841013 + nt = KI where k= np} + ane - ap. n modular ratio = EE, P= Ay/ 000d, J; is used in calculating leg which in tur is used in determining deflections by the simplified calculation ‘method as set out in Clause 9.3.3 of AS 3600,a TEV TTT T = din) =298 2 20200 190 306 478 3h | 6 | Flnul reinirconent inslas f, =25MPa 'f = 500 MPa 6 0 85 oO 5 0 6 0 0 B 0 Me (mim) 0 Lace 200 400 800 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Acemn)Fen 80|einorosment in slabs 400 1200 +000 600 100 9% % 85 80 % 70 65 6 55 50 45 0 35 0 2s 2 5 0 5 0 200 Ag (mn?sin) MP (Navn)100 CHART 5.3 yar] | 1000 T 200 190160170 | 160 % a if Ant | Flexural reinorerent & f in las Ee aye : ry 10" j20 |r, =40 MPa 500 MPa 7 80h a 20 oy 8 10 Mr (tlm) 0 2 = 40080 01000 tm 1400 1600 too 2000 Ag (nom2y)T Ty FH ae | CHART 54 atgnin) = 288/20 190 seo 170 360-158 | sal 1000, 5 4 f- — Aa 5 Flexural eiforment 85 a A op4|insiets %0 50 MPa 500 MPa 5 70 Co in es if Miniuin0.002, / fs 2 NM (iNomim) 0 20 0080100000140 t600 (1800 A (enfin)‘00 ITT cuant ss cine 200 190 180 170 160 {50 | 140. 1000 ® ; sat | ocaa, a " i Fleur | Atbted 4g i men HW costes < fH relies ie - LZ re io fi a tle / | | " fi Op) 390) opie é ye ssf tmim LM tl * ig Avena / i 40 7 at * l f 30 ae on a) : A, y $ . 20 A 5 -— -| 10 — / i - i—s Mt (Km/m) 0 LieemeZiene 20 = 4000020014 160018002000 Aa (myZs1500 4 ve ay) 500 2000 0.4 for the section in pure bending and where Ny0.4 The design strength, ¢Myy, in bending and the corresponding design strength, ¢Nyp, in compression (often referred as the balance point) were determined 5 the locus of values for Which Ky = 0.545. The ‘value Of Kye is determined assuming the balance point is the point at which the steel yields ata strain of 0.0025 and the sirain at the extreme compressive fibre of the concrete is 0.003. In the tension region of the design chart, the design strength fas been taken to vary linearly from the design strength in pure bending to the design. strength in pure tension. it was considered prudent lo ignore any possible increase in moment capacity with increase in axial tension that may occur for a few Isolated cases, The design strength in bending, 6M,,, and the ccorreeponding design strength in compression, ‘Nyy. Were determined as the locus of values for Which kyo = 0.6. ‘The design charls cover uniaxial bending in both rectangular and circular columns. For rectangular columns, two reinforcement configurations areincluded: CHARTS 6.1 to 6.20 cover columns with reinforcement on two faces only (or columns with 4 bars); CHARTS 6.21 to 6.40 cover columns with ‘equal reinforcement on all four faces, assuring ‘twelve or more bars. Columns with eight bars and ‘equal reinforcement on all four faces may be interpolated from these two sets of charts. Similarly, ‘columns with any ratio of side-face to end-face reinforcement may also be interpolated. CHARTS 6.41 to 6.60 cover circular columns with cross-sections. symmetrically reinforced with eight or more bars. 63 REFERENCES 61 CEB, Commission IVo Deformabilty of Concrete Structures ~ Basic Assumptions Bulletin D'Information No. 90, 1973. 6.2 Bridge, RQ and Pham, L'Safety Indices for Reinforced Concrete Beamn-Colurnns' Civil Engineering Transactions, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Vol. CE29, No 1, 1987 pp 40~46,63 The colurn-design data on the following pages is divided up in respect of FLOWCHARTS Design for uniaxial or biaxial bending page 6.4 Direct design of reinforcement page 6.6 DESIGN CHARTS, Rectangular colurnns with reinforcement on two faces only pages 6.8 t0 6.17 Rectangular columns with equal reinforcement on all four faces pages 6.18 10 6.27 Ciroular columns symmetrically reinforced pages 6.28 10 6.37FLOWCHART 6.1 Design of Columns in Uniaxial or Blaxial Bending | Increase Estimate column size and Increase > com size propets ep 6, fp, J column sie |< OF properties | reinforcement layout ‘or properties | whet St ‘0 analysis to be used? analysis to be used? SAS 8600 Css 77 452600 Cluse a Ne < Rod ts | digacement at column Pa a rT er AS 3600 Clause 10.1.3.1,> | d | =, Cato ca Sconces | |SSucacs | a de | ~ es Use rigorous analysis, AS 3600 Cause 78 > For columns in which biaxial bending I = () ‘isnot be cones tincing those rectangular columns for wich | | tis adequate to consider oaly uni Cabauate Met | bending about both principal axes), from analysis reinforcement design canbe done 'AS 3600 Cisse 1023 diet trom CHARTS 6.1 to 6.60 by following the steps shown in | FLOWCHART 6.2 cin'<0.750H,.2 AS 3600 Clause 10.3.3, Is biaxial bending to be considered? ‘AS $600 Clause 7.7.1 ism My <1? {Is design aoceptable? 65 ‘column 310 AS 3600 Clause 10.3.4 = Calculate ‘column braced? yo AS 3600 Clause 10.1.3 >) from My ‘as g600 Clause 10.4.4 | ¥ y Cacuat Nsom gM, | | Calelate 8, and 3, AS600Giuse 1048 | |AS3600 Giuse 70413 t Caleute 8, AS 3600 Clause 10.4.2 Caloulate M* AS.3600 Clauses 10.1.2 and 10.4.9 Is ("0M I# + (MOM, I < 17 AS 9600 Cuse 10.8.5 | Mote: Made Pan, Check reinforcement details | values can be obtained rom ‘AS36500 Clause 10.7 the design chars. 4M, isthe ‘design strength in bending unr the design axial force N*.FLOWCHART 6.2 Direct Design of Reinforcement from Charts 6.1 to 6.80 Select p from design chart ‘From FLOWCHART | Is column short? es Os seo se 001 >| fo Input 8 = 1.0 Seti= Cato AS 3600 Clauses 10.4.1 and 10.1.2 Using WM let stelp fom design chats such hat MoM, Is ita a ly for sled p dati 6 My Sati sist somaya | cata N JAS 3600 Clause 10.4.4) is wo _-column braced | = SU Check Feu to top of reinforcement das | as 3600 ciause 107 FLOWGHART 6.1 STOP‘QN/Ib0} (MPa) -20, lep ectanqur column reinfovced fon faces 1|f=25MPa 9 = 0.7 pnb] (MPa) -20 eM 00" (MPa)aN too] (MPa) B -¢N DI (Pa) -20 o 4 oo4 ‘gM M007] (MPa) 69 Fectangulr clu ec m2 aes f, =25MPa 9 =08‘QN/f00] (MPa) Tu] CHART 6.6 (Ele v Rectanguar column reinforced on 2 faces sty TOO1 (MPa) -20 ‘pM {00% (MPa)“0 ‘ON, /fb01 (MPa) -20 0 10 i . Locus 5 a1 Hs Mon. 0 : LS ib ° : _ , ! 10] z = “> 4/000] (mPa) -20 ° 1 2 3 4 5 6 eM ToD] Pa) ad C T = CHART 6.30 Mini ecenety 35 a. a Hs ™ | Pecanguar % al | column rintorsd on 4faes 2 Hi ete 5 . Ls] bh, 0 5 = 5 000 oF 02 10 06: | f 0.4 ay N00] (Pa) 20 — ae t ~ oe ee 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OM {00 (MPa)0 ——— CHART 6.1 Fri eoecy : eer s = 2 eclanguet 6 NS iS column ein on ales 2 - 1 40 MPa | 8 6 f : 1 eis] gM, 04 ANA 5 > dat 6.0 ofl fl Has = -10 So. i: 104 : cuore 20 fase ed thy a ee ete eS nt ‘0041 (MPa) ry r —]cHaRT 32 I Minium eazy % m irl BS otras B- column red ‘ on aes 0 ~ st 15 rN 4 A jL00uS ON, My 0 / oa en 5 Z 1.09 ° Eonar : 08 10 - Fanos ot 08 gn 001 (MPa) -20 fe foo RD SMe Re ae Sh. ag ‘@M,(0D"] (MPa)Ey - + + inirum ecxetety 0 Rectengula column eines x0 ond faes 1, =50MPa g =06 0 > = fbaes MM 10 ] 00 9 oor a2 A 0 Sines : Zam | a | -& ¢ a — i REET NAN NON Gilet 10 tt SN THEE = 00 | Hi fy 0 ear = . T i J i pN,/MbD] (MPa) -20 -D0ee — — + J 0 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 oe 01 (a 04 - + - ‘Minimum eocentricity 40 ~ F 7 Set . 1 | ‘Rectangular ~ — reel I 11 | column reinirced a4 ~~ act TT] on dees — ~ ~ i f, =65MPa . r i g =07 20 ~ MON Gites Ahn yet F 0 Eo .=0.0 $ 0.01 10 06 = —- 0.04 = = = > N00) (MPa) -20 foam 7 a 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 a bo] Pa)0 Minimum ezcenticiy Rectangular coluet reinorced ond cas f,=65MPa 9 =08 0 N00) (Pa) -20 ame Miriam ecco Fectangular column reinforced on cas fetus ‘i ON May Lc T «0 a a 0 500 oni 00 10 F013 as 05 oN /f001 (Pa). -20 ese AK ‘OM 102) (Pa)T CHART 6.44 /—vinizu ccensicity i— cr) circular col 1, =25MPa 06 10 NAMPA) 20 ‘OM JD (MPa) 25 — = 7 CHART 6.42 Mioinum ecenity 4 7 ‘0 0 # . —_ OF cicular column » ~ cs 6 0 —“\ : toes a 5- 000 ° oar ‘a A 10 oan a NIA (MP2) -20 ome ~ — H 0 1 2 3 4 5 § OMA, D1 (MPa)* T |CHART 6.43 Minin exe i lo « (Or itr cotina a - - 4 225M 3-08 15 a | Locus iy ay 0 “| § =| h 5000 0 105 oe 10 = a08 te oNAglea) -20 ese a Q 1 2 3 4 5 5 M01 6a) 30 = T T T T |CHART 6.44 nium eccenty W aa 2% 7 (€ he lp cco 2 i 1s - 0 - [teas Bho Mal : - = pg ba # 0.01" tH 0 08 fs ON MPa) -20 ST - j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a eM fap (re)® nant eas Tina ey eee = ; p : (Oe P K ey ~ Circular column 7 > a — ° - . | teas | My 5 = = 7 = As 000 i rr i 004 —— - Vil 10 Foe - 7) ESooe i rN a =| ira) 20 eB — ered 3 1 2 3 q 5 3 our « —, - cuarreae Tm way eee i AX é : ‘ eb ap % 2 Circular column % f=32MPa 0 is s 0 “0 crue, 20 4 MA Pa)4 2 10 NA (Pa) -20 0 30 % 20 04 “0 Nady (MPa) -20 T ~ | CHART 6.47 A visinumeceticiy 2 | on iu eounn — ~ f, =32MPa . ‘Locus Olay 3000 0 ‘ig | 103 = 0 nt 005 o 1 2 3 5 6 MA tAD1 (MP3) T | Winimum eceticiy ~ Circular column ~S f', = 32MPa jp =0.9 Hoon i Mal p00 Af. ee 0.02: it : 08 s ing a . a 1 2 3 4 8 7 8 ‘OMyA,DI (uPA)0 T CHART 6.49 | Linu zety 7 (ebay | circular cokuma f, =40 MPa | 9 =068 ONy/Ay (MPa) OM A,01 a) 40 T = CHART 6.50 ‘rh circular column 30 — a4 i— MPa 6 - = {Toca Ne tMa 10 -- 4—)\-— NGI, (MPa) -20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ‘OM 4,01 (MP2)a — CHART 6.51 Tina ear ° OH Circular colunn NA, (UPA) 0 T CHART 6.52 Minimum eoenticty Circa column f, =40 MPa 9 =09 ON (MPa) -20 NAO Pa)0 0 30 20 NIA, (MPa) -20 10 10 NA (Pa) -20 Minimum exert CHART 6.53 circu column MPa 9 =06 oa Py AMay — Mini num erent CHART 6.54 OMIA,DI (MPa) (Sn Gicuiar column f, =50MPa ig =0.70 5 = Miniram eccentcty eran oss (Sep 0 f Circular column i : ‘50 MPa 8 ” ~ ; Lacs ) Pets 0 ais Laer Me Led, ‘ A : ; : i ese , 20 Fone mo bi = We x i, hPa 20 ee peu id [ 0 1 2 3 rH 5 4 u 3 #040090) 07 T. T Mim sensi CHART 6.56 © att “ Circular column ® : . ph f, = 50 MPa " ig =0.9 a TH t . 4 =000 gl o0r << — ote = : Ot Fs, = = +t aS Oe os ‘ON, /A, (MPa) -20 0.08" | ’ a 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 @M,/fA,DI (MPa)50 0 30 10 10 Naf Ay (MPa) -20 0 10 10 NAS MPa) 20 r 7 wir cxetity {Locus Nay eM 0 M/A D] MPa) 1 i Minium eoentcty Locus AN ta 5000 Dt fit 03 C04 5 08 0 “OM, D1 (MP2) 1 CHART 6.57 circu column CHART 6.58 le Circular column50 40 2 Ni (MPa) -20 0 0 “10 SONIA, (MPa) -20 itu ecenciy CHART 6.59 | y | - (Or P iu cota ~ 1", =65 MPa 9 =08 Locus] Ay, fas | 00 02 i ; De H =i PSO 08 ett $ 1 3 4 5 6 . 1 MAD) Minimum ecenbty CHART 6.60 } Pocus My 30.00 Ti 0.02 - 8 8 f 2 aN 05 o 1 3 A i : 7 ’ OM, (MP2)Rola ala ed Walls 74 GENERAL ‘AS 3600 Section 11 gives design rules for only a limited range of walls. Where walls are outside this range, the designer can adopt any appropriate rational design method as permitted under the Building Code of Australia, FLOWCHART 7.1 shows, where Section 11 is or is not applicable, All walls have to comply with the requirements for durabilty and fire resistance. However, there are @ large number of walls for which the Bullding Code of ‘Australia does not specily 4 Fire Resistance Level (FRL), e9 internal walls of Type C construction. 7.2 WALLS DESIGNED AS COLUMNS CHARTS 7.1 to 7.4 are based on the same premises as the charts in Chapter 6. They are an extension at the series of charts for columns reinforced on two faces for 1’, = 25, 82 and 65 MPa with g = 0.4 and 0.5. For ease of construction itis often desirable to tle the horizontal bars on the outside of the vertical bars or (o place the horizontal bars from ane side only. This should ba taken into consideration when choosing the appropriate g value. ‘Note that to use these cher, the wall has to be reinforced on two faces. Nevertheless, the wording in ‘AS 3600 should not be interpreted to imply that walls with only a single, central layer of reinforcement are ‘not permitted, but simply that no design guidance Is pprovicied tor then, Where the wall is designed as a column, the upper limit on slenderness ratio, ie Lr < 120 (Clause 10.5.1), (2Quates 10 Hyelty < 36. Note that the vertical reinforcement needs lateral restraint if N*>0.50N, 7:3 WALLS DESIGNED BY SIMPLIFIED METHOD CHARTS 7.5 to 7.16 aro based on the equation for ‘axial load capacity given in Clause 11.4.4 of O.8lhy~ 1.20 ~ 28,)06F ‘pM, shown in CHARTS 7.5 to 7.16 is on a per matte basis. ‘approach given in Clause 11.4 of AS 3600 is based on that inthe British Standard BS 8110. The equation gives a conservative estimate of the load capacity of the wall and ignores any load ‘capacity due to the vertical reinforcement, There are also a number of limitations/restrictions on the use of the simplified method. These include the requirements that: = the wall be braced in accordance with Clause 11.3 Hyelly $80 unless N° <0,031'Ay when the limit is50. These two limits are plotted on the chasts and it should be noted that only a small portion of the charts fall outside these limits, 74 DESIGN OF WALLS FOR IN-PLANE HORIZONTAL FORCES The design shear stenath of a well subject to in-plane horizontal shear is given by the sum of the concrete shear stength and the strength due to stee! reinforcement, 09 O% = oe + Ma vith an upper it of $0.2 (0.8 ty) (CHARTS 7.17 to 7.19 ge the concrete shear sirengt of the wall. These charts plot the values of the two equations given in Clause 11.5.4 of AS 9600 together withthe lower limit, eg Mee = $O.86HF' 0.21 Hl )IOBLyty Mee = 910.05 + 0.10 Hyg — 110 Bly Moc 2 40.17 0.8L yty) CHART 7.20 gives the contribution to in-plane shear strength due to reinforcement. This plot the values for the equation given in Clause 11.5.5 of AS 3600, eg: Mag = ay OBL ty where Pu = Pa (when Hy 21) or Pw = lesser of py and p, (when Hy <1) The reinforcement ratios py and pare for horizontal and vertical drectons respectively 7"FLOWCHART 7.1 Design of Walls AS 3600 Section 11 rie ™ is wal planar? wo 7 AS 3600 Clause 11.1 ee Use AS 3600 Section 10 ‘Columns’ fe eits05%m, | [rs (iia sap ot A 657 Seon 1) \_ 8107.36 PHY) _) s¢ other des itera. ) ' ust ar design criteria tes | ye. go ee Do vertical . lane forces acting on YES _ Lo 0 1s wall reinforced “wall cause tension in wall ‘on both faces? (co deep beam)? sages fa bat oe woe ements acing on als A 1s bsgrigs a cotuma < structural eat oC arse from forcas on frame? é eae SAS 3600 Clause 11.28, Se Sake a "a = 7 | "0 (~ x a3 300 Seaton 9 Sts Ae ing 8 tb Se = appropriate? | (resuring iit of Hye $50 a0 \ Le —s|_ (wals subject only to in-plane horizontal forces may) Ter {2° be desoned in econdance wih ase 1 \= ke a - ait N a (Outside scope of 777 el niet TF gvanaiso sited gq | 459600 Secon 17 | to horizontal forces Ss-< to ineplane horizontal perpendicular to plane Salt a “shear forces? SU SS M0 >) (use of Causes 11.24, | 11.25 and 115ay | be considered) | ®‘NOT PERMITTED ) (Design for horizontal forces using ‘45-2600 Secon 8 'Szbs'and | | aint , Oleuse 115 0 Section 12 ‘Design of | | See sid or-lexural Members‘as appropriate oun? : 1 ee os ie Newall subject ( rion it 2 | hori ieee forces? I Sead Geel pio | ee 10 Design for horizontal forces) (( Use As 00 secon 19 in aocordance vith | ‘Columns’ (N's O.50N, AS-3600 Clause 11.5 } | then Geuse 10.73 | oes not apply) | fs | ~ f | Is walreinforeed | Son twa faces? 4 \ 7 Is all braced? Seis <8 3600 Clause 11.3 fo < cone SY Outside scope of AS 3600 >) | Section 1, use other | ves \ t design oniteia AL aE Wil simpitied design yg ‘0 ~ Pn sib Hai Ss ‘Punching shear (M,*> 0) neti shear (M,*= 0) BV Wea? 7 BVM? ee eee oh 4 je [us Calculate reinforcement for flexural action Check minimum reinforcement requirements for flexure AS 3600 Glause 3.1 ; ty nana owehat 42? oS ==] Increase footing depth) od a -+( stop) s J7000 — CHART 8.1 jt inal 00 + re is ‘Aeaal ‘inwceen e000 Misirur forcement Hoc square fotngs 1,)=500 MPa ssoo ry eet sooo sa ~ t 1 | iNet \ 4000 fe ‘ NX EEN ssoo fs a apt sono ot 1 3 : | 60] ’ | i { ~ TN as - ial | | Te 2000 : ESRSEaA ™ t . ‘ites 1500 - - . 4 CTTBSSsnbda 1000 sao = = b(nm) 0 = = 280 00 380 #0 60 (am) ©CHAPTER 9 Examples The following pages provide examples of the design Of the various reinforced concrete members in a hypothetical structure, demonstrating the use of the relevant preceding chapters and AS 3600, in most cases the design actions are pravided based fn a structural analysis which is not included in this chapter, The structure and its site are defined on PAGES 9.2 to 9.4. On the subsequent pages will be found: Durability Fire Resistance Analysis of Structure Typical Bean Spandre! Beam Bearn with Torsion Intemal Short Column Internal Slender Column Wall Footing 95 96 99 on 919 929 928 9.30 939 9.38 94ON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION CLIENT AB Constructions Ltd ‘ADDRESS 25 Bulld Street Ryde NSW 2121 USE Office Block LOCALITY Light industrial area No polluting industry nearby Approximately 15 km to coast FOUNDATION Weathered rock Allowable bearing presaure GOO kPa Non-aggresaive soil GENERAL The project consists of adding an office block to an existing factory In accordance with the master plan and the current architectural drawings. STRUCTURAL FORM OF THE NEW BUILDING | The bullding will be of reinforced concrete with a concrete roof, suspended concrete floors and a elab-on-ground at the ground floor. The floors and roof wil be supported on square concrete colurins or load bearing concrete walla with the vertical elemente eupparted on pad footings founded on weathered rock. The suspended floors and roof will consist of band beams in the longitudinal direction with one-way slabs in the other direction. A 700 x 400 spandre| beam io provided at each floor and the roof to support the glass fagade and spandrel walls. Conorete shear walls are provided on the south, west and north elevations. These will carry all lateral loade. Concrete stairs and lift shaft will be provided internally for access within the building,ON (CEMENT A CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Re NCE CALOULAT DESIGN LOADS: WIND FORCES EARTHQUAKE FORCES FOOTINGS CURTAIN WALLS/ WINDOWS: Design loads will be generally In accordance with the following: * AS11704 Dead and Live Loads * AS11702 Wind Loads © AS T1704 Earthquake Loads Dead loads will include the structure self weight, permanent services, ceilings, partitions and the like. Live loads of 3.0 kPa for office areas and 5.0 kPa to public areae and 7.5 kFa for storage areas will be adopted. All load combinations for design will be factored to provide limit state loads ae required by respective design etandards, The wind forces applied to the building are determined using a baeic regional wind velocity of V, = 50 m/sec. The site is assumed to be in Terrain Category 3. The lateral loads will be determined from a wind analysis. Although wind loads will be the governing design case for lateral loads on the bullding a9 a whole, consideration will be given to earthquake forces on individual elements euch as walle etc. From a consideration of the acceleration coefficient and site factore a lateral analysis for EQ forces will not be required. However in accordance with the standard some structural detailing is required. The columne and walle will be supported on pad footings based on previous experience on the site. The geotechnical investigation will provide ‘the necessary background to decide on the appropriate footing eyatem. The site is known to be variable and reactive eolls are also expected. ‘The slab-on-ground is to be constructed directly on natural ground or engineered fill vith allowarce for movement. This approach Is based on previous experience on the eite. However detailing will need further consideration. ‘The site investigation reports to be prepared by the Geotechnical consultant will set out the necessary deeign parameters for footings, slabe, retaining walls eto. for the bullding. To be designed by others as a performance specification.CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOOIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION jee u N ered abcess: Office Block Exiating Factory Lie 195 a= SITE FLAN AOA! FLOOR PLAN (etalre srld lift not éhown) | | ce 4 th + is \ { i H if 58 i T t wy WT hy i w i ti ps i ie t T | at u + - + Void oS | 3 6 | cross Fern a PSL cant Cl entey counsiefron exsressvaro 84ON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE ULATION DURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS Reinforced Determine f', and cover options for evaluation with fire requirements Concrete Design | before starting structural design, Handbook (RCDH) | (Follow Flowchart: 3.1) Table 35 Abrasion reeistance — not applicable Table 3.6 Freeze—thaw — not applicable Corrosion protection Table 3:1 Exposure classification and f', Table 3.2 Cover (esume standard formwork and compaction) Mernber Exp.Class —f', Cover (MPa) (mmm) Table 3.2 Footings Note = against ground a2 25 BO +20=50 Table 5.2 Ground Slab Note = against: dpm A2 25 30+10=40 —floor surface Al 25 20 Suspended floors — generally A 20 20 Table 3.2 = roof BI 32 40 Note if essentially | surf) or (28) (60) Beams ~ generally A 20 20 Table 32 ~exterior surfaces BI 52 40 Note (if essentially 1 eurt) or (25) (60) Columns ~ generally At 20 20 Table 3.2 — exterior surfaces BL 52 40 Note ((f essentially 1 surf) or (25) (60) Walls — intemal Al 20 20 ~ exterior BI 32 40ON CEMENTS CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA CICA Table Ci Spec. Cll Table 3 REFERENCE CALCULATION FIRE RESISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS For each member determine the required FRL from the BCA and then the requirements (minimum dimensions, cover to main reinforcement, etc) +o achieve the specified FRPs from AS 3600 Section 5 BCA ref. Determine FRL6 C1AB2 Bullding Claestfication (office) = Clase S acta Number of storeys = 4 Type of construction = A Required FRL (structural adequacy/integrity/ineulation) Member FRE Floors ignoring concession s2onzor20 Spec. Cll C1 3.3 Roof ignoring contcession ‘120160180 Spec. CA C133 Columns 120/-/- External walls (loadbearina) North & South +2 s2on20/120 North & South 26 120/60/80 West sgon2or20 East 120/60/80 Internal Walls (lift & stair) y2orzonz0 Note that the BCA aloo contains a number of other requirements regatding compartmentation and separation etc, which will have to be complied with but for the purpose of these examples are not consideredaN CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Reinforced Determine requirements to achieve epectfied FRPe Concrete Design | in accordance with Section 5 AS 3600 Handbook FLOORS FRL120/120120 Slabs (assume continuous) Structural adequacy Table 8.10 cover = 15 mm Ineulation Table 3.11 min. eff, thickness = 120 mmm Integrity deemed OK if complies with structural adequacy and ineulation (AS 3600 C1 55.2) Beams (aseume continuous) Structural adequacy Chart 3.2 by, (rm) cover (tii) 200 35 240 25 370 20 2500 6 | RooF FRL 120/60/30 Slab (assume continuous) Structural adequacy Table 3.10 cover = 15 mam Integrity satiefied If insulation requirements for GO min met (AS 3600 C1552) Table 3.11 min. eff, thickness = 60 mm Beams (assume continuous) ae for floor beams above COLUMNS FRL 120/-/— A colume is defined as a member which may be exposed to fire on all sides or protrudes from a wall by more than the cover to the long. reo. Therefore, treat columns a6 columns for fire resistance (AS 2600 Cl 5.6.1) Initially determine cover to column longitudinal steel by using proportioning method (AS G00 C1 5.6.3.3). Check after design complete using calculation method (AS 3600 Cl. 5.6.3.2) if required. Chart 33 b (mm) cover (ram) 300 45 350 40 2400 36 RCDH Clause 3.2.2 Spelling no problem if cover <55 mmON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSODIATION OF AUSTRALIA RCDH Table 3.17 AS 3600 C1 5.7.4, Table 3.13 CALCULATION WALLS FRL (2O/z07i20 or 120/ 60/ 30 AS 3600 Check structural adequacy using AG 3600 C15.74. C15,7.4(b) Minimum effective thickness that for insulation for 120 mins = 120 mm ) By inspection N*>0.03f', Imited Hye/ tyS20 Calculate Hye from AS G00 Cl 11.4.3 and Figure 10.6.3(A) Wall Hye = CA Hons Hye ty = Hye/20 Grnd-L1 0.85 x 4800 4080 200 mm L112 0.75 x 3500 2625 132 mm 12-13 0.75x3500 = 2625 182 mm \3-Roof 1.0 x 3500 2600 175 mm s-adopted Grnd-L ty 200 min Li- Roof 175 mm Cover to vertical reo = 40mm By inspection these thicknesses will ensure both insulation and integrity satisfied CHOICE OF CONCRETE STRENGTH From a consideration of durability and fire-resistance requiremento adopt — for columns fij= 32 MPa —rest of concrete structural members f',= 25MPa COVER Note requirements on cover for concrete placement {AS 3600 C1.4.10.2) A good rule of thumb cover 2d), and 2max nominal size of aggregate <. Adopt the following cavers: Top Bottom — External side Internal side Footings 50 50 Slab on ground 20 40 40 Suspended slabe 20 20 60 20 Spandrel beams 30 60 60 30 Roof slab 60 20 60 20 Columns 35 35 35 35 Walls 40 40 40 40 28ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee et ON CEMENT CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE cal ‘Analysis of Structure Use Linear Elastic Analysis (AS 3600 Cl 7.6) Use computer analyeis Assumptions 1 Model Ltt tite PTT TT 1 | 7200, a4o0_| 8400 | 8400. 7200 | 2 Section Properties Band beam assume 18.6 x 103 m4 866 me Column asoume 3 [= 3.42 x10 m* 5, A=0203 m@ 3 Material properties (RCDH Table 21) #', (MPa) E, (MPa) Band beam ey 27500 Coluran 32 31000 4 Load on band beam Fermanent action (Dead load) = 45.7 kN/m Fixed partitions etc 7.8 kNim 535 kN Imposed Actions (live load) = 23.4 kNim Note: Live load $0.75 dead load =. consider live load on all spans (AS 3600 Cl7.6.4(b)) 9.9ON ‘CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION Typical Computer Ol;eput Band Beam Grid C ASE ¥ | a C20 NENT Bae 522, 519 905 2 525 z—x | SHEAR FORCE FyON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION ‘SPAN 3-4 Beam Properties 3576 sal tL} 2400 AS 3600 018.82 d= 8360-20-12 -12 = 806 mm bet = 2400 + 02 x 0.7 x 6400 3576 min f\)= 25 MPa fy = 500 MPa Negative BM @ face of column AS 8600.017.610] £ ! Griticat eection for neg, mom. Coluran face 2 g= 225 mn 542 (07a)? | 786- x SS = 756 kN ae 2 RODH Chart 4.1 | Calculate M"/bd? = 756 x 106/2400 x 3062 = 3.36 MPa 25 MPa Read p= 0.0099 2g = 0.0099 x 2400 x 306 70 mm® Table 2.3 =12-N26 Positive BM @ Mid-span MP = 442 kNan entON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Beam ie fully enclosed Within baling excapt: for briet periods during cortetmiction | i E gatiofy tke (ll) only i rT Lue ie, cpvet to o adntto re bars <|00min bar spacing | | | $B00rim | I i-| Bottom reared ib | 177 cover = 50 mm\ | SOK cing use t N26 6x BOI 00 min || i 1 “no good Pp ery i het 1 8x B00 = 2400 mm | xb0pS eb de Top reinforcement | se cover 3 50 mm OK | spacinguse | 14~N2B tx 300 = 3500 20K REFERENCE CALCULATION Caictiate 7 | wt L Chart 4.4 . Milind? = 442 x 108/3576 x 506% 7432 MPA 25 MPa 0.0036 10036 x 3576 x 306 989 rims [ Table 2.3 = ASE N24 of 7 + NEB ; ah i ri | rrr -aacceambar [| a et AS 3600 18.6.1 92ON cEMEN JONGRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION 75 5600 C1922( C1 8.2.4(b) aa26 RCDH Chart 4.4 1829 A825 ) Shear Design (treat as lab) (2) Beam Shear (follow Flowchart 4:2) 642 KN eS A7O IN € Columh b-Critical Span | section 225 +806 = 531 | 3669 4200 At critical section Yt = 542 x 3669/4200 = 473 KN Aap 12> NOB Beam Properties ye f\)= 25. MPa FoF 4, = 808 me Babies D = 350 rim Detetmite Virmax = OO-2F ‘sbydy = 0.7 %0.2 X25 x 2400 x 306 x 10° = 2570 kN Determine Wie Calculate Agy/b,d, = 12 x 616/(2400 x B06) = 0.0101 1, = 25 MPa dg = 306 mm Read OVyc/byd, = 0.61 MPa 2. Vg = 0161 x 2400 x 306 x 102 = 446 kN O5 OV, = 224 kN Determine WVirrin = O¥uc + O:6b,4, (assuring minimum reinforcement) 448 + 0.6% 0.7 x 2400 x 306 x 10% 448 + 308 = 756 KN 29" Ousmane 20K >050V ye 9V.,, ehear reinforcement Is required io not recommended in a wide beam. Therefore, increase depth of beam or concrete strength 60 that: V"460 + 506 + 306 2. OK to use Chart 5.11 450 mm f= 25 MPa Calculate clon 4+ G2 = 900 mm Read V* = 1100 kN 2.0K 805 kN 86 kN Case 2 ) Vy = Myo [LO + (UM BV “Ad om] 4x (450 + 2x 153) 5024 min 756 mm Note Case] V"'=@Vyo where V" is chart value 5024 x 86 x10 10M, = NOOITLO » (505 x 756 x 506 )! = 987 kN > 805 kN 0KON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOOIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION ASZG00 CBSA C242 RCDH Chart 4.21 Chart 4.24 AS 5600 C1854 RCDH Chart 4.24 Deflection Check for Total Deflection using Sparr-to-Depth Ratios Determine maximum value of Lgld Total deflection limit for ‘Allgg = 1250 fips 25 MPa 2 Use Chart 4.24 To determine input values calculate Fer Caloulate Agg/Ag, at mid span Agp= 9-N24 Age = 4— N2B (assume) 2: Neel Aap. = 2464/4068 = 0.61 Read (1+ kj,) = 226 Read (Wat koa) = 19 Calculate Fy.o¢ = (H+ kos)g + (We + Kea). = 226x535 +119 x 234 249 Calculate F s¢lbyp = 49/3576 S47 k; (treat a9 rectangular ection) p = 4066/(2400 x 306) k, can be taken as = 0.02'+ 25x 0.0055 Read Lyd = 26.5) Calculate actual Lela Lge = 8400 mm d= 306 mm cLyld=275 >265 <.lincrease depth of beam to 375 mm Lyld=254 <265 2.0K 15ON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION (Me and Shears from Computer Analysis) ti Interlor Span = AS 5600 C17.60| (a) Negative BM @ critical section (07x 2252 2225 “RODH Chart 8:1 | f | 1 1 i pitside range -. use Chart: 1 Grattan | Rae 108 x 108N1000 x 3202 Ej ptf ts 108 Mrs I | as seoole bis i achay dooa L i eT | LE. | sma 5.200026 Ut I Ags (0.0028 1000 x 220 | i p |b 2.5896 miei | RCDH Table 23 ; a Nee, 200 (1000 mm@/m) I | Ghat $4 Lil 3190420 - 10 i ! = 160 mm Read Ag, = 720 mm@im , Table 2:5 = NI6 @ 260 (©) Fositive BM @ midepan Chart 5.1 BLO kNm/m = 160 mm “Read Ag, = 520 mmélm Table 2.3 = NIG @ 380 Fieairal pepigh of Slab in Traneverse Direction, eg Grid 4 ‘or. NiZ @120 (o16 minim) | or Ni2 @200 9.16ON (CEMENT CONCRETE £SSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION AS 3600 C1 9.441 AS 3600 119.43 Crack Control Slab ie fully enclosed within building except for brief period during construction +. Satiofy Items (\) and (it) only Item (i) Agemin = 0.0025 x 1000 xd for d= 160 Ageantin = 400 mmn@/m 20K tem (ill) Centre to centre lepacing << the omaller of 2.0 «190 = 380 | or =300 cimax epacing 300 mm s-adjust epacing @ mid epan to Ni6 @ B00 min Crack control for shrinkage and temperature Slab fully enclosed within building Check areaifor Moderate contircl Ag S35 x1000 x D x 10° mm2/m 35x 190 = 665 mm2/m Strong contro} Ag $6.0 x 1000x D x 105 mm@im = 1140 fnm2/m Use N16 @ 250 tt (601 mm2/m), oarON CEMENT A CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION RCDH Chart 4.21 AS 3600 cle3a4 a9344 az42 RCDH Chart 5:14 Deflection Check for Total Deflection ueing Span-to-Depth Ratios AS 3600 C1 9.3.4) Determine the maximum value of Lep/4 Use Chart 5.14 Calculate input values (2) Fer use Chart 421 Calculate Agc/Age = Read (1+ kes) (at mid-span) oO Read (Wy + kos) = 15 Calculate Fret = (1+ kes) o + (Wo + Koo) 3.0 «5.86 + 15x 3.0 = 22.08 kPa Wks kg = 1.0 (one-way slab) Co) ky ky = 2-4 (interior span) (A) Aller Allg = 1250 (total defin) OF. 25 MFa From Chart 5.14 Read Lld = 40 Caleulate actual lla Lyld = GOOONGO =375 <40 20KON CEMENT CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Ig AS 3600 C1 6.8.2 RCDH Chart 4.4 ‘SPANDREL BEAM ~ TYPICAL IN’ wes 85 kim 8400 Case! be =990 {22 ar 2 | 30 8 Beam Properties 1, = 25 MPa fey = 500 MPa cover ¢ = 20 mm to stirrups top and bottom allow 30 to main bar 0 mm eide (see page 95) 700 - 30 ~ 12.~12 646 say 645 mm bee = by + OLX OTL 400 + 01%0.7% 8400 = 988 say 990 mm 4 Design Moments (from separate analysis) Max.~ve M" = 488 kNm Max tve Mt = 836 kNm At Column Calculate M'/bd? = 488 x 108/400 x 6452 = 2.93 MPa 25 MPa ‘SPANON CEMENT A CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA AS 3600 Cl 8.141 AS 3600 (16.61 ‘AS 3600 Table 8.6: (A) REFERENCE CALCULATION Read A,,/bd = 0.0085, 2 Agy = 0.0086 x 400 x 645 = 2198 man? =5-N24 (2260 mm?) or 3-N32 (2400 mm?) RCDH ‘At Midepan Chart 4.1 Calculate MY/bd? = 336 x 109/990 x 645? O16 MPa fi, = 25 MPa Read Aged = 0.0024 ‘Age =|0.0024 x 990 x 645 * 21638 meri2 | ‘Try5-N20° (1570 mm?) or S—N2B (18GO mm?) Check Minimum Strength Requirements Mua? (Mbo)nin = ide, Treat as rectangular section Agylbd 2 0.22 (Did)? F'c¢hgy 2.0.22 (7001645)2 3.0/500 20.0016) 3.0K Check crack control Bearn exposed to weather on external surface therefore satiofy Items (i) to (iv) a9 appropriate of AS 3600 Cl 8.6.1 Bearn primarily in flexure therefore satiafy Items (') (i) ana (iv) ())Aseume at column face the beam In critical tensile zone Aetamin = Shores! Calculate f, ‘Assume N24 bare 10 Astin = (0X 0.6 x 980 x 645/2)/210 = 2787 mm@ > 2260 mm? ss increase to 3 ~ N24 (2700 mm?) (il) Cover $100 mm to side face Spacing $300 mm 2.0K 9.20ON CEMENT CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE AS 3600 Table 6. AS 3600 (16.24 AS 3600 Table 8.6. @) Bending moments atcol at Mi, 32t 221 Mig, 366 253 ate Foor = M"5/AsiZerack = 221 x 108/1570 x 6045 (calculation of Zeracils not shown) = 223 MPa (A) <240 20K 0K at column 21 x 10/2260 x SBS.) I) (Sin beam and 4 in flange) 2. OK (close enough) 20K Shear Design Avei Colum 225 + 645 = 870 ritical section Vt = 387 x 3830/4200 307 KN Beam properties 700 mm 4, = 645 mm b, = 400 mm 921ON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA a I CALCULATION AS 3600 C1 8.2.6| Determine OV, max = 90.2F'cby O.7 x 0.2 x 25 x 400 x 645 x 10% 905 kN RCDH Determine $V, (Use Chart 4.4) Chart 4.4 Calculate Agylbd, = 2198/400 « G45, 0.0085 with f!, = 25 MPa d, = 645 mm (>G00 +. By = 11) Read QV,c/bjd, = 0.A5 MPa 2. Vac = 0.45 x 400 x G45 x 10° WG KN £0.50 = 58 KN AS 3600 Cl B.2.9) Determine Os min = uc + 90-6 bd NG + 0.7 x 0.6 x 400 x 645 x 10° NB +108 = 226 kN 2" Varin <.shear reinforcement required | Determine required shear reinforcement RCDH Chart 4.11 Calculate V*/bd, = B07 x 102/400 x 645, = 149 Ma With QV ydlbydy = OAS MPa At crit.sect. stirrups RZSONIO @ 150 ore #1, = 25 MPa “Use Chart 4.11ON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA CALCULATION | BEAM LEVEL 1 SUPPORTING ENTRY FACADE Beam Properties | 1000 | a 8 Sane 8 3 8 § 2 T |sco | fa i,= 25 MPa fay = 500 MPa AS 3600 (18.8.2 | cover to main teo. = GO +10 =70 mm beg = by + Ox O.7L = 500 + 01x 0.7x 8400 = 1088 mm >1000 men sf. take = 1000 mm Design Moments (from separate analysis) Max -ve M* = 380 kN. Max +ve M* = 960 kNan ‘At column critical section for flexure. RCDH Chart-41 | Calculate M'/bd® = 380 x 109/500 x 6162 = 2.0 MPa f\)= 25 MPa Read Agelbd = 0.0056 c+ Agy = 0.0056 x 500 x 616 = 1725 mm? Table 2.3 = 4—N24 (1608 mm2) ‘At centre of epan check if stress block extends into web Chart 4.2 Caleulate M*/bd® = 960 x 108/100 x 5882 2.78 MPa #1, = 25 MPa Read Yk, = 0176 Calculate tid = 100/588 = 0.17 O.05DN* 0.05 DN* = 0.05 x 0.45 x 3616 B14 kN M"/20 Mt2D = 86/2 x 0.45 6 kN < 3618 KN stake By = 0.67 Determine My, Assume column reinforced on 4 faces fl, = 25 MPa g=08 Use Chart 6.23ON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION RCDH Chart 6:23 | Calculate N"/bD = 3618 x 109/450 x 450. = 17.9 MPa Caloulate M*/b0* = 86 x 10/450 x 4502 = 0.95 MPa Read @M,,/D* = 3.9 MPa oN(o2) 1 L008 Nb OM 025 59 aM ID 3.9 x 450 x 4502/06 2 11 /3.782) x [182 k 0405 x 355/(1 + 0.67)] 10606 kN OI(1.0 - 3618/10B06) =150 AM*=15 x86 ISO kN Chart 6.23 BE1B x 102/450 x 450 = 17.9 MPa Calculate M*/bD = 130 x 109/450 x 450% 4B Read p = 0.035 Calculate Ag, = 0.035 x 450 x 450 = 7088 mn? Table 2.3 4-N3G + 4—N32 (7298 mm?) Determine size and spacing of ties AS 3600 110.7. Use R250NIOCX (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA AS 3600 CS as2 anes CULATION WALL Di-2 Wall Properties Fleer toads * 7 8 ——|at wom | ML | 8 @ __ | 8 boy shames 72_| fi, = 25 MPa 500 MPa Wall braced Design Loade Floor DL G = 1.25 x 16.5 = 20.6 kN/mn LL Q=15%18 =27kNIm Wind = 248 kN Check stability Wy x 15.3/2 = 248 x 16.3/2 = 1897 kNim 08 Gx 7212 = 0.8 (4 x16.5 x72 +272 + 166) 72/2 = 2630 kN. >1897 kN. "No overtuming, ie stable Wall eubject to inplane vertical and horizontal forces, Design for vertical and horizontal forces independently. Use Cl 1.4 Design for vertical forces Base section at change from 150 mr to 200 mm thickness Determine load eccentricity, ¢ 933ON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION AS 3600 C1144 RCDH Chart 7.6 Chart 7.17 Neewseay = (d~100) mm = (Noga 75 + Ny x 175) Noy = (190 x 75 + 47.6 x 175)/237.6 = 95mm .6¢= 95-100 =5mm <0.05 ty = 0,08 x 200 =10mm use minimum f= 25 MPa ty = 200 mm use Chart 7.6 Calculate Hye = 0.85 x48 Alm with © = 10 mim Read oN, = 1080 kNim > 288 kNim Design for horizontal forces #',= 25 MPa use Chart 7.17 Calculate Hy/Ly = 15:5/7.2 21 use 2.0 Calculate Lt, = 7200 x 200 x 10°e a4 650 kN > 246 kN Read Wie #0 reinforcement required for shear use ‘As wall thickness le 200 mm need have only | layer of reo. 9.34ON CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA AS 3600 11.616 RCDH Table 2.3 Table 23, AS 3600 C1162 Table 23 Reinforcement (a) Vertical ) Agy = 0.0015 x 200 x 1000 = 300 mmf N12. @ 300 mm (b) Horizontal Aah .0025 x 200 x 1000 = 500 mm2fin N12. @ 220 rom adopt: N12 @ 200 mn Check horizontal reinforcement for crack control Exposure classification Bt 2p = 0.006 .006 x 200 x 1000 = 1200 mm2/m NIG @ 160 mmON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE CALCULATION, AS 3600 C113. FOOTING COLUMN C4 Design Data Allowable bearing pressure a= 600 kPa Design loads Nt = 3616 kN Mt =0 kN Colurnn dimensions Gy = 450 me longit, reo = 4-N3G + 4 N32 Bars f= 25 MPa Estimate footing size Assume a square footing side length = b m Asoume ultimate bearing pressure wa ay 13.4, x be =N* 1.3 x 600 x b2 = 3618 b= VBGIBABx GOO =22m Check footing depth for column bar development length dew, length = 204, = 20x36 = 720 mm Calculate footing weight and confirm initial estimates N%=22x22x08x 24 95 kN Total load = N* + .25N*; = 3618 +125 x93 = 3734 kN Check b b = \B73413 x 600 = 22 mm OK 9.36ON (CEMENT & CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA REFERENCE a824 RCDH Chart 4:1 AS 3600 Cl 9.1.1(¢} Check one-way beam shear ri boy — 2dyl2 (2200 - 450 - 2x 720)/2 = 155 men by inspection one-way shear OK similarly ky inspection punching shear OK (most of load goce straight to foundation soil without causing shear in footing) Check BM capacity as cantilever about face of column Calculave BM per metre width M* = 9,L2/2 3 x 600 x O.8757/2 = B00 kNen/en Use Chart 41 Calculate M*/bd? = 300 x 108/000 x 7202 58 MPa Read Agp/bd = 0.0016 02 200 x 720 x 0,002 IGE mim? say 10 N20 each way Min, reo. percentage +. Number of bars