Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Name :
NOVIKA DYAH PRATIWI
Class :
XII A3
1. NARRATIVE
2. RECOUNT
3. DESCRIPTIVE
4. REPORT
5. EXPLANATION
6. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
7. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
8. PROCEDURE
9. DISCUSSION
10. REVIEW
11. ANECDOTE
12. SPOOF
2
1. NARRATIVE
Purpose:
To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Complication
4. Resolution
5. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
Example :
The Myth of Malin Kundang
A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and
her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent
because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang
had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to
catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the
town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was
being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and
power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to
him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life,
Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was
helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too.
When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village.
The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has
become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin
Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so
long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his
well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three
times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last
Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a
dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old
mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he
didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too
late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell
on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned
into a stone.
(Re-written from www.st.rim.or.jp)
3
Generic Structure
Many believe that a story can teach a society certain moral value. Most stories are build
in narrative. Because it is a narrative story, it must consists of complication. That
complication, in fact, is the moral value which like to be taught.
• Orientation
the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will
know that the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is
set as the place.
• Complication
this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that
there are more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi
complications. They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin
Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor complication. this hard life in
the first time was solved by his successful trading as new merchant. However this
narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication among the
participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every
story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one
• Resolution
this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning
into a stone
4
2. RECOUNT
Purpose:
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past
event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so
narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple
Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in
chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book;
myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are
constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict,
social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these
conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount
applies series of event as the basic structure.
Example:
My Horrible Experience
5
3. DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose:
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
Example:
Jatim Park
For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is
one of the famous tourism object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation
place as well as a study center.
Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too
difficult because the object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park
tourism object is about 22 hectares width.
Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new
knowledge. Just after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of ‘Galeri
Nusantara’ area. This study offering continues to step on ‘Taman Sejarah’ area, which
contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan temple, customhouse of Kiai
Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.
The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is ‘Agro Park’ area. It presents crop and
rareness fruits, animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been
conserved, and supporting games like bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc
Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer
precious tour and can used as alternative media of study.
Suited from:www.eastjava.com/tourism/batu/jatim-park.html
4. REPORT
6
Purpose:
To presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
Example:
Human Body Energy
5. EXPLANATION
Purpose:
7
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural
or socio-cultural phenomena.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
Example:
Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States of
America, Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by
Businessweek.
The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move
into due to their level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and
services.
The report ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi
Arabia, saying the threat of violence from extremest, in particular, was serious drawback
to living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests in Jakarta, such as the JW
Marriot hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in the city.
The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of
disease, poor sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.
In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the
administration to improve its performance.
6. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose:
To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
8
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
Example:
The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways to
make money. Writers are one group that have benefited from their talents as a result in
the rise of internet based jobs.
Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online. determined by the
owner of the blog. They are very popular because of the blogs are usually written on a
certain subject area but can vary as its content is heir simplicity to get up and running.
There are many free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you
choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a potential money
Article writing is also a good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear your
articles to promote and advertise you own business ventures. These articles are a free way
to market the products and services you offer for free. The most effective advertising with
these articles comes from the dialogue box that is inserted at the end of each article.
These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would like to drive
traffic to. For instance, you might have one link in your dialogue box to a product you are
selling and one to a blog where you are promoting a discussing other products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done' earning potential
can become very powerful.
• Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money
online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility, etc
• Causal conjunction ; because, etc
9
7. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose:
To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or
be done.
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
10
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple
word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How
should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his
examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should
student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince
that the thing should be done
Example:
Recently most people own mobile phone. Why does mobile phone
user increase dramatically in recent years? First, the feature and functions has increased.
Mobile phone is not used just for calling, but sending text, taking pictures, recording
videos, accessing internet, playing games and much more. Second, mobile phone has also
become a lot cheaper. Now this communication device does not only fill the pocket of
adult but also teenager and student. Even a lot phones are intentionally designed to
teenaged market. However should they be allowed to bring them to school?
Many schools do not allow students to bring cell phones to school. It is very
reasonable because bringing phone to school potentially disrupts the learning process.
Most students use cell phones irresponsibly. They use cell phones to talk to their friend
during class time. They also use the calculator and camera features in the class as well.
Those potentially lead less concentration in the time of learning and teaching process.
Students go to school to learn and behave fair way. Mobile phones provide a large
temptation to cheat in tests. They can communicate to anyone and almost anywhere in the
world. Because of the small size of the cell phone, students can send a text quietly and
discreetly. The text can go unnoticed anywhere to get help on answering tests, homework,
and other class assignment. Learning in school is to behave fair not cheating.
Therefore, schools should ban students from bringing their cell phones. However
it should be done fairly. In case of an emergency some student need a call for help,
providing easy access to phone is better.
11
8. PROCEDURE
Purpose:
To help readers how to do or make something completely.
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
Example:
Planting Chilies
12
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information
on how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight.
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area.
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some
fresh chilies soon.
9. DISCUSSION
Purpose:
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an
issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
Example:
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
13
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of
the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in
Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of
energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages
of nuclear plant are as follow:
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried
for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable,
a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca
be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
• Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the
contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.
14
10. REVIEW
Purpose:
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience.
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Example:
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days
prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.
2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when
Cusack drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers
crumble all around him from the shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying
sequence is equally thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment
15
malfunction almost threatens the entire mission.
Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In
2012 film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom.
However, Emmerich' 2012 deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his
trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky.
Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as
the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing
the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio
prophet trying to warn his listeners about Armageddon.
All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-
worthy. Music also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam
Lambert, who provides a rousing anthem over the end credits.
Simplified from:
www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/2012-film-review-1004041300.story
11. ANECDOTE
Purpose:
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
Example:
Blessing Behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with
nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They
were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but
finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats
for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America.
However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The
doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being
quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The
family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had
planned.
16
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship
leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his
son and God for the misfortune.
Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic,
had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called
the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog,
they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked
him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind
a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)
• Abstract:
Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true,
there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we
do?
• Orientation:
The Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They
prepared well for their plan
• Crisis:
Few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It
made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
• Incident:
The family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his
son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not
accept it.
• Coda:
The father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because
of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a
tragedy but a blessing.
17
12. SPOOF
Purpose:
To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Example:
Loving Money Too Much
There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his
life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it
came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.
Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want you
to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the
afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she
would put all the money in the casket with him.
Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife
was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the
ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said "Wait
just a minute!"
She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the
casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long
after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the
casket."
18
The wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have promised." Then she
continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket
with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said; "You mean that you have put every cent of
his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered; "Surely I did. I got it all
together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."
(Re-written from www.onlyfunnystories.com)
Example:
Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
19
have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily
rising.
Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying
besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected
unknowingly by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can
protect them. But there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though they
know they have HIV” she said.
(Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/)
EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Noto
www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/2012-film-review-1004041300.story
www.onlyfunnystories.com
The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008
www.st.rim.or.jp
understandingtext.blogspot.com
20