Day One

Introduction to Housing

Holistic View of Housing

- Settlements vis-a-vis social and economic systems the nomadic economy
The Nomadic Economy
The food gathering and hunting
Temporary abodes
Resource-based dwellings
Loose sense of territoriality
Perishable materials
Migration in Paleolithic Period
First known inhabitants called migrating mammals
Came through land bridges
Evidences Point to Two Streams
Eastern side of archipelago and farther north
Borneo and Palawan - Western side of Philippines including Luzon
Occupy one large territory
Use one place more or less a permanent home
Convenient sites (Rock shelters and ledges or mouth of caves)
Absences of caves, living areas are buttresses roots of large trees with large
leaves for roofing.
The Agricultural Economy
The Village System
Organization and hierarchy
Establishment and Communities
Migrants move in trickles, along the river banks and seacoasts.
Settlements along or near headwaters of major rivers and tributaries
evolving to Riverine and Coastal orientation
Kaingin or slash and burn
Cultivation then wet rice agriculture
The Feudal System
Strong sense of territoriality
Self-subsistent
Radial Settlements
Mobility rendered by horses
Highly organized

Basic Settlement Forms

Linear Hamlet
Group Hamlet
String Village
Cluster Village
Round Village
Skeleton Grid Plan
Walled Village
Rural Dispersed

Mercantilism
Relatively fragmented Social Organizations
Relatively loose physical boundaries
Mobility by sea vessels
Development of coastal areas
Growth of retail outlets
Development of Ports
Colonialism
Assimilation of culture
Expansion of Territories
Imposition of Urban Layouts
Industrialization
Assembly line, product standardization
Mass production
High density settlements
Blight inner cities
Development of suburbia
Development of a Railway System
Mobility thru Auto mobiles and Highways
The Age of Information Technology and Globalization
Cross-country transfer of standards
Localization of imported technology
Service Economy
Re-definition of workplace
Land Purification

Cross Country Transfer

Land Purification
The Upton farm is a 246-acre property in Charlottetown, Pei.

The brown-colored field to the south of the highway is bordered by maypoint

road, and it is proposed to build 350 housing units consisting of houses,
apartment buildings and town houses here.
Is the housing the best implementation of the land?

Concept Housing
It refers not only to the provision of shelter but also to the provision of the
basic amenities that make up a human settlements as well as the
improvement of the environmental conditions in marginal areas.
Factors that influences Housing in a Political view
Every people have the right to have an adequate housing be its on his own or
not or simply availing the program of the government for land source system.
Social View:
Due to rural-urban migration there is a concentration and over growing of
people in the city. This poses a great problem in housing especially the urban
poor who are homeless and underprivileged.
Economic View
Development and Urbanization Business and manufacturing establishments
as well as labor force increased causing to have a higher demand in providing
housing which is near to their employments and economic opportunities.
Physical View
In our country especially in Manila there are various places that we see and
termed as blighted slums that needed rehabilitation and upgrading.
Cultural View:
Greece Treatment and use of the housing and in the quality environment
care.
Arab Culture (Tunisia) form of housing is a communal area
Technological View:
Appropriate Design
Building materials, Resources and skills that are available
Prefabrication or modularization
Production process
Indigenous technology
Sweat equity

Problems affecting Housing:

1. Lack of access to land and security of tenure
2. Lack of sustainable source of funds
3. Lack of access to affordable housing materials

4. Poor policy framework

5. Enhancing local government capabilities
6. Engage effective participation of urban poor, non-governmental organization
and private sector
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Pre-Colonial Philippines
The region of Southeast Asia had been penetrated by grand world tradition
from China, Arabia and India.
Overland migrations, caravans, and armies took the route south from China
crossing the intervening countries and down to the Malay Peninsula.
The Barangay Society
Settlements were located along inland rivers or mountain streams
Boat making and pottery technology developed; Burial jars for the dead
become part of Bangay culture
Panay everyone knew how to spin and weave for clothing
Overall, life in the barangay was local.
Spanish Conquest
Small Barangays were consolidated into new political Dominion
1589, regime began a sweeping reorganization of the natives
The viability of the Pueblo-Parish System depended on keeping the natives
The first sector of the new land systems was the Pueblo Lands
Lands awarded to the Church sector became basis of the hacienda agriculture
Pueblo parishes evolved in encomiendas
Post-Colonial Economy
Philippine Economy (1700 1770s) marked by the phasing out of private
encomiendas
An aspect of modern Filipino Folk Culture evolved during this period.
Stability in Pueblos, money transactions and steady population growth gave
play to socio-economic forces.
Organic Development as a Factor of Social and Economic Systems
Organic Development a type of development that will ensue minimal
planning and intervention at the statutory level
Settlements are shaped by natural processes that arise out of day-to-day
encounters among the individuals and social organizations.
Market Forces, modes of subsistence and cultural factors determine the
configuration of physical settlements.
Planned Development on the other hand, is a product of a conscious effort
to direct growth and pre-determine the final pattern of settlements.
Examples of Organic and Spontaneous Development
Squatters in Intramuros

Railways squatters in Sampaloc

Raon Street, Manila
Medieval Cities The Tell, Iraq

Examples of Planned Development

Intramuros, Manila
Docklands, London

Day Two

Philippine Perspective on Housing

(Current Housing Demand, Needs and Supply)
Indicators of Housing Problems
The problem of housing illegal occupancy of land or of housing space and
subsequent formation of squatter communities
1. Squatting
Described as the illegal occupancy of land owned by others, became a
preferred solution to the housing problem by those with little or no resources.
Professional Squatters and squatter syndicates - refer to those occupying a
vacant land owned by others in order to sell rights for its use to others.
Makeshift housing refers to the use of salvaged or improvised construction
materials for the roof or walls used with other construction materials.
Makeshift dwellers:
Dont have access to a potable water system (26%)
Most shared community system (51%)
Dont have toilets (38%)
Burned garbage (13%) (Endriga et all 1996:35)
PCUP

Presidential Commission on the Urban Poor

No. of squatter urban poor families 717,328
16% - lived in dangerous areas
22% - in sites for infrastructure projects
35% - government-owned areas for priority development
27% - privately-owned land

Local

Government
No. of squatter urban poor families 432,450 Households
23% - occupied government lands
15% - danger zones
40% - infrastructure sites
22% - privately-owned land

National Housing Authority

No. of slums and squatters dwellers 406,000 Households
Covered major thoroughfares, esteros, creek, waterways, previously cleared
squatter areas.
A slum area describes:
Lack of provisions for electricity, water, roads, waste disposals and drainage,
a situation as dangerous to health as to environment
Government Solution:
Clear the areas
Resettle the people in far-flung vacant lands
On-site slum upgrading, providing services
improvement program

and

implementing

zonal

2. Housing Demand
New households / new stock
Old, dilapidated stock need to be upgraded
Available stock but not responsive to needs

Housing Backlog households with sub standards units including those in

places with sites and services programs which were being upgraded.
Future Needs additional and new houses required by new households

Housing needs housing backlog + future needs

Number of dwelling units required for household who were currently
occupying structures not untended or suitable for human habitations, plus
the number of dwellings needed to meet the one household-one dwelling
requirement.
Double-up-households more than one household in one dwelling unit.
Future housing needs projected increase in households plus housing
required to replace losses due to obsolescence.
NEDA National Economic Development Authority
Projected housing need as: housing backlog and future needs.
Private Sector Economic Housing
Government Socialized Housing
Solution to housing need government assistance in the production of
housing units (private sector) and government loans to acquire house and
land.
HOUSING FOR WHOM?
Who are in need?
Who are the poor?
Income

Expenses
Size of Households
Dwelling type
Educational attainment of household head
Membership in Urban Poor Organizations
Source of livelihood
Ability to meet basic needs

Who are the poor?

Squatters, slum dwellers, makeshift dwellers, landless poor reflect several
dimensions of poverty
Squatter legal term referring to those occupy land without the consent of
the owner.
Slum dweller emphasize blighted physical conditions of urban poor
communities.
Makeshift dweller refers to those staying in dwelling units that are made of
scrap materials and are usually in state disrepair.
Urban Poor individuals or families residing in urban and urbanizable areas
whose income or combined household income falls within the poverty
household.
Homeless
No designated shelter
Moves from one place to another
Found everywhere; seeks shelter in streets, parks, under bridges, etc.
Illegal occupant
Has designated shelter
Creates a temporary or permanent structure to which they can return
Abounds in areas close to major urban centers, along river banks and
close to municipal garbage dump
Measures of Poverty
Poverty measures used in the Philippines are:
1. Food threshold or subsistence household
2. Poverty threshold or Poverty Line
Food threshold is measured in terms of a food basket which satisfies all
(100%) of the Recommended Dietary Allowance or RDA for energy, all (100%)
of the RDA for protein and 80% of the RDA for vitamins and other nutrients

Computation:
FT (Food Cost) x 30.4 approximate no. of days per month to get monthly food
threshold
Or 365 days (30.4 days/month x 12 months) to get annual FT

Poverty threshold or Poverty Line

Poverty Threshold monthly income requirement to satisfy 100% of
nutritional requirement and other needs of a family of 6
Poverty Threshold (PT) = FT Food Threshold; ER Expenditure Ratio
ER Ratio of food expenditure to the total basic expenditure
Total Basic Expenditures of the family income and expenditures survey
(FIES) sample families falling within 5
3. Lack of Access to Housing Finance
Reasons that the poor cannot have access to such housing schemes:
Gap between the income of the poor
Costs of land and house construction
Terms of housing finance
Provisions for the poor resettlement, slum upgrading and zonal improvement
But no housing finance for the,
4. Insecurity of Land Tenure
Housing problems as lack of security of the land tenure
Community Mortgage Program (CMP) making poor-pioneering effort of
government at socialized housing.
Subsidies and effective bureaucracies were needed.
5. Lack of Comprehensive Policy and Institutional Framework
Continued increase of squatters
Among the poor, incomes have become differentiated.
Security of land tenure as a solution requires that land be available for
socialized housing
The Causes: Urbanization, Migration, Poverty
Squatting migration of poor rural people to urban areas
Migration attributed to urbanization
Data on income show the incidence of poverty (proportion of families below
poverty threshold to total number of families) in many areas of Metro Manila.