How To - Beam Stresses

General Page 1 of 7
COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001
COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-
ASD89
Technical Note
Allowable Bending Stresses

General
This Technical Note describes how the program determines the allowable
bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specification for composite beams.
The methodologies for determining the allowable bending stress for both the
steel beam alone and the composite beam are described.
Important note concerning cover plates: This section describes how the
allowable bending stresses are determined for steel beams. When a cover
plate is present, the program determines the allowable stresses for the beam
as if the cover plate were not present, except as noted in Note 3 for Table 1.
Based on the allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom
flange, Fb-bbf, which the program determines as described in this Technical
Note, the allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover plate, Fb-bcp is
taken as shown in Equation 1.
y
y cp
b-bcp b bbf
F
F
F F Eqn. 1
where,
Fb-bbf = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam
bottom flange, ksi.
F
b-bcp = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover
plate, ksi.
F
y = Yield stress of beam, ksi.
F
ycp = Yield stress of cover plate, ksi.
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Allowable Bending Stresses
Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone Page 2 of 7
Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam

Alone
This section documents the allowable bending stresses that the program uses
when the steel beam alone (noncomposite) resists the bending. Allowable
bending stresses are provided for both compression and tension.
Note:
Allowable stresses for composite beams are described in the section entitled Allowable
Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam later in this Technical
Note.
The allowable bending stress for the steel beam alone depends on the type of
beam section, whether the compression flange and the web are compact or
noncompact, the yield stress of the beam and the unsupported length of the
compression flange, Lb. Table 1 identifies the equations that are used to calculate the
allowable bending stress of the steel beam alone for various conditions.
Table 1 is based on the requirements of Chapter F, Section F1 in the AISCASD89
specification. The compact and noncompact requirements that the
programe uses for the flanges, web and the cover plate (if it exists and is in
compression) are presented in Technical Note Width-to-Thickness Checks
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
In the Flange and Cover Plate column of Table 1, if the flange or the cover
plate is noncompact, the column entry is noncompact. Both the flange and
the cover plate must be compact for the entry to be compact.
Table 1 Equations Used by the Program for Allowable Bending

Stress for Steel Beam Alone
Type of
Beam Section
Flange
and
Cover
Plate Web
Beam
Fy
Unsupported
Length of
Compression
Flange1
Equation(s) for Fb,
the Allowable Bending
Stress
compact compact 65 ksi Lc 3
in tension or compression
compact compact > 65 ksi Lc 6
compact noncompact No limit Lc 6
noncompact compact 65 ksi Lc 4
noncompact compact > 65 ksi Lc 6
noncompact noncompact No limit Lc 6
Rolled I-shaped or
channel section
from the program
database
compact or
noncompact
compact or
noncompact No limit > Lc
6 for tension; larger of 7 or
8, as applicable and 9 for
compression2
noncompact compact or
noncompact 65 ksi Lc in tension or compression5
noncompact > 65 ksi Lc in tension or compression6
User defined
(welded) section
that is
I-shaped or a
channel
compact or
noncompact
compact or
compression2, 3
Table Descriptive Notes:
1. See Equation 2 for Lc.
2. Equations 7 and 8 do not apply to channels.
3. For I-shaped beams, Equation 9 does not apply if the area of the compression flange is
less
than the area of the tension flange. For this check the area of the cover plate is included as
part of the flange area.
In the fifth column of Table 1, the unsupported length of the compression
flange is compared to Lc. The length Lc is defined in Equation 2.
y
( )f y
f
c
dAF
20000
and
F
76b
L = smaller of Eqn. 2
The Af and bf terms in Equation 2 are the area and width of the beam compression flange
(not including cover plate even if it exists), respectively.
These terms are never based on the cover plate dimensions. The F y term is
the yield stress of the beam (not cover plate)
The equations referred to in the last column of Table 1 are listed below.
Fb = 0.66 Fy Eqn. 3
=
y
f
f
by
2t
b
F F 0.79 0.002 Eqn. 4

=
yc
f
f
by
Fk
2t
b
F F 0.79 0.002 Eqn. 5
where
c
( )h t w 0.46
4.05
k = , for h/tw > 70, otherwise kc = 1 Eqn. 5a
Fb = 0.60 Fy Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, the program takes Fy as the yield stress of the compression
flange for hybrid beams.
()
yy
b
3
2
yT
b
y
b
3
yT
b
3
F 0.60F
1,530 * 10 C
Flr
23
F
F
510 * 10 C
r
l
F
102 * 10 C
When
Eqn. 7
( )T 2 y
b
3
b
y
b
3
T
0.60F
lr
170 * 10 C
F
F
510 * 10 C
lr
When
=
>
Eqn. 8
( )f y
b
3
0.60F
ld A
12 * 10 C
b
F = Eqn. 9
In Equations 7 and 8, the l term in l/rT is the unbraced length of the compression flange. The
rT term is based on the compression flange of the beam. This
is significant when the dimensions of the top and bottom flanges are different.
For rolled sections, the rT term is taken from the program database. For userdefined (welded)
sections, the rT term is calculated using Equation 10a or
10b. Equation 10a applies for positive bending and Equation 10b applies for
negative bending. If it exists, the cover plate is ignored when calculating r T.
For positive bending:
()
()
3
dytt
bt
36
dytt
12
bt
r
bare f top w
f top f top
3w
f top bare f top
3
f top
T
+
= Eqn. 10a
For negative bending:
()
()
3
ytt
bt
36
ytt
12
bt
r
bare f bot w
f bot f bot
3w
f bot bare f bot
3
f bot
T
+
= Eqn. 10b
The Cb term in Equations 7, 8 and 9 is defined in "Bracing (C) Tab and Bracing Tab" in
Technical Note Overwrites Composite Beam Design AISC-ASC89.
In Equation 9 Af is the area of the compression flange (not including the cover
plate even if it exists).
Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam Page 6 of 7
The derivation of ybare is provided in "Properties of Steel Beam (Plus Cover
Plate) Alone" in Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam
Design AISC-ASD89.
Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive

Bending in the
Composite Beam
Note:
Allowable stresses when composite connection is not considered is described earlier in
this Technical Note in the section entitled Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam
Alone.
Figure 1 shows a typical composite beam. When there is positive bending in
the beam there is compression at the top of the concrete and tension at the
bottom of the beam. For positive bending in a composite beam, the program
checks the stresses at the following locations:
Compression stress at the top of the concrete. This stress is limited to
0.45 '
fc .
Tension or compression at the top of the top flange of the beam. See Table 2 for the
allowable stress.
Tension or compression at the bottom of the bottom flange of the beam.
In practice, it is unlikely that the bottom flange of the beam will ever be in
compression for positive bending. It would require an extremely large
cover plate, beyond the bounds of practicality. See Table 2 for the allowable stress.
Tension at the bottom of the cover plate. See Table 2 and the section entitled General at
the beginning of this Technical Note for the allowable
stress.
Table 2 defines the equations that are used to calculate the allowable bending
stress for the steel beam portion of a composite beam section for various
conditions. The equation used depends on whether the beam web is compact
and whether the yield stress is less than or equal to 65 ksi.

Table 2: Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending

Stress in the Steel Beam Portion of a Composite Beam
Type of Beam Equations Used for Allowable Stresses
Section Web Beam Fy Compression Tension
compact 65 ksi 11 11
nonAny compact 65 ksi 12 12
composite beam
compact or
noncompact > 65 ksi 12 12
Fb = 0.66 Fy Eqn.11
Fb = 0.60 Fy Eqn. 12
b
cp
h
t cp d r t c
Concrete slab
Metal deck
Steel beam
Cover plate
Figure 1 Composite BeamGeneral Page 1 of 7

COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001
COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-
ASD89
Technical Note
Allowable Bending Stresses

General
This Technical Note describes how the program determines the allowable
bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specification for composite beams.
The methodologies for determining the allowable bending stress for both the
steel beam alone and the composite beam are described.
Important note concerning cover plates: This section describes how the
allowable bending stresses are determined for steel beams. When a cover
plate is present, the program determines the allowable stresses for the beam
as if the cover plate were not present, except as noted in Note 3 for Table 1.
Based on the allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom
flange, Fb-bbf, which the program determines as described in this Technical
Note, the allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover plate, Fb-bcp is
taken as shown in Equation 1.

y
y cp
b-bcp b bbf
F
F
F F Eqn. 1
where,
Fb-bbf = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam
bottom flange, ksi.
F
b-bcp = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover
plate, ksi.
F
y = Yield stress of beam, ksi.
F
ycp = Yield stress of cover plate, ksi.
Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam

Alone
This section documents the allowable bending stresses that the program uses
when the steel beam alone (noncomposite) resists the bending. Allowable
bending stresses are provided for both compression and tension.
Note:
Allowable stresses for composite beams are described in the section entitled Allowable
Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam later in this Technical
Note.
The allowable bending stress for the steel beam alone depends on the type of
beam section, whether the compression flange and the web are compact or
noncompact, the yield stress of the beam and the unsupported length of the
compression flange, Lb. Table 1 identifies the equations that are used to calculate the
allowable bending stress of the steel beam alone for various conditions.
Table 1 is based on the requirements of Chapter F, Section F1 in the AISCASD89
specification. The compact and noncompact requirements that the
programe uses for the flanges, web and the cover plate (if it exists and is in
compression) are presented in Technical Note Width-to-Thickness Checks
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
In the Flange and Cover Plate column of Table 1, if the flange or the cover
plate is noncompact, the column entry is noncompact. Both the flange and
the cover plate must be compact for the entry to be compact.
Table 1 Equations Used by the Program for Allowable Bending

Stress for Steel Beam Alone
Type of
Beam Section
Flange
and
Cover
Plate Web
Beam
Fy
Unsupported
Length of
Compression
Flange1
Equation(s) for Fb,
the Allowable Bending
Stress
noncompact compact 65 ksi Lc 4
noncompact compact > 65 ksi Lc 6
noncompact noncompact No limit Lc 6
Rolled I-shaped or
channel section
from the program
database
compact or
noncompact
compact or
compression2
noncompact 65 ksi Lc in tension or compression5
noncompact > 65 ksi Lc in tension or compression6
User defined
(welded) section
that is
I-shaped or a
channel
compact or
noncompact
compact or
compression2, 3
Table Descriptive Notes:
1. See Equation 2 for Lc.
2. Equations 7 and 8 do not apply to channels.
3. For I-shaped beams, Equation 9 does not apply if the area of the compression flange is
less
than the area of the tension flange. For this check the area of the cover plate is included as
part of the flange area.
In the fifth column of Table 1, the unsupported length of the compression
flange is compared to Lc. The length Lc is defined in Equation 2.
y
( )f y
f
c
dAF
20000
and
F
76b
L = smaller of Eqn. 2
The Af and bf terms in Equation 2 are the area and width of the beam compression flange
(not including cover plate even if it exists), respectively.
These terms are never based on the cover plate dimensions. The F y term is
the yield stress of the beam (not cover plate)
The equations referred to in the last column of Table 1 are listed below.
Fb = 0.66 Fy Eqn. 3
=
y
f
f
F
2t
b
F F 0.79 0.002 Eqn. 4

by

=
yc
f
f
by
Fk
2t
b
F F 0.79 0.002 Eqn. 5
where
c
( )h t w 0.46
4.05
k = , for h/tw > 70, otherwise kc = 1 Eqn. 5a
Fb = 0.60 Fy Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, the program takes Fy as the yield stress of the compression
flange for hybrid beams.
()
yy
b
3
2
yT
b
y
b
3
yT
b
3
F 0.60F
1,530 * 10 C
Flr
23
F
F
510 * 10 C
r
l
F
102 * 10 C
When
Eqn. 7
( )T 2 y
b
3
b
y
b
3
T
0.60F
lr
170 * 10 C
F
F
510 * 10 C
lr
When
=
>
Eqn. 8
( )f y
b
3
0.60F
ld A
12 * 10 C
F = Eqn. 9
b
In Equations 7 and 8, the l term in l/rT is the unbraced length of the compression flange. The
rT term is based on the compression flange of the beam. This
is significant when the dimensions of the top and bottom flanges are different.
For rolled sections, the rT term is taken from the program database. For userdefined (welded)
sections, the rT term is calculated using Equation 10a or
10b. Equation 10a applies for positive bending and Equation 10b applies for
negative bending. If it exists, the cover plate is ignored when calculating r T.
For positive bending:
()
()
3
dytt
bt
36
dytt
12
bt
r
bare f top w
f top f top
3w
f top bare f top
3
f top
T
+
= Eqn. 10a
For negative bending:
()
()
3
ytt
bt
36
ytt
12
bt
r
bare f bot w
f bot f bot
3w
f bot bare f bot
3
f bot
T
+
= Eqn. 10b
The Cb term in Equations 7, 8 and 9 is defined in "Bracing (C) Tab and Bracing Tab" in
Technical Note Overwrites Composite Beam Design AISC-ASC89.
In Equation 9 Af is the area of the compression flange (not including the cover
plate even if it exists).
The derivation of ybare is provided in "Properties of Steel Beam (Plus Cover
Plate) Alone" in Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam
Design AISC-ASD89.
Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive
Bending in the
Composite Beam
Note:
Allowable stresses when composite connection is not considered is described earlier in
this Technical Note in the section entitled Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam
Alone.
Figure 1 shows a typical composite beam. When there is positive bending in
the beam there is compression at the top of the concrete and tension at the
bottom of the beam. For positive bending in a composite beam, the program
checks the stresses at the following locations:
Compression stress at the top of the concrete. This stress is limited to
0.45 '
fc .
Tension or compression at the top of the top flange of the beam. See Table 2 for the
allowable stress.
Tension or compression at the bottom of the bottom flange of the beam.
In practice, it is unlikely that the bottom flange of the beam will ever be in
compression for positive bending. It would require an extremely large
cover plate, beyond the bounds of practicality. See Table 2 for the allowable stress.
Tension at the bottom of the cover plate. See Table 2 and the section entitled General at
the beginning of this Technical Note for the allowable
stress.
Table 2 defines the equations that are used to calculate the allowable bending
stress for the steel beam portion of a composite beam section for various
conditions. The equation used depends on whether the beam web is compact
and whether the yield stress is less than or equal to 65 ksi.
Table 2: Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending

Stress in the Steel Beam Portion of a Composite Beam
Type of Beam Equations Used for Allowable Stresses
Section Web Beam Fy Compression Tension
compact 65 ksi 11 11
nonAny compact 65 ksi 12 12
composite beam
compact or
noncompact > 65 ksi 12 12
Fb = 0.66 Fy Eqn.11
Fb = 0.60 Fy Eqn. 12
b
cp
h
t cp d r t c
Concrete slab
Metal deck
Steel beam
Cover plate
Figure 1 Composite Beam

How To - Beam Stresses

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General Page 1 of 7

COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-

Allowable Bending Stresses

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam

Table 1 Equations Used by the Program for Allowable Bending

Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive

and whether the yield stress is less than or equal to 65 ksi.

Table 2: Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending

Figure 1 Composite BeamGeneral Page 1 of 7

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-

Allowable Bending Stresses

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam

Table 1 Equations Used by the Program for Allowable Bending

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone Page 5 of 7

Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive

Table 2: Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending

Figure 1 Composite Beam

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