GAC Regeneration using The novel a

Used GAC is regenerated by washing with approximately one to three bed volumes of an aqueous solution of about 25% (v:v) ethanol,
NB:

* The alcohol is preferably ethanol, but other alcohols such as methanol may also be used. (However, Methanol should
* The alkali is preferably NaOH, but may also be other another base such as KOH.
* The acid is preferably HCl, however, H 2SO4 may be used

* The oxidant is preferably hydrogen peroxide, but may also be another oxidant, for example ozone, or a chlorine-base
* The temperature at which the process is run may be any temperature at which the process works, preferably betwee

STEP 1:

An optional acid wash step, typically using about one bed volume of about 2% to

Acid used:

H2SO4

; Molar weight

98.08 g/mol ;

C1 =

Conc.(Undilute soln),

vol (H2O) =

1.803

of the pure acid in every 1mL.

173.107 mL ;

1.84 g/mL ;

18.385 mol/L
; Volume of final solution, V2 =

To prepare 4% (w/w) i.e. 4g Acid/100g Soln.

By definition, there are

S.G. =

vol (Soln.) =

174.107 mL

1000 L
Thus, we need to add 96 times a
and

Density,

(Soln)

Coverting from wt% to vol% :

vol (H2SO4) =

mass (H2SO4)/(H2SO4)

4% (w/w)

Conc.(Dilute soln),

2.174 mL

and vol (Soln.) =

1.249% (v/v)

C2 =

0.073 mol/L

Therefore, the volume of stock acid needed to prepare 4% (w/w) aqueous solution is given as:

vol(Stock acid needed),

V1 =

3.977 L

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

To explain furhter, measure & pour

3.977 Litres of the stock acid into
1000
Litres of Water.
This solution is to be used for the first step among the series of steps for the washing of the used GAC
NB: Add acid to Water, not the other way round!

STEP 2:

An optional washing step, typically using about one bed volume of about 1% to a

Alkali used:

NaOH

; Molar weight

Conc.(pure Alkali solids),

40.01 g/mol ;

C1 =

vol (H2O) =

0.765

of the pure alkali in every 1mL.

74.970 mL ;

1.53 g/mL ;

19.120 mol/L
; Volume of final solution, V2 =

To prepare 2% (w/w) i.e. 2g Alkali/100g Soln.

By definition, there are

S.G. =

vol (Soln.) =

75.970 mL

1000 L
Thus, we need to add 98 times a
and

Density,

(Soln)

Coverting from wt% to vol% :

vol (aq. Alkali) =

mass (NaOH)/(NaOH(s))

2% (w/w)

Conc.(Aqueos soln),

1.307 mL

and vol (Soln.) =

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

1.721% (v/v)

C2 =

0.566 mol/L

Therefore, the mass of Alkali solid pellets needed to prepare 2% (w/w) aqueous solution is given as:

m (Stock alkali needed),

M1 =

45.299 kg

To explain furhter, measure & dissolve

45.299 kg of the stock alkali solids in 1000
Litres of Water.
This solution is to be used for the second step among the series of steps for the washing of the used GAC

STEP 3:

Washing with approximately one to three bed volumes of a solution of about 20%
preferably about 2% (m:m) NaOH; and about 0.05% to about 0.5%, preferably abo

Determine the volume of alcohol needed:

CH3OH
Alcohol used:
; Molar weight

Conc.(Undilute soln),

32.04 g/mol ;

C1 =

0.791 g/mL ;

24.639 mol/L
; Volume of final solution, V2 =

To prepare 25% (v/v) i.e. 25mL Alcohol/100mL Soln.

Conc.(Dilute soln),

S.G. =

C2 =

1000 L

and

6.172 mol/L

Therefore, the volume of stock acid needed to prepare 4% (w/w) aqueous solution is given as:

vol(Stock alcohol needed), V1 =

Determine the volume of hydrogen peroxide needed:
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
; Molar weight
=

Conc.(Undilute soln),

34.015 g/mol ;

C1 =

0.600

vol (H2O) =

S.G. =

g of the pure hydrogen peroxide in every 1mL.

59.940 mL ;

1.2 g/mL ;

17.639 mol/L
; Volume of final solution, V2 =

To prepare 0.1% (w/w) i.e. 0.1g Peroxide/100g Soln.

By definition, there are

250.501 L

vol (Soln.) =

60.940 mL

1000 L
Thus, we need to add 99.9 times
and

Density,

(Soln)

Coverting from wt% to vol% :

vol (H2O2) =

mass (H2O2)/(H2O2)

0.1% (w/w)

Conc.(Dilute soln),

0.083 mL

and vol (Soln.) =

0.137% (v/v)

C2 =

0.066 mol/L

Therefore, the volume of stock peroxide needed to prepare 0.1% (w/w) aqueous solution is given as:

vol(Stock peroxide needed), V1 =

3.740 L

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

To prepare the alcohol/alkali/peroxide aqueous solution, measure and dissolve

45.299 kg of the Alkali an
3.740 Litres of the Alcohol and peroxide respectively into the aqueous Alkali solution and top up with
The used GAC is to be soaked in this solution overnight.

STEP 4:

An optional post-regenerative wash with one bed volume of about 1% to about 4%

Alkali used:

NaOH

; Molar weight

Conc.(pure Alkali solids),

40.01 g/mol ;

C1 =

vol (H2O) =

0.765

of the pure alkali in every 1mL.

74.970 mL ;

1.53 g/mL ;

19.120 mol/L
; Volume of final solution, V2 =

To prepare 2% (w/w) i.e. 2g Alkali/100g Soln.

By definition, there are

S.G. =

vol (Soln.) =

75.970 mL

1000 L
Thus, we need to add 98 times a
and

Density,

(Soln)

Coverting from wt% to vol% :

vol (aq. Alkali) =

mass (NaOH)/(NaOH(s))

2% (w/w)

Conc.(Aqueos soln),

1.307 mL

and vol (Soln.) =

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

1.721% (v/v)

C2 =

0.566 mol/L

Therefore, the mass of Alkali solid pellets needed to prepare 2% (w/w) aqueous solution is given as:

m (Stock alkali needed),

M1 =

45.299 kg

To explain furhter, measure & dissolve

45.299 kg of the stock alkali solids in 1000
Litres of Water.
This solution is to be used for the fourth step among the series of steps for the washing of the used GAC afte
alcohol/alkali/peroxide solution

STEP 5:

An optional step of washing with water

The final step involves washing the GAC with fresh water

The above steps of washing may be followed by drying

g The novel alkali/ethanol/hydrogen peroxide Steps

ut 25% (v:v) ethanol, about 2% (m:m) NaOH, and about 0.1% (m:m) hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2).

ever, Methanol should generally not be used in the food industry)

ne, or a chlorine-based oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite.

ks, preferably between about 20 C and about 70 C, most preferably about 50 C.

of about 2% to about 6%, preferably about 4% (m:m) aqueous HCl

% Purity =

98.00%

ed to add 96 times as much H 2O to have a solution of 4% (w/w)

ensity,

(Soln)

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

0.574 g/mL
=

174.107 mL

itres of Water.
used GAC

about 1% to about 4%, preferably about 2% (m:m) aqueous NaOH

% Purity =

50.00%

ed to add 98 times as much H 2O to have a solution of 2% (w/w)

ensity,

(Soln)

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

1.316 g/mL
=

75.970 mL

itres of Water.
the used GAC

n of about 20% to about 30%, preferably about 25% (v:v) ethanol; about 1% to about 4%,
, preferably about 0.1% (m:m) hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2)

% Purity =

99.80%

% Purity =

25.00%

% Purity =

50.00%

ed to add 99.9 times as much H 2O to have a solution of 0.1% (w/w)

ensity,

(Soln)

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

1.641 g/mL
=

60.940 mL

g of the Alkali and dissolve in some water. Measure and pour

n and top up with water to the
1000
Litres mark.

250.501 &

1% to about 4%, preferably about 2% (m:m) aqueous NaOH

% Purity =

50.00%

ed to add 98 times as much H 2O to have a solution of 2% (w/w)

ensity,

(Soln)

mass (Soln.)/(Soln.)

1.316 g/mL
=

75.970 mL

itres of Water.
he used GAC after soaking in the aqueous

out 4%,