Hartmut S.

Leipner: Defects in crystals

3.4 Dislocation motion

and generation

Slip of crystals
Velocity of dislocations
Peierls energy
FrankRead source
Cross slip of screw dislocations

Concept of slip

Glide conservative motion of dislocation in the surface which contains

both its line and Burgers vector
Climb nonconservative motion out of the glide surface normal to the
Burgers vector
Glide of many dislocations results in slip, the manifestation of plastic
deformation of crystals
Slip planes are normally the planes with highest density of atoms,
direction of slip the direction of closest spacing

Slip plane + slip direction: slip system

Examples:
hcp
fcc

(0001) basal planes, directions 1210

{111}110

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Resolved shear stress

Shear stress resolved on the slip

plane in the slip direction:

Schmid factor m = cos cos

Min. stress required for the onset of slip:
critical resolved shear stress

Geometry of slip
hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

[Hull, Bacon 1992] Slip

Salami

Direction of dislocation glide

b

Dislocations of opposite sense glide

in opposite directions
For dislocation glide, a shear stress
must act on the slip plane in the
direction of the Burgers vector
The direction of the motion is
given by the PeachKoehler
formula, Fd = (b)

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

[Hull, Bacon 1992] Glide direction

Measurement of the dislocation glide velocity

Dislocation etch pits on a LiF crystal. The crystal has been etched three
times. The movement of dislocation B under two subsequent stress pulses
is indicated by the pits. Dislocations A did not move.

[Gilman, Johnston 1957/Hull, Bacon 1992]

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Etch pits LiF modified

In situ observation of dislocation glide

TEM

Thermal activation of dislocation glide by heating of the specimen

inside the transmission electron microscope to a temperature of 680 C

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Disloc_TEMmpg
Misfit loop

Velocity of dislocations

Different velocities for different types of dislocations

Critical stress for the onset of glide (CRSS)

Strongly material dependent

Strong dependence on purity of materials (doping)

Speed of sound upper limit for dislocation velocity

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Velocity of dislocations
3105 cm/s

Dislocation velocity (cm/s)

Velocity of (110)[110] shear waves

Stress dependence of dislocation velocity in LiF

[Gilman, Johnston 1959/Hull, Bacon 1992]

Stress (MPa)
hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Dislocation velocity LiF

Dislocation velocity in IIIV compounds

Dislocation velocities in undoped
GaAs and InP

[Sumino 1992]

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Q/eV

GaAs

1.61.8 1.31.4

InP

1.41.8 1.61.7

Dislocation velocity GaAs InP

Peierls model of the dislocation core

y
b

Displacement of atoms u at an edge

dislocation. The lower panel shows the
displacement difference u across the
slip plane (disregistry).

[Hull, Bacon 1992]

u/b

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

u = u(B) u(A)
dislocation width w: disregistry
greater than one half of its
maximum value

Peierls model

10

Peierls barrier

Disregistry

Simple approach (PeierlsNabarro model): sinusoidal force relation

between planes A, B
Calculation of the dislocation core energy per unit length as a function
of the dislocation position
Maximum: Peierls energy

core energy, resistance to dislocation movement

Peierls stress: resolved shear stress required to move a dislocation in the

perfect crystal
Direct consequence of the lattice periodicity
P depends on the core structure

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

11

Peierls potential

h
Closed packed
direction
Peierls valleys
(dislocation equilibrium
position at 0 K)

Dislocation position
at finite temperature

E
EP
x
hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

12

Double-kink nucleation

Thermally activated process of double-kink nucleation at T > 0

Minimum spacing XY required, typically 20b

Kink jump frequency

Kink diffusivity
Kink velocity

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Dislocation velocity

S 11-91 double kink

13

FrankRead source

Radius of curvature depends on resolved shear

Critical bow out for R = L/2 (L = AB)
Gb/L
Further steps are the formation of a kidney-shaped loop and the annihilation of
dislocation segments with the same Burgers vector but opposite line sense.

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

S18-90 Frank Read source

14

Dislocation source in deformed silicon

TEM weak-beam image of dislocations in deformed silicon. The length

of the FrankRead source amounts to 2 m.

[George, Rabier 1987]

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Frank Read source in Si

15

Cross slip

In principle, screws can glide on any slip plane

In praxi, closed packed planes preferred
Screw can switch from one plane to another: cross slip

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

[Hull, Bacon 1992] Xslip1

16

Kinks and jogs

[Hull, Bacon 1992]

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Jogs
Jogs and kinks

17

Intersection of edge dislocations

The formation of the jog after the

cutting of edge dislocations with b1 b2
can be envisaged by considering the
displacement of the plane PAB produced
by the dislocation XY.

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

[Read 1953/Hull, Bacon 1992] Jog1

18

Formation of kinks by dislocation intersection

Intersection of edge dislocations with b1 || b2

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Jogs (kinks) in pure edge dislocations

do not affect the glide motion.

[Hull, Bacon 1992] Jog2

19

Intersection of screw dislocations

(a)

(b)

Generation of jogs by the intersection of an edge dislocation with a right-handed screw

(left) and by the intersection of two screw dislocations (right).

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

20

Motion of a jog on a screw dislocation

The jog PP is a short edge segment and can only glide in the
PPRR plane. The movement of the screw to AB requires the
climb of the jog along PQ.
[Hull, Bacon 1992]
hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Jog5

21

Influence of jog height Superjogs

pd

Elementary jogs produce

point defects pd (vacancy
jogs/interstitial jog)

Superjogs: Dislocation
segments XM, NY can
move independently

Intermediate jog: Segments

NP and MO cannot pass,
formation of a stable
dislocation dipole

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

[Gilman, Johnston 1962/Hull, Bacon 1992] Jog7

22

Jog dragging

Glide of a jogged screw dislocation producing trails of point defects

hsl 2009 Defects in crystals 3.4 Dislocation motion

Jog6

23