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=
=
=
3.2 x 10-3 m
0.1 x 10-3 m
11 Jm-2s-1 oC-1
=
=
1/U
1/U
=
=
=
= qx/AT
= (5 x 10-1 x 1.3 x 10-2)/ (10-3 x 17)
= 0.38 Jm-1s-1 oC-1
Bulk soup
T5
We need to estimate thermal conductivity of the stagnant thick soup layer; can take this as
approximating to water i.e. k 0.5 Jm-1s-1 oC-1 (from Appendix 7) and for aluminium k = 220
Jm-1s-1 oC-1 (Appendix 5)
so
1/U
= 1/h1 + x1/k1 + x2/k2 + 1/h2
= 1/600 + 0.002/220 + 0.002/0.5 + 1/1400
= 1.67 x 10-3 + 0.0091 x 10-3 + 4 x10-3 +0.71 x10-3
= 6.389 x 10-3
U
= 1.57 x 102 Jm-2s-1oC-1 or Wm-2 oC-1
Now the temperature drops are proportional to the resistances so if T1 drop across
aluminium/plate interface, T2 drop across the aluminium, T3 drop across stagnant soup
layer, T4 is drop across the liquid film drop, and T the total temperature drop = 500-100 =
400oC.
Therefore T1/T = 1.7/6.4 = 0.27, T2/T = 0.009/6.4 0, T3/T = 4/6.4 = 0.63
and
T4/T = 0.71/6.4 = 0.11
Therefore T1 =0.27 x 400 = 108, T2 = 0, T3 = 0.63x 400 = 252, T4= 0.11 x 400=44 oC
T1 = 500oC,T2 = 392oC, T3 = 392oC, T4 = 144oC, T5 = 100oC
So temperature of the surface of the soup layer attached to the pan = 392oC and the soup
there will burn.
Bi =hr/k
= (400 x 0.00315)/0.48
= 2.625
1/Bi
= 0.38
From Figure 5.3, unaccomplished temperature change 0.45
0.45
T
= (T - T0 )/(Ti T0 )
= T 0 + (Ti T0 )0.45
= 85 + (18 - 85) 0.45
= 55 oC
Ustainless steel
= 623 Jm-2s-1oC-1 or Wm-2 oC-1
Ucopper
= 652 Jm-2s-1oC-1 or Wm-2 oC-1
Umild steel
= 638 Jm-2s-1oC-1 or Wm-2 oC-1
Mild steel is 2% worse than copper
Stainless steel is 4.5% worse than copper
8. Heating of cylinder of aluminium
For a 7.5cm diameter cylinder of aluminium:
From Appendix 5 kaluminum = 220 Jm-1s-1oC-1, caluminum = 0.87 kJkg-1oC-1, = 2640kgm-3
r = 3.75x 10-2m
t = 85s
o
o
Ti = 5 C
T = 47.5. C
T0 = 100 oC
Assuming the likely heat transfer coefficient to be around 20 Jm-2s-1 oC-1
Bi
=
hD/2k
=
(20 x 0.075)/(2x220)
=
3.4 x 10-3
<
2
and therefore Equation 5.6 can be applied, and assuming the cylinder is long enough to
neglect the ends:
A/V
(DL) / (D 2L/4)
=
4/D
(T - T0 )/( Ti - T0)
=
exp(-hs At) / (cV)
Therefore
Now
And
=
=
9. Pumpkin puree
Assume h is very high so that Bi , 1/Bi 0
From Appendix 8, Steam temperature = 121oC
Can initial temperature is 20oC
Setting up a table
Min s
0
0
10 600
20 1200
30 1800
40 2400
50 3000
60 3600
70 4200
80 4800
Fo
Slab
kt/cL2
0
0.037
0.074
0.111
0.148
0.186
0.223
0.260
0.297
Fo
Cylinder
kt/cr2
1
0.064
0.127
0.199
0.254
0.310
0.382
0.445
0.509
F(x)
Slab
From Fig.5.3
1
1
1
0.97
0.90
0.80
0.78
0.70
0.62
F(r) cylinder
Cylinder
From Fig. 5.3
1
0.95
0.80
0.55
0.40
0.27
0.19
0.14
0.07
F(x,r)
T
CanFo (TTo)+T0
F(x)xF(r)
1
20
0.95
25
0.80
40
0.53
67
0.36
85
0.22
99
0.15
106
0.10
111
0.04
116
By interpolation or plotting, the temperature at the centre of the can is at 115oC at 79 minutes.
10. Steam boiler insulation
Steam temperature from Appendix 8 at 150 kPa(abs.)
= 112oC
Air Temperature
= 18oC
0.25
Using Equation 5.17
hc
= 1.3(T/L)
hc
= 1.3{( 112 18)/1.3}}0.25
= 3.8
4 Jm-2s-1 oC-1 or W m-2 oC-1
Ignoring heat losses from top and bottom.
hc
= VcT
= 8.3 x 10-4 x 1000 x 4.23 x 103 x 15
= 5.287 x104 Js-1
[m3 s-1kg m-3 J kg-1 oC-1 oC]
= 52.87 kW
But A = DL
And so L
= A/D
= 3.55/ (3.14 x 0.0213)
= 53.1m